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POWER PRODUCTION
& CONSUMPTION
PGP
10
SUBSTATION 718
11
SUBSTATION 811
12
____________________
SUPERVISOR
__________________
DGM ELECTRICAL
0
Description
Symbol
Description
Symbol
Description
3 delta
Transformer
two winding
Transformer
3 wyegrounded
Circuit
breaker
Power circuit
breaker
3 wye
Lightning
arrester film
type
Connection
to ground
Lightning
arrester gap
type
Connection
to chassis or
frame
Fuse
Draw out
type circuit
breaker
Potential
transformer
Terminal
point of
symbols
Terminal
point of field
run cables to
main control
Circuit
breaker fixed
Current
transformer
Description
Solenoid valve
Synchro check device
Under voltage Relay
Over current Relay
Device number
51
52
87
Description
Over current relay
Circuit breaker
Differential protective relay
A substation is the meeting point between the transmission grid & the distribution feeder
system
It converts the incoming power from transmission voltage level to the lower primary voltage for
distribution
A substation consists of high & low voltage racks & buses for power flow
The substation is the convenient point for the control & protection of the distribution network
Substation equipment:
Power transformer
Bus-bar
Structures
Switch gear
Control protection & monitoring equipment
Earth mat
Structures:
Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the substation and to extend
out required number of feeders
The main structures required for 132kV substation are:
-incoming & outgoing gantries;
Support structures for breakers, isolators, fuses,
insulators, CTs & PTs
-Bus-bars
Power Transformer:
3 ph or 1 ph based
Generally two winding transformer
On load type/off load type tap changer
Power transformer step down the voltage
Its rated power in MLCF is 20/26MVA (without and with full cooling)
Bus Bar:
Material of bus bar can be AAC conductor, ACSR conductor, AAAC conductor, Aluminum pipe
Space for a bay (bay width)
-Phase to phase clearance, Phase to earth clearance, safety clearance
Insulator:
In the areas where the problem of insulator pollution is expected (e.g near thermal station,
water etc.) special insulators with higher leakage resistance should be used
These insulators are used for supporting bus bar. Switchgear, contact assemblies in HV air break
switches and supporting points at Sub-stations
Circuit breaker:
A circuit is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to interrupt/ make the load current but
also break the much larger fault current, which may occur on a circuit
A circuit breaker contains both fixed contacts and moving contacts
The purpose of circuit breaker is to eliminate a short-circuit that occurs on a line
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Circuit breakers are found at the arrivals and departures of all lines incident on a substation
On load mechanical switches used for making, carrying and breaking currents under normal
conditions and breaking under abnormal conditions
Air break circuit breaker, minimum oil circuit breaker, Air blast circuit breaker, SF6 circuit
breaker, Vacuum circuit breaker
Operating Mechanism- Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Spring
Isolators:
Isolator provides a visible air gap isolation of equipment & feeder sections for safe examination,
maintenance & repair. It is capable of carrying normal current and short circuit current for a specified
time
The earth switch of isolator is a mechanical switching device for providing safety earthling
during maintenance.
It is capable of withstanding short circuit current for a specified time
Current transformer:
The substation have current transformer designed to isolate electrically the high voltage primary
circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit & thus provide a safe mean of supply for indicating
instruments, meters and relays
These are the devices used to get the replica of primary current which shall be suitable for
measuring instruments & protective relays.
No. of cores are as per requirement
These transformers are designed to provide a standard secondary current output of 1 or 5A,
when rates currents flows through the primary
Potential transformer:
These instrument transformer are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments , integrating meters, other measuring apparatus & protective relays or trip coils
These may be of single phase or three phase design & of the dry or oil immersed types
A voltage transformer or PT is rated in term of the maximum burden (VA output) it will deliver
without exceeding specified limits of error
These are the devices used to get the replica of primary which shall be suitable
for measuring instruments & protective relays.
The rating of the voltage transformer shall be 110 volts or 110/3
volts & shall be
star connected
Surge arrester:
These are made of ZnO disc provide the primary protection against over voltage caused by
external sources e.g. lightning & by system disturbances (switching)
Designed w.r.t maximum continuous operating voltage , energy capability, pressure relief
capability
Power & control cables of adequate current carrying capacity & voltage rating are provided at
the substation
Power cables are used for HT,LT systems to carry load current
5
The control cables are required for operating & protection system connections
The cables are segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate racks
Shunt reactors:
A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus increasing the energy efficiency of the
system
It is the most compact device commonly used for reactive power compensation in long highvoltage transmission lines and in cable systems
Control Panels:
Control panels installed within the control buildings of a switchyard provide mounting for mimic
bus, relays, meters, indicting instruments, indicating lights, control switches, test switches &
other control devices
The panel contains compartments for incoming lines, outgoing lines, bus bars with provision for
sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments, etc.
Transformer protection:
Differential protection
Over current & Earth fault protection
REF protection
Differential protection
Over current & earth fault protection
REF protection
Earthing system:
Station battery:
Source for operating control system during system disturbances & outages
Normally 24 or 30 cells acid or Nickel cadmium batteries
Firefighting System:
In view of the presence of oil filled equipment in a substation, it is important that proper attention is
given to isolation; limitation & extinguishing of fire so as to avoid damage to costly equipment & reduce
changes of serious dislocation of power supply as well as ensure safety of personnel
POWER
WARTSILA GENERATOR
16 MW
4X NIIGATA GENERATOR
24 MW
WHRP
16 MW
56 MW
WAPDA
40 MW
POWER CONSUMPTION
RAW MILL2
10 MW
RAW MILL 1
5.5 MW
OK2
6 MW
KILN 1
5 MW
OK 1
6 MW
BALL MILL
7.5 MW
KILN 2
12 MW
CLAY
CRUSHER+STORAGE+ADMIN
2 MW
Power Source
Description
L 01
L 02
To Raw Mill 2
L 03
L 08
To Substation 811
L 09
L 11
L 12
Power Source
Description
G5
10
SUBSTATION 718
Description
L 09
L 12
Feeder Panel 1
Feeder Panel 2
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SUBSTATION 811
POWER SOURCE
FP 06
L02
FP 05
L03
DESCRIPTION
Feeder Panel 6 From PGP
From transformer 2
Feeder panel 5 of PGP
Coming from transformer 2
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