tern conan em Fundamentals of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake _ EngineeringFUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Bharat Bhushan Prasad {© 2009 by PHI Leaming Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in weting trom the publisher. 1SBN-978-61.203-2670.5 “The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher Second Printing ‘September, 2009 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-87, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhit 10091,CONTENTS Preface xiti 1. INTRODUCTION 137 1.1 Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Dynamics 1 1.2 Soil Dynamics and Structural Dynamics 2 1.3. Dynamic Loading and Dynamics of Vibrations 6 14 Stress Conditions of Soil under Dynamic Loading 7 1.5 Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 7 1.6 Lithological and Seismotectonics Profile of India 8 1.7 Some Past Indian Earthquakes 15 17.1 The Bhuj Earthquake 200115 7.2 ‘The Assam Earthquake 1897 17 173 The Bihar-Nepat Eanthquake 1934 18 1.8 Other Earthquakes of India 19 fanquakes 19 19. icity —Seismicity of the Earth 27 Lio 19.1. Global Seismic Hazard Assessment 25 Significant Case History of Some Past Earthquakes 27 110.1 San Franciseo, California, Earthquake (April 18, 1906) 27 1.10.2 Loma Prieta Farthquake, Part 1 27 1.10.3 Loma Pricia Earthquake, Part 228 110.4 San Femando Valley California Earthquakes 25 1.10.5. Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthguake, January 17, 1995 29 1-106. Tzmit (Kocaeli) Turkey Earthquake, August 17, 1999-Set I Coastal Effects 29 1.10.7 Duzce, Turkey Earthquake, November 12, 1999 30 1.10.8 Great Chile Earthquake of May 22, 1960.30 Uncertainty, Hazard, Risk, Reliability and Probability of Earthquakes 37 LULL Uncertainty and Hazard 37 LUL2 Risk, Reliability and Probability of Earthquakes 33vi_ Contents 12 Earthquake Prediction and Prevention 33 Problems 36 2, SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKES 38-96 mt 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Introduction 38 Structure of the Earth's Interior 44 2.2.1 Rheological Division of the Earth's Interior 49 Continental Drifts 52 23.1 The Mobile Belt 54 23.2 ‘The Gondwanaland Group 54 23.3 Occurrence of Distibution 56 2.34 The Himalayas 56 Plate Tectonics 58 Elastic Rebound Theory 67 Reservoir Triggered Seismicity 63 26.1 Mechanism of RTS Earthquakes 63 Mechanics of Faulting and Earthquakes 66 Size of Earthquake 77 28.1 Intensity of Earthquake 77 2.8.2 Magninide of Earthquake | 77 2.8.3 Energy Associated with Earthquake 80 Locating the Earthquakes 82 29.1 Location of the Epicentre 82 2.9.2 Determining the Depth of Focus of Earthquake 82 29.3 Isoseismal Maps 83) Plate Tectonics, Plate Boundaries and Earthquakes in India 85 2.10.1 Earthquakes in Peninsular India 87 2.10.2 Earthquake in Himalayan Region 89 2.10.3 Earthquakes in the North-Eastern Region 91 2.1044 Earthquakes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands 92 Measuring Earthquakes 93 Problems 93 3. THEORY OF VIBRATIONS 97-185 3.1, Introduction 97 3.2. Periodic Motion 99 3.2.1 Frequency Analysis 707 3.3. Classical Theory 103 34 Free Vibrations SDF Undamped System 110 3.9 Free Vibrations SDF Damped System [14 3.5.1 Free Vibrations of Viscously Damped System 118 3.6 Forced Vibration—SDF Undamped System 130 3.7. Forced Vibration—SDF Damped System 132 3.8 Energy Dissipation Mechanism—Types of Damping 14239 3.10 3.1 3.12 3.13 3.14 3s 3.16 System under Impulse and Transient Loading 1/47 39.1 Method of Solution 148 39.2 Duhamel’s Integral 150 39.3 Dirac Delta Function 153 ‘Transmissibility 155 3.10.1 Transfer Function 157 Fourier Analysis /58 Rotational and Torsional Vibration 162 Mobility and Impedance Methods 168 Analogue Method 174 3.14.1 Dimensional Analysis 177 Nonlinear Vibrations 177 Random Vibrations 179 Problems — 183 DYNAMICS OF ELASTIC SYSTEM 186-246 4d 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4.10 4 42 413 Introduction 186 Vibrations of Two-Degree Freedom System 188 4.2.1 Free Vibrations 188 4.2.2 Damped Vibrations 189 Vibrations of Multi-Degree Freedom System 193 Mode Participation Factor 207 Vibrations of Continuous Systems 272 Vibrations of Beams 2/4 Vibrations of Beams on Elastic Foundation 223 Vibration of Plates 228 Vlasov and Leontev Method for Vibration Analysis 231 49.1 Free Vibrations of Beams on Elastic Foundation 233 Vibration of Plates on Elastic Foundation 235 Numerical Methods 238 Dimensional Analysis 240 Analogue Method 247 Problems 243 WAVE PROPAGATION 247-291 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 One-Dimensional Wave Motion 249 5.3. Axial Wave Propagation 251 5.4 Solution of Wave Equation 252 5.5 Wave Propagation in an Elastic Infinite Medium 258 55.1 2D Stress Analysis 258 55.2. 3D Suess Alalysis 260 33.3. Solution for Equation of Motion—Primary Wave 277 53.5.4 Solution for Equation of Motions—Shear Waves 272 5.6 Lamb Theory for Wave Propagation 275Contents 5.7 Rayleigh Waves—Wave Propagation in Elastic Half Space 277 57.1 Mechanism of Wave Propagation at the Surface 282 5.7.2 Love Waves 282 5.8 Concepts of Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 282 S81 Phase Velocity 282 5.82 Group Velocity 283 5.8.3 Relationship of Group Velocity with Phase Velocity 284 5.9 Propagation of Flexural Waves in Beams on Elastic Foundations 286 3.9.1 Equation of Wave Motion 286 Problems 290 DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES 292-353, 6.1 Introduction 292 6.2 Representation of Stress Condition by Mohr’ Circle and Stress Path 293) 63 Dynamic Stress-Strain Relationship 297 6.4 Determination of Dynamic Soil Prope 6.1 Field Tests 299 642 Laboratory Tests 326 GA.3 Interpretation of Test Resulls 336 65 Shake Table Testing 337 6.6 Shear Phenomenon of Particulate Media 341) 6.7 Behaviour of Soil under Pulsating Load 343 68 Damping Ratio 351 Problems 353 298 DYNAMIC EARTH PRESSURE 354-375 7.1 Introduction 354 7.2. Classical Theory for Static Earth Pressure 355 7.2.1 Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory 355 7.2.2 Coulomb's Barth Pressure Thoory 357 723 Culmann’s Graphical Construction 360 7.3. Dynamic Earth Pressure Theory 367 74 Mononobe-Okabe Theory for Dynamic Earth Pressure 362 71 Yield Acceleration — 363 7.5 Displacement Analysis 365 7.6 Dynamic Stability Analysis 365 7.6.1 Effect of Saturation on Lateral Earth Pressure 369) 746.2. Pastially Submerged Backfill 370 7.7 Recommendations of Indian Standart Code of Practice 370 7.74 Lateral Earth Pressure 377 77.2 Dynamic Active Earth Pressure 371 7.73 Dynamie Passive Earth Pressure 373 7.7.4 Active Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge 374 7.7.5 Passive Pressure to Uniform Surcharge 374 Problems 374Contents ix 8. STRONG GROUND MOTION 376-407 % 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 Introduction 376 Strong-Motion Observations Studies Strong-Motion Measurement 383 83.1. Seismographs 383 83.2 Other Types of Seismograms 387 83.3 Data and Digitization 397 83.4 Strong-Motion Recon 392 Atray Observations 392 84.1 Amray Observations in Japan and USA 393 Characteristic of Strong Ground Motion 394 85.1 Earhquake Magnitude 394 85.2 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV), Peak Ground Displacement (PGD) 395 85.3 Duration of the Strong Ground Motion 396 85.4 Ground Motion Attenuation Model 396 85.5 Regression Analysis 398 85.6 Stress Diop 398 Strong-Motion Parameters and Its Evaluation 398 86.1 Frequency Content Parameters 398 86.2 Power Spectra 399 86.3 Bandwidth and Predominant Period 400 864 Spectral Parameters 400 86.5 Other Ground-Motion Parameters 401 86.6 Comer Frequency and Cutott Frequency 402 Evaluation of Strong-Motion Parameters 403 Method for Simulating Strong Ground Motion 406 379 Problems 406 SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS 408-439 OL 92 93 O48 Introduction 408 Meaning of Earthquake-Hazard Analysis 409 Parameters for Seismic Hazard Assessment 410 9.3.1 Evaluation of Seismic Souree 470 9132 Ground Motion Atenuations 410 913.3 Barihguake Recurrence Analysis 417 913.4 Local Site and Soil Conditions 412 Risk Index and Evaluation of Earthquake Motion 4/2 9.4.1 Historical Earthquake Data 473 914.2 Aleratory and Epistemie Variability 423 9.43 Logie Tice 414 914.4 Active-Fault Data 4/4 914.5 Evaluation of Probability of Earthquake Occurrence Based on Historica Earthquake Dara 415 9.46 Calculstion of Earthquake Occurrence Based on Active-Fault Data 4/5 914.7 Considerations of Combines Historical Earthquake Data and Active Fault Data 415