AcknowledgmentFirst&and&foremost&I&would&like&to&thank&God.

&You&have&given&me&the&power&to&believe&
in&myself&and&pursue&my&dreams.&I&could&never&have&done&this&without&the&faith&I&have&
in&you,&the&Almighty.&
If$God$is$for$us,$who$can$be$against$us?$Romans$8:31$
&
Next&I&would&like&to&thank&my&parents&and&my&sister&for&their&unending&love&and&
support.&I&would&also&like&to&thank&John&Napier,&Fay&Legard&and&Luit&Hazarika&for&their&
help,&encouragement&and&direction&with&this&project.&&
Also&a&massive&thank&you&to&my&family&at&91&Carholme&Road.&
&

Content-Page&
1.&List&of&Illustrations.&Page.&2&
&
2.&IntroductionPage.&6&
&
3.&The&History&of&Stadia&and&the&Colosseum.Page.&8&
&
4.&Development&of&stadium&design&(Sustainability&&&Technology)............................Page.10&
&
5.&Present&Day&Stadiums&
&

5.1.&Stadio&Giuseppe&Meazza&(San&Siro)Page.&13&

&

5.2.&Allianz&Arena....Page.16&

&

5.3.&Emirates&Stadium......Page.19&

&

5.4.&Beijing&National&Stadium&(Birds&Nest)...........................................................Page.22&

&

5.5.&The&Stadium&Queen&Elizabeth&Olympic&Park................................................Page.25&

&
6.&Future&Concepts&(2016&Olympics/FIFA&2022)&
&

6.1.&RIO&2016&Olympic&Summer&Games...................................................................Page.30&

&

6.2.&FIFA&2022&World&Cup.............................................................................................Page.31&

&
7.&Case&Study&(Images&of&Future&Concepts).........................................................................Page.&33&
&

7.1.&Camp&Nou&&

&

7.2.&Santiago&Bernabu&Stadium&&

&

7.3.&Baku&Olympic&Stadium&&

&
8.&Conclusion......................................................................................................................................Page.34&
&
9.&Bibliography..................................................................................................................................Page.36&
&

&
1.-List-Of-IllustrationsFigure-1:&Dcrainmaker.com.&2014.&Hanging&out&in&a&Greek&Olympic&Stadium&(a&really&
old&one)&|&DC&Rainmaker.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.dcrainmaker.com/2012/02/hanginggoutginggreekgolympicg
stadium.html&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-2:&Pinterest.&2014.&Historical&Building&Illustration.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.pinterest.com/LeeHaile/historicalgbuildinggillustration/&[Accessed:&15&
Feb&2014].&
Figure-3:-Gideon&Seglahs&Sketch&Book.&Figure-4:&Trekearth.com.&2014.&Athens.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Greece/Attica/Attiki/Athens/photo125
2495.htm&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-5:&Mail&Online.&2011.&Roman's&plan&in&ruins&as&the&fans&revolt!&Chelsea&lose&
fight&for&stadium&ownership.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/articleg2054201/ChelseaglosegStamfordg
Bridgegfight.html&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-6:&Olmos,&A.&2009.&Redevelopment&of&Highbury&Stadium.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2009/sep/19/architectureg
arsenal#/?picture=353179271&index=0&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-7:&Chelseafc.com.&2014.&Manchester&Utd&g&Old&Trafford.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.chelseafc.com/chelseagarticle/article/855997/title/manchestergutdggg
oldgtrafford&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-7.1:&Army,&U.&2014.&History&of&Old&Trafford.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.unitedsredarmy.com/History2.htm&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-8:&Think.BEElieve.Dare.Dream.&2011.&[Tour]&San&Siro&Stadium.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://thebeeliever.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/tourgsangsirog
stadium/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&

&

2&

Figure-9:&Inglis,&S.&(1990).&The&Football&Grounds&of&Europe.&London:&Collins.&&
Figure-10:&chelseanewsletter.&2012.&Its&All&You&Want&To&Know&About&Allianz&Arena!.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://chelseanewsletter.wordpress.com/2012/04/28/itsgallg
yougwantgtogknowgaboutgallianzgarena/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-11:&Interactive,&W.&2014.&Presidents&Medals:&Adaptability,&Iconography&and&
the&Olympic&Games.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.presidentsmedals.com/Entryg
12370&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-12:&Buildingskins's&Blog.&2010.&Allianz&Arena&in&Munich.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://buildingskins.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/allianzgarenagingmunich/&
[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-13:&Populous.com.&2014.&Emirates&Stadium&g&Europe's&most&successful&
Football&Stadium.&[online]&Available&at:&http://populous.com/project/emiratesg
stadium/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-14:&Maps.google.co.uk.&2014.&emirates&stadium&site&map&g&Google&Maps.&
[online]&Available&at:&
https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=emirates+stadium+site+map&client=safari&ie=U
TFg8&ei=sdf4Usa_N46ShgezjYGACw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-15:&Beijing&National&Stadium.&2010.&Birds&Nest&Facts.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://beijingbirdsnest.wordpress.com/birdsgnestgfacts/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-16:&Beijing&National&Stadium.&2010.&Birds&Nest&Facts.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://beijingbirdsnest.wordpress.com/birdsgnestgfacts/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-17:&Capital.&2014.&Hard&Rock&Calling&And&Wireless&Festivals&2013&Move&To&
London's&Olympic&Park.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.capitalfm.com/musicg
news/hardgrockgcallinggwirelessgfestivalg2013/&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-18:&Theepochtimes.com.&2012.&Londons&Olympic&Stadium&Paves&Way&in&
Sustainable&Design&|&Europe&|&World&|&Epoch&Times.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/londongsgolympicgstadiumgpavesgwayg
ingsustainablegdesigng291339.html&[Accessed:&15&Feb&2014].&
Figure-19:&Hartman,&H.&(2012).&London&2012:&Sustainable&Design:&Delivering&a&Games&
Legacy.&Chichester:&John&Wiley&&&Sons.&

&

3&

Figure-20:&Whufc.com.&2014.&New&chapter&for&Olympic&Stadium&|&News&|&Latest&News&
|&News&|&West&Ham&United.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.whufc.com/articles/20131120/newgchaptergforgolympicg
stadium_2236884_3543295&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-21:&Satanek,&B.&2014.&People&as&pixels:&Increasing&audience&engagement.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://www.experiencedzine.com/2012/10/28/peoplegasg
pixelsgincreasinggaudiencegengagement/&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-22:&Ledsmagazine.com.&2014.&LED&lighting&plays&prominent&role&in&Olympic&
Games.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.ledsmagazine.com/articles/2012/08/ledg
lightinggplaysgprominentgrolegingolympicggames.html&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-23:&Urban&Realm.&2014.&McAslan&celebrate&Kings&Cross&concourse&completion&
:&March&2012&:&News&:&Architecture&in&profile&the&building&environment&in&Scotland&g&
Urban&Realm.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.urbanrealm.com/news/3408/McAslan_celebrates_Kings_Cross_concour
se_completion.html&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-24:&Jo&Blogs.&2012.&UPS&delivers&Royal&Mail&a&perfect&Olympic&opportunity.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://joquint.wordpress.com/2012/07/08/upsgroyalgmailg
olympicgticketgdeliverygopportunity/&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-25:&Alliesandmorrison.com.&2014.&Allies&&&Morrison&|&Masterplan&London&
2012.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.alliesandmorrison.com/projects/selected/2012/londong2012/&
[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-26:&Dezeen.&2011.&London&2012&Basketball&Arena&by&Sinclair&Knight&Merz&g&
Dezeen.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.dezeen.com/2011/06/14/londong2012g
basketballgarenagbygsinclairgknightgmerz/&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-27:&Klettner,&A.&2013.&For&sale:&One&Olympic&basketball&arena.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://www.bdonline.co.uk/forgsalegonegolympicgbasketballg
arena/5048868.blog&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-28:&Constructiongmanager.co.uk.&2014.&Construction&Manager&g&News.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://www.constructiongmanager.co.uk/news/yeargpicturesg2011/&
[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&

&

4&

Figure-29:&Hartman,&H.&(2012).&London&2012:&Sustainable&Design:&Delivering&a&Games&
Legacy.&Chichester:&John&Wiley&&&Sons.&
Figure-30F30.3:&Weeks,&J.&2013.&Rio&2016:&the&Olympic&venues&&artists'&impressions.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://www.theguardian.com/sport/gallery/2013/aug/01/riog
2016golympicgvenuesgingpictures#/?picture=414158512&index=0&[Accessed:&16&Feb&
2014].&
Figure-31F31.4:&Weeks,&J.&2010.&World&Cup&2022:&Qatar's&stadiums&in&pictures.&
[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/football/gallery/2010/dec/02/worldgcupg2022g
qatargstadiumsgpictures#/?picture=369311033&index=0&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-31.5:&Gibson,&O.&2014.&Labour:&Fifa&must&insist&Qatar&improves&workers'&rights&
ahead&of&World&Cup.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/feb/12/fifaglabourgqatargworldgcupg
workersgrights&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-32F32.1:&Fcbarcelona.com.&2014.&A&new&stadium&built&on&the&same&structure&|&
FC&Barcelona.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/detail/article/agnewgstadiumgbuiltgongthegsameg
structure&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-33F33.2:&Facebook.com.&2014.&The&new&Santiago&Bernabu&stadium&|&
Facebook.&[online]&Available&at:&
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150522124899953.1073742217.1
9034719952&type=1&[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
Figure-34F34.2:&GamesBids.com&Forums.&2014.&Baku&2015&European&Games&g&Other&
International&Games&/&Bids.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.gamesbids.com/forums/topic/22268gbakug2015geuropeanggames/&
[Accessed:&16&Feb&2014].&
&

&

5&

&
2.-Introduction&
Guidance&the$act$or$function$of$guiding;$leadership;$direction.$(Staff,&2006,&p.&251)$In&
our&case&the&direction&of&stadia&architecture,&it&has&travelled&a&long&way&since&the&days&
of&the&Roman&Colosseum,&which&was&once&described&as&most$famous,$and$instantly$
recognisable$monument$to$have$survived$from$the$classic$world&(Hopkins&and&Beard,&
2005,&p.&Vii)&the&Colosseum&is&a&world&trade&mark&as&well&as&the&starting&point&for&
which&stadia&architecture&has&progressed&from.&&&
&
The&investigation&into&sustainability&and&technology&and&their&key&part&in&not&only&the&
construction&of&these&beautiful&Stadiums&but&the&concept&behind&the&designs&as&well&as&
accommodating&other&factors&for&example,&a&climate,&lifespan&and&technology.&
&
Stadiums&play&a&key&part&in&the&atmosphere&that&takes&place&at&any&sporting&or&
musical&events,&stadia$play$host$to$an$adoring$audience$(lewis$1992)$of$enthusiastic,$
shouting,$celebrating$or$crying$fans.&(Frank&and&Streets,&2010,&p.&229)&it&leaves&an&
everglasting&effect&on&the&many&thousands&of&people&that&visit&them.&&The$heart$and$
soul$of$the$game$and$the$anticipation$of$fans$on$their$way$to$a$match&(Frank&and&
Streets,&2010,&p.&146)&
&
A&key&area&that&this&dissertation&will&touch&on&is&present&day&stadiums&and&their&
method&of&modern&day&sustainability&techniques.&Another&point&intend&to&be&
investigated&is&the&up&and&coming&FIFA&2022&in&Qatar&and&the&2016&Brazil&Olympics.&
These&are&two&sustainable&projects&that&will&have&a&lasting&effect&on&the&legacy&and&the&
future&designs&of&sporting&stadiums.&&
&
Sustainability&is&such&a&key&element&in&design&for&these&present&day,&and&the&designs&
and&building&of&stadiums&are&under&the&spotlight.&Stadiums&are&such&large&scale,&
modern&day&architects&and&designers&look&to&how&a&stadium&can&fit&into&its&
environment&without&causing&too&much&environmental&damage.&Life&span,&material,&

&

6&

ventilation,&noise&pollution,&heating,&lighting&and&ventilation&are&all&factors&that&have&
to&be&considered&to&help&the&stadium&have&a&positive&effect&on&sustainability.&&
&
Most&sustainable&techniques&are&done&with&the&help&of&technology&and&as&technology&
develops&so&does&sustainability.&With&modern&day&equipment,&some&being&solar&
panelled&windows/glass,&solar&powered&public&lighting,&rainwater&harvesting&systems&
and&mechanical&ventilation.&&Technology&helped&develop&the&designs&of&building&
structures&and&faades.&
&
The&Colosseum&was&designed&to&show&pride&in&the&Roman&City,&a&place&for&battles&to&
the&death&to&take&place&as&well&as&other&lawful&activities.&It&still&stands&today&in&this&
gives&it&a&legacy&and&a&key&influence&to&how&stadiums&can&be&designed&using&
traditional&geometry&but&more&modern&sustainable&techniques.&One&project&that&this&
dissertation&looks&widely&into&is&legacy&and&sustainability&for&the&London&2012&
Olympics.&They&had&a&whole&Olympics&designed&around&key&words,&they&well&and&truly&
put&a&lot&of&thought&into&motion,&which&evidence&proves&they&have&made&a&successful&
effort.&&
&
Methodology&
My&method&of&research&has&involved&a&list&of&books,&online&newspaper&articles,&
journals&and&the&World&Wide&Web;&the&information&will&be&from&past&and&most&recent&
forms&of&information.&&The&use&of&this&information&has&helped&me&come&across&
questions,&which&my&dissertation&will&look&to&answering,&with&the&help&of&above&
sources.&&

&

7&

&
3.-The-History-of-Stadia-and-the-Colosseum&
The$word$Stadium$originates$from$the$town$Olympia$in$ancient$Greece.$The$
Olympians$used$to$run$a$race$over$a$distance$of$192m,$which$in$Greece$was$a$unit$
measurement$called$a$stadium,$which$in$turn$gave$its$name$to$the$venue.&(UEFA&
Guide&To&Quality&Stadiums,&2011,&p.&7)&
In&relation&to&this&quote&stadiums&are&now&known&for&being&a&massive&host&of&all&
sporting&events&for&example,&Football,&Cricket,&Rugby&and&The&Olympic&Games.&
Stadiums&have&made&massive&progress&with&the&use&of&technology&and&new&
sustainability&tactics,&as&well&as&the&need&to&host&and&accommodate&thousands&of&
visitors&A$stadium$is$first$and$foremost$the$staging$ground$for$spectacles$for$masses$of$
people.$(Stadium,&1975,&p.&12)&&
&
The$first$stadium$therefore$originated$
in$the$VIII$century$BC$around$a$
rudimentary$athletics$track$shaped$as$
an$elongated$U&(Worldstadiums,&
1896)&as&shown&in&Figure&1.&The&
Greeks&first&prototypes&for&modern&
sports&facilities&took&place&in&the&
eighth&century&BC.&&
The&progress&from&the&elongated&U&
started&when&the&tradition&of&sports&facilities&was&moved$from$Greece$to$the$Roman$
world$with$the$birth$of$circus,$the$typological$evolution$of$prototypes$of$stadium$and$of$
hippodrome,$between$the$II$and$the$I$century$BC.&(Worldstadiums,&1896)&&The&
Colosseum&was&born&As$the$greek$theatre$led$to$the$Roman$amphitheatre&(John,&
Sheard&and&Vickery,&2007,&p.&6).&Emperor&Vespasian&started&the&construction&of&the&
Colosseum&in&A.D.&70,&the&construction&was&then&completed&by&Domitian&in&A.D.&82&in&
which&the&opening&ceremony&was&under&the&son&of&Titus.&It&is&said&that&the&Colosseum&
was&the&Romans&first$great$prototype,$the$Colosseum$of$Rome,$did$indeed$achieve$this$
ideal,$but$very$few$stadia$since$then$have$succeeded$as$well.$(John,&Sheard&and&Vickery,&

&

8&

2007,&p.&1)$The&Colosseum&was&not&built&for&such&sporting&events&but&instead&for&the&
likes&of&naval&battles,&gladiatorial&combats,&public&executions,&wild&animal&hunts,&
complete&with&scenery&and&backdrops.&$
&
The&Colosseum&is&still&to&this&day&one&of&the&greatest&landmarks&that&the&Romans&built,&
it&is&the&Colosseums&amphitheatre&geometry&that&helps&accommodate&large&amount&of&
ecstatic&fans&and&spectators.&The&Colosseum&when&it&was&originally&built&was&able&to&
hold&87,000&spectators.&&
&
In&the&brief&description&sourced&was&mentioned&that&the&Colosseum&was&built&out&of&
tine&stone&with&a&mixture&of&brick&for&its&interior&
faade.&Inside,$the$arena$measured$at$278$by$177$
feet$and$was$originally$surrounded$by$seating$in$
four$separate$tiers..&(Hopkins&and&Beard,&2005,&p.&
2)&The&exterior&faade&height&measures&up&to&48.5&
meters,&it&s&magisterial&of&all&surrounding&features&
and&building&in&its&context.&The&exterior&walls&
consisted&of&three&tiers&of&arcades,&which&were&
decorated&with&rows&of&arches,&and&an&attic&story&
decorated&with&smaller&window&openings.&Shown&
in&Figure&2.&&
&
The&geometry&of&stadiums&has&developed;&stadiums&went&
from&a&simple&4gstand&rectangle&to&an&elliptical/circular&
bowl&geometry.&The&influence&of&the&Coloseeum&has&help&
architects&progress&and&look&towards&designing&more&
elliptical/&circular&geometry&stadiums.&Some&of&them&
designed&could&be&seen&as&a&mid&point&between&the&
rectangular&geometry&to&the&circular/elliptical&geometry&
and&a&mix&of&both&with&a&strong&influence&from&the&
Colosseum.&(Figure&3)&&

&

9&

&
4.-Development-of-stadium-design-(Sustainability-&-Technology)Years&have&gone&on&to&which&the&development&of&sporting&stadiums&have&progressed.&
There&are&new&techniques&to&the&construction&of&stadiums&with&new&and&major&factors&
of&sustainability&and&technology.&Looking&back&at&the&Colosseum&it&has&no&sustainable&
taught&behind&it&but&yet&to&this&day&it&still&stands.&&
&
Sustainability&is&a&combination&of&Social,&Economical&and&Environmental&aspects.&It&is&
a&new&important&way&of&thinking&and&designing,&all&architects&and&designers&look&to&
using&new,&exciting&and&innovative&ways&to&reduce&carbon&footprint,&pollution&and&
anything&harmful&to&the&earth.&With&a&wide&vast&range&of&new&and&old&sustainable&
techniques,&sustainability&is&the&future&of&buildings&and&the&better&way&of&protecting&
the&earth.&The&main&aspects&of&sustainability&in&stadium&design&and&construction&are,&
the&stadium&in&its&community,&transport&links,&multi&purpose&uses,&use&of&resources&
and&lifespan.&These&5gpoints&will&be&investigated&with&each&case&study&that&is&
examined.&&
&
There&are&a&wide&range&of&sustainable&tactics&that&go&into&the&design&of&stadiums,&for&
instance,&solar&panels,&water&pumps&and&recycled&heating.&&
&
The&geometry&of&stadiums&and&how&they&
have&changed&over&time&since&the&
Greeks&elongated&U&shaped&running&
tracks.&The&first&stadium&built&for&a&
modern&Olympic&games,&the&Panthenaic&
stadiums&Kallimarmaro$(beautiful$
marbled)$(MobileRference,&2007,&p.&
35)$in&Athens&in&the&year&of&1896,&as&
shown&in&Figure&4.&
&

&

10&

The&geometry&of&a&stadium&has&a&dependency&on&its&local&climate&as&wind&and&rain&are&
factors&to&be&taken&into&consideration&when&designing&to&try&and&give&the&best&comfort&
for&the&spectators.&Italys$1934$World$Cup$venues$neatly$summarise$the$most$common$
formats$used$for$stadiums:$rectangular$($known$in$Europe$as$EnglishXstyle),$elliptical$
(the$mot$expensive$to$build),$straight$sides$and$semiXcircular$ends$(cheap$and$mostly$
pre$Second$World$War).$(Inglis,&1990,&
p.&8)&The&geometry&of&stadiums&had&
changed&from&the&Colosseum&and&it&
was&due&to&the&cost&of&material&to&
build&these&stadiums&structure&as&safe&
but&as&cost&effective&as&possible.&Some&
of&these&stadiums&still&exist&today&for&
example;&Stamford&Bridge(Figure&5).&
Archibald&Leitch,&the&architect&of&Stamford&Bridge&is&also&the&wellgknown&designer&of&
many&other&old&fashion&rectangular&stadiums&that&were&built&all&over&England,&for&
example,&Bramall&Lane&(Sheffield&United&FC),&Highbury&(Arsenal&FC)&and&Old&Trafford&
(Manchester&United&FC).&These&stadiums&are&all&well&known&in&which&all&apart&from&
Highbury&are&still&standing&with&fairly&recent&restoration&and&renovation&work&taking&
place.&Highbury&has&now&been&transformed&into&flats,&which&circulate&round&the&old&
pitch,&this&transformation&has&shown&a&
positive&sustainable&change&and&use&of&the&
old&structure.&(Figure&6)&&
&
Archibald&Leitchs&style&of&design&was&
always&described&as&initially$considered$
functional$rather$than$aesthetically$elegant,$
and$were$clearly$influenced$by$his$early$
work$on$industrial$buildings.$(Football&
travels&with&Ross,&2012)&The&layout&of&the&stadiums&were&where$stands$had$two$tiers,$
with$crissXcrossed$steel$balustrades$at$the$front$of$the$upper$tier,$and$were$covered$by$a$
series$of$pitched$roofs&(Football&travels&with&Ross,&2012).&Archibald&obviously&didnt&
see&the&need&for&an&elegant&stadium&but&instead&to&give&a&comfortable&feeling&and&a&

&

11&

modern&way&at&that&time&how&the&progress&of&stadiums&in&England&would&progress&
from&the&circular&or&elliptical&start&to&stadiums.&The&atmosphere&that&these&stadiums&
produce&while&at&full&capacity&on&match&days,&these&days&old&Trafford&is&known&for&
being&the&Theatre$of$Dreams&(Club,&2001,&p.&3)&the&name&given&by&Bobby&Charlton,&in&
which&the&clubs&recent&years&of&success&would&not&deny&them&such&a&bold&title.&&
Old&Trafford&went&through&a&major&rebuild&as&shown&in&Figure&7&and&7.1.&the$ground$
has$been$entirely$rebuilt.$A$low,$dull$structure$has$been$replaced$by$a$bold$edifice$of$
bright$steel$and$glass.&(Frank&and&Streets,&2010,&p.&19)&This&is&a&bold&statement&in&the&
development&of&these&dull&stadias,&earlier&in&1997&Arsenal&FC&applied&for&planning&
permission&to&expand&Highbury.&Unfortunately&it&was&rejected&and&so&it&lead&to&a&new&
stadium,&which&brought&a&complete&new&development&of&sporting&stadiums.&&

&

12&

&
5.-Present-Day-Stadiums-(Case-Studies)&
5.1.-Stadio-Giuseppe-Meazza-(San-Siro)&(Figure&8)&&
Location:&Milan,&Italy&
Client:&AC&Milan&and&F.C.&Internazionale&Milano&&
Capacity:&80,018&
Constructed:&September&&1926&
Architect:&Piero&Pirelli&

&
The&Stadio&Giuseppe&Meazza&commonly&known&as&San&Siro&was&originally&build&in&
1926&known&for&being&an$EnglishXstyle$ground$for$a$club$with$an$English$name$
(Inglis,&1990,&p.&11)&(Figure&9).&

The&stadiums&first&key&appearance&in&history&was&the&1934&Italian&world&cup.&It&was&
one&of&8&venues&that&hosted&the&words&second&ever&football&tournament.&
Still&to&date&it&stands&in&the&heart&of&football&and&hosts&both&Inter&and&AC&Milan.&Over&
the&years&the&stadium&has&grown&and&transformed,&with&seating&having&been&installed&
and&each&tier&expanding&to&accommodate&the&growing&support&of&both&teams.&The&fact&
that&Piero&Pirelli&designed&the&San&Siro&to&not&only&withstand&years&of&weathering&but&
also&with&the&preference&of&development.&26,000&was&the&capacity&which&the&Stadio&
Giuseppe&Meazza&was&at&in&1926&when&it&was&first&built,&over&the&years&it&has&
increased&immensely.&&The&stadium&went&under&two&renovations&in&1954&and&1989,&

&

13&

as$early$as$1947$plans$were$drawn$up$for$a$threeXtiered$stadium$holding$150,00$but$by$
the$time$the$scheme$was$finally$put$into$action,$in$June$1954,$the$figure$had$dropped$to$
a$more$sensible$100,000.&(Inglis,&1990,&p.&12)&The&renovation&of&1989,&saw&a&reduction&
of&just&under&20,000&seats.&The&San&Siro&is&a&flexible&stadium&in&which&its&life&span&
shows&that&sustainability&was&considered,&this&is&proven&by&its&advantages&of&
expanding&its&seating.&Another&factor&that&could&be&seen&as&a&sustainable&method&is&
the&multi&use,&with&the&stadium&being&known&for&hosting&boxing$match$between$Duilio$
Loi$and$Carlo$Ortis$and$music$concerts&(AC&Milan,&2013)$for&the&likes&of&Bob&Marley&
and&Bruce&Springsteen.&The&San&Siro&is&an&estimated&6&KM&from&the&centre&of&Milan.&
Public&transport&links&to&he&stadium&include,&subway,&bus&and&trams.&The$closet$metro$
station$near$San$Siro$is$Lotto&(The&Stadium&Guide,&1990)&it&is&a&20&minutes&walk&to&the&
stadium.&As&mentioned&the&stadium&is&located&6KM&west&from&Milan&city&centre.&It&is&in&
a&prime&location&to&prevent&traffic&and&congestions&around&the&centre.&As&the&stadium&
was&built&it&stood&alone&for&a&community&to&be&built&around&it.&
&
In&contrast&to&the&Colosseum&the&geometry&was&originally&nowhere&near&the&same,&
with&the&architects&of&the&San&Siro&going&for&a&more&English&Rectangular&look.&As&years&
have&gone&on&the&development&of&the&stadium&began&to&change&and&started&to&look&
more&and&more&like&a&similar&framework&that&the&Colosseum&holds.&When$the$
Colosseum$was$built$it$was$the$biggest$Stadium$in$the$country$by$far.$Also$just$now$the$
San$Siro$is$the$biggest$stadium$in$Italy.&&(Sgclassicsinvestigating.zoomshare,&2014)&
There&is&very&little&evidence&to&prove&a&link&between&the&design&of&the&Colosseum&and&
San&Siro&stadium.&Other&factors&for&instance,&life&span&and&the&option&of&development,&
expanding&and&reducing&the&capacity&of&the&stadium&shows&a&sustainable&look&to&the&
future,&one&could&say&the&Stadio&Giuseppe&Meazza&has&mastered&what&the&Colosseum&
first&started.&Dual&use&of&stadium&is&also&a&factor&of&sustainability.&Overall&to&say&the&
Colosseum&had&an&influence&on&the&San&Siro&would&be&fair&when&taking&selective&
factors&into&account.&&
Originally&the&stadium&was&made$up$of$four$back$straight$bleachers&(Sansiro,&2000)&
to&hold&up&to&35,000&spectators.&The&second&renovation&of&the&stadium&in&1955&saw&
the&installation&of&a&supporting&structure&for&a&second&level&of&seating&which&would&
take&the&seating&up&to&100,000,&it&was&reduced&for&safety&reasons&to&85,000.&The&

&

14&

stadium&developed&with&architects&Giancarlo&Ragazzi&and&Henery&Hoffer&designing&a&
third&level&as&well&as&a&stadium&roof&system.&They$built$eleven$new$cylindrical$towers$
in$reinforced$concrete$that$contained$a$number$of$facilities$and$allowed$access$to$the$
bleachers.$Four$of$these$towers$still$supply$support$to$the$roofing$system.&(Sansiro,&
2000)&
&
&

&

15&

5.2.-Allianz-Arena&(Figure&10)&
Location:&Munich,&Bavaria,&Germany&
Client:&FC&Bayern&Munich&&&TSV&1860&Mnchen
Capacity:&71,437&
Constructed:&May&2005&
Architect:&Herzog&&&de&Meuron&and&Arup&Sport&
Budget:&340&Million&

&
The&year&of&2006&was&an&important&year&of&football&for&the&Germans,&as&Germany&was&
selected&in&June&2000&to&host&the&2006&World&Cup.&&It&was&one&of&12&venues&to&be&used&
with&this&stadium&being&a&fresh&new&building&for&the&tournament.&Papers&stated&that,&
Germany$is$proud$of$its$stadiums,$with$the$jewel$in$the$crown$being$the$new$Allianz$
Arena$in$Munich.$Not$only$can$it$change$colour,$but$architects$says$its$shape$and$multiX
panel$roof$are$key$to$the$look$of$the$grounds$of$the$future.&(BBC,&2006)&The&architects&
designed&the&stadium&with&3&principles&in&mind,&firstly,$the$presence$of$the$stadium$as$
an$illuminated$body$that$can$change$its$appearance;$secondly$the$development$of$a$
processionXlike$arrival$of$fans,$in$a$landscape$are;$and$thirdly,$to$develop$a$centreXlike$
interior$of$the$stadium$itself.$(John,&Sheard&and&Vickery,&2007,&p.&266)$&&The&stadium&
demonstrates&a&strong&indication&of&
technology&with&its&colour&changing&
faade&(Figure&11),&such&a&big&stadium&
with&this&type&of&facade&will&take&up&an&
tremendous&amount&of&energy&and&in&
the&modern&day&we&live&in,&saving&

&

16&

energy&is&a&essential,&therefore&the&architects&sustainability&approach&is&questionable.&
Engineers&and&electronics&specialists,&Siemens&are&the&proud&Official$Technology$
Partner$of$FC$Bayern$Mnchen.$(Siemens&&Official&Technology&Partner&of&FC&Bayern&
Mnchen,&2010,&p.&2)$They&have&had&a&key&involvement&since$2007/2008$season,$
Siemens$has$served$as$the$Official$Technology$Partner$of$FC$Bayern$Mnchen$and$is$
responsible$for$establishing$an$optimal$technology$framework$for$the$stadium.&
(Siemens&&Official&Technology&Partner&of&FC&Bayern&Mnchen,&2008,&p.&2)&Bayern&
Mnchen&have&agreed&an&EnergyEfficiencyXPartnership$(Stadionweltgbusiness,&
2013)&with&Imtech.&The$energy$company$will$become$the$club's$energy$efficiency$
partner.$Imtech,$who$is$based$in$Hamburg,$will$work$to$reduce$energy$costs$and$carbon$
emissions$at$the$Allianz$Arena.&(Stadionweltgbusiness,&2013)&
The&faade&is&a&cushions$(each$side$8m$long)$consist$of$extremely$stable$0.2mm$thick$
ETFE$sheeting,$which$is$hardwearing,$not$readily$flammable$and,$with$a$light$
permeability$of$90%,$virtually$transparent.&(Deplazes,&2008,&p.&164)&(Figure&12)&The&
arena&is&located$on$the$northern$edge$of$Munich,$about$10$kilometres$from$the$city$
centre.(The&Stadium&Guide,&1990)&There&is&a&good&public&transport&system&that&
connects&from&the&centre&to&
Hauptbahnhof$and$Ostbahnof&(The&
Stadium&Guide,&1990)&on&the&metro,&
both&near&to&where&the&stadium&is&
located.&&For&fans&travelling&by&car&
there&is&an&underground&parking&
system&that&is&supplied&at&a&charge.&
&
Looking&into&the&Geometry&of&the&
Allianz&Arena&it&does&show&a&slim&
similarity&with&the&stadium&having&a&
relaxed&setting&curved&shape.&The&
obvious&similarity&of&them&both&
would&be&the&thought&and&design&of&
double&use&of&one&space.&Both&
stadiums&are&icon&stadiums&for&their&

&

17&

selective&cities&and&maybe&even&for&their&countries.&One&comparison&that&cannot&be&
argued&against&is&that&both&stadiums&are&worldgclass&designs&of&their&time.&&
As&the&stadium&is&excluded&from&Munich&itself&there&isnt&a&community&surrounding&
the&stadium.&Roads,&public&park/waiting&area&and&a&lot&of&natural&land&and&trees&
mainly&surround&the&stadium.&&Both&clubs&have&put&into&action&a&way&that&they&can&
help&the&city&as&a&whole&and&they&believe&Football$helps$people$to$move$on$in$life.&
(Allianzgarena,&2011)&The&clubs&feel&that&by&Offering$a$focal$point$for$football$fans$
from$all$over$the$world,$FootballXforXlife$is$a$great$place$to$exchange$views,$share$
experiences$and$pick$up$tips$for$the$life$on$and$off$the$pitch.&(Allianzgarena,&2011)&

&

18&

5.3.-Emirates-Stadium&(Figure&13)&
Location:&Islington,&North&London&
Client:&Arsenal&Football&Club&
Capacity:&60,338&
Constructed:&July&2006&
Architect:&Populous&(HOK&Sport)&
Budget:&470&Million&

&
The&Emirates&Stadium,&home&to&Arsenal&Football&Club&since&2006.&It&is&known&for&
being&the&third&biggest&capacity&stadium&in&England,&behind&old&Trafford&and&
Wembley.&This&stadium&was&one&of&the&modern&look&and&the&first&to&bring&back&the&
circular&geometry&stadiums.&Since&the&Colosseum,&stadiums&in&England&went&to&a&
simple&rectangular&shape&with&no&corner&stands&to&now&returning&to&the&influence&that&
the&Colosseum&left.&&
&
The&Emirates&Stadium&went&into&plan&in&1997&after&Arsenal&were&refused&planning&
permission&by&Islington&Council&to&get&the&exterior&of&their&former&ground&Highbury&
Stadium&expanded.&&The&architects&of&this&project&was&Populous&formally&known&as&
HOK&Sports&Architecture&stated&on&their&website&that&The$new$ground$provides$a$
unique$mix$of$commercial$and$hospitality$spaces$that$are$valuable$on$both$match$and$
non$match$days,$when$they$cater$for$a$wide$range$of$conferences,$exhibitions$and$
events.&(Populas,&2013)&The&Emirates&Stadium&described&as&being&One$of$Britains$

&

19&

largest$regeneration$projects&(John,&Sheard&and&Vickery,&2007,&p.&276),&has&adapted&a&
series&of&green$measures$integral$(John,&Sheard&and&Vickery,&2007,&p.&276)&in&its&
design.&It&uses&different&technology&to&help&its&sustainable&objectives.&For$example,$
using$passive$environmental$systems$to$heat$and$cool$the$building,$the$stadium$also$
helps$to$redevelop$the$area$in$a$forwardXlooking$and$sustainable$way.&(John,&Sheard&
and&Vickery,&2007,&p.&276)&&
&
Investigating&further&how&the&stadium&stays&sustainable,&there&is&a&list&of&
environmental&strategy&that&Arsenal&believe&they&have&succeeded&in&implementing&
since&moving&to&the&Emirates.&A&list&of&them&is&shown&below.&&
&

$A$recycling$area$has$been$designated$and$fenced$off$within$the$underground$
car$park.$

A$glass$recycling$scheme$is$being$used$at$Club$and$Box$Level$(the$only$public$
areas$of$the$Stadium$where$glass$is$used).$

Arsenal$have$installed$voltage$optimisation$equipment$in$Emirates$Stadium.$This$
equipment$reduces$the$amount$of$power$used$by$up$to$20%.$

The$Building$Management$System$(BMS)$has$been$correctly$set$to$ensure$empty$
rooms$are$not$being$heated$or$cooled.$This$has$further$reduced$the$use$of$energy.$

(Arsenal,&2011)&
&&
With&a&list&like&this&the&Emirates&Stadium&proves&it&cares&about&its&place&in&history,&
creating&a&legacy&for&other&sporting&stadiums&to&develop&this&idea&for&a&sustainable&
future.&&
The&stadiums&location&went&in&to&a&lot&of&consideration&due&to&where&their&old&stadium&
was&and&access&to&the&nearest&public&transport&stations&are.&The&stadium&is&located&
approximately&a&3&minutes&from&Arsenal&underground&station&(Piccadilly&Line),&also&
both&Finsbury&park&and&Highbury&and&Islington&is&a&10&minuet&walk&to&the&stadium&
with&many&bus&stops&circulating&the&stadium.&&&&
&

&

20&

The&Emirates&stadium&is&one&that&has&
been&successful&in&creating&a&
beautiful&atmosphere&along&with&
being&able&to&sit&in&its&surroundings&
(Figure&14).&The&Colosseum&is&well&
known&for&the&way&it&gently&sits&in&its&
surrounds,&the&architects&for&
Arsenals&ground&felt&that&the&
stadium&will&have&a&key&part&to&play&
in&its&community,&it&could&be&said&
that&the&Colosseum&inspired&that,&in&saying&that&it&really&does&seem&that&way.&The&
geometry,&use&of&detailed&and&revealing&exteriors&seems&alike&with&both&creating&an&
interaction&with&its&visitors.&It&is&fair&to&say&that&the&Emirates&was&built&on&the&
foundation&to&live&years&on&into&the&clubs&history&and&to&create&a&legacy,&which&is&what&
the&Colosseum&is&doing&now.&&
&
For&the&stadium&to&be&built&there&was&a&removal&of&several&industrial&companies&who&
were&accommodating&the&site&at&the&time.&Once&the&club&had&bought&the&land&and&help&
with&the&relocation&of&these&companies&arsenal&and&HOK&Sports&established$the$
200m$stadium$in$a$7.8Xacre$park$with$public$access.$The$designers$reduced$the$secure$
area$of$the$stadium$to$within$the$building$itself,$so$freeing$up$outside$areas$to$be$used$as$
public$spaces.$(designbuildgnetwork&,&2004)&They&also&designed&the&construction&of&
two&foot&bridges&over&the&eastern&railway&tracks&and&third&used&for&emergency&vehicle&
access&only.&The&master&plan&of&the&area&took&a&lot&of&consideration&of&its&
surroundings&and&how&the&stadium&will&suit&and&settle&easily&into&its&new&landscape.&&&
&

&

21&

5.4.-Beijing-National-Stadium&(Birds-Nest)&(Figure&15)&
Location:&Beijing,&China&
Client:&2008&Summer&Olympics&
Capacity:&80,000&(91,000&at&2008&Olympics)&&
Constructed:&June&2008&
Architect:&Herzog&&&de&Meuron,&Arup&Sport,&China&Architectural&Design&&&Research&
Group&&&&
Budget:&290&Million&

&
The&summer&of&2008&was&an&important&one&for&the&city&of&Beijing,&as&they&were&
hosting&the&Olympic&Games.&The&Countries&ambition&was&to&design&and&build&a&
stadium&that&would&be&bold.&Al&Weiwei,&one&of&Chinas&internationally&known&artists&
who&He&has&spoken$out$against$human$rights$abuses$and$urged$Beijing$to$reform$its$
political$system&(BBC&News,&2012),&also$know&for&his&work&with&sunflower&seeds&but&
mainly&for&the&design&and&support&on&the&Beijing&National&Stadium,&also&known&as&
The$Birds$Nest.$The$Chinese$artist$and$political$dissident$Ai$Weiwei$was$one$of$the$most$
famous$prisoners$in$recent$history.(nytimes,&2013)&
&
It&is&known&for&being&a&cultural&defining&landmark&as&well&as&being&exciting,&attention&
grabbing&and&structurally&beautiful.&&In&the&year&of&2008&it&stunned&the&world&and&the&
look&and&perception&of&stadium&designs,&but&the&stadium&was&not&loved&by&everyone,&
with&critics&undressing&it&to&be&a&beautiful&structure&but&yet&sustainably&stupid&and&a&

&

22&

waste&of&money.&Such$a$largeXscale$and$highlyXtrafficked$building$raises$questions$of$
waste,$efficiency,$and$cost,$but$the$Birds$Nest$seems$to$pose$innovative,$green$
solutions$to$a$variety$of$potential$building$issues.$Its$green$features$include$a$rainwater$
collection$system,$a$translucent$roof$that$provides$essential$sunlight$for$the$grass$below,$
and$a$natural,$passive$ventilation$system.&(Pilloton,&2013)&This&horrendous&venue&
over&scaled&by&the&use&of&steel&and&concrete.&A&full&70m&steel&exterior&structure&
designed&with&the&use&of&advance&technologies&and&regular&building&materials&gives&
the&stadium&an&attractive&unusual&form&(Figure&16).&&There&are&transparent&
membrane&panels&
(ETFE)&that&are&placed&
in&the&design&to&allow&
natural&light&to&enter&
into&the&interior&of&the&
stadium.&&Similar&to&
the&Emirates&Stadium&
the&Beijing&National&
Stadium&has&a&roman&
inspiration&in&its&
design&with&a&similar&feel&of&the&Colosseums&geometry.&If$we$are$to$compare$the$two$
structures,$one$can$easily$state$that$they$perform$the$same$role$of$public$gathering.$The$
Flavian$dynasty$had$the$coliseum$built$on$a$field$which$had$previously$belonged$to$Nero$
and$choosing$this$particular$location$was$a$symbolic$gesture$of$giving$the$territory$back$
to$the$people.&(AcaDemon,&2013)&&
&
As&beautiful&as&the&Beijing&stadium&is&it&lacked&a&legacy&and&a&purpose&for&the&city&after&
the&Olympic&and&Paralympic&Games&had&closed.&Currently&the&stadium&is&used&very&
little&but&it&is&mainly&on&occasions&of&football&and&athletic&events.&Since&the&Olympics&
the&stadium&hasnt&been&accommodated&by&a&local&sports&team&nor&an&athletics&
program&and&so&lacks&a&weekly&use.&On&1st&November&2010&the&IAAF&Council&
announced,&Beijing$has$been$selected$to$host$the$2015$IAAF$World$Championships.&
(Iaaf,&2010)&The&stadium&will&see&its&first&long&duration&of&action&since&the&Olympics.&It&
will&be&8&day&of&events&in&which&the&stadium&will&have&its&chance&of&filling&its&80,000&

&

23&

seats.&The&stadium&never&had&a&long&lasting&plan&for&how&it&will&be&accommodated&and&
so&it&was&criticised&by&many&architects&and&new&papers&for&that&reason,&but&it&has&
given&a&bench&mark&for&what&the&next&Olympics&will&be&like&and&how&they&can&improve&
towards&the&future.&London$2012$Olympics$will$be$better$than$Beijing$(Sport,&2012)&
The&stadium&has&a&lack&of&usage,&as&the&stadium&was&being&built&there&was&no&plan&in&
motion&to&how&the&stadium&could&be&used&after&the&4&week&period&of&the&Olympics&and&
Paralympics.&The&public&deemed&the&stadium&as&a&waste&of&money&and&unsustainable&
material.&
&
As&the&stadium&is&located&a&24&minute&car&drive&out&from&the&city&centre.&There&is&a&
subway&station&located&north&of&the&stadium.&The&station&as&well&as&the&line&was&open&
on&the&19th&July&2008,&a&way&to&connect&the&stadium&to&the&centre&of&Beijing.&&
The&stadium&was&designed&with&a&mission&to&create&an&exciting&atmosphere.&In&doing&
that&it&looked&to&achieving&that&every&seat&in&the&stadium&gave&spectators&the&best&
views&of&the&stadiums&as&possible,&something&that&the&romans&created&with&the&
designing&of&the&Coloseeum.&The&oval&geometry&is&very&similar;&this&could&be&a&key&
part&to&creating&an&impressive&view&from&each&seat&or&section.&The&stadium&is&its&own&
icon&in&its&city,&attracting&tourists,&which&the&ancient&romans&have&achieved&with&the&
Colosseum.&In&comparing&them,&both&stadiums&achieve&a&success&in&structure&and&
functional&requirements,&using&materials&to&the&fullest&of&its&potential.&&
&
With&the&whole&redevelopment&of&the&area&the&stadium&was&able&to&fit&in&without&a&
problem,&even&though&the&locals&may&feel&the&stadium&was&a&wasted&project&they&still&
take&positive&from&it,&for&example&the&new&train&and&bus&services.&&Beijing&as&a&whole&
has&improved&in&its&economy&taking&in&a&12.1%&annual&growth.&It&seems&that&the&
Olympics&has&had&a&great&impact&on&the&city&as&well&as&the&small&location&in&which&
redevelopment&of&housing&and&accommodation&was&made.&
&

&

24&

5.5.-The-Stadium-Queen-Elizabeth-Olympic-Park&(Figure&17)&
Location:&Stratford,&East&London&
Client:-2012&Olympic&Games&(2016g&West&Ham&United)&
Capacity:-80,000&&
Constructed:-May&2011&
Architect:-Populous&(HOK&Sport)Budget:-486&Million&&

&
The&stadium&was&proposed&by&Populous&in&which&it&was&one&of&the&first&Olympic&
stadiums&to&think&about&a&future&purpose&for&the&stadium&and&not&just&for&a&14gday&
period.&&
&
The&stadium&was&built&to&hold&80,000&spectators&with&the&opportunity&dismantling&
55,000&seats&leaving&only&a&lower&tier.&It&was&proposed&that&parts&of&the&stadium&will&
be&a&temporary&addition&to&the&structure,&which&will&help&the&stadium&reduce&its&
carbon&footprint&due&to&the&reduction&of&material&and&resources&used.&The&stadium&is&
one&of&the&lightest$Olympic$Stadium$ever,$with$just$over$10,000$tonnes$of$steel,$
compared$to$perhaps$four$to$10$times$that$for$a$typical$stadium$of$that$size.$(Olympic,&
2014)$(Figure&18)&
&
The&stadium&was&built&on&a&40g&hectare&site&in&which&its&exterior&faade&was&designed&
to&be&covered&in&wide&fabric&panels.&&The&panels&are&twisted&at&90gdegree&angles&to&

&

25&

allow&entry&to&the&lower&tiers&of&the&stadium&
(Figure&19).&The&architects&also&wanted&to&
design&a&stadium&that&allowed&a&fast&process&
of&being&constructed.&The&roof&columns&were&
done&just&for&that&purpose.&The&stadium&was&
designed&with&a&post&Olympics&strategy.&The&
stadium&was&given&to&West&Ham&United&on&a&
financial&agreement&in&which&they&will&
accommodate&in&2016.&They&have&recently&
just&started&a&complete&expansion&on&the&
stadium&removing&14&floodlight&
panels&and&an&84Xmetre$roof$as$
part$of$a$160m$conversion$
project&(Gibson,&2013)&has&
started.&a$new$cantilevered$
roof$by$spring$2015,$in$time$for$
the$stadium$to$be$used$during$
the$Rugby$World$Cup$in$2015.&
(Gibson,&2013)$
"The$roof$has$been$designed$to$
create$the$atmosphere$and$help$
with$the$acoustics$that$we$know$
are$so$important$in$football.$
(Gibson,&2013)&(Figure&20)&
&
&
&
&
The&stadiums&interior&at&the&games&was&installed&with&hand&held&LED&panels&by&every&
seat&to&create&a&vibrant,&interesting&atmosphere&(Figure&21).&The&artist&Danny&Boyle&
wanted$to$integrate$the$Olympic$stadium$audience$into$the$live$opening$and$closing$
ceremonies.&(Taittowers,&2013)&They&were&design&with&an&intended&plan,&Each$LED$

&

26&

device$came$set$in$a$plastic$paddle,$
meaning$people$could$pick$them$up.&
(Friar,&2012)&(Figure&22).&The&London&
2012&Olympics&were&partners&with&
EDF&energy;&they&both&agreed&that&
they&will$deliver$our$lowXcarbon$vision$
for$London$through$the$development$of$
several$innovative$projects$that$will$
leave$a$positive$legacy$beyond$London$
2012.&(EDF,&2013)&

&
The&London&2012&Olympics&had&a&positive&effect&on&transport.&The&London&transport&
system&is&already&in&a&good&shape&but&redevelopment&of&stations&such&as&London&
Kings&Cross&(Figure&23),&
Stratford&Underground&
Station&and&Stratford&
International&Station&
were&all&seen&change&to&
accommodate&the&large&
amounts&of&people&

&

27&

attending&the&games.&Stats&show&that&the&
London$Underground:$Carried$more$than$
4.5m$passengers$on$7$August$X$the$busiest$in$
its$history.$(BBC&News,&2012)&Every&ticket&
bought&for&the&Olympics&was&gifted&with&a&
free&days&travel&card&(Figure&24)&to&help&
with&the&traveling&to&and&from&the&games,&
making&sure&public&transport&was&in&full&
use.&
&
The$Olympic$Stadium$for$the$London$2012$Olympic$Games$and$Paralympics$Games$
represents$a$sea$change$in$Olympic$Stadiums$design.$Conceived$as$largely$temporary$
from$the$outset,$it$is$a$literal$reinterpretation$of$the$edict$less$is$more.$(Hartman,&
2012,&p.&78)&The&whole&Olympics&was&designed&to&be&sustainable&and&leave&a&lasting&
legacy&to&the&future.&The&Colosseum&was&not&designed&in&a&sustainable&fashion&like&the&
Olympic&stadium&but&it&left&a&much&bigger&legacy&of&design&and&geometry,&which&helps&
the&look&of&future&stadiums.&The&Olympic&stadium&was&built&with&materials&that&had&
recycled&content,&a&list&of&them&being,&
precasted$concrete,$copper$slag$flooring$
and$concourse$decking.&(Hartman,&2012,&
p.&78)&The&design&of&the&stadium&also&came&
with&key&words&that&they&had&to&keep&to,&
this&would&help&the&architects&produce&a&
sustainable&stadium.&These&key&words&
were,&Build$less,$Build$temporary,$Design$
for$dismantling$and$Specify$to$reduce$
embodied$energy.&(Hartman,&2012,&p.&84)&
It&is&certain&that&you&cannot&disagree&with&
these&targets&as&all&of&them&were&met,&
individually&and&collectively.&The&entire&
Olympic&park&was&designed&this&way&
(Figure&25),&a&good&example&being&the&

&

28&

basketball&arena&(Figure&26),&which&was&
designed&as&a&temporary&structure&and&
has&been&dismantled&(Figure&27).&Another&
interesting&structure&that&takes&an&
interest&in&sustainability&is&the&
Velodrome&(Figure&28),&with&a&great&
technology&and&sustainable&investment&in&
Natural$ventilation,$Mechanical$
ventilation$+$heating,$Daylight,$Rainwater$
harvesting$and$high$insulation&(Hartman,&
2012,&p.&111)&systems.&(Figure&29)&

&
&
&
&
&

&

29&

&
6.-Future-concepts-(2016-Olympics/FIFA2022)6.1.-RIO-2016-Olympic-Summer-GamesThe&2016&Summer&Olympics&is&to&be&held&in&Rio,&Brazil.&This&is&a&big&steppinggstone&
for&the&country&as&they&are&hosting&the&FIFA2014&world&cup.&&After&the&London&2012&
Olympics,&Rio&has&a&lot&to&live&up&to.&The&sustainable&factor&is&such&a&key&part&of&design&
now&and&Rio&have&to&take&what&they&have&learnt&from&London&and&develop&it&to&be&
even&better.&The&master&planning&for&London&Olympics&was&so&good&that&Rio&has&hired&
the&same&firm,&known&as&AECOM.&Following$a$role$for$the$2012$London$Olympics$that$
spanned$masterplanning,$engineering,$costXconsulting,$transportation$strategy,$
sustainability$consulting,$and$landscape$design,$AECOM$is$providing$the$same$services$
for$the$2016$Rio$Olympics.&(AECOM,&2013)&It&is&clear&that&the&Rio&head&organiser&
Carlos&Arthur&Nuzman,&wants&to&keep&the&thought&of&legacy&and&looking&to&the&future&
in&Rios&key&action&plan.&While$the$London$2012$plan$demonstrated$how$a$brief$global$
event$could$lead$to$longXterm$regeneration,$the$Rio$2016$plan$celebrates$Brazils$
emergence$as$a$world$power$in$addition$to$creating$a$positive$legacy$through$new$
homes,$jobs,$a$new$central$park$and$a$vibrant$waterfront.$A$Legacy$Olympic$Training$
Center$will$utilize$the$games$permanent$sporting$venues.&(AECOM,&2013)$With&some&
of&the&early&proposals&for&the&Olympic&stadium,&it&seems&that&the&same&geometry&of&
the&Rio&Stadium&will&take&an&influence&from&the&Colosseum.&It&shows&that&even&to&
future&concepts&the&Colosseum&plays&a&part&in&the&way&architects&think&of&the&
geometry&and&shape&of&stadiums.&&
Below&are&proposed&designs.&(Figure&30g30.3)&
&
&

&

30&

6.2.-FIFA-2022-World-CupThe&FIFA&2022&has&been&given&to&Qatar.&They&will$become$the$first$Middle$Eastern$
hosts$of$the$World$Cup.&(Jackson,&2010)&It&has&been&proposed&that&the&world&cup&
should&be&hosted&in&the&winter&due&to&the&summers&high&extreme&temperature&in&the&
country.&Qatar&are&determined&to&go&ahead&with&producing&a&summer&tournament,&
they&have&proposed&that$they$have$the$technology$to$cool$stadiums$and$fan$areas$even$
in$the$heat&(Guardian,&2013)&this&is&a&big&step&in&not&only&technology&but&also&for&the&
development&of&the&shape,&geometry&and&attraction&of&stadiums.&The$Qatar$statement$
insisted$that$cooling$technology,$powered$by$renewable$energy,$was$feasible$and$has$
been$in$use$since$2008$at$the$Al$Sadd$Stadium.&(Guardian,&2013)$
It$added:$"We$are$offering$solutions$to$keep$players$and$fans$cool$and$comfortable$X$and$
developing$those$solutions$to$ensure$that$they$are$environmentally$sustainable.$We$will$
forge$ahead$with$implementing$and$developing$this$technology.&(Guardian,&2013).&In&
their&desire&to&host&a&summer&tournament,&scientists&at&Qatar&University&have&
designed&an&artificial&cloud,&which&will&shade&over&the&stadium&and&training&grounds.&
Temperatures&in&the&summer&periods&in&Qatar&can&reach&up&to&50C.&Qatar$plan$to$air$
condition$their$World$Cup$stadia$via$solar$power,$and$now$scientists$have$designed$the$
'clouds',$which$can$be$produced$at$a$cost$of$$500,000$(about$310,000)$each.$Saud$
Abdul$Ghani,$head$of$the$mechanical$and$industrial$engineering$department$at$the$
university,$said$the$'clouds'$are$made$from$a$lightweight$carbon$structure,$and$carry$a$
giant$envelope$of$material$containing$helium$gas.$Four$solarXpowered$engines$move$the$
structure$via$remote$control.&(BBC,&2011).&It&is&believed&that&the&architects&and&World&
Cup&Committed&are&already&looking&at&ways&that&the&legacy&of&the&stadiums&will&live&
on.&&Qatar$will$today$unveil$ambitious$plans$for$flatXpack$stadiums$at$the$SportAccord$
conference$in$Dubai.$The$oilXrich$state$will$pledge$to$take$down$some$of$the$stadiums$it$
will$build$for$the$tournament$brick$by$brick$and$transport$them$to$less$wellXresourced$
countries,$leaving$behind$smaller$community$sport$venues(Gibson,&2010)&
Below&are&proposed&designs.&&(Figure&31g31.5)&
&
&
&
&
-

&

31&

RIO-2016-Olympic-Summer-Games-

FIFA-2022-World-Cup--

&

&

&

32&

7.Case-Study-(Images-of-Future-Concepts)-7.1.-Camp-Nou-(Figure-32-and-32.1)&

&

&
&
7.2.-Santiago-Bernabu-Stadium-(Figure-33F33.2)&
&

&
7.3.-Baku-Olympic-Stadium-(34F34.2)&

&

&

&

33&

&
8.-Conclusion&
Though&the&research&and&evidence&shown&throughout&this&dissertation,&It&can&be&
finally&conclude&that&with&all&that&the&Colosseum&stands&for&it&does&have&a&positive&
impact&and&inspiration&to&the&designs&of&modern&day&stadiums.&All&the&stadiums&
shown&in&great&detail&(San&Siro,&Allianz&Arena,&Emirates&Stadium,&Birds&Nest&and&
London&Olympic&Stadium)&all&show&similar&traits&to&the&Colosseum.&The&research&
shows&that&not&only&is&geometry&a&key&influence&but&the&stadiums&design&to&produce&
the&best&atmosphere&with&a&strong&help&of&the&fantastic&views&from&each&seat.&The&
progress&of&stadium&exterior&has&progressed&not&only&in&shapes&but&material&and&the&
help&of&technology&has&helped&to&improve&appearances,&for&example&the&Allianz&Arena.&
&
As&shown&the&Colosseum&does&not&appear&to&have&any&sustainable&strategy&or&concept&
behind&it&but&it&gives&a&legacy&that&has&improved&stadiums&of&this&day&and&age,&the&
research&shows&that&there&is&a&tremendous&amount&of&new&and&incredible&sustainable&
techniques&with&the&help&of&the&development&of&technology.&Designers&and&architects&
have&a&great&opportunity&of&experimenting&with&different&designs&of&stadiums&for&the&
future&in&which&the&designs&for&the&FIFA&2022&World&Cup&in&Qatar&has&shown&the&
development&of&taking&the&simple&rectangular&or&circular&shapes&to&a&more&appealing&
and&attractive&way&of&designing.&&
&
Sustainability&has&proven&to&be&key&in&the&design&phase&of&stadiums&of&this&modern&
age,&it&is&an&evolution&from&using&any&material&that&would&show&a&structure,&to&one&
that&will&give&a&structure&not&only&a&satisfactory&exterior&but&life&span&and&options,&
options&to&expand,&develop,&install&and&control&things&such&as&rainwater,&heating,&
ventilation&and&still&be&able&to&reduce&the&stadiums&carbon&footprint.&Sustainability&
has&improved&due&to&the&improvement&of&technology.&It&allows&a&whole&new&look&into&
how&stadiums&can&be&designed&but&even&still&the&Colosseum&has&had&an&inspiring&
influence&on&the&London&2012&Olympic&Stadium.&Although&the&whole&concept&for&the&
stadium&was&to&have&a&legacy&and&be&sustainable&using&less&materials&it&still&looks&to&
producing&the&same&simple&geometry&and&shape&but&it&does&give&a&good&insight&of&
using&good&sustainable&strategies,&for&example&the&stadium&being&able&to&dismantle&

&

34&

the&upper&tier&and&leaving&just&25,000&seats&but&also&being&able&to&expand.&Still&to&this&
day&sustainability&is&changing&architecture,&now&the&idea&of&being&able&to&completely&
flat&pack&a&stadium&is&unbelievable&but&architects&like&James&Burland&are&proving&it&is&
more&than&just&a&dream.&&
&
Stadiums&are&not&completely&sustainable&but&when&comparing&the&Colosseums&to&the&
stadiums&that&have&and&are&being&built&in&this&modern&ages&shows&the&development&of&
sustainability,&the&section&on&the&Emirates&Stadium&shows&just&how&much&of&a&
sustainable&factors&are&considered,&even&the&London&Olympics&game&show&that,&how&
this&dissertation&explores&not&only&the&stadium&itself&but&other&buildings&and&their&
influence&has&left&a&positive&impact&to&other&designs.&&
Traditionally,$the$concept$behind$sports$stadiums$has$been$to$create$a$colosseumXlike$
structure,$which$adds$theatre$and$creates$an$incredible$atmosphere$with$little$prior$
thought$ever$given$to$sustainability.$Recently,$things$have$begun$to$change$and$were$
now$seeing$more$and$more$architects$giving$sustainability$the$attention$it$deserves$
when$designing$new$sports$stadiums.(Meyers,&2012)&
&

&

35&

&
9.-Bibliography-AcaDemon.&2013.&Roman$Colosseum$and$Beijing$National$Stadium$Comparison$Essay$
128941.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.academon.com/comparisong
essay/romangcolosseumgandgbeijinggnationalgstadiumg128941/&[Accessed:&1&
Dec&2013].&
Acmilan.com.&2013.&San$Siro$(info)$|$AC$Milan.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.acmilan.com/en/stadium&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Aecom.com.&2013.&AECOM$X$Americas$X$Design$+$Planning$$Stories$X$Rio$in$2016.&
[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.aecom.com/Where+We+Are/Americas/Design+and+Planning/_sto
ries/Rio+in+2016&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Allianzgarena.de.&2011.&Allianz&Arena.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.allianzg
arena.de/en/aktuell/newsgarchiv/12812.php&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
Arsenal.com.&2011.&Environment$and$Regeneration.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.arsenal.com/thegclub/community/environmentgandgregeneration&
[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
BBC&News.&2012.&Profile:&Ai&Weiwei.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldgasiagpacificg12997324&[Accessed:&12&Feb&
2014].&
BBC&News.&2014.&Tube&carried&60m&during&Olympics.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukgenglandglondong19240713&[Accessed:&13&Feb&
2012].&
Club,&M.U.F.&(2001).&The$Official$Manchester$United$Illustrated$Encyclopedia.&London:&
Andre&Deutsch&Limited.&
Deplazes,&A.&(2008).&Constructing$Architecture:$Materials,$Processes,$Structures.&2nd&
ed.&Basel:&Birkhauser&Verlag&AG.&
&
Designbuildgnetwork.com.&2004.&Emirates&Stadium&g&Design&Build&Network.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://www.designbuildgnetwork.com/projects/ashburton/&[Accessed:&
12&Feb&2014].&
&
&

&

36&

Edfenergy.com.&2013.&Our$partnership$with$London$2012.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.edfenergy.com/aboutgus/sponsorship/londong2012.shtml&
[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Football&travels&with&Ross.&2012.&Favourite&Stadium&Architecture.&[online]&Available&
at:&http://footballtravelswithross.wordpress.com/lists/favouritegstadiumg
architecture/&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
Frank,&S.&and&Steets,&S.&(2010).&Stadium$Worlds:$Football,$Space$and$the$Built$
Environment.&Milton&Park,&Abingdon,&Oxon:&Routledge.&
&
Friar,&K.&2012.&Olympics$opener$turns$people$into$pixels$for$multimedia$spectacular$|$
ZDNet.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.zdnet.com/uk/olympicsgopenergturnsg
peoplegintogpixelsgforgmultimediagspectacularg7000001748/&[Accessed:&1&Dec&
2013].&
Gibson,&O.&2010.&Qatar&build&up&2022&World&Cup&bid&with&flatgpack&stadiums.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/apr/28/qatarg2022g
worldgcupgbid&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
Gibson,&O.&2013.&Olympic$Stadium$gutted$as$conversion$of$new$home$for$West$Ham$
begins.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/nov/20/olympicgstadiumg
conversiongwestghamgleytongorient&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Hartman,&H.&(2012).&London$2012:$Sustainable$Design:$Delivering$a$Games$Legacy.&
Chichester:&John&Wiley&&&Sons.&
&
Hopkins,&K.&and&Beard,&M.&(2005).&The$Colosseum.&London:&Profile&Business.&
iaaf.org.&2010.&IAAF:$Beijing$selected$to$host$2015$World$Championships$|$iaaf.org.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://www.iaaf.org/news/iaafgnews/beijinggselectedgtog
hostg2015gworldgchampions&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Inglis,&S.&(1990).&The$Football$Grounds$of$Europe.&London:&Collins.&
&
Jackson,&J.&2010.&Qatar&win&2022&World&Cup&bid.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/dec/02/qatargwing2022gworldg
cupgbid&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
John,&G.,&Sheard,&R.&and&Vickery,&B.S.&(2007).&Stadia:$A$Design$and$Development$Guide.&
4th&ed.&Oxford:&Architectural&Press.&
&

&

37&

Meyers,&G.&2012.&Five&of&The&Worlds&Most&Sustainable&Sports&Stadiums&g&Green&
Building&Elements.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://greenbuildingelements.com/2012/09/18/fivegofgthegworldsgmostg
sustainablegsportsgstadiums/&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
MobileReference&(2007).&Travel$Greece$For$Smartphones$And$Mobile$DevicesX$
Illustrated$Guide,$Phrasebook,$And$Maps.&&
&
News.bbc.co.uk.&2006.&BBC&NEWS&|&Technology&|&Inside&the&stadium&of&the&future.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5052920.stm&
[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
News.bbc.co.uk.&2011.&BBC$Sport$X$Football$X$Artificial$clouds$could$help$cool$2022$
Qatar$World$Cup.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/9435035.stm&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Nytimes.com.&2013.&Chinese&Dissident&Ai&Weiwei&to&Take&His&Art&to&Alcatraz.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/arts/design/chineseg
dissidentgaigweiweigtogtakeghisgartgtogalcatraz.html?_r=1&&[Accessed:&12&Feb&
2014].&
Olympic.org.&2014.&Flexible&and&sustainable:&Londons&Olympic&Stadium&sets&new&
standards.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.olympic.org/news/flexiblegandg
sustainableglondongsgolympicgstadiumgsetsgnewgstandards/170181&[Accessed:&
14&Feb&2014].&
Pilloton,&E.&2013.&BEIJING'S$OLYMPIC$STADIUM$by$Herzog$and$DeMeuron.&[online]&
Available&at:&http://inhabitat.com/beijingsgolympicgstadiumgbygherzoggandg
demeuron/&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Populous.com.&2006.&Emirates&Stadium&g&Europe's&most&successful&Football&Stadium.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://populous.com/project/emiratesgstadium/&
[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
Sansiro.net.&2000.&History$|$Stadio$San$Siro.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.sansiro.net/?page_id=1693&lang=en&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Sgclassicsinvestigating.zoomshare.com.&2013.&Colosseum$Vs.$Stadio$Guiseppe$Meazza$:$
Home.&[online]&Available&at:&http://www.sgclassicsinvestigating.zoomshare.com&
[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&

&

38&

Siemens&&Official&Technology&Partner&of&FC&Bayern&Mnchen.&2008.&[egbook]&Munich:&
Siemens&AG.&p.&2.&
http://www.siemens.com/entry/cn/features/stadium/all/en/pdf/official_techn
ology_partner_en.pdf&[Accessed:&14&Feb&2014].&
Siemens&&Official&Technology&Partner&of&FC&Bayern&Mnchen.&2010.&[egbook]&Munich:&
Siemens&AG.&p.&2.&
http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urban_infrastructure/all/en/pdf/f
cb_brochure_en.pdf&[Accessed:&14&Feb&2014].&
Sport,&T.&2012.&London$2012$Olympics$will$be$better$than$Beijing,$says$Jeremy$Hunt$X$
Telegraph.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/9418482/Londong2012g
OlympicsgwillgbegbettergthangBeijinggsaysgJeremygHunt.html&[Accessed:&1&Dec&
2013].&
Stadionweltgbusiness.de.&2013.&Bayern$Munich$agreed$EnergyEfficiencyXPartnership.&
[online]&Available&at:&http://www.stadionweltg
business.de/english.php?head=BayerngMunichgagreedgEnergyEfficiencyg
Partnership&cat=venueg
equipment&site=news_view&news_id=7507&cat2=buildinggservicesg
engineering&cat3=heatinggairgconditioning&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
Stadium.&1975.&[egbook]&Fairfax,Virginia:&Virginia&Polytechnic&Institute&and&State&
University.&p.&12.&http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etdg10022001g
170927/unrestricted/stadium.pdf&[Accessed:&14&Feb&2014].&
Staff,&C.U.&and&CollinsgDictionary&(2006).&Collins$English$Dictionary$Hb.&Glasgow:&
Collins.&
Taittowers.com.&2013.&London$2012$Olympic$Ceremonies:$Landscape$Video$|$
Spectacular$|$Tait.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.taittowers.com/projects/londong2012golympicggamesgpixelsgpixelg
tabletsglandscapegvideo&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].&
the&Guardian.&2013.&Qatar$happy$to$stage$2022$World$Cup$in$summer$or$winter.&
[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/mar/22/qatarg2022gworldgcupg
summergwinter&[Accessed:&1&Dec&2013].

&

39&

&
The&Stadium&Guide.&1990.&Allianz&Arena.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.stadiumguide.com/allianz/&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
The&Stadium&Guide.&1990.&San&Siro.&[online]&Available&at:&
http://www.stadiumguide.com/sansiro/&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
UEFA&Guide&To&Quality&Stadiums.&2011.&[egbook]&Nyon,&Switzerland:&Union&of&
European&Football&Associations&(UEFA).&p.&7.&
http://www.ediliziaeterritorio.ilsole24ore.com/pdf2010/Edilizia_e_Territorio/_
Allegati/Free/Progetti_e_concorsi/UEFA_Guide_to_Quality_Stadiumsg1.pdf&
[Accessed:&14&Feb&2014].&
Worldstadiums.com.&1896.&World&Stadiums&g&Architecture&::&Stadium&history.&[online]&
Available&at:&
http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/historic_stadium
s.shtml&[Accessed:&12&Feb&2014].&
&

&

40&