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To investigate the heat of ionization of a weak acid. When acids and bases are combined
a neutralization reaction to occurs which produces salt, and water and the evolution of heat. In
order to measure the quantity of heat produced, a thermally insulated container known as a
calorimeter is used. This experiment utilized a Styrofoam calorimeter to isolate and measure this
heat formed by reactions involving two different acids: the strong acid hydrochloric acid [1], and
the weak acid dichloroacetic acid [2], when mixed with the strong base sodium hydroxide.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Cl2CH2COOH + NaOH Cl2CH2COONa + H2O
[1]
[2]
However since the Styrofoam cup is a decent insulator and not perfect some of the heat
will be absorbed by calorimeter itself. In order to account for this the heat capacity of the
calorimeter is determined by measuring the temperature change when a known amount of warm
water and cold water is added to the calorimeter. The amount of heat lost to calorimeter is the
difference between the heat lost by the warm water and that gained by the cool water.
The temperature data from this reaction will be used to calculate the heat produced for
each mole of the acid used, also known as the molar heat of neutralization, allowing for a
comparison to be made between these two different acids. This information will allow for
determination of what has a greater heat of neutralization: the reaction between a strong acid and
a strong base, or a weak acid and a strong base.
Method
Part 1: Heat Capacity of Calorimeter
A graduated cylinder was used to obtain 50 mL of distilled water. This water was then
transferred to the Styrofoam cup calorimeter, which was mounted to a stir plate using a stand and
clamp. A stirring rod was put into the cup and a digital thermometer (Calibrated to +/-0.1C)
was used to find the temperature of the water. 50 mL of warm water in a graduated cylinder, was
obtained from a warm water bath. This warm water was added immediately to the Styrofoam cup
calorimeter and a stopwatch was initiated once all the water had been added. The temperature
was noted at 15 second intervals until 4 minutes was reached.
Part 2: The heats of neutralization
A graduated cylinder was used to measure out 50 mL of NaOH, which was transferred to
the Styrofoam cup calorimeter. A stirring rod was added to the cup and a digital thermometer was
used to record the temperature. A graduated cylinder was used to measure out 50 mL of HCl,
which was allowed to stand until at room temperature. The temperature was then recorded using
a digital thermometer. The HCl was then quickly added and a stopwatch was initiated when the
first drop was added. The temperature was recorded at 15 second intervals until 4 minutes was
reached. Part 2 was repeated, except HCl was substituted with dichloroacetic acid.
Results
32.3
32.2
f(x) = - 0x + 32.19
R = 0.55
32.1
32
Temperature of mixture (C) 31.9
31.8
31.7
31.6
15
0
45
30
75
60
Figure 1: Graph of the temperature versus time data for addition of hot water and cold water in
the calorimeter. This reaction is used to determine the heat capacity of the Styrofoam cup
calorimeter; the heat which is lost to the calorimeter.
30
f(x) = 0.01x + 28.01
R = 0.13
28
26
Temperature of mixture (C)
24
22
15
0
45
30
75
60
90
15
0
45
30
75
60
90
Therefore the total heat evolved from the acid-base neutralization is 2547.79 J.
The number of moles of acid in base neutralized
n = c*v
number of moles of HCl = (0.999 M)*(0.05L) = 0.0499 moles
number of moles NaOH = (0.907M)*(0.05L) = 0.0454 moles (limiting)
Neutralization of 1 mole of HCl:
2547.79 J * (1 mol/0.0454 mol) = 56118.72 J/mol = 56.12 kJ/mol
Since, NaOH is limiting the number of moles HCl is equal to number of moles of NaOH.
Therefore, the molar enthalpy of neutralization between NaOH and HCl is 56.12 kJ/mol.
*since the reaction is exothermic the value becomes negative (Release of heat energy)
= 0.0451
Therefore 4.51*10-2 moles of DCA produces 2429.4 J of heat.
Molar enthalpy of neutralization of CHCl2COOH
2429.4 J * (1/0.0451 mol) = 53866.96 J/mol = 53.87 kJ/mol
Therefore the molar enthalpy of neutralization of dichloroacetic acid is -53.87 kJ/mol.
The H3 for ionization of CHCl2COOH
H3O+(aq) + OH- 2H2O(l) - H1 = 56.12 kJ/mol
CHCl2COOH + OH- + H2O(l) CHCl2COO- + 2H2O(l) - H2 = -53.87 kJ/mol
CHCl2COOH + H2O H3O+ + A- - H3
H3 = H2 H1
= -53.87 kJ/mol (- 56.12 kJ/mol )
= 2.25 kJ/mol
Therefore the molar enthalpy of ionization of DCA is 2.25 kJ/mol.
Go of CHCl2COOH
Go = -RT ln Ka
= - (8.314 * 10-3 ) * (22 + 273 K) * [ln(5.62*10-2)]
= - 7.06 kJ/mol
Therefore the Go is 7.06 kJ/mol.
So of CHCl2COOH
Go = Ho - TSo
7.06 kJ/mol = 2.25 kJ/mol 295 K *So
So = -0.016 kJ/mol K = - 16.31 J/mol K
Therfore the So is -16.31 J/mol K.