Contact Mechanics I

Contact mechanics I: basics
Georges Cailletaud1
St
ephanie Basseville1,2
Vladislav A. Yastrebov1
1 Centre des Mat
eriaux, MINES ParisTech,
2 Laboratoire dIng
enierie des Syst`
emes de
CNRS UMR 7633

Versailles, UVSQ
WEMESURF short course on contact mechanics and tribology

Paris, France, 21-24 June 2010
Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites
Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
3 Contact mechanics of elastic solids
4 Normal contact of inelastic solids
5 Contact of inhomogeneous bodies
G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ
Contact mechanics I
Paris, 21-24 June 2010
2/68
Plan
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
Contact mechanics I
3/68
Short historical sketch

Use and opposition to friction
Frictional heat - lighting of fire - more than [40 000 years ago].
Ancient Egypt -lubrication of surfaces with oil [5 000 years ago].
Contact mechanics I
4/68

First studies on contact and friction
Leonardo da Vinci [1452-1519]
first friction laws and many
other trobological topics;
From Leonardo da Vincis notebook
Issak Newton [1687]

Newtons third law for bodies
interaction;
Guillaume Amontons [1699]
rediscovered firction laws;
Leonhard Euler [1707-1783]
roughness theory of friction;
Roughness theory of friction
Contact mechanics I
5/68

First studies on contact and friction
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb [1789]
friction independence on sliding
velocity and roughness; the influence of
the time of repose.
Heinrich Hertz [1881-1882]
the first study on contact of
deformable solids;
Holm [1938],
Ernst and Merchant [1940],
Bowden and Tabon [1942]
difference between apparent and real
contact areas, adhesion theory.
Photoelasticity analysis of Hertz

contact problem (shear stresses)
Apparent and real areas of contact
Contact mechanics I
6/68
Practice VS theory
1900: Theory is several steps behind the practice
Theory
Practice
Contact mechanics I
7/68
Practice VS theory
1940: Theory is behind the practice
Theory
Practice
Contact mechanics I
7/68
Practice VS theory
1960: Theory catchs up with practice
Practice and Theory
Contact mechanics I
7/68
Practice VS theory
1990: The trial-and-error testing becomming more and
more difficult. Theory leads practice.
Practice
Contact mechanics I
Theory
7/68
Plan
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
Contact mechanics I
8/68
Surface interaction properties

Surface properties:
Coefficient of friction
Adhesion
Wear parameters
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Surface properties are not fundamental
Coefficient of friction /
Adhesion /
Wear parameters /
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Adhesion /
Fundamental properties:
Volume:
Youngs modulus;
Poissons ratio;
shear modulus;
yield stress;
elastic energy;
thermal properties.
Wear parameters /
Surface:
chemical reactivity;
absorbtion
capabilities;
surface energy;
compatibility of
surfaces;
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Adhesion /
Fundamental properties:
Volume:
Youngs modulus;
Poissons ratio;
shear modulus;
yield stress;
elastic energy;
thermal properties.
Wear parameters /
Surface:
absorbtion
capabilities;
surface energy;
compatibility of
surfaces;
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Adhesion /
Fundamental properties
are interdependent /
Volume:
Youngs modulus;
Poissons ratio;
shear modulus;
yield stress;
elastic energy;
thermal properties.
Wear parameters /
Surface:
absorbtion
capabilities;
surface energy;
compatibility of
surfaces;
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Adhesion /
Volume:
Youngs modulus;
Poissons ratio;
shear modulus;
yield stress;
elastic energy;
thermal properties.
Wear parameters /
More fundamental properties
solids are made of atoms;
atoms are linked by bonds;
many of the volume and surface
properties are the properties of the
bonds.
Surface:
absorbtion
capabilities;
surface energy;
compatibility of
surfaces;
Contact mechanics I
9/68

Adhesion /
Volume:
Youngs modulus;
Poissons ratio;
shear modulus;
yield stress;
elastic energy;
thermal properties.
Wear parameters /
More fundamental properties
solids are made of atoms;
atoms are linked by bonds;
many of the volume and surface
properties are the properties of the
bonds.
Surface:
absorbtion
capabilities;
surface energy;
compatibility of
surfaces;
Contact mechanics I
9/68
Material properties interdependence
Youngs modulus and yield strength interdependence [Rabinowicz, ]

Contact mechanics I
10/68
Penetration hardness and yield

stress interdependence
[Rabinowicz, ]
Youngs modulus and melting temperature

interdependence [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
11/68
Thermal coefficient of expansion

and Youngs modulus
interdependence [Rabinowicz, ]
Surface energy and hardness interdependence

[Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
12/68
Real area of contact

Real area of contact depends on
normal load:
real area of contact is proportional to the
normal load; coefficient of proportionality is
inverse of the material hardness;
sliding distance:
contact area might be 3(!) times as great as
the value before shear forces were first applied;
time: (for creeping materials)

real area of contact increases with time;
surface energy:
the higher the surface energy, the greater the
area of contact.
[Ref: Course of Julian Durand on surface roughness]

Contact mechanics I
13/68

normal load:
Ar F

Ar - real contact area, F applied load
sliding distance:

surface energy:
area of contact.

Contact mechanics I
13/68

normal load:
Ar =

F
p
Ar - real contact area, F applied load; p - hardness.
sliding distance:

surface energy:
area of contact.

Contact mechanics I
13/68

normal load:
Ar =

F
p
sliding distance:

surface energy:
area of contact.

Contact mechanics I
13/68

normal load:
Ar =

F
p
sliding distance:

surface energy:
area of contact.

Contact mechanics I
13/68

normal load:
Ar =

F
p
sliding distance:

surface energy:
area of contact.

Contact mechanics I
13/68
Engineering friction
First approximations: friction coefficient does not depend on
normal load
apparent area of contact
velocity
sliding surface roughness
time
Friction force direction is opposite to the sliding
Contact mechanics I
14/68
Engineering friction
First approximations: friction coefficient does not depend on
normal load ,
apparent area of contact ,
velocity /
sliding surface roughness //,
time //,
Friction force direction is opposite to the sliding ,
Contact mechanics I
14/68
Real friction :: normal load

First approximation:
friction coefficient does
not depend on normal
load.
Exceptions:
at micro scale for small slidings (fig. 1);
for very large normal loads (metal forming)
friction force is limited;
for very hard (diamond) or very soft (teflon)
materials:
generally T = cF , 23 ; 1 ;
thin hard coating and a softer substrate (fig.2).
Contact mechanics I
15/68

load.
Exceptions:
materials:
Fig. 1. For very small sliding, the

force of friction is not proportional
to the normal force [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
15/68

load.
Exceptions:
materials:

Contact mechanics I
15/68

load.
Exceptions:
materials:

Contact mechanics I
15/68

load.
Exceptions:
materials:

Fig. 2. In case of hard surface layer on a softer substrate, at moderate loads friction is
determined by the hard surface, higher load brakes the coating and softer material begins
to define the frictional properties [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
15/68
Real friction :: normal force
Friction coefficient versus tangential movement; experiments from

[Courtney-Pratt and Eisner, 1957]
Contact mechanics I
16/68
Real friction :: friction direction

friction force direction is
opposite to the sliding.
Exceptions:
the direction of the friction force remains within
[178; 182] degrees to sliding direction (fig. 1);
the difference is higher for oriented surface
roughnesses.
Contact mechanics I
17/68

Exceptions:
roughnesses.
Fig. 1. Change of the direction of friction force with sliding

[Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
17/68

Exceptions:
roughnesses.
Fig. 1. Change of the direction of friction force with sliding

[Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
17/68
Real friction :: apparent area and roughness

Friction coefficient does not depend
on the apparent area of contact.
Exceptions:
very smooth and very clean surfaces.
on sliding surface roughness.
Exceptions:
very smooth or very rough surfaces
(fig. 1).
Contact mechanics I
18/68

Exceptions:
Exceptions:
(fig. 1).
Contact mechanics I
18/68

Exceptions:
Exceptions:
(fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Friction roughness influences the coefficient of friction [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
18/68
Real friction :: time and velocity

on time.
Exceptions:
creeping materials.
on sliding velocity.
Exceptions:
if material behaves differently at
different loading rate, then the
friction depends on the sliding
velocity;
Contact mechanics I
19/68

on time.
Exceptions:
creeping materials.
Exceptions:
velocity;
Static coefficient of friction evolution with time

Contact mechanics I
19/68

on time.
Exceptions:
creeping materials.
Static coefficient of friction evolution with time

Exceptions:
velocity;
Kinetic friction decreases with increasing sliding

velosity
Contact mechanics I
19/68
Real friction :: velocity

Exceptions:
velocity;
Contact mechanics I
20/68

Exceptions:
velocity;
Friction coefficient slightly decreses with

increasing velocity of sliding, titanium on
titanium [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
20/68

Exceptions:
velocity;
Friction coefficient slightly decreses with

increasing velocity of sliding, titanium on
titanium [Rabinowicz, ]
Friction coefficient dependence on velocity of

sliding for lubricated surfaces [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
20/68

Exceptions:
velocity;
Friction coefficient increases and decreases with

increasing velocity of sliding, hard on soft (steel
on lead, steel on indium) [Rabinowicz, ]
Friction coefficient dependence on velocity of

sliding for lubricated surfaces [Rabinowicz, ]
Contact mechanics I
20/68
Three scales of contact study

Nanoscale:
Study of molecular junctions, van
des Waals forces and Casimir effect.
Microscale:
Roughness and microstructure study
Macroscale:
Stress-strain state of contacting
solids
Contact mechanics I
21/68
Plan
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
Contact mechanics I
22/68
Macroscopic contact
Signorini contact law (1933)

r
un
Fn 0
un 0
Fn un = 0
Compliance contact law

r
[Kragelsky, 1982], [Oden-Martins, 1985]

n
Fn = Cn (un )m
+
un
[Song, Yovanovich, 1987]

2
Fn = C1 e c2 un
Contact mechanics I
23/68
Hertz theory (1882)

Geometry of smooth, non-conforming surface in contact
Expression of the profile of each surface
P
z1 =
1
1 2
2
x +
y
2R10 1
2R100 1
z2 =
S2
uz
2
2 a
z
S1
1
xy plane
uz2
1 2
1
2
x +
y
2R20 1
2R200 2
where Ri0 and Ri00 are the principal radii of curvature

of the surface i.
Separation between the two surfaces
2
h = z1 z2 = Ax + By
Displacement
uz1 + uz2 + h = 1 + 2
[Johnson, 1996]
Contact mechanics I
24/68
Hertz theory (1882)
Assumptions in the Hertz theory:

The surface are continuous and non-conforming, a << R
The strains are small, a << R
Each solid can be considered as an elastic half-space, a << R1,2 , a << l
The surfaces are frictionless, q x = qy = 0
Applications
1 Solids of revolution
2 Two-dimensional contact of cylindrical bodies
Note
1
1 1
1 2
+
=
E
E1
E2
Contact mechanics I
25/68
Hertz theory : Solids of revolution

Simple case of solids of revolution
Principal radii of curvature
00
Ri = Ri = Ri ,
i = 1, 2
Boundary conditions for the displacement

uz1 + uz2 = (1/2R)r
Pressure distribution
2 1/2
p = p0 {1 (r /a) }
Consequences
Pressure
6PE 2
P3R2
p0 =
Radius of the contact circle
a=
3PR
4E 2
!1/3
1/3
Displacement
=
9P 2
16RE 2
!1/3
Contact mechanics I
26/68
Hertz theory : Solids of revolution
Distributions of stresses
r
p0
(x = 0, z)
p0
(1 + ){1 (z/a)tan1 (a/z)}
(x = 0, z)
+ 12 (1 + z 2 /a2 )1
z
p0
(x = 0, z)
(1 + z 2 /a2 )1
Maximum shear stress 1 = 21 |r |

(1 )max = 0.31p0 at the deph of 0.48a (for = 0.3)
Contact mechanics I
27/68
2D contact of cylindrical bodies
p0
a
1
E
11
E1
1
R
1
R1
1
R2
p(x)
p0 (1 (x/a)2 )1/2
p0
12
E2
p(x)
q(x)
M (x, y)
xx
4PR
E
PE
R
xz
zz
Contact mechanics I
28/68
2D contact of cylindrical bodies

Example : cylinder/plate
Distributions of normal pressure (Hertz) and tangential stress

!# %" $ +( *

3 15476
!# "%$ & ')( *
PRQTSVU
8
, $- $ +( *

0 1 2

@DAE @CD5;B F <=;?>

G?KLHJIMOGN
W XY Z

ced fhg
, ./ . +( *

[\=] ]
^`_ aJb

p0
a

0 1 2

9:1 2

{(a2 + 2z 2 )(a2 + z 2 )1/2 2z}
xx (x = 0, z)
zz (x = 0, z)
p0 a(a2 + z 2 )1/2
max (x = 0, z)
p0 a{z z 2 (a2 z 2 )1/2 }
xz
xy = yz = 0
Contact mechanics I
29/68
Macroscopic friction 1/2
Tresca
8
|Ft | g
>
>
>
>
>
<
If |Ft | < g , then Vslide = 0
>
>
>
>
>
:
If |Ft | = g , > 0 such Vslide = Ft
Coulomb
8
|Ft | |Fn |
>
>
>
>
>
<
If |Ft | < |Fn |, then Vslide = 0 stick
>
>
>
>
>
:
If |Ft | = |Fn |, > 0 such Vslide = Ft
Contact mechanics I
slip
30/68
Macroscopic friction 2/2

Regularized Coulomb [Oden, Pires, 1983], [Raous, 1999]
|Ft | = i (Vslide ) |Fn |
1 = V2slide 2
Vslide +

2 = tanh Vslide
Variable friction
8
|Ft | Ct (ut )mt
>
>
>
>
>
<
If |Ft | < Ct (ut )mt , then Vslide = 0
>
>
>
>
>
:
If |Ft | = Ct (ut )mt , > 0 such Vslide = Rt
Contact mechanics I
31/68
Transition toward the slip
Definition of sliding
Relative peripheral velocity of the surfaces at their point of contact
Sliding of non-conforming elastic bodies
Question
P
Fixed slider
The tangential traction due to the friction at the
S2
contact surface influences the size and shape of the
Q
contact area or the distribution of normal pressure ?
S1
V
2a
z
Sliding contact
Evaluation of the elastic stresses and displacements

Basic premise of the Hertz theory
Relationship between the tangential traction and the
normal pressure
|Q|
|q(x, y )|
=
=
p(x, y )
P
Coulombs law
Application
Cylinder sliding perpendicular to its axis
[Johnson, 1996, Goryacheva, 1998]
Contact mechanics I
32/68
Cylinder sliding perpendicular to its axis

Distributions of normal pressure (Hertz) and tangential traction
q
2P
p(x) =
1 ( xa )2
a
(1)
q(x)

"$# !

MON P Q
8:9 8; <)=
?A@ ?:B <'>

!

2P
p(x) = a
WYX[Z]\
H$JLI K
TVU
RS
h ij k
q rs
C D EGF
tvuVw w
. +0/21

67+(" &%' (!

*,+(-

5
43

x

!

67+(" &% !

yz y[{
|} |~

g0

*,+(-

*,+(-

xx (x, z = 0)
p0
nq
zz (x, z = 0)
p0
yy (x, z = 0)
(xx + zz )
xz (x, z = 0)
p0
xy (x, z = 0)
yz (x, z = 0) = 0
1 ( x )2 + 2 x
a
a
1 ( x )2
a
3

0

3
" %)%' (!

ab
^`_
lm npo
1 ( x )2
a
3

" # !

. +0/21
Stress components
3
" %)%' (!

egf
c d
1 ( xa )2
3

5
43

*,+(-

3
Contact mechanics I
33/68
Partial slip
Relation between slip zone (c) and contact zone (a)
+c +a
a c
a
glissement
+a
+c +a
a c
zone collee
1/2

x2
q1 (x) = p0 1 2
a
q2 (x) =
c
=
a

1/2
x2
c
p0 1 2
a
c
s
1
q(x) = q1 (x) q2 (x)
Q
P
If x < c : stick condition. The local contact shear stress is

r
xz = p0
c
x
1 ( )2 p0
a
a
x
1 ( )2
c
If c < x < a: slip condition. The local contact shear stress is

r
xz = p0
x
1 ( )2
a
Contact mechanics I
34/68
Friction instability : stick-slip 1/4
Definiton of the stick-slip :

Intermittent relative motion between the contact surfaces, alternation of slip and stick.
F
Fs
Fd
time
time
time
Phenomenon occurs at various scales:

Macroscopic : discontinuities in the gravity center displacement of contact body and loads.
Microscopic : location of the phenomenon at the interface
Contact mechanics I
35/68

The stick-slip is a coupling result :
The dynamic response of the friction system
stiffness, damping, inertia
Friction dynamic at the interface
Difference between static (s ) and dynamic (d ) friction coefficient
s and d dependence on the sliding velocity and time
A simple stick-slip model
Friction law
F
F

Fs
Fd
m
v
Fig : Plot of frictional force vs. time.
Contact mechanics I
36/68

During sliding, the problem is:
m
x Fd = kx
x(0) =
Fs
k
x(0)
=v
and the solution is

x(t) =
1
v
{(Fs Fd )cos(t) + Fd } + sin(t),
k
k
m
or the velocity v is negligible compared to dx/dt:

x(t)
1
{(Fs Fd )cos(t) + Fd }
k
F
Fs
Characteristic time of sliding

r
Tinertia = 2
Tinertia
m
k
The force F oscillates between Fs and 2Fd Fs .
2Fd Fs
t
Contact mechanics I
37/68
Fig : Regions of stable and stick-slip motion.

The red curve in the parameters plane at the other parameters being fixed, demarcates the regions
of stable and unstable motion.
Contact mechanics I
38/68
Plan
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
Contact mechanics I
39/68
Examples
(a) Vickers indenta- (b) Contact zone under

tion test, palladium Vickers indenter, zirconium
glasses
glasses
(c) Sracth resistance of soda-Lime Silica Glasses
Contact mechanics I
40/68
Hills theory: Elastic-plastic indentation
Cavity model of an
elastic-plastic indentation cone
da
da
dc
Assumptions
Within the core:
Hydrostatic component of stress p
a
core r
da
Plastic
dh
du(r)
Elastic
Outside the core:

Radial symmetry for stresses and displacement
At the interface ( between core and plastic zone)
Hydrostatic stress (in the core)= radial component of
stress (in the external zone)
The radial displacement on r=a during an increment dh
must accommodate the volume of material.
Contact mechanics I
41/68
Characteristic
In the plastic zone: a r c
r
= 2ln(c/r ) 2/3
Y
In the elastic zone:

` r c
r
= 23 cr 3
Y
2ln(c/r ) + 1/3
1
3
` c 3
r
where Y denotes the value of the yield strees of material in simple shear and simple compression.
Core pressure
p
Y
= [ Yr ]r =a =
2
3
+ 2ln(c/a)
Radial displacement
du(r )
dc
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=
>
>
{3(1 )(c 2 /r 2 ) 2(1 2)(r /c)} >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
Conservation volume
>
>
>
>
>
;
2a2 du(a) = a2 dh = a2 tan()da
=
T
E
Pressure in the core,

for an incompressible material
ff
p
2
Etan()
=
1 + ln
Y
3
3Y
Contact mechanics I
42/68
Unloading indentation: elastic strain energy

Example: spherical indenter
Before loading
a
a
Under loading
a
a
After unloading
Residual depth
0 : Estimation of the energy dissipated W in one cycle of the load
R
W = Pd where
is9the hysteresis-loss factor. ( = 0, 4% for hard bearing steel)
2 5
>
>
W = 52 9E16RP
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
3
1
1
3P
>
>
= E
4a
9Ppm
=
R
with pm = 0.38Y in fully plastic state
0
=
2
16E 0
1/3
P
>
=
0,
38( 0 /Y )2
>
3P
P
>
Y
a = 4E 0
>
>
>
>
>
1/3 >
>
2
2
>
a
9P
;
=
=
R
3
16RE 0
Contact mechanics I
43/68
Sharp indentation
Characterisation of P-h reponse

During the loading,
P = Ch2
Kicks law
During the unloading,
dPu
initial slope
dh
hm
hr
Schematic illustration of a typical P-h

reponse of an elasto-plastic material
Residual indentation depth

after complete unloading
Three independent quantities

[?]
Contact mechanics I
44/68
Plastic behavior
Model
8
>
< E
=
>
: Rn
with
The power law elasto-plastic stress-strain

behavior
E
R
n
y
for
for
Youngs modolus
a strength coefficient
the strain hardening exponent
the initial yield stress
Assumption :
The theory of plasticity with the von Mises effect stress.
Parameters for an elasto-plastic behavior
E, , y , n
Contact mechanics I
45/68
Dimensional analysis
Objective
Prediction of the P h reponse from elasto-plastic properties
Application of the universal dimensionless functions : the theorem
Material parameter set

(E , , y , n)
or
(E , , r , n)
or
(E , , y , r )
or
P = P(h, E , r , n)
Load P
P = P(h, E , y , n)
or
P = P(E , , y , r )
with
E
1 2
1 i2
+
E
Ei
!1
Unload
Pu = Pu (h, hm , E , , Ei , i , r , n)
or
Pu = Pu (h, hm , E , r , n)
Contact mechanics I
46/68
Determination of hm
Application of the dimensional analysis during the load
Load
P = P(h, E , y , n)
Applying the theorem in dimensional

analysis
C = P2 = r 1 Er , n
h
P = P(h, E , r , n)
C =
P
h2
= y A
1
E
y
r
y
P = P(E , , y , r )
C =
P
h2
= r B
1
E
r
y
r
with are dimensionless functions.

And then hm !
Contact mechanics I
47/68
Determination of hr
Application of the dimensional analysis during the unload
dPu
dPu
=
(h, hm , E , r , n)
dh
dh
thus
dPu
0
= E h2
dh
hm r
,
,n
h E
Consequently,
dPu
r
r
0
,
n
= E hm 2 1, , n = E hm 2
dh h=hm
E
E
Or
Pu = Pu (h, hm , E , r , n) = E u
hm r
,
,n
h E
Finaly,
Pu = 0
implies
0 = u
hm r
,
,n
hr E
whether
hr
= 3
hm
r
,n
E
and then hr !
i ,i =1,2,3 can be used to relate the indentaion reponse to mechanical properties.
Contact mechanics I
48/68
FE Vickers indentation test
Maximum penetration hsmax

3.11 m
Parameters
Elastic
E=81600MPa, = 0, 36
Elasto-plastic model
E=81600MPa, = 0, 36,
y = 1610MPa
Drucker-Prager model
E=81600MPa, = 0, 36,
yt = 1600MPa, yc = 1800MPa
[Laniel, 2004]
Contact mechanics I
49/68
Computation results
Penetration depth
von Misesmax
Residual stress
Contact mechanics I
50/68
Computation results
Elasto-plastic contact reponse
Contact mechanics I
51/68
Computation results
Elasto-plastic contact reponse
Contact mechanics I
52/68
Spherical indentation on a single crystal
Hypothesis
Sphere radius : R=100m
Copper and zinc single crystals : crystal plasticity
Silicon substrate : isotropic elastic
Maximum penetration hsmax : 3.5 m
[Casal and Forest, 2009]
Contact mechanics I
53/68
Contact reponse
(d)
Elastic anisotropic contact reponse
(e)
Elasto-plastic anisotropic contact reponse
Contact mechanics I
54/68
von Mises stress fields
Figure: (a) f.c.c and (b) h.c.p crystals. Penetration depth: hs = 1.25m
Contact mechanics I
55/68
Plastic zone morphology
(a)
f.c.c copper crystals
(b)
h.c.p zinc crystals
Figure: Penetration depth: hs = 3.5m

Contact mechanics I
56/68
Plan
1 Introduction
2 Basic knowledges
Contact mechanics I
57/68
Bounds for the global coefficient of friction
Lubricant 1 = 0.2

9
P
i
PP Coating 2 = 0.8
q(x)
(x) =
p(x)
Uniform stress
with ci =
R
=
(x)p(x)dS
R
p(x)dS
P
i ci fi
i fi P
Uniform strain
ci fi
(1i )2
Ei
(1i2 ) (12i )
[Dick and Cailletaud, 2006]
Contact mechanics I
58/68
Bounds for the global coefficient of friction
0.32
0.15
E (GPa)
8
55
C (GPa)
11.45
58.08
0.1
0.5
Cont B
Comp 1
Comp 2
0.5
0.5
0.45
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.3
0.3
0.25
0.25
Cont A
Comp 1
Comp 2
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
E (GPa)
55
08
C (GPa)
58.08
11.45
0.1
0.5
0.1
P1=P2
y1=y2
0.05
0
0.15
0.32
20
40
60
Component 2 (%)
80
P1=P2
y1=y2
0.05
100
Case A: 1 = 0.1, E1 = 11.45GPa

2 = 0.5, E2 = 58GPa
0
0
20
40
60
Component 2 (%)
80
100
Case B: 1 = 0.5, E1 = 58GPa

2 = 0.1, E2 = 11.45GPa
Contact mechanics I
59/68
FE computations VS analytic estimation
0
-1
normalized contact pressure
0.5
0.45
0.4
COF
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
analytic
analytic
P1-10
P2-10
0.15
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Component 2 (%)
0.8
-2
-3
-4
comp.2
comp.1
-6
CComp.1
CComp.2
P1-10: pComp.1, pComp.2
P2-10: pComp.1, pComp.2
-7
-8
1
comp.2
-5
-0.01
-0.005
Contact mechanics I
0
x (mm)
0.005
0.01
60/68
Different CSL geometries 1/2
E (GPa)
R0 ( MPa)
Bulk material
119
0.29
-
Component 1
8
0.32
200
Component 2
55
0.15
500
Contact mechanics I
61/68
Different CSL geometries 2/2

0.5
0.45
0.4
COF
0.35
0.3
0.25
analytic
analytic
S20_el
R20_el
L20_el
Lxx_el
0.2
0.15
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1
-0.5
-2
-1
-3
-4
-5
-6
comp.2
comp.1
comp.2
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005
CComp.1
CComp.2
S20_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
R20_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
L20_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
Lxx_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
x (mm)
Component 2 (%)
comp.2
comp.1
comp.2
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5
-5.5
-0.025 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005
Contact mechanics I
CComp.1
CComp.2
S20_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
L20_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
Lxx_el: pComp.1, pComp.2
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
x (mm)
62/68
Influence of the number of dimples

ESD type
R10
R20
R40
2a (m)
360
360
360
10% comp 2
lESD (m)
nb.ESD
11.1
32.4
22.2
16.2
44.4
8.1
70% comp 2
lESD (m)
nb.ESD
33.3
10.8
66.6
5.4
133.3
2.7
0.5
0.45
0.4
COF
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
R10_el
R20_el
R40_el
S20_el
S40_el
0.15
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Component 2 (%)
0.8
Contact mechanics I
63/68
Influence of plastic deformations

0.5
-0.5
-1
0.45
-1.5
0.4
COF
0.35
0.3
0.25
analytic
analytic
R40_el
R40_pl
S40_el
S40_pl
0.2
0.15
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Component 2 (%)
0.8
-2
-2.5
-3
comp.2
comp.1
-4
-4.5
CComp.1
CComp.2
R40_pl: pComp.1, pComp.2
-5
-5.5
1
comp.2
-3.5
-0.04
-0.02
0
x (mm)
0.02
0.04
0.0038
0.011
0.019
0.027
0.035
0.042
0.05
0.0076
0.015
0.023
0.031
0.038
0.046
Contact mechanics I
64/68
Conclusion
Estimation of the upper and lower bound.

The friction coefficient depend on
the CSL geometry
the dissimilarity of the CSL component materials
the compliance of substrate and counter body
Contact mechanics I
65/68
Summary
Contact and friction
complicated phenomena;
depend on many material properties;
not yet well elaborated.
Analytical solutions
hertzian contact;
nonlinear material;
friction;
stick-slip instabilities.
Numerical analysis
examples of indendation tests;
analysis of heterogeneous friction.
Contact mechanics I
66/68
Thank you for your attention!

Georges Cailletaud <georges.cailletaud@mines-paristech.fr>
Stephanie Basseville <stephanie.basseville@mines-paristech.fr>
Vladislav A. Yastrebov <vladislav.yastrebov@mines-paristech.fr>
Casal, O. and Forest, S. (2009).

Finite element crystal plasticity analysis of spherical indentation.
Computational Materials Science, 45:774782.
Dick, T. and Cailletaud, G. (2006).
Analytic and FE based estimations of the coefficient of friction of composite
surfaces.
Wear, 260:13051316.
Goryacheva, I. (1998).
Contact mechanics in tribology.
London.
Johnson, K. (1996).
Contact mechanics.
Cambridge.
Laniel, R. (2004).
Simulation des procds dindentation et de rayage par lments finis et
lments disctincts.
Rabinowicz, E.
Friction and Wear.
Contact mechanics I
68/68

Contact Mechanics I

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Contact Mechanics I

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Contact mechanics I: basics

CNRS UMR 7633

WEMESURF short course on contact mechanics and tribology

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

3 Contact mechanics of elastic solids

4 Normal contact of inelastic solids

5 Contact of inhomogeneous bodies

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

3 Contact mechanics of elastic solids

4 Normal contact of inelastic solids

5 Contact of inhomogeneous bodies

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Short historical sketch

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Short historical sketch

Issak Newton [1687]

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Roughness theory of friction

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Short historical sketch

Photoelasticity analysis of Hertz

Apparent and real areas of contact

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Practice and Theory

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

3 Contact mechanics of elastic solids

4 Normal contact of inelastic solids

5 Contact of inhomogeneous bodies

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Surface interaction properties

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Surface interaction properties

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Surface interaction properties

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ

Paris, 21-24 June 2010

Introduction Basic knowledges Elastic contact Inelastic contact Contact of composites

Surface interaction properties

G. Cailletaud, S. Basseville, V.A. Yastrebov MINES ParisTech, UVSQ