American Water Works Association

ANSI/AWWA B702-94
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B702-89)

AWWA STANDARD
FOR

SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE

Addendum B702a-97 is incorporated into this standard.

Effective date: Nov. 1, 1994.
First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 27, 1954.
This edition approved Jan. 30, 1994.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 18, 1994.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification.
AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard
does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or
approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will
provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The
action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.

American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope
and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to
obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials
or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National
Standards.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication.
Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY
10036; (212) 642-4900.

Copyright 1994 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides, which reviewed and approved
this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
Thomas G. Reeves, Chair
James A. McKinzey, Vice-Chair
Paul B. Maasen, Secretary
Consumer Members
Shahin Rezania, Minneapolis Water Works, Minneapolis, Minn.
Joseph Studgeon, Complex Administration Bureau of Water,
Atlanta, Ga.
J.S. Trotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind.

(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)

General Interest Members

Frederick Barker, Massachusetts Department of Public Health,
Boston, Mass.
E.E. Baruth,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
G.L. Hoffman,* Council Liaison, Finkbeiner, Pettis & Strout,
Akron, Ohio
R.M. Krill, Bureau of Water Supply, Madison, Wis.
M.L. Magnant, Department of Public Health, Des Moines, Iowa
T.G. Reeves, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
D.H. Sanders, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga.
R.R. Smith, City of Atlanta Water Department, Austell, Ga.
J.U. Tamburini, Rothberg, Tamburini & Winsor Inc., Denver, Colo.
M.L. Wentink, Nebraska Department of Health, North Platte, Neb.

(NEWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)

Producer Members
Chuck Krepshaw, Cargill Fertilizer Inc., Riverview, Fla.
M.E. Looney, Chemtech Products Inc., St. Louis, Mo.
P.B. Maasen, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation,
Wentzville, Mo.
J.A. McKinzey, LCI Ltd., Ponte Vedra Beach, Fla.

*Liaison, nonvoting
Alternate

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)
(AWWA)

Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may
be found in a particular standard.
SEC.

PAGE

SEC.

Foreword
I
I.A
I.B
I.C
II
II.A
III
III.A
III.B
IV
V

Introduction........................................ v
Background ........................................ v
History ................................................ v
Acceptance.......................................... v
Special Issues.................................... vi
Storage, Handling, and Safety
Precautions .......................................vi
Use of This Standard ..................... vii
Purchaser Options and
Alternatives .................................. vii
Modification to Standard ............... vii
Major Revisions .............................. vii
Comments ...................................... viii

Standard
1

General

1.1
1.2
1.3

Scope................................................... 1
Purpose............................................... 1
Application ......................................... 1

PAGE

References ....................................... 1

Definitions ....................................... 2

Requirements

4.1
4.2
4.3

Physical Requirements...................... 2
Chemical Requirements .................... 2
Impurities........................................... 2

Verification

5.1
5.2

Sampling ............................................ 3
Test Procedures ................................. 4

Delivery

6.1
6.2
6.3

Marking.............................................. 6
Packaging and Shipping ................... 7
Affidavit of Compliance or
Certified Analyses........................... 7

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA B702.

I. Introduction
I.A. Background. Sodium fluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) is one of several compounds
presently being added to drinking water to reduce the incidence of dental caries.
Since the first fluoridation installations during 1945, studies have shown that dental
decay can be reduced by 20 to 40 percent among children who have consumed fluoridated water since birth.
Sodium fluorosilicate is a white or yellowish-white, slightly hydroscopic, crystalline powder with limited solubility in water. Although odorless, it has an acid
taste. Sodium fluorosilicate has no true melting point, and decomposition begins at
about 500C (932F) with the formation of silicon tetrafluoride. Its molecular weight
is 118.1 and its specific gravity is 1.36. At 0C (32F), solubility is 0.43 g/100 mL
water, and increases to 2.45 g/100 mL water at 100C (212F). It hydrolyzes in
water to form a solution, with a pH between 3.5 and 4.0. Sodium fluorosilicate is
manufactured principally from fluorosilicic acid.
Sodium fluorosilicate is fed into the water by means of mechanical feeders
designed for this purpose. The feeders are equipped with solution tanks, which
should completely dissolve the compound before its introduction into the water. Liquid proportioning of solutions is rarely used because of the difficulty in making
constant-strength solutions. Feeding of slurries (solutions containing undissolved
particles) is not recommended because of the resulting variations in fluoride levels.
Refer to AWWA Manual M4, Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices,* for
additional technical information concerning the application and use of sodium
fluorosilicate.
I.B. History. This standard was first published in the August 1954 issue of
Journal AWWA as tentative, having been approved on May 27, 1954, by the AWWA
Board of Directors. The second, third, fourth, and fifth editions were approved on
May 15, 1960; Jan. 24, 1971; Jan. 30, 1984; and Jan. 29, 1989, respectively. This
edition was prepared by the AWWA Standards Committee on Fluorides.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of
the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental
Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact
with, drinking water rests with individual states. Local agencies may choose to

*Water Fluoridation Principles and Practices, AWWA Manual M4, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
(1988).
Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the
appropriate authority having jurisdiction.

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate
the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state
and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed
under the direction of NSF, ANSI*/NSF 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals
Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF 61, Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth
Effects.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with ANSI/NSF 60 (61). Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Appendix A, Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures, to ANSI/NSF 60
(61) does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for
substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The
MALs of an unspecified list of unregulated contaminants are based on toxicity
testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Appendix A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the
certifier.
AWWA B702-94 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard.
The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.5 is a recommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be
certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF
Standard 60, Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects. However, users
of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product.
Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency
having jurisdiction in order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues.
II.A. Storage, Handling, and Safety Precautions. Sodium fluorosilicate must be
stored in a clean, dry location. The storage area must be well ventilated. Sodium
fluorosilicate has a tendency to compact or cake when exposed to moisture, when
bags are stacked too high, or during long periods of storage. Bags of sodium
fluorosilicate should be stored on pallets in stacks not more than six bags high to
minimize compaction.
Sodium fluorosilicate is hazardous if swallowed or inhaled in large amounts.
Ingestion of 4 to 5 g of fluoride ion (F ) per 150 lb (69 kg) body weight may be fatal.
The inhalation of sodium fluorosilicate dust should be avoided. Protective safety
gear should be worn when handling sodium fluorosilicate. The following list of protective clothing and equipment should be the minimum available:
1. A high-efficiency dust respirator (chemical mask) with a soft rubber faceto-mask seal and replaceable cartridges approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA).

*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

2. Gauntlet neoprene gloves (12-in. [304-mm] minimum glove length).

3. Heavy-duty neoprene aprons.
Feeders should be equipped with dust collectors. Spills should be cleaned up
immediately. Personnel should wash thoroughly after handling sodium fluorosilicate.
For additional safety aspects, refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available
from the chemical supplier or manufacturer.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for
use in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be covered in the purchasers specifications:
1. Standard used that is, AWWA B702, Standard for Sodium Fluorosilicate, of latest revision.
2. If an affidavit of compliance, a certified analysis, or both, are required
(Sec. 6.3).
3. Quantity required.
4. Additional size requirements for feedability and dust suppression if desired
(see paragraphs below and Sec. 4.1).
5. Form of shipment bulk, package, size (weight), and type of package
(Sec. 6.2).
6. Whether the recommended compliance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60,
Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, is to be required. If this certification is to be required, the purchasers specifications shall read, This material
shall be certified as suitable for contact with or treatment of drinking water by an
accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60,
Drinking Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects.
The specific requirements for a material that is of proper screen size for the
feeding equipment being used and that will remain free flowing after a definite
period and condition of storage are matters that should be agreed on by both purchaser and supplier before shipment. At this time, widely varying methods of feeding and storing sodium fluorosilicate preclude the possibility of including a firm
standard on size to satisfy all these variables. Feedability appears to depend on the
uniformity of size between US Standard Sieves No. 100 (150 m) and No. 325
(44 m) (a narrow size distribution) and a low-moisture content.
For the suppression of dust, materials containing the least amount of particles
finer than 325 mesh are preferred.
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification of the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchasers specifications.
IV. Major Revisions. Major changes made in this revision of the standard
include the following:
1. The format has been changed to the current AWWA style for standards.
2. The acceptance clause (Sec. I.C) and the definitions of parties (Sec. 3) have
been revised to approved wording.

NIOSH/MSHA approval is given to various masks. Each brand is evaluated by

NIOSH/MSHA for the proposed use and conditions. Available from the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226; or Mine
Safety and Health Administration, 4015 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22203.

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Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

3. Editorial revisions have been included throughout the standard.

4. The name of the compound that is the subject of the standard has been
changed from sodium silicofluoride to sodium fluorosilicate, which is the internationally recognized name.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Standards Department, (303) 794-7711 ext. 2201, FAX (303)
795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235.

viii
Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

American Water Works Association

R

ANSI/AWWA B702-94
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA B702-89)

AWWA STANDARD FOR

SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE

SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard covers sodium fluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) for water supply service
application.

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The main purpose of this standard is to provide purchasers, manufacturers,
and suppliers with the minimum requirements for sodium fluorosilicate, including
physical, chemical, packaging, shipping, and testing requirements.

Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiving
sodium fluorosilicate and can be used as a guide for testing the physical and chemical properties of sodium fluorosilicate samples. The stipulations for this standard
apply when this document has been referenced and only to sodium fluorosilicate
used in water supply service application.

SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following document. In its latest edition, it forms
a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. APHA,*
AWWA, and WEF. Washington, D.C. (18th ed., 1992).

*American Public Health Association, 1015 15th St. N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1994.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

AWWA B702-94

SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply to this standard:
1. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces materials or products.
2. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
3. Supplier: The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may
or may not be the manufacturer.

SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Physical Requirements*
4.1.1 Size and density. The sodium fluorosilicate supplied under this standard
shall be a fine, dry, granular material containing no lumps and shall have an average bulk density of approximately 85 lb/ft3 (1.4 g/cm3) (range from 8595 lb/ft3
[1.41.6 g/cm3]). The material shall meet the following size requirements:
1. At least 98 percent shall pass through a US Standard Sieve No. 40
(420 m).
2. Less than 25 percent shall pass through a US Standard Sieve No. 325
(44 m).
4.1.2 Anticaking agents. Anticaking agents may be used if they do not produce
any interference with normal water treatment processes, such as coagulation and
sedimentation, and do not impart any taste, odor, or toxicity to water when it is
treated with the normal quantity of sodium fluorosilicate.

Sec. 4.2 Chemical Requirements

The chemical composition shall be determined by the test methods specified in
Sec. 5.2.
4.2.1 Sodium fluorosilicate content. The sodium fluorosilicate supplied under
this standard shall have a minimum of 98 percent (dry basis) sodium fluorosilicate,
which corresponds to approximately 59.4 percent fluoride ions.
4.2.2 Moisture. Moisture content shall not exceed 0.5 percent by weight.

Sec. 4.3 Impurities

4.3.1 General impurities. The sodium fluorosilicate supplied under this standard shall contain no soluble materials or organic substances in quantities capable of
producing deleterious or injurious effects on the health of those consuming a water
that has been treated properly with the sodium fluorosilicate.

*All sieve numbers referred to in this standard are US Standard Sieve Series numbers, as
specified in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Designation
E11, Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes. Available from ASTM, 1916
Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103.
See Sec. I.C of the foreword.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE

4.3.2 Insoluble matter. Insoluble matter shall not exceed 0.5 percent by
weight.
4.3.3 Heavy metals. Heavy metals, expressed as lead (Pb), shall not exceed
0.05 percent by weight.
4.3.4 Additional impurity limits. Additional impurity limits may be specified
by the purchaser to ensure that the material supplied is suitable for water treatment. If additional impurity limits are specified by the purchaser, then the
purchaser must state the testing methods to be used to determine compliance with
the additional limits.
4.3.5 Product certifications. Sodium fluorosilicate is a direct additive used in
the treatment of potable water. This material should be certified as suitable for
contact with or treatment of drinking water by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60, Drinking Water Treatment
ChemicalsHealth Effects. Evaluation shall be accomplished in accordance with requirements that are no less restrictive than those listed in ANSI/NSF Standard 60.
Certification shall be accomplished by a certification organization accredited by the
American National Standards Institute.

SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Sampling
Sampling shall be conducted in accordance with this section of the standard.
Each sample container shall be labeled to identify it and shall be signed by the
sampler. A chain-of-custody form shall accompany all samples and shall be properly
completed by the individuals collecting samples.
5.1.1 Sampling point. Samples shall be taken at the point of destination.
5.1.2 Sampling device. Sodium fluorosilicate may be sampled by means of a
sampling tube that is at least 34 in. (19 mm) in diameter. If the sodium fluorosilicate is handled by conveyor or elevator, a mechanical sampling arrangement may be
used. The arrangement must provide a representative sampling of the entire shipment that is being handled.
5.1.3 Amount of shipment to be sampled. If the sodium fluorosilicate is packaged, 5 percent of the packages shall be sampled. No sample for testing shall be
taken from a broken package. Samples from individual packages shall be combined
to form a composite sample.
5.1.4 Sample size and handling. The composite sample, weighing at least
16 lb (7.3 kg), shall be mixed thoroughly and divided in the following manner:
1. Divide into four 4-lb (1.8-kg) sections.
2. Select alternate quarters.
3. Redivide each to provide eight 1-lb (0.5-kg) sections.
4. Select six 1-lb (0.5-kg) samples.
5.1.5 Sample storage. The 1-lb (0.5-kg) samples shall be sealed in airtight,
moistureproof, plastic or glass containers each carefully identified by a label signed
by the sampler. Two samples are to be used by the purchaser for the tests specified
in Sec. 5.2. The other four shall be retained for at least 30 days after the date of
receipt, to be used for retesting as provided in Sec. 5.2.7.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

AWWA B702-94

Sec. 5.2 Test Procedures

Testing of sodium fluorosilicate shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures presented in this standard. Alternate procedures can be used only with
written approval from the purchaser. In any case of conflict, the test procedures of
this standard shall prevail.
5.2.1 Test samples. Test samples shall be obtained from the 1-lb (0.5-kg) samples taken in accordance with Sec. 5.1. Samples shall be stored in an airtight
container and unsealed only when it is necessary to remove quantities of material
for testing. Removal of material shall be accomplished as rapidly as possible to avoid
changes in moisture content, and the sample container shall then be resealed for
future reference.
5.2.2 Test procedure for size. Rapidly weigh approximately 100 g of sample to
the nearest 0.1 g and screen until constant weight is achieved on the appropriate US
Standard Sieve Series to determine compliance with the size requirements of Sec.
4.1. Weigh to the nearest 0.1 g the amounts of material passing through the sieve or
being retained on the sieve. Report each portion of material passing through the
sieve or retained on the sieve as a percent of the total initial sample. The entire
process should be accomplished in a dry atmosphere and as quickly as possible.
5.2.3 Test procedure for insoluble matter.
5.2.3.1 Procedure.
1. Weigh 2 g of the sample that has been previously dried at 105C to constant weight and transfer into a beaker. Dissolve in 500 mL of hot deionized water.
Generally 15 to 30 min is sufficient time for dissolution.
2. Filter through a tared Gooch crucible or a tared fritted-glass filter of
medium porosity. Wash with at least six separate 25-mL portions of boiling deionized water, allowing the crucible to drain between washings. Dry the crucible or
filter at 105C to constant weight.
5.2.3.2 Calculation.
weight of residue
100 = percent insoluble matter
weight of sample

(Eq 1)

5.2.4 Test procedure for moisture content.

5.2.4.1 Procedure.
1. Weigh 5 g of the sample into a previously dried and cooled broad weighing
bottle and heat in an oven at 105C to constant weight. Cool in a desiccator and
reweigh.
5.2.4.2 Calculate the percent of moisture.
loss in weight
100 = percent of moisture
weight of sample

(Eq 2)

5.2.5 Test procedure for sodium fluorosilicate and fluoride content.

5.2.5.1 Reagents.
1. Alcoholic potassium chloride solution dissolve 60 g of potassium chloride
in 400 mL of recently boiled-and-cooled deionized water and add 400 mL of 95 percent neutral ethyl alcohol.
2. Alcoholic potassium chloride and sodium carbonate solution dissolve 1 g
of sodium carbonate in 100 mL of alcoholic potassium chloride solution from step 1.
3. Standard sodium hydroxide solution, 0.2N.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE

4. Phenolphthalein indicator, 1 percent.

5.2.5.2 Procedure.
1. Weigh 0.4 g of sample that has been dried at 105C to constant weight and
transfer into a beaker. While stirring continuously, rapidly add 25 mL of alcoholic
potassium chloride/sodium carbonate solution. Add more if necessary, until solution
pH is greater than 7. The solution must not be acidic.
2. Filter with a Buchner funnel or filter crucible with suction and wash the
precipitate with alcoholic potassium chloride solution until the wash liquid is not
alkaline to phenolphthalein.
3. Transfer the filter paper and contents to a beaker and add 100 mL of
recently boiled deionized water and 1 to 2 mL of phenolphthalein indicator. Heat to
7090C and titrate with 0.2N sodium hydroxide to first pink color. Continue heating and complete the titration with the solution actively boiling.
5.2.5.3 Calculation.*
mL NaOH N 0.047
100 = percent Na2SiF6
weight of sample, in grams

(Eq 3)

percent Na2SiF6 0.606 = percent F

5.2.6 Test procedure for heavy metals.
5.2.6.1 Reagents
1. Concentrated hydrochloric acid.
2. Ammonium hydroxide, 10 percent.
3. 0.1N hydrochloric acid.
4. Hydrogen sulfide, saturated solution.
5. Lead nitrate, American Chemical Society (ACS) reagent grade.
6. Concentrated nitric acid.
7. Lead nitrate stock solution. Dissolve 400.0 mg of ACS-reagent-grade lead
nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] in 100 mL of deionized water containing 1 mL of concentrated
nitric acid. Dilute to 1000.0 mL with deionized water. Prepare and store this solution in glass containers that are free from lead salts.
8. Standard lead solution. On the day of use, dilute 10.0 mL of the lead
nitrate stock solution to 100.0 mL with deionized water (20 mL of this solution
contains 0.50 mg of lead, which is equivalent to 1.0 mg [0.05 percent] of heavy
metals calculated as lead in 2.0 g of sodium fluorosilicate).
5.2.6.2 Procedure.

*Based on the following equations:

Na2SiF6 + 2KCl K2SiF6 + 2NaCl
K2SiF6 + 4NaOH 2KF + 4NaF + SiO2 + 2H2O
CAUTION: Ammonium hydroxide fumes can cause damage to eyes and lungs. Use in a
well-ventilated area or under a fume hood.
CAUTION: Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely poisonous gas. Avoid breathing fumes. Use in
a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood.
American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. N.W., Washington, DC 20036.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

AWWA B702-94

1. In a platinum dish, treat 2.0 g of sample that has been previously dried at
105C to constant weight with 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and evaporate to dryness under a fume hood. Repeat with another 10 mL of concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
2. Dissolve the residue in 40 mL of deionized water.
3. Measure out 20 mL of this solution into a 100-mL beaker and adjust to
pH 34 with 10 percent ammonium hydroxide or 0.1N hydrochloric acid or both.
4. Add 10 mL of a freshly prepared, saturated solution of hydrogen sulfide in
deionized water.
5. The brown color produced should not be greater than that formed in 20 mL
of the standard lead solution after treatment as in steps 3 and 4.
5.2.7 Rejection.
5.2.7.1 Notice of nonconformance. If the sodium fluorosilicate delivered does
not meet the requirements of this standard, a notice of nonconformance shall be
provided by the purchaser to the supplier within 10 working days after receipt of the
shipment at the point of destination. The results of the purchasers tests shall prevail, unless the supplier notifies the purchaser within five working days after receipt
of the notice of nonconformance that a retest is desired. On receipt of the request for
a retest, the purchaser shall forward to the supplier one of the sealed samples taken
in accordance with Sec. 5.1 of this standard. In the event that the results obtained
by the supplier on retesting do not agree with the results obtained by the purchaser,
the other sealed sample shall be forwarded, unopened, for an analysis to a referee
laboratory agreed on by both parties. The results of the referee analysis shall be
accepted as final. The cost of the referee analysis shall be paid by the supplier if the
material does not meet the requirements of this standard, or by the purchaser if the
material does meet the requirements of this standard.
5.2.7.2 Material originating outside of North America. On request of the purchaser, the supplier shall inform the purchaser of the origin of the sodium
fluorosilicate to be furnished. If the material to be furnished was manufactured outside of North America, the purchaser may request from the supplier a written
statement presenting the steps the supplier will take to ensure that the material to
be supplied conforms to the requirements of this standard.
5.2.7.3 Torn bags. Ripped or torn bags are not acceptable.

SECTION 6: DELIVERY*
Sec. 6.1 Marking
6.1.1 Required. Each package and container shall have legibly marked on it
the name of the compound, the net weight of the contents, the name of the manufacturer, the lot number, and the brand name (if any). Each package shall bear such
other markings as are required by the US Department of Transportation (USDOT)
and other applicable laws. When shipped in bulk, this information shall accompany
the bill of lading.

*Governmental marking, packaging, and shipping references reflect US requirements.

Users of AWWA B702 in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should verify
applicable local and national regulatory requirements.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE

6.1.2 Optional. Packages may also bear the statement, This material meets
the requirements of AWWA B702-94, Standard for Sodium Fluorosilicate, provided
that the requirements of this standard are met and the material is not of a different
quality in separate agreement between the supplier and purchaser.

Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping*

6.2.1 Packaging. Bags, drums, and any other nonbulk container used for packaging sodium fluorosilicate shall comply with all applicable paragraphs of HM-181,
part 178 (specifications for packaging) of CFR 49.
6.2.2 Shipping regulations. Packaging and shipping of sodium fluorosilicate
shall conform to all applicable local, state, and federal regulations.
6.2.3 Containers. Sodium fluorosilicate may be shipped in multiwall paper
bags, fiber drums, supersacks, bulk, or other USDOT-approved containers as specified by the purchaser. Where feasible, all bags should be constructed with vapor
barrier liners. (Generally, multiwalled bags come in 100-lb [45-kg] or 50-lb [22.5-kg]
sizes.)
6.2.4 Net weight. The net weight of packages shall not deviate from the
recorded weight by more than 2.5 percent. If exception is taken to the weight of
the material received, it shall be based on a certified unit weight of not less than
10 percent of the packages shipped, selected at random from the entire shipment.

Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance or Certified Analyses

The purchaser may require either (1) an affidavit from the manufacturer or
supplier that the sodium fluorosilicate furnished under the purchasers specifications
complies with all applicable requirements of this standard; or (2) certified analyses
of the sodium fluorosilicate, furnished by the manufacturer or supplier, covering
such items as required; or (3) both.

*Because of frequent changes in these regulations, all parties should remain informed of
possible revisions. Provisions of the purchasers specifications should not preclude compliance
with applicable regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, part 178 (Transportation). Superintendent of
Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.

3P-3C-42702-7/98-RM

Printed on recycled paper.

Copyright 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.