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Annotated Bibliography
Primary
2Pac. Words of Wisdom. 1991. MP3.
In 2Pacs song about the black race, he delivers the idea that blacks are not inferior, but
they are superior in many cases. He mentions Malcolm X and how he was not mentioned
in school textbooks, nor were other black leaders. This song is slightly biased in the way
that it is being conveyed by a black man who was affected by the white government. We
will use this to show that Malcolm X still lives in today through entertainment.

"A Declaration of Independence (March 12, 1964)." N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This PDF had a transcript of Malcolm Xs speech at the Muslim Mosque Inc.s initial
press conference. He discusses the reasoning behind the creation of the organization. He
also explains the reasoning of the ideology of the organizations. We will use this to
describe the Muslim Mosque Inc.
Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. New York: Grove
Weidenfeld, 1990. Print.
This book contained many speeches that Malcolm X gave. It also contained some of his
short statements. It contained all of his most important and well known speeches. Each
speech was about a specific topic that Malcolm felt the need to address. The book also
contained many interviews with Malcolm, in which he expressed his ideas on different
topics concerning the civil rights movement. We will use information found in the book
to support the points of Malcolm Xs leadership.

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Brown, James. Say it Loud- Im Black and Im Proud. 1968. MP3.

In James Browns song, he expresses his feelings about being Black. He sings about
being proud to be an African American. He also expresses how the African American
community will not stop fighting until they get what they deserve. This song shows how
one of Malcolm Xs main beliefs, Black pride, is present in music. We will use this song
to show how Malcolm Xs encouragement of Black Pride can be seen in music.

"Excerpts from OAAU Founding Rally." Pan-African Perspective. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This website had excerpts from Malcolm Xs Organization of Afro-American Unity
Founding Rally. Malcolm X speaks about his separation from the Nation of Islam and
the creation of his new organization. He explains the five main points of the
organization. We will use this information to state the five main points of the
Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Handler, M. S. "Black Muslims Asked to Help Treat Addicts Here." New York Times 10
Jan.1964: Web. 4 Nov 2014
In, Black Muslims Asked to Help Treat Addicts Here, many Black Muslims turned to
Malcolm Xs guidance to help them overcome their addiction to narcotics and alcohol.
The goal of this article was to prove that Malcolm X did not just help the African
American in racial struggles, but also helped them in all types of life struggles. We will
use the information in this article to prove Malcolms legacy and leadership.

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Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, Newspaper clipping collection, Malcolm X Shot Dead at Rally of
500 in N.Y. 22 Feb. 1965
This article in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin gives information on the events leading
up to Malcolm Xs death on February 21. Malcolm was shot multiple times in the chest
area by members of the Black Muslims, as stated in the article. We will use this in the
biography section.

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, Newspaper clipping collection, Black Alliance Formed by SNCC
And Panthers, 23 July. 1968. Philadelphia, Temple University Libraries, Special
Collections Research Center.
This article in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, had information about an alliance that
was formed between the Black Panther Party and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee. The alliance was formed in order to unite Black militant groups in order to
form a Black political Party. These two organizations, which Malcolm X inspired, wanted
to unite in order to help the African American community. We will use this article to
show two of the organizations Malcolm X inspired.

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, Newspaper clipping collection, Muslims Plan Fund For Negro
Schooling, 24 Nov. 1965. Philadelphia, Temple University Libraries, Special Collections
Research Center.
In this article in the Courier Post Newspaper, information was given on the topic of one
of the Nation of Islam mosques planning on raising money for schools. The schools were
for African Americans to have a better education. The mosque was Mosque 20 in

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Camden, NJ. We will use this newspaper article in order to support the points on
Malcolm X expressing his leadership by furthering Black education.
X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One
World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X goes into detail about the struggles Malcolm and
others like him during that time went through. The goal of this book was to show his
transformation from being a hustler in Harlem, to a leader of the Nation of Islam, and
finally to an independent speaker and organizer. When describing Malcolms youth as a
hoodlum, it was a bit exaggerated to enhance the change that he went through. We will
use this book to emphasis how Malcolm helped himself to become an amazing leader
and helping others along the way.

Secondary
Ayers, Rick. By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X : Real, Not Reinvented. Third World
Press, 28 Feb. 2012. Print.
This book is in conversation with Manning Marables book, Malcolm X: A Life of
Reinvention. Though its mostly questioning Marables beliefs about Malcolm Xs
autobiography, the book also has information about Malcolm Xs life. It shows his views
on the Civil Rights Movement and what he wanted out of it. It also described some of the
organizations that he inspired and his beliefs. We will use this book to show which
organizations Malcolm influenced.

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Boggs, Grace Lee "The Malcolm I Remember." Michigan Citizen May 2012: 1. ProQuest. 10
Oct. 2014
Grace Lee Boggs talks about the connection between reading book about Malcolm X
and her experiences from listening to Malcolm Xs speeches. She describes his talent in
speaking and who his words were his weapons. We will use this to prove how his
powerful speeches helped him become a more effective and influencing leader.

Brown, Kevin. Malcolm X: His Life and Legacy. Bt Bound, 1999. Print
Even though this book is an overview of Malcolm Xs life, it goes into great detailabout
his effects on the Nation of Islam and how he tried very hard to change this organization
for the better. The goal of this book was to intertwine the details about Malcolms life
and his effects on the people who followed him. We will use this information to show
the outcome of Malcolms leadership in the Nation of Islam.

Burnett, Lucy. "Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) 1965."BlackPast.org. N.p., n.d.

Web. 25 Jan. 2015.
This article describes the origin of the Organization of Afro-American Unity. It explains
where Malcolm X got the idea for the organization from and its main points. Its states
that he was inspired by the Organization of African Unity. It also describes how
Malcolm X did not want any outside influence. We will use this article to describe the
Organization of Afro-American Unity.

Calloway, Al. "Black People Must Never Forget What Malcolm X Means to Us." South Florida
Times May 2012: 1. ProQuest. 10 Oct. 2014

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This document is about Malcolms biography and the struggles he went through during
his life. Al Calloways goal is to remind African Americans about Malcolm Xs life and
his accomplishments. We will use this document as part of Malcolms brief biography to
show how his past helped him become who he was.

Dyson, Michael Eric. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New
York: Oxford UP, 1995. Print.
This book includes information about Black nationalism. It gives multiple ways to look at
Black nationalism. It also gives an idea of what caused it. It conveys how he influenced
rap culture. The book also lists organizations that Malcolm X inspired. We will use the
book to support points made about the importance of Black pride to Malcolm X and the
Civil Rights Movement and how he influenced the culture using his ideas of Black
pride.We will also use it to show which organizations he inspired.

Harris, Barbara. "Hello Malcolm! Are You Watching?" Jackson Advocate Feb 2013: 1.
ProQuest. 11 Oct. 2014
Barbara Harris compares Malcolm Xs life to many childrens lives today. This
document focuses on how children without fathers, especially African Americans,
should look up to Malcolm X since he went through the same struggle. The goal of this
document proved that by looking at Malcolm Xs life, one can see the multiple
similarities they share and change their life for the better. We will use this information to
prove that Malcolm X influenced and still influences many today by his life story and
legacy.

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Jackson, Cheryl. "Malcolm X`s Influence Reborn Among Black College Students." Chicago
Tribune. Chicago Tribune, 20 May 1991. Web. 12 Dec. 2014.

This article by Cheryl Jackson tells of the college students that were inspired by
Malcolm X. She says that though there are other leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr,
who was a nonviolent man, there was Malcolm, a man who was aggressive and defied
the law, whom young adults looked up to. Jackson shows no biased view on Malcolm X
or the rest of her information. We will use this to show why Malcolm was looked up to
by the way that he stood out from other nonviolent leaders by being an advocate for the
use of violence.

Marable, Manning. Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York City: The Penguin Group,
2011. Print.
Marables book is in conversation with Malcolm Xs autobiography. He adds to
information provided in the autobiography and also gives another look at some of
Malcolm Xs ideas. This book shows that Malcolm X was promoted to the Nation of
Islams National Minister. It describes what he wanted for the African Americans. It also
shows how Malcolm X became an idol for African American youth. The book also
describes the Muslim Mosque Inc. We will use this book to show how Malcolm X was a
leader through what he did for Elijah Muhammad as National Minister and to describe
the Muslim Mosque Inc.

Natambu, Kofi. Malcolm X (Critical Lives). Alpha, 2001. Print.

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Malcolm X (Critical Lives) is about Malcolms life and his impact on peoples views
about politics and culture. The goal of this book was to show its readers how the details
about Malcolms life and his accomplishments was important to many lives as well. It
also describes the work Malcolm X did with the Nation of Islam. We will this book to
show Malcolm Xs effect on youngsters and hustlers lives and how he helped to get
them off the street and into the right path and also to describe how the Nation of Islam
helped educate ex-convicts.

Shakur, Yusef Blunchy "Remembering Malcolm X, Redefining Black Families." Michigan

Citizen May 2012. ProQuest. 11 Oct. 2014.
Shakur tries to show how Malcolm Xs life affected many lives. This is proven with
examples of many prisoners leaving jail as better people and previous addicts since they
based their experience on Malcolms changing life. We will use this article to argue
Malcolms legacy and how he left his affect on previous addictions and ex-convicts
today.

"The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s." PBS. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.

This website gives its readers a general overview of the 1920s especially involving
African Americans. The Ku Klux Klan is mentioned and how they affected many
African Americans life. We will use the information obtained to speak about how the
environment Malcolm X was born in and how the KKK played a role in society.

Williams, Yohuru. Personal interview. 8 November 2014.

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In this interview, we asked multiple questions to Dr. Yohuru Williams. Each

question focused on a different aspect of Malcolm Xs life, mainly concerning his legacy.
The questions included information about his influence on different organizations and the
youth, his contributions to the civil rights movement, and his impact on todays society.
We will use this information to demonstrate his contribution to the civil rights movement
and to describe the Black Panther Party.