FACULTY OF CHEMICAL & NATURAL RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS & MATERIAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
TAJUK UJIKAJI

:-

First And Second Law Of Thermodynamics

KOD MATAPELAJARAN

NAMA PELAJAR
&
K/PENGENALAN

:-

SKF 2711

1.

OOI YEONG LIH (870919-14-5547)

2.

YEN SEE PING (880502-01-5674)

3.

NADIAH NAJLAA RODNEY (890601-12-5916)

4.

HUMAIDAH KHALIDAH WAHID (891109-075156)

5.

MUHAMMAD NOR AL. HADI B.MAHMUD

(891028-05-5153)

SEKSYEN
/KUMPULAN

01 /04

TARIKH UJIKAJI

2nd February 2010

NAMA PENSYARAH

Dr. Nurul Bahiyah Ahmad Khairudin

TARIKH TERIMA

SESI

2009/2010

SEMESTER

MAKMAL

ULASAN PENSYARAH

MARKAH

Thermodynamics

UNTUK KEGUNAAN MAKMAL

COP MAKMAL

T/T PENERIMA
CACATAN PENERIMA

PERKARA YANG DINILAI

Tajuk
Pengenalan (5%)
Teori (5%)
Prosedur Ujikaji (5%)
Keputusan (25%)
Perbincangan (25%)
Kesimpulan(10%)

02

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Jawab Soalan(20%)
Lampiran & Rujukan (5%)

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CONTENT
Page
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Title
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
10. Appendix

1
1
2
3
3
4
6
7
7
8

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1.0 TITLE
1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

2.0 Introduction
2.1 ABSTRACT
Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. Energy can be
viewed as the ability to cause changes. One of the most fundamental laws of nature is
the conservation of energy principle. It simply stated that during an interaction,
energy can change form one form to another but the total amount of energy remains
constant. That is, energy can not be created or destroyed. Thermodynamics can help
us in order to predict whether the work can happen or not. There are four laws of
thermodynamics, zero law, 1st law, 2nd law and 3rd law of thermodynamics. But, in this
experiment we just investigate the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics.

2.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, which are:

1st Law: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a

process; it can only change forms.

2nd Law: Energy will move from the place that has higher
energy density to the place that has lower energy density.
2. To show the student of the 1 st Law of Thermodynamics and the concept
of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
3. To prove the 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.

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3.0 THEORY
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics state that the energy cannot be created
nor be destroyed, but the energy can change form. In other words, we can
say that the total amount of energy remains constant.

General Energy Equation:

Energy in

Energy out

U2 - U1

Q - W

Where,
U1 = Initial internal energy of the system.
U2 = Final internal energy of the system.
Q = Heat rate.
W = Work done.
For this experiment, the energy balance was used in order to calculate the heat that
had been used. The energy balance for this system is:
Ein

Eout

= Esystem

Esystem

= 0

Usystem

Uhot water +

Ucold water

=0

mCp( T2 T1)hot water = mCp( T2- T1 )cold water = 0

2nd Law of Thermodynamics can be express by two statement below:

The Kelvin-Planck Statement
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservior and produce a net amount of work.
The Clausius Statement
It is impossible to construct a device that operate in a cycle and produced no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower- temperature body to a higher temperature body.
From both statement we can conclude that the clausius statement is more
accurate or significant to our experiment. This statement state that the energy
will be more prone to move from the higher density of energy to ther lower
density of energy without needs to make any work. By knowing the 2 nd Law of

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Thermodynamics, we can predict whether the process will happen or not by
applying the entropy concept.

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4.0 APPARATUS
Heater, thermometer, stopwatch, big beaker, small beaker and electronic
balance.

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. Both small and big beaker was weighed using the electronic balance.
2. The big beaker was filled with cold water and the mass of both beaker and water was
got by weighed both of it on the electronic balance.
3. The mass of water was jotted down by substating the value of mass for beaker filled
with water with the value of mass for empty beaker.
4. The small beaker was also filled with water and was heated until the temperature of
the water reached 90oC. On the same time, the temperature of the cold water was
measured.
5. The mass of the beaker that contain hot water was immediately measured to avoid
much heat transfer to the surroundings. The mass of the hot water was measured
6. Immediately the hot beaker that contain hot water was placed in the big beaker that
contain cold. On the same time, the sopwatch was set on.
7. The temperature for both hot and cold water was jotted down every two minutes until
both temperature nearly the same and remain constant.

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6.0 RESULT
6.1 Raw Data
Mass of hot water
Mass of cold water
Time
( min )

: 229.53g
: 989.30g
Hot water
Temperature,

Cold water
Temperature,

Thot ( oC )

Tcold ( oC )

88.0

29.0

74.0

35.0

66.0

37.0

61.0

37.0

55.0

38.0

53.0

38.0

48.0

39.0

48.0

39.0

47.0

39.0

45.0

39.0

10

44.0

39.0

11

43.0

39.0

12

42.0

39.0

13

42.0

39.0

14

42.0

39.0

15

41.0

39.0

16

41.0

39.0

17

41.0

39.0

18

41.0

39.0

19

40.5

39.0

20

40.0

39.0

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6.2 Graph of Temperature (C) versus Time (min)

Graph of Temperature (celcius) versus time (min)

100
90
80 f(x) = - 0.02x^3 + 0.69x^2 - 9.35x + 84.32
70
60
Temperature (celcius)

hot water

50
40
30
20

Polynomial (hot water)

cold+water
f(x) = 0.01x^3 - 0.2x^2 + 2.26x
31.45
Polynomial (cold water)

10
0
0

5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Graph 1: Temperature Versus Time

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7.0 DISCUSSION
From the graph plotted, there are two trends which can clearly show the theory of
thermodynamics. These theories are including both the first and second law of
thermodynamics.
The first trend in the graph is a parabola curve with negative gradient, which can show
that the temperature of hot water is decreasing with time. Meanwhile, the second trend in
the graph is a parabola curve with positive gradient, which shows that the temperature of
cold water is increasing with time. The changes in temperature for the hot and cold water
occur until both have almost same temperature.
This changing of temperature can be explained by the first law of thermodynamics that
the energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only can transfer from one form to another.
In this experiment, the heat energy from hot water is transferred to cold water and
surrounding but is not destroyed or disappeared. This can be proved by the fact that the
rise in temperature of cold water from 29 C to 39 C although there is no work or
heating process is done on the cold water. Moreover, the total of heat gain from the cold
water and the surrounding are almost equal to the heat lost in hot water.
Furthermore, the second law of thermodynamics which explain the quantity and
quality of energy also shown in this experiment. It is proved through the heat only can be
transferred from higher temperature body which is hot water to lower temperature body
which is cold water and surrounding. The heat energy is impossible to transfer from the
cold water to increase the temperature of hot water without any work supplied to the cold
water system. Hence, this has clearly shown that the direction of heat transfer is only
from the higher temperature body to lower temperature body, if there is no work done.
Besides that, the rate of temperature change for both hot and cold water is decreasing
with time. In other words, the heat transfer process occurs between the hot and cold water
is faster at the beginning of the experiment and getting slower with time. The difference
of cold water and hot water are almost zero at the end of the experiment. In order to
explain it, we can say that the rate of heat energy transferring between the systems and
surrounding is directly proportional to the difference of temperature between the systems
and surrounding.
From the energy analysis calculated, the heat energy of amount 46.130kJ transferred
from hot water to cold water and surrounding. However, there are only 41.422kJ of heat
energy was transfer to water, and it means the heat energy losing to the environment is in
amount of 4.708kJ.
Since the difference between the change of energy of cold and hot water is not equal to
zero, which is not the same as stated in theory, hence there have some errors occur during
the experiment. The errors that occurred are including:
1. The parallax error may occur when reading the temperature from thermometer.
This error will cause the readings are not accurate.
2. Secondly, the error may occur when not all the heat is transferred to the cold water.
It is possible for the heat to transfer to other lower-temperature body such as the
surrounding, the containers and the table surface. The heat energy will lose to the
surrounding faster as a result of stirring the water.
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3. The deviation from the real value in theory is because of there are winds or flows
of air from the fan. The flow of air will eventually cause the rate of heat lost to
surrounding increases. Hence, it will cut down the time for the system to achieve
equilibrium of heat transferred.
In order to minimise the errors mentioned above, there are some recommendations.
There are:
1. Firstly, the position of the eyes should be parallel with the meniscus of
thermometer when taking the reading. By doing so, the parallax error can be
avoided and the result will be more accurate.
2. Secondly, this experiment should be conducted in room. This is because there is
no heat transferred from sunlight to the system. During the experiment, the fan
should be switched off so that the flowing of surrounding air is minimised and the
rate of heat lost to surrounding can be reduced.
3. Thirdly, an insulated container for cold water should be used. This is because the
insulated container will reduce the heat lost to surrounding and will not affect the
result of the experiment.
4. Besides, the thermometer should not contact with the wall of the containers when
taking readings. This is because the temperature of the wall is different with the
water since it has different heat capacity. The temperature will rise up if
thermometer gets contact with the container which contains hot water and causes
the readings become not accurate.
5. Lastly, the temperature of the hot water should be lower than the boiling point, so
that the mass of water loss due to vaporisation can be reduced to minimum.

8.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the experiment conducted was following the first and second law of
thermodynamics. Even there have derivation from actual value and experiment result due
to some errors, but it obeys the second law of thermodynamics. The heat is transferred
from the higher-temperature body (hot water) to lower-temperature body (cold water).
The both system also achieve equilibrium when the temperature of cold and hot water are
almost the same at the end of experiment.

9.0 REFERENCE
i.
ii.
iii.

Wylen G.V. Sonntag R, and Borgnakke C.,Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 6th

ed.,John Wiley,New York.
http://www.pkukmweb.ukm.my/kimia/skimia/STKK 1113.
WYLEN G.V, SOONTAG R, and BORGNAKKE C., Fundamental of
Thermodynamic, John Wiley, New York

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10.0 APPENDIX
(1) The change in temperature for hot water:
T2 = 40.0 + 273.15 K = 313.15 K
T1 = 88.0+ 273.15 K = 361.15 K
T = T2 - T1
= (313.15 361.15) K
= 48.0 K

(2) The change in temperature for cold water:

T2 = 39.0 + 273.15 K = 312.15 K
T1 = 29.0 + 273.15 K = 302.15 K
T = T2 T1
= (312.15 302.15) K
= 10.0 K
(3) The mass of hot water:
mh = (229.53 / 1000) kg
= 0.22953 kg
(4) The mass of cold water:
mc = (989.30 / 1000) kg
= 0.9893 kg
(5) Heat capacity of water:
C = 4.187 kJ/kg-K
Energy changes for hot water

= mhotCp ( T2 T1 )hot
= 0.22953 x 4.187 ( -48 )
= -46.130kJ

Energy changes for cold water

= mcoldCp ( T2 T1 )cold
= 0.9893 x 4.187 ( 10 )
= 41.422 kJ

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(6) Given that
U system= U hot water + U cold water =0

mhC( T2 T1 )hot water + mcC( T2- T1 )cold water = 0

where,

mh: mass of hot water (kg),

mc: mass of cold water (kg),
C: heat capacity of water (kJ/kg-K),
T1 : initial temperature (K),
T2 : final temperature (K)

(7) Substitute the value in the equation

0.22953 kg x 4.187 kJ/kg-K x ( 48.0 K) + 0.9893 kg x 4.187 kJ/kg-K x 10.0 K

= - 4.708 kJ
This result is not compatible with the theory that stated above, which is U = 0 kJ.

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