JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Introduction
Java is Simple high Level ,Platform independent , Architecture Neutral, Secure, Robust ,Multithreaded,
Distributed, and Object Oriented programming language.

Java Characteristics /Feature/Buzzwords

Simple
Java is easy to learn because most of the complex or confusing feature of c and C++ like pointers ,
operator overloading etc are not provided in java.
Secure
Java programs run within the JVM which protects from unauthorized or illegal access to system
resources.
Platform independent/pointer
Java program can be executed on any kind of machine containing any cpu or any operating
system.
Architecture neutral
Since java application can run on any kind of CPU so it is architecture neutral.
Robust

Java is robust because of following..
Strong memory management
No pointer
Exception handling
Type checking mechanism
Platform independent
 Multithreaded
Java supports multithreaded programming which allows us to write programs that do many things
simultaneously
Distributed
Using RMI and EJB we can create distributed application in java
Object oriented
Java follows object oriented programming model that helps to break the complex code into easy
to understand objects

Programming Language

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Language
It is the medium of communication .

program
It is a set of instruction for a device to perform to some specific task.

Programming Language
It contain set of grammatical rules or syntax to write a program for instructing machine to
perform specific tasks.

Types of Programming Language

1. Low Level Programming
2. Middle Level Programming
3. High Level Programming

Low Level Programming Language

Binary digits (0,1) will be used to write the instruction in Low Level Language
Instruction write in binary language or native language will be understand by the machine directly .
No transfer program is required.

PROBLAM

It is very complex to write ,modify and debug the instruction written in Binary Language .
Binary code or Native code is platform dependent.

Middle Level Programming

Assembly codes like ADD ,SUB,MUL,DIV,MOV etc .Will be used to write the instruction in Middle Level
Language .
Instruction written in assembly language will not be understand by the machine directly .
Assembler is a program that should be used to convert Assembly Language To Machine Language.

PROBLAM

The code written in Assembly Language will be processor dependent.

High Level Programming

Human understand codes like English words will be used to write the instruction in High Level
Language .
Instructions written in High Level Language will not be understood by the machine directly .

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Computer or interpreter is a program that should be used to converter High Level Language to
Machine Language.

Advantage

it is easy to write ,modify and the instruction written using High Level Language.

C Language Program Development and Exception Model

Working on Window Platform

Hello.c

C Source Code

C Compiler

Machine Code Or Native Code

Will be executed
Successfully

WINDOWS

Will not be
executed
Successfully

MAC OS

Will not be
executed
Successfully

LINUX

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

java Language Program Development and Exception Model

Working on Window Platform

Hello.java
java Source Code

Java Compiler

Hello.class

JVM

Native Code

Will be
executed
Successfully

WINDOWS

1. What is Source Code

Byte Code

JVM

Native Code

Will be
executed
Successfully

MAC OS

JVM

Native Code

Will be
executed
Successfully

LINUX

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Human understandable code written using High Level Programming language is called as Source code.

2. What is native code or Binary code or Machine code

Machine understandable code written using Low Level programming Language is called as Native code.

3. What is byte code?

JVM understandable code generated by java compiler is called as Byte code. Byte code is also called as Magic
value .

4. Why C and C++ is platform Depedent?

When you compile c or C++ program on one operation System then compiler generates that operating
system understand native code. This native code generated on one os will not run on other os diretly.

5. Why java is platform independent?

When you compile java program on one Operating system then java compiler generates Byte code. You can run that Byte
code on any os which has the JVM.
JVM is understanding the Byte code and generating native code for the corresponding os.
Because of Byte code and JVM , java is platform independent you can use write once Run Anywhere(WORE).

6. I have written one program in c or c++ and onather program

in java . Which program will be executed fastly and why?

C or C++ program execution is faster than java program.
Because compiled code of c or c++ program contains binary code and that binary code will be executed
directly whereas compiled code of java program contain byte code and that byte code will be converted to
native code first and then native code will be executed.

7. What is java compiler?

Java compiler is a program developed in C or C++ programming language with the name javac . it is
responsible for the following tasks.
1->It will check syntactical or grammatical errors of the programs .
2->It converts source code to byte code.

8. What is java interpreter?

Java interpreter is a program developed in C or C++ programming language with the name java.
It is responsible for the following tasks.
1 It will convert byte code to native code line by line.
2 It will execute that native code.
NOTE Because of converting and executing line by line, java program execution was slower in initial versions of java.

9. What is jit compiler?

JIT(just in time)compiler is a component of the java Runtime Environment.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

JIT compiler compiles or translates or converts the necessary part of the byte code into machine code instead
of converting line by line . Because of this performance of java program has improved.

10. What is JDK( java Development Kit)/SDK(software

Development Kit)?
It is a set of various programs which are required for developing and executed the java programs.
It is a platform dependent. Various JDKs are provided for various Operating system.
Following are various utility programs provided under JDK.

1) Java Development Tools

Javac
Java
Javap
Jar
Etc

Source File
JRE
Etc

What is JRE ?
JRE stands for java runtime Environment . It is an implementation of JVM . It contain class
Libraries, interpreter, JIT Compiler etc. Only JRE enough to run the java program.

11. What is JVM?

JVM stands for java Virtual Machine . It is a specification provided by SUN Microsystem whose
implementation provides an environmeint to run our java applications. JVM because aninstance of
JRE at run time.
Suns implementations of the java Virtual Machine(JVM) is itself called as JRE . Suns JRE is available
as a part of JDK and also as a separate application.
Many vendors has implemented JVM. Some of them are SUN JRE , IBM JRE ,Oracle JRE etc.
JDK

Development Tools

Hello.java

Javac

java

javap

jar

Java Runtime Environment/java Virtual Machine

etc

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Byte Code Verifier

Security manager

Hello.class

Class Loader

Class Files

Method

Heap

Area

Memory

Execution
Engine

Stack

PC

Memory

Register

JIT

GC

Compiler
0101010

0101001

Operation System/Platform

Hardware

Other
Components

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

History
Java was designed by sun Microsystems in the early 1990s to solve the problem of
connection many household machines together.
Initial version of java is called as OAK.
Later java become popular for developing internet applications .
Java is developed by James Gosling and team.
James Gosling is considered as FATHER OF JAVA.
It was publicly released on 1995.
Now sun Microsystems is the part of Oracle Crop.

Editions

Java Standards Edition(JSE)

Used to develop standalone applications using applet and swing.
Java Enterprise Edition(JEE)
Used to develop enterprise application using Servlets,jsp,jdbc etc.
Java Micro Edition(JME)
Used to develop applications for micro devices like Mobiles , Setup Box etc.
Standerd Edition(SE)

Enterprise Edition(EE)

Micro Edition(ME)

Java Standard Edition Versions

Java Version
JDK Alpha and Beta
JDK 1.0
JDK 1.1
J2SE 1.2
J2SE 1.3
J2SE 1.4

Code Name
Oak
Playground
Kestrel
Merlin

Released Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2002

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

J2SE 5.0
J2SE 6
JAVA SE 7
JAVA SE 8

Tiger
Mustang
Dolphin

2004
2006
2011
18 march 2014

Java Enterprise Edition Version

EE version
Java(java Professional)

Released Year
1998

J2EE1.3

2001

J2EE1.4

2003

JEE 5

2006

JEE 6

2009

JEE 7

2013

Technologies Added
JDBC 2.0
JNDI 1.2
Servlets 2.2
Jsp1.1
EJB 1.1
Java Mail API1.1
Servlets 2.3
JSP1.2
EJB2.0
Java Mail API 1.2
Servlets 2.4
JSP 2.0
EJB 2.1
Java Mail API1.3
Servlets 2.5
JSP 2.1
JSF 1.2
EJB3.0
JPA1.0
Java Mail API1.4
JDBC 4.0
Servlets 3.0
JSP 2.2
JSF 2.0
EJB 3.1
JPA2.0
JDBC 4.1
Servlets 3.1
JSP 2.3
JSF 2.2
EJB 3.2
JPA2.1

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Installation step

Run the installer file JDK -7u25-windows-i586.exe

Click on NEXT button
Clock on Change button.
Change the destination location to E\jdk\1.7.0\
Click on OK button.
Click on NEXT button .
After some time installer will prompt to select destination location for JRE.
Use the defaults as it is and click on NEXT button then following screen will appear.
After installation completed successfully.
Click on close button.

Directory Structure

After installing JDK you will get the following directory structure.

JRE Derectory

JDK Directory

C:

E:

Program Files

Jdk 1.7.0
bin
Javac
Java.exe

Javap

lib
,, jar.exe
,,etc

jre

Srz.zip
Private
Jre

java

Jre7
Public
jre

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Step to write , compile , and Run Program

Step to write java Program
Select the required Workspace
Assume we have select workspace as D:\ Mukesh \Ankush
Use Notepad or some other text editor to create the source file.

Steps

Click to start ->Run.

Type notepad and click OK.
Write a java program.
Sava the file with the name of Hello.java in the directory D:\ Mukesh\ Ankush.

Step to compile the program

JDK Directory

Workspace
D:

E:
Jdk 1.7.0
bin

Java.exe,java.exe

Mukesh
Ankush
Hello.java

Java.exe,javap.exe
Jar.exe,,etc

1. Open Command Prompt as Follows

Click on Start -> Run

Type cmd
Click on OK

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

2. Change working Directory to Workspace Directory

(D:\Mukesh\Ankush)
3. Set the Path for bin directory of JDK.
D:\Mukesh\Ankush>set path =%path%;E:\JDK 1.7.0\bin;
4. Use javac compiler to compile the source code.
Javac <sourceFileName With .java Ext>
Compiler will generate Hello.class file in the location
D:\Mukesh\Ankush

Step to Run java Program

Use java interpreter to execute/run the java class
Java <classFileNameWithout.class Ext>

If you set the path at command line then that path will be accessed as long as that
command prompt running .Even that path will not be accessed with other prompt
is running at a time. So it is temporary.
You can set the PATH permanently in System Environment Variables as follows.
Right click on My Computer and Select Properties.
Select Advanced Tab.
Click on Environment Variables Button.
Click on new Button in the User Variable
Provide the required info.
Variable the required info. PATH
Variable value
E:\jdk1.7.0\bin
Click on button in all the windows.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

COMMENTS
Single Line Comments (//)
// the whole line will be ignored by the compiler.
Documents Comments
/** will be used to
*define documentation
*of any variable, method
*in java Source File.
*/
Multiple Line Comments(/* */)
/* you can define as
Many lines as
You want to
Ignore from compilation.
*/

What is the difference between c++ and java?

java
Java doesnt support pointer
Java class not support multiple
inheritance with classes.
Java doesnt support Global
Variable (variables declared
outside the class)
Java doesnt support header
files.

C++
C++ support pointer
C++ supports multiple
inheritance with classes.
C++ supports Global Variables.

C++ support header files.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Const and goto keywords cant

used in java .
Java doesnt supports destructor
Java doesnt support virtual
function
Java doesnt support operator
overloading .
Java doesnt support scope
Resolution Operator.
Java has a garbage collector to
clean the memory automatically.
Java has built- in API for
multithreading and network
Programming

Const and goto keywords can be

used in c++.
C++ support Destructor
C++ support virtual function.
C++ support operator
Overloading.
C++ support scope resolution
operator.
No automatic memory cleaning
process in c++.
C++ doesnt have Built- in API for
multithreading and network
Programming

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Java
Language Ref
Guide
Part 1

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Java Language Fundamental

Character Sets
Keywords/Reserved words
Identifier /User Defined Words
Data types
Variable
Constants
Literals
Operators
Control Statements
Arrays

1. Character sets

Alphabets
Digits
Special Characters
White Space character

A-Z/a-z.
0-9
+-*&! @#$%^ etc
newline (\n), carriage return (\r)

etc

2. Keywords/Reserved words
Keywords are simple English words which are having predefined meaning in java
programming Language.

Meaning of these keywords cant be modified.

Keywords are also called as Reserved Words.
All the keywords are defined in Lower Case.
We cant use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other
identifiers.

true, false, null are not keywords but reserved as Literals.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

There are 49 keywords defined up to java 2.

enum is the new keyword added from java 5 so there are 50 keywords from
java 5.

const & goto are the keywords but no implementation available. You cant use
these keywords in java program.

List of Keywords
Data types(8)
Class & object(9)

Access Modifier(3)
Modifier(9)

Package(2)
Control Statements(12)

Exception Handling(6)
Other data Type(1)

boolean ,byte ,chat ,short, int

,float, double
class , interface , enum,
extends, implements , this ,
supper, new.
Private, protected ,public
final , native, abstract,
synchronized ,transient,
volatile ,static ,const*
package, import
if ,else ,switch, case, defaults
,do ,while, break, for,
continue, return
try , catch, finally, throw,
throws
void

3. Identifier /user Defined Words

Identifiers are the names those will be used to identify the programming
elements like classes, methods, variables, etc uniquely.
Identifiers are also known as User Defined Words.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Rules to follow when you define a identifiers

 Identifiers can contain Alphabets, Digits, and two special symbol i.e Doller
($), Underscore (_).

 First character of an identifier must be an Alphaber or Doller ($)

or Underscore (_).
 Keywords or Reserved words cant be used as Identifier.

Valid Identifiers

Invalid Identifiers

Hello
Int
getClassName
Total_FFE

1stClass
true
student number
int

4. Data types
 Data type represents
Type of data you want to use
Amount of memory allocation required for your data.
 There are two types of data types.
Primitive data types
User defined data types.

Primitive data types

There are 8 primitive types available in java.
8 keywords are defined to represent 8 primitive data types.

 Following are primitive data types.

boolean

byte

char

short

int

long

float

double

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

boolean

Boolean Types

byte

short
Integral Types

Primitive
Types

int

long

Numeric
Types

Floating
Point Types

char

float
double

User Defined Data type

 There are four types of user Defined Data types.
Class type
Interface type
Enum type(from java 5)
Annotation type(from java 5)

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Type

Size
Byte
N/D

Default
value

Min value

Max value

True or
-27(128)
0

false
27-1(127)
216-1 (65535)

-215
(32,768)
-231
(2147483648)
-263
1.4E-45
4.9E-324
Reference of

215-1 (32,767)

boolean
Byte
Char

1
2

Bits
N/D
8
16

short

16

false
0
ASCII-0
Unicode\u0000
0

Int

32

Long
Float
Double
Any
reference
type

8
4
8
8

64
32
64
64

0
0.0
0.0
Null

231-1
(2147483647)
263-1
3.40E38
1.79E308
The
corresponding
Type object

5. Variable
Variable is the container which holds user data.
Memory will be allocated for the variable while executing the program.
Value of the variable can be changed any number of times during the program
execution.

Syntax
<Data type> <varName>;
<Data type> <varName> =<value>;

EX
Int a;

String str;
str

4 bytes

null

8 bytes

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Int a=99;
a

String str =SRI;

str

99

4 bytes

32597

SRI

8 bytes

32597

Types of Varialves
 There are two types of variable based on data type used to declare the variable.
Primitive Variables
Reference Variables

Primtive Variables

Variable declared with primitive data type are called as primitive

variable.

EX
Int a;
Int b;
Double d1;
Double d2=9.9;

Reference Variables
Variable declared with user defined data types are called ass reference
variables.

EX

String str1;

String str2=Ankush ;

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Primitive Variable

Reference Variable

Variable declared with primitive data types

are called as primitive variable
Memory allocation for primitive variables
depends on the primitive data types
Default value for primitive variables
depends on primitive data types
Primitive variables hold valid literals or
value in the allocated memory.

Variable declared with reference data types

are called as reference variables.
Always 8 byte of memory will be allocated
for reference variables.
Always null will assigned as default value
for reference variables.
Reference variables hold either null or
address of an object in the allocated
memory.

Types of variables
 There are three types of variables based on the scope of the variables.
Instance Variables.
Static Variables.
Local Variables.
Instance Variables
Variables declared in the class without using static keywords are called as instance
Variables.
Static Variables
Variables declared in the class using static keyword are called as Static Varaibles
Local Variables
Variables declared in the member of the class like method etc are called as Local
variables.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Class Hello {
Int a;
Static int b;

instance variable
static variable

void show(){
Int c;

local variable

}
}

There are various syntax for declaring variables

Declaring a single variable in one variable declaration statement.

Syntax
[modifiers]<data type> <varName>;
EX
byte b;
int a;
double d;
char ch;
String str;
Hello h;
Etc

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Initializing a single variable

syntax;
<varName> = <value/expression>;

EX
b=24;

ab=98765;
d=1234.34;
ch=A ;
str=Ankush

h=new Hello();

Declaring multiple variables of single type in one variable declaration statement.

Syntax
[modifiers]<data type><var1>,<var2>,<var3>,..;

EX
byte b1,b2,b3,b4;
int a,b,c;
char ch1,cj2,ch3;
String str1.str2,str3;

Initializing multiple variables with same value

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Syntax
<var1>=<var2>=<var3>=<value/expression>;
EX
a=b=c=9898;
str1=str1=str3=Ankush ;

Declaring and initializing multiple variable of single type in one

variable declaration statement.
Syntax
[modifiers] <data type><var1>=<val1>,<var2>=<val2>,<var3>=<val3>.;

EX
Int a=120, b=54,c=98;
String str1=Ankush,str2=Mukesh ;
boolean b1=true,boolean b2=false;

6. Constant

Constant is a special variable whose value cant be modified during the program
execution.
Constant is also called as final variable.
Syntax
[modifier]final <data Type> <varName> = <value>;

EX
Final int a=99;

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Final String str=Ankush ;

Final double d1=9999.99;
A Variable that is declared as final and not initialized is called as blank final
variable.
Syntax
[modifier] final <data type> <varName>;

<varName>=<value> ;
EX
final int a;

a=98;
If the variable is declared as final and initialized in the same statement then
in the class final compiler will replace that variable with actual value.

SUMMARY
Default value of char is either ASCII-0 or UNICODE\u0000.
Default value of char is not space.
JVM will not provide default value for Local Variable.
Local variable must be initialized before using.
The local variable declared but not initialized and not used then that variable
declaration statement will be removed by compiler while translation to byte code.
JVM will provide default value for static Variable
Static variable can be accessed from Static method(main method)
JVM will provide default value for instance Variable
Instance variable cannot be accessed directly from Static method .

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

You cant declare multiple variables of different data types in single variable
declaration statement
You can declare multiple variables of same data types in a single statement
You can assign same value of multiple variables in a single statement
You can declare and initialize multiple variables of same data type in a single
statement
We cant declare two

variable with same name in same scope

Value of the variable can be changed any number of times during program

execution
Value of the final variable can not be changed
We cant use const keyword to declare constant

String str1=Ankush,str2=Mukesh ;

Declares variable str1.

Assigns the value Ankush to variable str1.
Declares variable str2
Assign the value Mukesh to variable str2

Int a,b;

Int c=a=b=99;
Declares a new variable c
Assigns value 99 to variable b
Assign value of variable b to variable a
Assigns value of variable a to newly declared variable c
int a=a=99;
declares variable a
assign value 99 to variable a
Assign value of variable a to variable a

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Int a=b,b=99;//invalid

Declares variable a
Trying to assign value of variable b to variable a

7 .Literals

Literals are the actual values

Literals will be assigned to variables or constant
Literals are also used to perform any operation
Constant values in program are called as literals

Data type

Int
Data type

String

Variable Name

a=

Literals

123;

Variable Name

str =

Ankush ;

Literals

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Literals

Non Numeric

Numeric

boolean

Signed

Unsigned

char

integral

Floating

Types of Literals

Boolean Literals
Character Literals
String Literals
Integral Literals
Floating Literals
null Literals

Boolean Literals
boolean Literals can be assigned to a boolean type variables
there are two boolean literals
 true
 false

Character Literals

String

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Character Literals is a single character enclosed within a single quotation mark.

Character Literals can be assigned to char type variable

 Escape sequence
 ESCAPE SEQUENCE is a special notion is used to represent some special
characters which cant be represented as it is.

Escape Sequence

Description

Tab space
\t
\b
Back space
\n
New line
\r
Carriage return
\f
Formfeed
\
Single quote character
\
Double quote character
\\
Backslash character
 ASCII Character sets
 ASCII stands for American Standard Code for information Interchange.
 Every character enclosed in single quotation marks will have an integer equivalent
value called as ASCII value.

 ASCII value Range is 0-255

 ASCII value can be assigned to char type variable.
 Unicode character
 UNICODE stands for UNIversal Code
 Every character will have UBICODE value.
UNICODE Notation
Syntax
\uXXXX

-X will be hexadecimal digits

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

UNICODE Range
\u0000 (0) to \uFFFF(65535)

Octal value as char type

Octal Notation
Syntax
\DDD

-D will be octal digits

Start with \ following by three octal digits

Octal must be enclosed in single quotes
Octal Range
Range in Decimal
Range in octal

Char

ASCII
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

255

\0

\377

OCTAL
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
070
071
072
073

UNIC
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
3a
3b

UNICODE 30 means \u0030 and so on

Char

ASCII
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

OCTAL
074
075
076
077
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107

UNIC
3c
3d
3e
3f
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
130
131
132
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
150

48
49
4a
4b
4c
4d
4e
4f
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
5a
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z

105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122

151
152
153
154
155
156
157
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
170
171
172

69
6a
6b
6c
6d
6e
6f
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
7a

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

String Literals
String literals is a collection of zero or more characters enclosed between
double quotation marks.

String Literals can be assigned to reference variable of type String

String Literals will be represented as arrays In memory.

Integer Literals
 Integer Literals can be assigned to one of the integral data type byte, short , int,
long
 Integer Literal size is depending on integral data type you are using
 Default type of integer Literal is int
 There are four types of integer Literals
Decimal literals
Octal Literals
Hexadecimal Literals
Binary Literals(from java 7)

Decimal Literals

Decimal Literals is a valid number from decimal number system

The base or radix of decimal number system is 10 i.e only 10 digits ranging from 0
to 9 are allowed to from the decimal Literals
Decimal Literals must not start with 0

12345

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

98875437
Octal Literals
Octal Literal is a valid number from octal number system
The base or radix of octal number system is 8 digits ranging from 0 to 7 are allowed
to from the octal literals
Octal Literals must start with 0(zero)

hexadecimal Literals
Hexadecimal Literal is a valid number from hexadecimal number system
The base or radix of hexadecimal number system is 16 i.e only 16 digits
ranging from 0 to 9
And A/a to F/f are allowed to from the hexadecimal Literals
Hexadecimal Literals must start with 0X/0x.

Binary Literals (from java 7)

Binary Literals is a valid number from binary number system
The base or radix of binary number system is 2 i.e only 2 digits 0 and 1 are allowed
to form the binary Literals
Binary literals must start with 0B/0b

0b1010

0B111010101010

Floating point Literals

Floating point Literal can be assigned to one of the floating point data type float,
double .
Floating point Literal size is depending on floating point data type you are using
Default type of floating point Literals is double
You can use D/d as a suffix for the double value optionally.
You must use F/f as suffix for float value

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Floating point Literals can be represented using following notations

Standard floating point notation

Exponent / scientific notation

Hexadecimal Notation (from java 5)
Decimal point
Tens Units

1/10
1/100
1/1000

12.876
10x Bigger

10x smaller

Standard Floating point Notation

It consists of a whole number followed by a decimal point and fractional part

1234.76
2345.7609

Scientific / Exponent Notation

The exponent is indicated by an E or e following number, which can be positive or
negative
123.4567e2
->123.4567*102
123.4567E2
->123.4567*102

12345.67e-2 ->12345.67*102

Hexadecimal floating literals (from java 5)

It allows literals of the float and double types to be written primarily in base 16
rather than base 10.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Double x =0xap0;
a->10
//10*20=10.0

Double y =0xfp2D;
f->15
//15*22=60.0

float z =0xf.ap1F;
f->15
a->10
//(15*160+10/161)*21
//(15*1+.625)*2
//15.625*2)=31.25f

Double d1=0x1f.a5p1;
//(1*161+15*160+10/161+5/162)*21
//(16+15+10/16+15/256)*21
//(16+15+.625+.01953125)*2
//(31.64453125)*2
//63.2890625

null Literals
null is a value
it is default value for any reference variable
if the value of reference variable is null then it indicates that address/reference is
not available in the variable

UNDERSCORE in numeric Literals(from java 7)



to represent the unit of the values you can use comma (,) symbol in number representation
EX
2,45,12,452

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

 you can do the same task with UNDERSCORE (_) from java 7 towards
EX
2_45_12_452

SUMMARY

1) A boolean type variable can hold either true or false

2) A boolean type variable cant hold numeric value
 0 not equals to false
 Non zero values not equals to true
3) Boolean literals true and false are reserved words and must be in lower case

4)

5)
6)
7)
8)

 true not same as True TRUE, True, TrUe etc

 false not same as FALSE ,False, FaLse etc
a char type variable can hold following
 Single character enclosed in single quotation marks
 Escape sequence
 ASCII value
 UNICODE character
SPACE is valid character so it can be placed in single quotation marks
TAB is valid character so it can be placed in single quotation marks
Back space character (\) is used to form escape sequence so only backspace
character cant be placed in single quotation marks
Single quote is used to form character literal so only single quote cant be
placed in single quotation marks

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

9) There are some character like backslash, single quote which cant be placed
in single quotes as it is. those special characters have to be represented as
escape sequence
10) Every character enclosed in single quotation marks will have an integer
equivalent value called as ASCII value
11) Char type variable can hold integer value ranging form 0-65535 only
12) Char type variable can hold UNICODE value ranging from \u0000-\uFFFF
only
13) Char type variable can hold OCTAL value ranging from \0-\377 only
14) When you print he char type variable which holds integer, UNICOE or
octal value then it displays corresponding character representation
15) If integer , UNICODE value dont have character representation then it
displays? Which indicates no character defined for that value.
16) When you assign character literals to int type variable then internally
ASCII value of that character will be assigned.
17) Source code can also be written in UNICODE representation
Int a=\u0037;
int a=7;
//valid
Int a=\u0039;
int a=7;
//valid
Int a=\u0037\u0037;
int a=79;
//valid
Int a=\u0037\u0037
int a=79;
//invalid

18) Empty string Literal is allowed whereas empty character literal is not
allowed
19) If reference variable of String type contains null value then it is called as
NULL String

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

20) You cant refer any member with NULL String . if you do so it results in
NullPointerException
21) If reference variable of String type contains zero character in double
quotations marks then it is called as EMPTY String .
22) When java compiler encounters any UNICODE/Octal value in String
literals then that UNICODE/Octal value will be replaced with actual
character
23) You can use escape sequence to represent UNICODE/Octal value as it is
in String literals
24) There are four types of integer literals
Decimal Literals
Octal V Literals
Hexadecimal Literals
Binary Literals(from java 7)
25) Default type if integer Literal is int
26) Integer value ranging from -2147483648 to 2147483647 can be
represented directly
27) If you want to represent the integer value out of int range then you need
to use L/l ssuffix
28) Decimal literals must not start with 0
29) Octal Literal must start with 0(zero)
30) Hexadecimal literal must start with 0X/0x
31) Binary literal must start with 0B/0b
32) When java compiler encounters octal , Binary or Hexadecimal Literals
then that will be replaced with decimal equivalent value
33) Default type of Floating point Literal is doule

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

34) You can use D/d as a suffix for the double value optionally
35) You must use F/f as a suffix for float value
36) When integer value starts with 0 then it will be considered as octal
literals
37) When floating point value starts with 0 then it will be considered as
floating point literals only , not as octal literals
38) When integer value starts with 0X/0x then it will be considered as
Hexadecimal literals
39) When floating point value starts with 0X/0x then it must use p in
fractional part
40) When integer value starts with 0B/0b then it will be considered as binary
literals
41) Floating point cannot be represented as Binary Literal
42) You can use UNDERSCORE in numeric Literals to represent unit of values
from java 7
43) When UNDERSCORE is used before first digit then it will be considered as
a variable
44) You cant use UNDERSCORE after the last digit
45) In the case of octal literal UNDERSCORE can be used just after 0
46) In the case of binary literal UNDERSCORE cant be used just after the
0B/0b
47) In the case Hexadecimal literal UNDERSCORE cant used just after 0X/0x
48) You can use more than one UNDERSCORE side by side between two
digits
49) You can use UNDERSCORE with floating point literal but not allowed just
before or after the decimal point

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Part -2
Operator
Operator at used to perform operations by using operands
There are three types of operator depending on the number of operands required
 Unary operator only one operand is required.
 Binary operator-two operands are required
 Ternary operator- three operands are required

Following are the types of operator depending on the operation

Arithmetic operators
 Unary arithmetic operator
 Binary arithmetic opetator
String concatenation operator
Assignment operator
 Simple assignment operator
 Compound assignment operator
Increment & decrement operator
Relational operators
Logical operator
New operator
New operator
Instance operator
Conditional or Ternary operator
Bitwise operators

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Arithmetic operator
Arithmetic operator are used to form arithmetic expression to perform the
arithmetic operations.
Operands used in arithmetic expression can be of numeric type or char type
Result of arithmetic type operation is always int or wider than int type.

Operand1

operator

10

operand2

20

Unary Arithmetic operators

Operator
+

Name

Minus

plus

description
Return same value
with same sign
Return same value with
opposite sign

Binary Arithmetic operators

Operator
+
*
/
%

Description
Addition(sum)
Subtraction(difference)
Multiplication(product)
Division(quotient)
Modulus(remainder)

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

When the operands are int or lower than int type then result will be
int type only.
When any one operand or both the operands are wider than type
then result will be wider type.

1st operand type

2nd operand

Result type

byte
char
short
int
int
byte
float
float
char
int
char
short
short
etc

byte
char
byte
int
long
double
int
long
double
double
int
char
float

int
int
int
int
Long
double
float
float
double
double
int
int
float

String Concatenation Operator(+)

It is a binary operator
+ operator can be used for two purposes

 Arithmetic addition
 String concatenation

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Arithmetic Addition
 When both the operands of + operator are numeric type
then it will perform arithmetic addition
EX
90 + 9 = 99;
Result of arithmetic addition is numeric type
String concatenation
 When any one or both the operands of + operator are String type it will
perform String concatenation.
EX
90 + 9 = 909
9 + 90 = 909
90 + 9 =909
Result of String concatenation is String type.

Simple Assignment Operator(=)

it is binary operator
it is used to assign the value to a variable
 <operand1> = <operand2>
Operand1 must be a variable
Operand2 can be a variable, value or expression.
The variable , value or value of an expression must be assignment compatible type.

byte

short
int
char

long

float

double

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Type Casting
<Operand1> = <operand2>
Here operand2 is the source , operand1 is destination and we are assigning source
to destination.
Usually source type must be same as destination type
When source type is not same as destination type then source type must be
converted to destination type . This process of converting one type to another is
called as Type casting.
Type casting can be done in two ways.
 Implicit casting
 Explicit casting
 Implicit casting
 When type casting is happening automatically by the JVM then it is called as
Implicit Casting.
 Explicit casting
 When type casting is done by the programmer explicitly then it is called as
Explicit Casting.
SYNTAX
<dest Type><dest var> = (<dest type>)<source value>
EX
Int a=10;
byte b= (byte)a;

There are two type of conversions

 Widening
 Narrowing
Widening
 Widening is the process of converting lower type to higher type . this is safe
conversion

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

EX
byte b=10;
int a= b;

//valid - implicit casting

int a= (int )b;

//valid Explicit casting

here you are casting byte to int . byte has a range from -128 to 127 where as int has a
range from -2147483648 to 2147483647 . so any value that fits in a byte will fit in a int
also . because of this there is no data loss and conversion is considered as sage.

Narrowing
 Narrowing is the process of converting higher type to lower type

EX
Int a=300;
byte b=a;
byte b=(byte)a;

//invalid implicit casting

//valid explicit casting

here you are casting int to byte . Range of byte is much smaller than range of int . what
happens when you convert an int value 300 to a byte.
This result 44 i.e data is lost so conversion is considered as unsafe.
Int a=300;

->int means 32 bits memory required

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
byte b1=(byte)a;
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Value is

->byte means 8 byte memory required

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL
7

0*2 +0*2 +1*2 +0*2 +1*2 +0*2 +0*2

0+0+32+0+8+4+0+0=44
double val 300.9898;
byte b2=(byte)val;

=44.

Compound Assignment Operators

Compound assignment operator provide a shorter syntax for performing
operations and assigning the result of an arithmetic operator or bitwise operator
EX
int a=90;
a+ = 9;

=> a = a+9;

In the above expression two takes are happing

 Performs the Arithmetic operation on the operads.
 Assigns the result to the first operands
There are 11 compound assignment operators as shown below

Operator
+=

-=
*=
/=
%=
&=
|=

description
Add right operand to left operand and
assign the result to left operand.
Subtract right operand from left operand
and assign the result to left operand
multiple right operand to left operand and
assign the result to left operand
divide right operand to left operand and
assign the result to left operand
Calculate modulus using two operands
and assign the result to left operand
assigns the result of the logical AND
assigns the result of the logical OR

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

^=
<<=

assigns the result of the logical XOR

assigns the result of the signed left shift
operator
assigns the result of the signed right shift
operator
assigns the result of the unsigned right
shift operator

>>=
>>>=

Increment (++) / Decrement (--) Operators

Increment operator will be used to increase the value of the variable by 1
Decrement operator will be used t decrease the value of the variable by 1

Relational operators
These are binary operators
Relation operators forms the relational expressions
Result of relation expression is Boolean type i.e true or false

Comparison Operators
>
<
>=
<=

Greater than
Less than
Greater than or equal to
Less than or equal to
Operands of comparison operators must be number or char type

Equality operators
==
!=

description

Description

Equal to
Not equal to
Operands of equality operators can be numeric , char, boolean or reference type.

Logical operators
Logical operators are used to form logical expressions
The operands of these operators will be boolean type.

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Result of logical expression will be boolean type i.e true or false

Logical operator
!
&&
||
Logical NOT

Description
Logical NOT
Logical AND
Logical OR

It is unary operator
It is used to inverse the result
OPERAND
true
false
Logical OR and Logical AND

Result
false
true

These are binary operators

Logical OR and Logical AND operators used to combine two relational expressions
to from logical expressions
EX
(a>b) && (a>c)
(a<b) || (a<c)

Logical AND (&&)

Result of logical AND is true if both the operands are true otherwise false
OP1
true
true
false
false
Logical OR (||)

OP2
true
false
true
false

Result (op1 && Op2)

true
false
false
false

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Result of Logical OR is false if both the operands are false otherwise true.
OP1
true
true
false
false

OP2
true
false
true
false

Result (op1 || Op2)

true
true
true
false

New operator
new operator is used to create the new object for class
it returns of the address of the address of newly created object

Instanceof Operator
it is used to check whether the given object belongs to specified class or not
Result of instanceof operator is Boolean value
It is also called as TYPE COMPARISION OPERATOR

Conditional operator
It is ternary operator
<Operand1> ? <Operand > : <Operand3>
Operand1 must be of boolean type
If operand1 is true then Operand2 will be returned otherwise Opetand3 will be
returned

Bitwise Operators
These operators will be used to perform the operation on individual bits of the
value.

Bitwise Operators

Description

Bitwise NOT

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

&
Bitwise AND
|
Bitwise OR
^
Exclusive OR (XOR)
<<
Left Shift
>>
Right shift
>>>
Unsigned Right Shift
Operands for the following Bitwise Operators can be of boolean type or integer
type .
 Bitwise AND
 Bitwise OR
 Exclusive OR (XOR)
Operands for the following Bitwise Operands will be of Integer type only
 Bitwise NOT
 Left Shift
 Right shift
 Unsigned Right Shift

1s Complement
1s complement if a binary number is formed by changing 1s to 0s and 0s to 1s
0

Actual Bits
1s Complement

2s Complement
2s complement of a binary number is formed by adding 1 to the least significant bit
of 1s complement

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

1
+
1

0
1
1

Actual Bits
1s Complement
Adding 1 with value
2s Complement

Bitwise NOT Operator

It inverts the bit pattern and returns decimal equivalent value.

This is equivalent to 1s complement
Int x=15;

Sign bit

64 32 16 8
0 0 0 0 1

4
1

2
1

1
1

Binary of 15

1s Complement (~x)=-16

64 32 16 8
0 0 1 0 1

4
1

2
0

1
1

Binary of 45

Int x =45;
Sign bit

1
1 0 1
Shortcut method

~OPERAND = -(OPERAND + 1)

1s Complement (~x) = -46

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

EX
~198 => -(198 + 1)=> -199
~-198 => -(-198 +1) => -(-197) => 197

Bitwise operator
Bitwise AND operator is similar to Logical AND operator with following differences

Logical AND

Bitwise AND

Operands are Boolean type only

Operands can be Boolean as well as integra

type
When first expression value is false then
second expression also will be evaluated
When operands are Boolean type then
result is boolean type
When operands are integral type then
result is integral type.

When first expression value is false then

second expression will not be evaluated
Result is Boolean type

OP1

OP2

Result (Op1 & Op2)

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

1
0
0
0

Bitwise OR Operator
Bitwise OR operator is similar to logical OR Operator with following defferences.

Logical OR
Operands are Boolean type only

Bitwise OR
Operands can be Boolean as well as integral

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

type
When first expression value is true then
second expression also will be evaluated
When operands are Boolean type then
result is boolean type
When operands are integral type then
result is integral type.

When first expression value is true then

second expression will not be evaluated
Result is Boolean type

OP1

OP2

Result (Op1 & Op2)

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

1
0
1
0

Exclusive OR Operator (XOR)

Operands can be Boolean as well as integral type

Both the expressions are Boolean type then result is Boolean type
When operands are Boolean type then result is Boolean type
When operands are integral type then result is integral type

OP1

OP2

Result (Op1 ^ Op2)

1
1
0
0

1
0
1
0

0
1
1
0

Left shift Operator (<<)

1. It is used to shift the bits towards left side by specidiednumber of bits

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Case 1- Operand is POSITIVE and result is POSITIVE

0

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0(zero)

Case 2- Operand is NEGATIVE and result is NEGATIVE.

1

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0(zero)

Case 3- Operand is POSITIVE and result is NEGATIVE.

0

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0(zero)

Case 4- Operand is NEGATIVE and result is POSITIVE.

1

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0(zero)

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

Right shift operator (>>)

2. It is used to shift the bits towards right side by specified number of bits.
Will be ignored

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with actual sign bit

Will be ignored

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with actual sign bit

Unsigned Right Shift (>>>)

3. It is same as Right Shift operator but result will be always positive

Will be ignored

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0 always

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL
Will be ignored

0 0

0 0

Will be filled with 0 always

SUMMARY

1. Result of Arithmetic Expression is always int type or wider than int type
2. Result of Arithmetic Expression will not be byte , char or short type.
3. When you want to use two same unary Arithmetic Operators continuously then you
must separate those two operators with parenthesis or space.
4. When you use two same unary Arithmetic Operators continuously without
parenthesis or space then it will be considered as INCREMENT or DECREMENT
Operator
5. When you want to use two different unary Arithmetic Operators continuously then
parenthesis or space is not required
6. When char type operators is used in arithmetic expression then ASCII value will be
used while performing the operation
7. Int value can be stored in byte , char or short type variable if it satisfies following
rules

It must be final
 It must be initialized in the same statement

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

 It must be in the range of corresponding data type

8. When the operands are int or lower than int type then result will be int type only
9. When any one operand or both the operands are wider than int type then result
will be wider type.
10.Long value can be stored in float type variable because floating point data type
stores the value in exponential representation.
11.Long or wider then long cant be assigned to lower type variable even it is final
12.Following are some expressions having floating point operands which result infinity
, -infinity or NaN (Not a Number).

<numeric value> /0.0
infinity
 <floatingpoint value>/0
infinity
 <numeric value>/-0.0
infinity
 <negative NumericValue> /0.0 -infinity
 <negativeFloatingPoint value> /0 -infinity






0.0/0.0
0/0.00
-0.0/0.0
0.0/0

NaN
NaN
NaN
NaN

13. When you divide any integer value with 0 then it throws
java.lang.ArithmeticException at runtime.
14.Infinity concept is not available with integral type because their range is finity.
15.Infinity concept is available with floating types because their range is near to
infinity.
16.Operator Preceence
 7+(6+5*3)-4/2

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

 7+(6+15)-4/2
 7+21-4/2
 7+21-2
 28-2
 26
17.Precedence of Arithmetic operators are as following.
 Unary +exp -exp
 Multiplicative
*/ %
 Additive + 18.When multiple operators of same precedence found in an expression then that will
be evaluated from left to right
19.The variable , value or value of an expression must be assigned to compatible type.

byte

short
int

long

float

double

char

20.Type casting is possible only with compatible data type.

21.Following are some cases where type casting is not possible
 boolean b= (Boolean)1;
 String str= (String)99;
22.In the case of explicit casting ,
 Right side bits will be used as per the number of bits required for new data
type .
 Remaining all bits will be discarded
Int a=-1;

->int means 32 bits memory required

JAVA LEARNING CENTER

BY-A.K.JAISWAL

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
char ch=(char)a;

->char means 16 bits memory required

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Value

->65535

Int x=ch; ->int means 32 bits memory required

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Value is => 65535.
23.Priority of explicit casting is higher than other operators.
24.