INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNOLGICO

NORBERT WIENER

Manual del Alumno

ASIGNATURA: Ingles Tcnico
Bsico
PROGRAMA: S3C
Lima-Per

Manual del Alumno

ndice General
Pag N
1. Vocabulario Tecnico PC - Parts of the Computer............................................................ 1
2. Vocabulario Tecnico - Historia de la PC............................................................................ 2
3.

Vocabulario Tecnico - The Processor - Components........................................................4

4. Enfoque Gramatical - Contextual Reference..................................................................... 5

5. Prctica Calificada............................................................................................................
6. Vocabulario Tecnico - Power Builder I...........................................................................

7. Enfoque Gramatical - Passive Voice.................................................................................7

8. .Vocabulario Tecnico - Sistemas Operativos............... ....................................................8
9. Enfoque Gramatical - Phrasal Verbs................................................................................10
10. Examen Parcial...................................................................................................................
11. Vocabulario Tecnico - Networks.......................................................................................11
12. Vocabulario Tecnico - Network Configurations.............................................................. 13
13. Vocabulario Tecnico - Structured Query Language....................................................... .14
14. Vocabulario Tecnico - SQL - Translation.........................................................................16
15. Practica Calificada..........................................................................................................
16. Vocabulario Tecnico - Diseo Grfico...............................................................................17
17. Vocabulario Tecnico - Business Area Analysis.................................................................20
18. Vocabulario Tecnico - Information Strategy Planning........................................................21
19. Examen Final ....................................................................................................................
20. Examen Sustitutorio............................................................................................................
.

_____________________________________________________________________________
Curso: Ingles Tecnico Bsico
Ciclo: IV

Manual del Alumno

1. Vocabulario Tcnico - PC - Parts of the Computer - Match the following

1. Keyboard
2. Memory capacity
3. Printer
4. Software
5. Back up copy
6. Bug
7. CPU
8. Cursor
9. RAM
10. Menu

a) used to pass instructions to the computer.

b) stands for Central Processing Unit, which
is the brain of the computer.
c) a list of options displayed on the screen
for the user to select the function he
requires.
d) shows the user where he is on the screen.
e) a computer program or list of instructions
for the computer to carry on.
f) measured in kilobytes or K.
g) amount of memory available for programs
to run.
h) made in order to protect information
i) a mistake in a computer program.
j) an optional but useful device connected to
a computer.

Match with the appropriate explanation on the right,

New
Save

Save as

Print
Delete

Open

Close

Undo

Quit

1. It closes the file you are working with.

2. This instruction allows you to remove the
effects of a mistake and get the previous
text back.
3. After finishing work on the computer it
closes the program and allows you to turn
it off.
4. It opens a new file.
5. It erases or takes out a word or words from
the text.
6. Through this instruction you order the
Computer to store information you want
To keep safe.
7. This instruction allows you to give the file
you are working on a name.
8. It brings to the screen the file you want to
work on.
9. You choose this option when you want to
have a print out of your work.

Manual del Alumno

2. Vocabulario Tcnico - Historia de la PC

In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the business of
making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four
mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM. The following year they
reversed their decision.
In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set up a
special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide
standard for IBM-compatibility which, over the next ten years, was only seriously
challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since then, over seventy million PCs
made by IBM and other manufacturers have been sold. Over this period, PCs have become
commodity items. Since IBM made the design non-proprietary, anyone can make them.
The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry has been one of the mistakes.
Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on personal computers in their Palo Alto
laboratory in California. However, the company failed to capitalize on this work, and the
ideas that they put together went into the operating system developed for Apple's
computers. This was a graphical interface: using a mouse, the user clicks on icons which
represent the function to be performed.
The first IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical components.
With IBM's badge on the box it became the standard machine for large corporations to
purchase. When IBM were looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digital
Research, who were market leaders in command-based operating systems (these are
operating systems in which the users type in commands to perform a function). When the
collaboration between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates, then 25
years old, to write their operating system.
Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS/DOS, the
initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research have continued to develop their
operating system, DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than
Microsoft's. However, without an endorsement from IBM, it has become a minor player in
the market. Novell, the leaders in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things
may change.
The original IBM PC had a minimum of 16K of memory, but this could be
upgraded to 512K if necessary, and run with a processor speed of 4.77 MHz. Ten years
later, in 1991, IBM were making PCs with 16Mb of memory, expandable to 64Mb running
with a processor speed of 33MHz. The cost of buying the hardware has come down
considerably as the machines have become commodity items. Large companies are
considering running major applications on PCs, something which, ten years ago, no one
would have believed possible of a PC. In contrast, many computers in people's homes are
just used to play computer games.

Manual del Alumno

The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the world for ever.
The microchip technology which made the PC possible has put chips not only into
computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never be published
in paper form, but may only be made available as part of public databases. Networks of
computers are already being used to make information available on a world-wide scale.
Answer the questions about the text.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

How many mainframes did IBM think it was possible to sell in 1952?
How many PCs have now been sold?
Who paid for the initial research into PCs?
Which company later used the results of this research to develop their operating
system?
What are command-based operating systems?
DR/DOS is an acronym. What does it stand for?
Since the invention of the IBM PC, many of its features have been improved. Which
of the following features does the text not mention in this respect?
a. memory
b. speed
c. size
d. cost
Give three examples from the text of how the availability of computers has in all
Probability changed the world for ever.

Using the line references given, look back in the text and find words that have a
similar meaning to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

international (lines 10-15)

contested (lines 15-20)+
errors (lines 25-30)
paid for (lines 25-30)
buy (lines 45-50)
first (lines 60-65)
recommendation (lines 65-70)
improved (lines 75-80)

_____________________________________

Manual del Alumno

Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico

Ciclo: IV
4
3. Vocabulario Tcnico - The Processor - Components - Match the following:
1. microprocessor chip
2. registers
3. accumulators
4. control bus
5. address bus
6. data bus
7. clock
8. RAM
9. ROM

a. used to send address details between the memory

and the address register
b. consists of an arithmetic-logic unit, one or more
working registers to store data being processed, and
accumulators for storing the results of calculations
c. a group of signal lines used to transmit data in
parallel from one element of a computer to another
d. groups of bistable devices used to store information
in a computer system for high-speed access
e. An electronic circuit, usually a quartz crystal, that
generates electronic pulses at fixed time intervals to
control the timing of all operations in the processor
f. Used for storing part of the operating system and
application software known as 'firmware': can only
be read; cannot be written to or altered in any way.
g. Used to store numeric data during processing.
h. A group of signal lines dedicated to the passing of
control signals
i. used for the temporary storage of application
programs and data: can be written to and read from

Structure of the Processor -Fill in the gaps using the words below.
The processor consists of a ______________________, which is a circuit board on
which are mounted ________________________chips, memory chips, and other
components linked together by ___________________lines or channels in the form of
control, address, and data _________________. In addition, a processor has
_______________________, which are electronic circuits providing specialized
functions such as graphics, or which connect a system board to
___________________. The system board also consists of electronic devices, such as
an electronic _____________________for controlling the speed of operation:
____________________, which store numeric data during the course of processing;
and various _____________________, including sequence control register, address
register, and function register.
Adaptor boards
Clock
System board
Reading Passage

registers
conductive
accumulators

microprocessor
buses
input or output devices

Manual del Alumno

A processor consists of many different electronic circuits and devices for performing
control functions, arithmetic and logic operations, and data transfers. Data may be
transferred from backing storage to the internal memory or from the internal memory
to the arithmetic unit by means of conductive channels known as buses. The part of the
processor which controls data transfers between the various input and output devices is
called the control unit.
4. Enfoque Gramatical - Contextual Reference
Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is easier to read.
When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who, whose, that, such, one,
and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and those are used as transitional
markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph.
Their function is to take your thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned.
Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former, the latter, the first,
second, etc. the last.
Sample paragraph:
A computer, like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and more
efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster than any
human. The speed at which a computer works means it can replace weeks or even months
of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time saved offsets their
cost, which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in business, industry, and
research.
Exercise 1: Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word. Or
words. That the circled words refer to. Then join the and the with arrows.
Modern accounting firms use spreadsheet software to do complicated calculations. They
can provide their clients with an up-to-date report whenever it is needed. This software has
many functions and can be integrated with other software. The spreadsheet's basic
component is a cell. This may contain a formula with performs a mathematical operation.
It could also contain a label or data. The former describes the information on the
worksheet. The latter is the information itself.
The worksheet is the basic work area of a spreadsheet program. It is made up of cells
arranged in rows and columns. The number of these varies depending on the software you
are using. You can change the width and format of cells. Such parameters are usually
quite easy to change with just a few keystrokes.

____________________________________
Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico
Curso: IV

Manual del Alumno

6
5. Prctica Calificada
6. Vocabulario Tcnico Bsico - Power Builder I
Translate the following passage:
Object-Oriented Concepts and Technologies as
Implemented in Power Builder
Many people will argue that Power Builder is not a true object-oriented (OO) language.
They are correct. Power Builder is an object-oriented development tool. It allows
developers to use object-oriented techniques to develop reusable objects and code. But
what is object-oriented technology and how does this benefit us, the developers? More
importantly, how does it benefit the user?
First, let's dispense with one myth. Object-oriented technology does not make a
developer's job easier. It makes developers more productive and successful, if used
correctly. The key to it all is in the words object-oriented.
How object-oriented languages and tools are used is determined by whether certain aspects
of object-oriented technology are supported and how they are managed. SmallTalk and
SmallTalk-based tools, for example, enforce object-oriented techniques. C++ and other
tools and languages allow object-oriented techniques to be used, but do not require it. In
the purists' eyes, if your development efforts are not object-oriented from start to finish,
you aren't developing OO systems. I agree, although I add that the language or tool is not
what determines the level of object orientation. It is the developer. And, it is the developer
who must learn that OO systems do not just happen. They are created. From the depths of
the design chamber to the frantic final keystroke, OO systems must be carefully designed
and planned before development teams bring the objects to life.
As Power Builder developers, we have learned that object-oriented development means
that we develop systems using objects that contain methods and attributes. Well, this part
is at least easy. Why? Because everything developed in Power Builder is an object. Thus,
by definition, we are all object-oriented developers. How much we orient ourselves to
object development is the key to success.

Manual del Alumno

__________________________________
Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico
Ciclo: IV

7
7. Enfoque Gramatical - Passive Voice
Passives are very common in technical writing where we are more interested in facts,
processes. And events than in people. We form the passive by using the appropriate tenses
of the verb to be followed by the past participle of the verb we are using.
Examples: Active :

1. We sell computers. (simple present)

2. Babbage invented They Analytical Engine. (Simple past).
Passive: 1. Computers are sold. (simple present)
2. The Analytical Engine was invented in 1830. (simple past)

Facts and Processes

When we write or talk about facts or processes that occur regularly, we use the present
passive.
Examples: 1. Data is transferred from the internal memory to the arithmetic-logical unit
Along channels known as buses.
2. The other users are automatically denied access to that record.
3. Distributed systems are built using networked computers.
Exercise 1 - Read the text below, which describes the insurance company's procedure for
dealing with PC-users' problems. Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in
brackets.
All calls ___________________(register) by the Help Desk staff.
Each call
_______________(evaluate) and then ______________________(allocate) to the relevant
support group.
If a visit _______________________(require), the user
________________(contact)
by
telephone,
and
an
appointment___________________(arrange). Most calls ___________________(deal
with) within one working day. In the event of a major problem requiring the removal of a
user's PC, a replacement can usually _________________(supply).
Events -When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive.
1. COBOL was first introduced in 1959.
2. Microsoft was founded on the basis
of the development of MS DOS.
3. The organization was created to
promote the use of computers in
education.

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Manual del Alumno

Exercise 2 - Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the appropriate form of
the verb in brackets.
1. Microsoft ________________________(found) by Bill Gates.
2. C language _______________________(develop) in the 1970s.
3. During that period, enormous advances _____________________(make) in computer
technology.
4. The following year, twice as many PCs__________________(sell).
5. In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs_______________________(set up) in laboratories
and offices around the world.
6. The first digital computer ___________________(build) by the University of
Pennsylvania in 1946.
7. Last year, more software companies _________________(launch) than ever before.
8. IBM's decision not to continue manufacturing mainframes _______________(reverse)
the year after it ________________ (take).
9. Vocabulario Tcnico - Sistema Operativo
1. addresses - in a computer's memory, a piece of information is stored at a particular
place. Each place has a numerical "address".
2. bit-mapping - storing graphical information in such a way that one or more binary
digits (bits) represent each pixel on the screen.
3. I/O - short for Input/output - normally refers to peripherals like monitor, keyboard,
mouse, etc.
4. Input - the information which is presented to the computer.
5. Multi-user - can be used by more than one person simultaneously.
6. Operating system - the fundamental system which enables a computer to interact
with the user.
7. Output - the result of data processing activity.
8. Palette - a choice of colours.
9. Parameters - elements of a command which can be varied to obtain different
results.
10. Peripheral devices - devices such as printer, monitor, etc. which are used in input
and output, but not in data processing.
11. PIP - a command in the CP/M operating system, used for copying.
12. Single-user - can be used by only one person at a time, like a normal PC.
13. Terminal - unit made up of at least one input and one output device. Mini
computers and mainframes typically work with a lot of terminals all connected to
the central unit. The terminal is a keyboard and a monitor connected to the central
unit.
14. To erase - same as delete or destroy.
15. To clear - an instruction which sets a counter or register to zero.
16. To format - to impose a predetermined structure either on data or on a storage
medium, such as a blank disk.
17. To interact with - to both receive input and give output.
18. To rename - to give something a new name, destroying the old one.
19. UNIX - an operating system for multi-user computer systems.
20. VMS - another operating system.

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Manual del Alumno

Read the text below

Operating Systems - The operating system of a computer is what sets the computer
hardware up for the user(s) to interact with it, and without such a system, it would be
very difficult to do anything with a modern computer. The operating system is made
up of a set of programs or routines which translate commands introduced by the user
into binary numbers (the language which the computer understands); and without such
a system, the only way to communicate with the computer would be by typing in
machine code. This fact is often passed over by people who spend all their time using
a wordprocessor or programming in Basic; both word-processors and high-level
languages like Basic are designed to make you forget that the operating system is
present, but to carry out their functions they are constantly relying on the various
facilities the operating system provides.
Most people think that the operating system is simply a series of commands which
carry out "housekeeping" functions. These include dealing with files (copying,
renaming, looking through the directory, etc.), altering the parameters of the peripheral
devices such as screen and keyboard (clearing the screen, redefining the effect of
certain keys, etc.) rubbing out (erasing) unwanted files and so on.
However, although such commands are an important part of the system, they in turn
depend on a set of fundamental "routines" which are stashed away permanently in the
computer's memory. To make this possible, the system sorts out the computer(s
memory. To make this possible, the system sorts out, the computer's memory into
"blocks" and "pages" and draws up an index to enable any program to look for the
different parts (for example to make it possible to print a letter on screen, there has to
be a "table" containing bit-mapped "pictures" of the letters, another to indicate the
addresses of the different lines of the screen, and another containing the full "screen
map").
What facilities the system offers to the user depends on the particular system and type
of computer: but on a typical micro using a system like the popular MS-DOS (DOS
stands for "Disc Operating System"), the user can address the system directly with
commands such as COPY or RENAME, and thus deal with a variety of housekeeping
tasks. Such an operating system is designed for a single user, and is served by a great
variety of software packages, as well as enabling the user to write and execute his own
programs.
There are, in addition, "multi-user" operating systems, which allow a number of
different users at different terminals to work simultaneously on the same central
machine. Such systems are designed to make the most efficient use of the CPU,
memory, and input/output devices, and they can cope with different users working on
different tasks/programs at the same time. Systems of this kind include UNIX and
VMS.

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Manual del Alumno

________________________________
Curso: Ingls Tcnico Bsico
Ciclo: IV

10
9.Enfoque Gramatical - Phrasal Verbs
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)

to carry out
to come
to cope with
to deal with
to depend on
to draw u
to enable
to look through
to pass over
to put off

11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)

to rely on
to redefine
To rub out
to set off
to set up
to stash away
to sort out
to terms with
to tidy up

Look the meaning of all these words in the dictionary.

Exercise 1 - translate the following sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The operating system of a computer is what sets the computer hardware up.
The system sorts out the computer's memory into blocks.
These functions include dealing with files.
Hes palnning to set up his own business.
I need someone to look after the children while Im out.

Exercise 2 Put the right verb in the right sentence.

Separable: back up (give support)
carry out (perform)
Draw up (prepare)
put off (postpone)
Set up (prepare for action)
sort out (organize)
Rub out (erase)
Inseparble: deal with (tackle a problem)
look like (resemble)
Pass over (ignore)
rely on (depend on)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Fred couldnt __________________all his plans _______________This supercomputer __________________a giant.

The secretary must ___________________all these papers___________.
Please could you ________________ this dirty blackboard!

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Manual del Alumno

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Ive____________the machine _________- all you have to do is sit down and

type!
None of our guests could come, so we __________our prty__________ to the
1st of May.
We _________________a plan of action for the following six months.
Nobody ________________Johns point of view _____________in the
discussion.
The accounts department will _________________your queries.
We are _______________you to be here at eight oclock.
The judge cannot ___________________this incident without further comment.
11

10 Examen Parcia (Mid-Term Exam)

11. Vocabulario Tcnico - Networks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

ARPANET a satellite-based network or WAN.
Bit a binary digit: either 0 or 1.
BITNET a US-based WAN, now common in Europe.
Circuit switching a closed path providing a continuous passage of fluids or
electricity to allow the tansfer of information.
ETHERNET another US-based WAN.
Frequency the number of complete cycles of a periodically variable quantity,
such as a pulse or wave, that occurs in unit time. It is measured in hertz.
Gateway a device that inteconnects two networks and whose presence is
usually visible to network users.
Header some coded information that precedes a more general collection of
data and gives details about its length.
Internetting connecting several computer networks together to form a single
higher-level network..
Multiplexing the process of combining multiple messages simultaneously on
the same physical or logical transmission medium.
Node a point of a communication network.
Packet-switching a technique by which communicatin resources are allocated
dynamically to multiple communicating entities.
Path a route between two vertices, the existence of paths between vertices
indicates physical connections between them or perhaps logical connections or
dependencies.
Spigots connections or interfaces necessary to link a computer to the network.
Distributed system the organization of processing whereby each process is
free to process local data. The processes exchange information with each other
over a network.

Exercise 1 Match these words and phrases with their definitions.

1.
2.

protocol
bulleting board

a. analyse the syntax of a string of input symbols

b. a teleconferencing system allowing users to read

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Manual del Alumno

3.

user interface

4.

make a query

5.

parse

6.

synchronous

messages left by other users.

c. agreement governing the procedures used to
exchante information between co-operating
computers
d. means of communication between a human user and
a computer system
e. taking place at exactly the same time as something
else
f. request a search

Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico

Ciclo: IV

12
Exercise 2 Read the text and fill in the gaps using the list of words below.
Computer networks link computers locally or by external communication lines and
software ____________________, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably.
The __________________between local are nd wide area networks is, however, becoming
unclear. Networks are being used to perform increasngly diverse tasks, such as carrying email, providing access to public databases, and for __________________. Networks also
allow users in on locality to share resources.
Distributed systems use networked computers. PCs or ___________________provide the
user _________________. Mainframes process _________________and return the results
to the users. A user at his PC might make a query against a central database. The PC
passes the query,written in a special language, to the mainframe, which then
____________the query, returning to the user only the data requested. This allows both
the network and the individual PC to operate efficiently.
In the 1980s, at least 100,000___________________were set up world-wide. As
_________________orbit satellites have lowered the price of long-distance telephone
calls, data can be transmitted more cheaply. In addition, ____________________cable has
been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be transmitted at a very
high speed using light signals. This will considerably reduce the price of network access,
making global networks more and more part of our professional and personal lives.
Networks should also improve our work _______________________and technical
abilities.
Distinction
Distributed systems
Synchronous
Parses

fibre-optic
LANs
workstations
screen handling

Exercise 3 - Translate the following sentences.

protocols
queries
environments

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Manual del Alumno

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

LANs are equally useful to large and small companies.

Companies can install their own LANs, provided they are not too big.
Whether or not a company6 builds a do-it-yourself LAN depends on the
amount of space available for the installation.
It is sometimes still possible to install part of a LAN if you dont have the
computer knowledge or time to do the whole job yourself.
You need at least three years computer maintenance experience before you
should attempt to install a LAN.
In order to install you own LAN, you need to be used to opening up computers,
adding and removing expansion boards, and consulting computer
documentation.
When installing your own LAN you should expect to have to repeat the same
process several times.
The installation process often causes computers to break down.

12 Vocabulario Tcnico Network Configurations

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

bit-map storing graphical information in such a way that one or more binary
digits (bits) represent each pixel on the screen.
but a mistke in a program or fault in hardware design.
e-mail electronic mail computer users send messages to each other via
modem (telephone connections).
fax abbreviation of facsimile. A method of sending digitalised graphic
images from one place to another.
modem a modulator/demodulator connection between a computer and
telephone line which converts signals to the correct form. Modems allow
information to pass from one computer to another at a distance, using telephone
lines.
fax modem a combined method of sending digitalised graphic images from
one place to another by modem.
to reformat to impose again a predetermined structure either on data or on
storage medium, such as a blank disk.
to code to transform a message from one symbolic form into another.
to retrieve to et back or recover: search for and access.
backup a resource that is, or can be used as, a substitute when a primary
resource fails or when a file has been corrupted.
interactive a word used to describe a system or a mode of working in which
thyere is a response to operator instructions as they are input.
linear a collection of items ordered by a ingle property.
multimedia a combination of text, audio and video information controlled by
a computer.
on-line connected to the system and usable. Off-line not connected.
to scrutinise to observe or investigate closely.

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Manual del Alumno

16.

token a unique sequence of bits granting permission to a user to send on a

network.

Read and translate the following text

1

Star
In the star configuration, the central compute performs ll processing and
control functions. All access devices are linked directly to the central
computer. The star configuration has two major limittions. First of all,
the remote devices are unable to communicate directly. Instead, they
must communicate via the central computer only. Secondly, the star
network is very susceptible to failure, either in the central computer or
the transmission links.

Switched
The central switch, which could be a telephone exchange, is used to
connect different devices on the network directly. Once the link is
established, the two devices communicate as though they were directly
linked without interference from any other device. At the end of the
session, the connection is closed, freeing capacity for other users and
allowing access to other devices. Multiple switches can be used to
create alternative transmission routes.

Ring
Each device is attached to a network shaped as a continuous loop. Data
proceeds in only one direction and at a constant speed round the loop.
Devices may send information only when they are in control of the
token. The token is a package of data which indicates which device
has control. The receiving device picks up the token, then clears it for
anothers use once it has received the message. Only one device may
send data at any given moment, and each device must be working for the
network to function.

Bus/Ethernet
A bus network consists of one piece of cable terminated at each end to
which all devices are connected. In a bus-based network, each device is
able to broadcast a message when it has detected silence for a fixed
period of time. All devices receive the broadcast and determine from
the content of the message whether it was intended for them. The only
problem odcurs when two devices try to send at the same time. When a
sending device detects anothers transmission, it borts its own.

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Manual del Alumno

Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico

Ciclo: IV

15
13 Vocabulario Tcnico Structured Query Language
1. Alias used to quantify a column name if there is ambiguity regarding the
source of the column name, e.g. when there is two or more columns
throughout the databasewith more than one name.}
2. AND a logical operator in which all of two or more possibilities must all
be true to satisfy the problem, e.g. expression = possibility 1 AND
possibility 2 expression will be true only if possibilities 1 and 2 are both
met.
3. AS used to declare an alias or a new column in a result table.
4. AVG returns the average of the values in a specified column.
5. Column known as a field or an attribute of a table in a database.
6. COUNT an SQL aggregate function that returns the number of values in a
specified column.
7. COUNT an SQL aggregate function that returns the number of values in a
specified column.
8. DESC using this command with an ORDER BY will order the output of a
query in descending form, either alphabetical or numerical.
9. EXISTS keywords designed only to be used with subqueries that returns
true if there exists at least one row in the result table returned by the
subquery.
10. Field known as an attribute or a column name, each field represents a
real-world characteristic of the object being modeled.
11. FROM specifies the table or tables to be used in the query, and is used
for making aliases.
12. GROUP BY clause which forms groups of rows with the same column
value.
13. HAVING filters groups of rows subject to some condition.
14. Join SQL operation that combines columns from several tables into a
result table.

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15. LIKE a pattern patch condition which searches for a particular text string
or numerical value.
16. LIKE a pattern patch condition which searches for a particular text string
or numerical value.
17. MAX returns the largest value in a specified column
18. MIN returns the smallest value in a specified column
19. NOT a logical operator in which the result is anything but the condition in
the NOT statement, e.g. expression = NOT possibility 1, expression is
anything but possibility 1.
20. NULL in a record the state of having no value for a particular field is
NULL.
21. OR a logical operator in which at least one of two or more possibilities
must be true to satisfy the problem, e.g. expression = possibility 1 OR
possibility 2 expression will be true only if either possibility 1 or 2 is met,
or both.}
22. ORDER BY clause which specifies the order of the output in a result
table.
23. Query an SQL constructed statement that searches a database and makes a
result table based on the conditions set out in the satatement.
24. Result in SQL context, the table that is made as the result of a query.
25. SELECT part of an SQL statement that specifies which columns are to
appear in the output. Each column must be separated with a comma, and
column names with spaces in them must be enclosed in{} square brackets.
26. Sorting ordering a result query in some fashion.
27. SQL Structured Query Language
28. Sub Query SQL statements can have a complete SELECT statement
embedded within }them, and this is a subquery.
29. SUM returns the sum of the values in a specified column.
30. Table a database structure organized with one or more attributes and
records that represents a real world object.
31. WHERE filters rows subject to some condition.
Query Language
At its simples, a query can be just a word or a phrase. But with the tips on this page, you
can expand the focus of your query to give you more complete results. These tips will get
you started with basic query language and acquaint you with the full power of the search
engine.
Look for words with the same prefix. For example, in your query form type key, to
find key, keying, keyhole, keyboard, and so on.
Search for all forms of a word. For example, in the form type sink to fin sink, sinking,
sank, and sunk.
Search with the keyword NEAR, RATHER THAN and, for words close to each other.
For example, both of these queries, system and manager and system near manager, look
for the words system and manager on the same page. But with NEAR, the returned
pages are ranked in order of proximity the closer together the words are the higher the
rank of that page.

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Refine your queries with the AND NOT keywords to exclude certain text from your
search. For example, if you want to find all instances of surfing but not surfing the Net,
write the following query: surfing AND NOT the Net.
Add the OR keyword to find all instances of either one word or another, for example:
Abbot OR Costello.
This query finds all pages that mention Abbott or Costello or both.
Put quotation marks around keywords if you want the search engine to take them
literally. For instance, if you type the following query: system near manager:.
The search engine will literally look for the complete phrase system near manager.
But if you type the same query without the quotation marks: system near manager.
The search engine searches all documents for the words system and manager.

Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico

Ciclo: IV
16
14. Vocabulario Tcnico Structured Query Language
Exercise 1 Translate the following text
Objectives of SQL
The purpose of SQL is to allow the user to perform basic data management tasks such as
the modification or selction of data, and it should allow the user to perform simple and
complex queries to transform raw data into useable information.
Importance of SQL
The importance of SQL stems worldwide. There is a major investment by both the vendor
and the user in the SQL language. SQL is the first and the only standard database language
to gain such international acceptance to this date.
Introduction to SQL command
An SQL statement consists of reserved words and user defined words. Reserved words are
a fixed part of the SQL language and have a fixed meaning. They must be spelt exactly as
required, and cannot be split across lines. User defined words are made up by the user,
according to certain syntax rules, and represent the names of various database objects such
as relations, column, views, indexes and so on. The words in a statement are also built
according to a set of syntax rules.
Most components of an SQL statement are case insensitive, which means that letters can
be typed in either upper or lower case. The one important exception to this rule is that
literal character data must be typed exactly as it appears in the database.
How to write an SQL statement

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Upper case letters are used to represent reserved words and must be spelt exactly as
whown.
Lower case letters are used to represent user-defined word.
A vertical bar indicates a choice among alternative.
Curly braces indicate a required element.
Square brackets indicate an optional element.
An ellipsis is used to indicate optional repetition of an item zero or more times.}
SQL does not have control statements. Consequently, SQL is commonly used with other
languages that do have control statements. SQL is used with a programming language
(Ada, C, COBOL, Fortran, MUMPS, Pascal, and PL/I) in two ways: by means of modules
or by means of embedding.
Module Language
A module language defined within SQL is used to create modules containing SQL
statements. A module contains a set of procedure definitions where each procedure
consists of parameter declarations and a single SQL statement. A procedure may be
invoked by the procedure call statement of the programming language. The module,
which is usually processed into some intermediate form, is generally associated with the
calling program either when the program is linked or when the program begins execution.
17
Embedded SQL
SQL statements may also be embedded within programming language text. SQL
statements and associated variable declarations in the host language text are enclosed
within EXEC SQL and ;. These embedded SQL statements and associated declarations
are preprocessed into suitable programming language syntax often consisting of procedure
calls. The preprocessed source text then becomes input to the program.
15 Prctica Calificada
16 Vocabulario Tcnico Diseo Grfico
1. CAD Computer Aided Design
2. Co-ordinates points on a map or drawingwhich are precisely identified as
numbers on a series of axes.
3. Resolution the amount of graphical information that can be shown on a visual
display.
4. Histogram a type of diagram which clarifies the evolution of something over
time.
5. Icon a pictorial diagram used in a menu to avoid dependence on natural
language.
6. Laser printer a modern type of electrophotographic printer.
7. Lightpen a device like a pen used with a cathode-ray tube display (e.g. a
normal monitor) to input information.
8. Joystick a device for generating signals used to more a cursor or sprite on a
computer screen.

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9. Pie-charts a type of diagram in which proportions are made explicit.

10. Pixel one element of a composite image.
11. PLOTTER a device like a printer used for giving fast graphic output.
12. Typeface letters, numbers and other printable characters which have been
designed in a particular style.
13. Window- part of a screen image which encloses the area in which operations
can be performed.
Exercise 1
Reading Text read the text below:
CAD AND GRAPHICS
It is easy for the owner of a powerful modern microcomputer, with all its wonderful
graphic capabilities, to forget that the first computers did not have monitors, and that noone in the early days would have dreamt that a computer could be made to produce
coloured pictures or animated displays. Now, of course, many people see graphic output as
an important aspect of computing, and expressions like bit-mapping and screen
resolution are often bandied about.
Why are graphic important? At the most popular level, of course, many people use their
home computers mainly for playing games, and the popularity of most games software
seems to bear a direct relation to the quality of the graphics (taking into account both the
pictures themselves and the speed and smoothness of movement in the case of animated
games.
But graphic output serves many other purposes. In a business context, many text
documents need to be accompanied by graphs, histograms, pie-charts and so on, and
modern computers are good at producing these. In industry and research, computers can
be made to give a visual representation of an object, enabling the user to explore it from all
angles and make alterations in design at the touch of a key. And in commerce, computers
are being increasingly used, for example to show a person what their new haircut or glasses
will look like on them before they take the plunge! One particularly important
development is CAD (Computer aided design), a term which refers to special software
packages which enable the user to control and manipulate lines, curves, symbols, shapes
and library drawings, along with various types of shading and fills, in order to create
sophisticated designs directly on the computer screen: the better packages can also cope
with rotating three-dimensional images, such programs can also be used to design cars,
clothes, furniture, houses anything which would otherwise have required the use of a
drawing-board, pencil and paper.
How does all this work and how is a graphics screen display fundamentally different from
a text display? The answer is that on most computer systems, the computer uses a kind of
shorthand to store text information: it translates letters into numbers according to a
standard code, and the operating system decides how to represent each number as a letter
on the screen by referring to a table. However, a freehand drawing cannot be simplified in
the same way: each individual pixel must be saved as a bit in a binary number this is

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Manual del Alumno

called bit-mapping. From the users point of view, such an image can be created on the
screen using either a lightpen, or a mouse, or an optical scanner.
Two important aspects to consider, especially when buying a computer, are the screen
resolution and the colours. Gone are the days when computer users had to put up with
those peculiar jagged or stepped letter shapes and graphics: modern computer
screens have a high screen resolution, which means they can fit more and smaller pixels
onto the sreen, resulting in finer detail and smoother curves. Likewise, it is reasonable to
expect a good monitor to give a wide variety of colours with subtle tones and shades
some computers are equipped to take colour cards which increase the possibilities. It is
also important to look at the printout quality for best results a plotter should be used.
And what about the future? Computers are already able to project a whole animated world
of scenery, complete with lifelike, moving animals and objects, around a person, and such
experiements may lead to new forms of home entertainment. They will soon be able to
reconstruct the features of a famous actor or actress, and make him/her take part in an
artificial but perfectly convincint animated film. The possibilities are endless but
whether they will be able to turn any Tom, Dick or Harry into a Picasso or a Van Gogh
remains to be seen.

19
Exercise 2 Answer these questions about the text.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

To what extent are graphics important for games?

Does graphic output serve other purposes? What are they?
What exactly is bit-mapping?
How might computer graphics develop in the future?
Can an actor take part in an animated film? How?
What does high resolution mean?
If you were a businessman and you had to buy a new computer for your work, what
questions would you ask the salesperson?
8. How can you create an image on a computer screen?
Exercise 3 Write the Spanish word for the following list of words.
1. angles
2. bit-mapping
3. CAD
4. drawing-board
5. fills
6. freehand
7. icons
8. histograms
9. jagged
10. lifelike

13.
l4.
l5.
l6.
17.
l8.
19.
20.
2l.
22.

pixels
plotter
shading
screen resolution
smoothness
stepped
subtle
take the plunge
three dimensional
to bandy about

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Manual del Alumno

11. multicoloured
12. pie-charts

23. to bear
24. to stand out

Course: Ingls Tcnico Bsico

Ciclo: IV

20
17.

Vocabulario Tcnico - Business Area Analysis

Entities
An entity is something about which we store data. It may be a tangible object such as an
employee, a part, a customer, a machine took, or an office. It may be nontangible, such as
a job title, a profit center, an association, a financial allowance, a purchase, an estimate, or
an insurance claim.
In analyzing information we study the entities of the enterprise in question. A typical
corporation has several hundred entity types. Its set of entity types does not change much
as time goes by unless the coporation moves into a fundamentally different type of
business. The entity types are charted on an entity-relationship diagram.
An entity has various attributes which we wish to record, such as size, value, date, color,
usage code, address, quality, performance code, and so on. Often in data processing we are
concerned with a collection of similar entities, such as employees, and we wish to record
information about the same attributes of each of them. A programmer commonly
maintains a record about each entity, and a data item in each record relates to each
attribute. Similar records are grouped into files. The result is a two-dimensional array.
Inside the box in Fig. 1 below is a set of data items. The value of each data item is shown.
Each row of data items relates to a particular entity. Each column contains a particular
type of data item, relating to a particular type of attribute. At the top of the diagram,

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Manual del Alumno

outside the box the names of the attributes are written. The leftmost column in the box
contains the data items that identify the entity. The entity in this example is a person, an
employee. The attribute referred to as the entity identifier in this case is EMPLOYEENUMBER.
Sucy a two-dimensional array is sometimes referred to as a flat files. The use of flat files
dates back to the earliest days of data processing when the file might have been on
punched cards. Each card in a file or deck of cards might contain one record, relating to
one entity. Certain card columns were allocated to each data-item type, or attribute, and
were called a field. When magnetic tapes replaced decks of cards and disks replaced
magnetic tapes, many programmers retained their view of data as being organized into flat
files.
Employee Name
Sex Grade Date of Depart- Skill Title Salary
No
Birth
ment
Code ___________
53730
JONES BILL W
1
03
100335
044
73 clerk 1100
28719
SMITH TOM P W
1
05
021242
172
43 plumber 1700
Figure 1.

Entity Records
In examining the data that needs to be stored in a corporaion we will think of it initially as
a collection of flat files. Each flat file contains information about one type of entity. A
record in that file contains information about one occurence of that entity. For example, a
CUSTOMER record contains information about one CUSTOMER. We will refer to this as
an entity record.
The entity record is a logical view of the data. The data may be stored in a different
form physically6 in a database. The entity record contains data about one and only one
type of entity. It contains all of the attributes of that entity that are stored. When we use
the term entity record, then, we are not referring to any old collection of data items but to a
rather special grouping of data. We refer to this as normalized data and use the term fourth
normal form.
18. Vocabulario Tcnico Information Strategy Planning.
Action diagram of the procedure for analysis of goals and problems:

Conduct Goal-and-Problem analysis

- Obtain any existing documentation which relates to goals or objectives:
Business plans
Information system plans
Technology plans
Annual reports
Executive reports and memos
Reports on Management-byObjectives interviews with executives.
Comment

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Manual del Alumno

Goals should focus on results

Should be as precise as possible
Goals should be measurable
Goals should be decomposable into work which has to be done
- Create an initial inventory of goals
Use an action diagram editor to represent the goal hierarchically.
- Determine which executives will be interviewed.
- Establish the format of the interview.
- For each executive
Conduct goal-and-problem interview
Review the portion of the business model which relates to this executive.
Note any changes that are needed.
Establish the goals of the executive.
Identify the problems he perceives in achieving those goals.
Identify possible solutions to those problems.
Identify how information systems could help.
Rank the goals and problems.
Organize and record the interview information
Clean up the interview information and enter it into the encyclopedia.
Refine the inventory of goals.
Rank the goals and problems.
Associate goals with organizational unit.
Associate problems with organizational unit.
Associate goals with problems.
Associate goals with information needs.
Associate problems with information needs.
Use the planning tool to analyze the goal and problem data.
Record any especially urgent information-system actions that are needed.
Submit the record of the interview to the executive for validation.
Record any changes that are requested.
Vocabulary
Objectives Objectives are general statements about the directions in which a firm intends
to go, without stating specific targets to be reached by particular times.
Goals Goals are specific targets that are intended to be reached by a given time. A goal is
thus an operational transform of one or more objectives.
Mission. The mission of an enterprise is the highest-level statement of objectives. It gives
a broad description of the purpose and policy of the enterprise.
Strategy A strategy in an enterprise is a pattern of goals, policies, and plans that specify
how an organization should function over a given period. A strategy may define areas for
product development, techniques for responding to competition, means of financing, size
of the organization, image the enterprise will project, and so on.

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Manual del Alumno

Part of the strategy of an airline might be to improve the route structure over which it flies.
An objective may be Develop more profitable route structure. A goal should have
specific targets for a specific time period, such as By year end, eliminate all routes with
an average seat occupancy of less than 40 percent.
19. Examen Final
20. Examen Sustitutorio