NCP 27

Module12,ConstructionQualityManagement,NCP27,NICMARSODE
ASSIGNMENTNICMAR/CODEOFFICE
CourseNo.:
NCP27
CourseTitle:
ConstructionQualityManagement.
AssignmentNo.:
02
DateofDispatch:
LastdateofreceiptofAssignment
30092014
AtCODEoffice
Submittedby
Name:VivekKumarRai
Course:PGPCM
Reg.No2131011118232154
Page1
QUALITY
Qualityisanorm,stickingtowhichproducesagoodproductwhichfulfillsalltherequirements
andstandards.Assuch,civilworkisamultifacedactivityanditrequiresverydetailedandcareful
inspectionofqualityateverystageofconstruction.Asmallpointmissed/overlookedmayresult
a disaster.Itisthereforenecessarythatalltheengineersconcerned withconstructionindustry
should be aware of quality norms, substandard material, malpractice as well as shoddy
workmanship.Thereisanurgentneedforobservanceofqualityinallaspectsofconstructionviz
qualityofmaterial,qualityofworkmanshipandaproperbalanceinqualityvizthequalitydesired
withtheincreasedcompetition,timelycompletionandsoundconstruction.Themanagementhas
to have an actual role in the process of quality construction whether it is a road, an airport a
multi stored residential, an office building or an industrial structure. So quality management is
highlyneeded.
QualityManagementreferstoallplans,processandactivitiesthataredevelopedtoachievethe
intendeddegreeofconformanceindesignandexecutionofanyproject.Thequalitymanagement
systemconceptfocusesattentiononthefollowingaspectsoftheconstructionprocess:
1. Constructionisaonetimeactivity.
2. Constructionisbecomingmore&morecompetitive.
3. Qualityinconstructionstartsfromdesigningprocesstocompletion.
4. Qualityisexperience,soitshouldbedonewithcompletemanagement.
5. Qualitymanagementisresponsibilityofprojectauthority.
Page2
Qualitymanagementencompassesvariousprojectphasesofplanningprocurementconstruction
&finishedstructure.Itmobilizestechnicalmanagerialorganizationallandmanpoweraspectsof
construction.TheresultQMSmatrixispresentedinthechartbelow:
Quality
Management
Technical
Managerial
Organizational
Manpower
Planning
Designing
procurement
Construction
Finished
Quality
QualityControlConcept
Quality control refers to the technical process that gather, examine, analysis and report the
project is in progress and in conformance with the performance requirement. Quality control
mainlyrelatestofourbasicfunctions.
i.
Settingupofstandardsandspecifications.
ii.
Evaluatingmaterialsprocessesandoutputsthroughappropriatetests,inspectionetc.
iii.
Appraising failures to these standards and acting when standard are not being
adheredto.
iv.
Planningimprovementsinthestandardsandspecification.
Variousstagesofqualitycontrolarelistedbelow.
Incomingmaterialcontrol
PreConstructionandPlanningControl.
ConstructionProcessControl.
Page3
Thedetailedstepsintheproceduredependuponthescopeandtypeofworkandownerspolicy
decision.
Quality management System
Technical
Technical
Organizational
Organizational
Quality
Assurance
Quality
Manpower
Manpower
Quality
Quality
Page4
Determine Performance Standards of a Facility
Design Options
Select a Design
Setup Design Tests
Formalize Specification
Plant
&
Machinery
Diode Construction Methods
Organizational
Q-Control
Q-Assurance & Q-Audit
Test Records
and Reports
Test Records
and Reports
Procurement
Procurement
Vendor
Material
Process
Finish
Page5
STANDARDS&SPECIFICATIONSFORMAKING&TRANSPORTINGCONCRETE
Introduction
Concrete is the most versatile construction material used in civil engineering structures. Its
growing use in modern complex and large projects including river valley projects merits the
closest attention of designers and constructors in order to achieve durability and design level
serviceability over the life span of the structure with minimum maintenance and repairs. The
needforqualitymanagementsystembecomesanobviousandessentialrequirement.
StandardsandSpecification
Thequalityofconstructiondependsuponrightmaterialsused,thecorrectmethodsfollowedad
produce and product of acceptable performance. Quality control attempts to ensure just that
much. The means of quality control are tests, inspection supervision and analysis of date etc.
qualitytestareconductedinlaboratoriesandinspectionandsupervisionarecarriedoutonthe
siteandthedateanalysisindonebyexpertsinoffice.
Specification
The project authorities prepare the process of working out specification of various facilities
where concrete will be used. However, the standards and specifications for concrete and its
various ingredients are Universally standardized and they are required to be in ingredients viz
cement aggregates coarse and fine, water admixtures and various aspects of concerning its
placement&finalacceptanceshouldbeasperISspecification.
Page6
Sr.No.
IS.No.
TITLE
IS226
Specificationforstructuralsteel
IS269
Specificationforordinaryandlowheatportlandcement
IS383
Specificationforcoarseandfineaggregates
IS432
IS456
Specification for mild steel and medium tensile Steel bars for concrete
reinforcement
Codeofpracticeforplainandreinforcement
IS650
Specificationforstandardsandfortesting
IS1489
SpecificationforPortlandPozzolonaCement
IS1786
IS2502
10
IS3025
11
IS4082
12
IS9103
13
IS10262
Specification for cold wanted steel high strength deformed bars for
concretereinforcement.
Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete

reinforcement.
Methods of sampling and test (Physical and Chemical) for water used in
industry
Recommendations on stocking and storage of construction materials at
site
Specificationforadmixturesforconcrete
Handbookonconcretemixes
14
SP22
Handbookonconcretemixes
15
SP24
Explanatory handbook on Indian Standard Code for plain and

reinforcement(IS:456)
CoarseAggregate
Stone:Thisshallbecrushedorbrokenfromhardstoneobtainedfromapprovedquarry.Itshall,
be hard strong dense and durable,clean and fee from soft friable, thin, flatelongated dirt and
any other foreign matter. However, the total amount of deleterious substances such as coal,
Page7
lignite,claylumps,softfragments,foreignmaterialsandotherdeleteriousmaterialsinthestone
aggregateshallnotexceed5%ofitsweight.
Gravel: Incaneither be river bed shingle or pit gravel. Itshall be sound, hard,clean,suitably
graded in size with or without some broken fragments. This shall be free from flat particles of
shale,poweredclay,slit,loamandotherimpurities.Howeverpitgravelshallhavetobewashedif
itcontainssoilmaterialadheringtoit.
Brick: It shall be obtained by breaking well burnt or over burnt dense brick bats. It shall be
homogenous in texture, roughly cubical in shape, clean and free from dirt or any other
deleteriousmatter.
Stacking: Whenstackpilingtheaggregateshallnotformpyramidsresultinginsegregationof
different sized materials. It shall be stacked separately according to nominal sizes of coarse
aggregatesinregularstacksofheightnotexceeding150cm.
Testing:Coarseaggregateshallbetestedforthefollowing
a. Determinationofparticlesizeandshale
b. Estimationoforganicimpurities
c. Surfacemoisture
d. DeterminationoftenpercentfinesValue
MeasurementTheaggregatesshallbemeasuredinstacksandpaidforaftermakingadeduction
of7.5ofthegrossmeasurementsofstacksinrespectofaggregatesofnominalsize40mmand
Page8
above.Inrespectofaggregatesofsizesbelow40mm,nodeductionshallbemadefromthegross
measurementsofstacks.
Admixtures: When required, admixtures of approved quality shall be mixed with concrete, as
specified.
TransportationofConcrete
Concretefromthemixershouldbetransportedtothepointwhereithastobeplacedasrapidly
aspossiblebyamethodwhichpreventsthesegregationoflossofingredients.Theconcretehas
tobeplacedbeforesettinghascommenced.Attemptshavebeenmadetolimitthetimetotime
betweenmixingandcompactionwithintheforms.Thespecificationshoweverpermitamaximum
oftwohoursbetweentheintroductionofmixingwatertothecementandaggregates,andthe
dischargeiftheconcreteistransportedinatruckmixeroragitator.Intheabsenceofanagitator,
this figure is reduced to one hour only. All these however presume that the temperature of
concretewhendepositedisnotlessthan5Cormorethan32C.ithasnowbeenestablishedthat
delaysinplacingconcreteafterthesocalledstrengthsprovidedtheconcreteretainsadequateto
allowfullcompaction.
Therequirementstobefulfilledduringtransportationare:
i.
Nosegregationorseparationofmaterialsintheconcreteand
ii. Concretedeliveryatthepointofplacingshouldbeuniformandofproperconsistency
Thepreventionofsegregationisthemostimportantconsiderationinhandlingandtransporting
concrete. The segregation should be prevented and not corrected after its occurrence. The
concrete being a nonhomogenous composite of materials of widely differing particlesizes and
Page9
specific gravities is subjected to internal and external forces during transpiration and placing
tendingtoseparatethedissimilarconstituents.
Segregation can be prevented by ensuing that the direction of fall during the dumping or
droppingorconcretevertical.Whenthedischargeitatanangle,thelargeraggregateisthrown
tothefarsideofthecontainerbeingchargedandthemortariscollectedatthenearsidethus
resultinginsegregation.
Theplantrequiredfortransportingtheconcretevariesaccordingtothesizeofthejobandthe
levelatwhichtheconcreteistobeplaced.Theprincipalmethodsoftransportingconcretefrom
themixerare:
i.
Barrows
a. Wheelbarrowsandhandcarts
b. Powerbarrowsorpoweredbuggiesordumpers
ii.
TippersandLorries
iii.
Truckmixersandagitatorlorries
iv.
Dumpbuckets
v.
Themonorailsystemortrolleyorrails.
SQC
Q.C.FunctionsinConcrete
Thequalifycontrolofconcretecomprisesofthefollowingfourfunctions:
i.
Control of ingredients of concrete viz, cement, coarse and fine aggregate, water and
admixtures.
ii. Concrete mix proportioning or concrete mix design to attain the required strength
specifications.
Page10
iii. Concreteproductionandplacementoperations.
iv. Acceptance.
Theresponsibilityofallthefourfunctionsissharedbycontractor,thedepartmentorclientand
the quality control staff. The functions are discharged through an intricate network of testing,
supervisionandinspectionproceduresperformedintheprescribedmanner.
Qualityassuranceinconcreteincludesarefollowingbasicprograms;
i.
Preparationofconcerningmanualsforworkers,supervisorsandengineers.
ii.
Providing training to all those involved in the concerning function to discharge their
responsibilityanddutiesinthemannersprescribed.
iii.
Preparation of a schedule of job description and job specification and organizing charts
focusingontheinterfacebetweenallpersonsandpartiesinconcreteconstruction.
iv.
Making quality a joint responsibility and accountability by creating appropriate

organizationsforthepurpose.
v.
Setting up on internal and external quality audit systems. Establishing and monitoring a
good MIS (Management Information System) procedure and computerizing the same
whereverpossible.
vi.
Providingthenecessaryresourcesphysical,financialandpersonnelasandwhenrequired.
The concept of quality assurance assumes that the contractor is best qualified to perform,
superviseandverifytheworkassignedtohim.Clientsandauthorizedirecttheireffortsmainlyto
theauditfunctionwherebytheymakecertainthattheintendedqualityisinallrespectsobtained
Page11
andwelldocumented.Whereaclientchoosestobeinvolveddirectlyorindirectly,thedegreeof
involvementisclearlyformalizedthroughestablishedandagreedCoordinationprocedures.This
maybeforthedaytodaycontrolandmonitoringofacceptanceprocedures.
Quality management system is based on the concept of Engineering for quality rather than
inspection of quality. It believes that quality starts from design stage itself and permeates
throughoutprocurement,constructionandacceptancestages.Iholdthatthequalitycanneither
be departmentalized nor compartmentalized and that it is a matter of joint accountability and
responsibilityofeveryoneinvolvedintheconstructionprocess.Forthispurposeitintegratesthe
qualitycontrolprocessesandqualityassuranceprogramintooneunifiedplanofaction.
Tests
Testsareusedtodeterminethevariouspropertiesofthematerials,whichhelpintheirselection
as well as for ascertaining the quality of final product. The test results are compared with the
prescribed standards and specification and judgments are arrived at. Proper methods of
sampling,prescribedproceduresoftesting,wellqualifiedandtrainedpersonnelfortestingwork
andproperlyequippedlaboratoriesarenecessary.
Whattotest
Themanufacturedgoodssuchascementandsteelcarrytheirsupplierswarranteebutthisdoes
not mean that they are not to be tested. In case of materials like aggregate and water the
propertiesmayvary widelyovertimeandspace and properselectionhastodoneto meetthe
engineeringrequirements.
Page12
The raw materials are processed to obtain the final product. The processing need to be tested
andsupervisedcarefully.Someintermediateprocessmaynotbehavingtestsandtheycannotbe
testedandtheinadequaciesifanycanbeknownonlywhenthefinalproductistested.Insuch
situationthetestingoffinalproductisimportant.
Thishelpstoascertain:
i.
ConformitytoSpecification
ii. Validityofdesignassumption
iii. Needofmodificationduetoanyerror
iv. Comparativepositionofworkatdifferentsites.
Thedataanalysisandinterpretationbecomesmeaningfulonlyifobservationsareadequateand
frequenciesarenumerousinrelationtothevolumeandimportanceofwork.
All tests prescribed under ASTM, BS and IS for judging various quality parameters of cement
aggregates water and admixtures and the final concrete are presented in table 1 and 2 The
frequenciesoftestsandsamplesrequiredareshownintable3and4
TABLE1
Testsforadjustingvariousparametersofcementaggregateandconcrete.
TESTS
A.TESTSFORCEMENTCHARACTERSTICS
1. SettingTime
2. Soundness
Page13
3. Strength
4. FinenessandGrading
5. ChemicalComposition
6. Specificgravity
7. Heatevolution
8. Waterretention
9. Falseset
10. Adulteration
B.TESTSFOREVALUATIONOFCHARACTERISTICSOFAGGREGGATES
1. Petrographyexamination
2. Gradingandsurfacearea
3. Bulkunitweight
4. Specificgravity
5. Absorptionandsurfacemoisture
6. Chemicalstability
7. Resistancetofreezeandthaw
8. Abrasionresistance
9. Crushing
10. ImpactValue
11. SamplingAggregate
C.TESTSFORWATERFORCONCRETEMAKING(Testforimpurities)
Page14
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
3. Sulfates(asSO4)
4. Chlorides
5. Suspendedmatter
6. Hydrogenionconcentration
7. Seawater
8. Sugar
D.TESTSFOREVALATIONOFCONCRETINGPRACTICES
1. Bathingofconcreteconstituents
2. Proportioning
Samplingoffreshconcrete
Analysisoffreshconcrete
3. Mixing
Unitweightofconcrete
Aircontent
CementContent
Yield
4. Transporting
MoistureContent
Segregation
Page15
Settingtime
5. Placing(Workability)
Slumptest
Flowtest
Ballpenetrationtest
6. Compaction
Veebeetest
Compactionfactor
Bleeding
E.DESTRUCTIVETESTSFORCONCRETESTRENGTH
1. Standardformakingtestspecimen
FieldLaboratory
2. Methodofcappingtestspecimen
3. Drilledcoreandsawedconcretespecimen
4. Compressivestrengthtest
5. FlexuralStrengthtest
ThirdPointLoading
CenterPointloading
6. SplittingStrength(indirecttension)
7. Bondstrength
F.NONDESTRUCTIVETESTSFORCONCRETESTRENGTH
Page16
1. Reboundhammertest
2. Penetrationprobetest
3. Vibrationsonictest
Longitudinal
Flexural
Torsion
4. UltrasonicPulsevelocitytest
5. Pullouttest
G.TESTSFORPHYSICALPROPERTIESONCONCRETE
1. Durabilitytest
2. Shrinkageandmoisturetest
3. Abrasionresistancetest
4. Permeabilitytest
5. StaticmodulesofelasticityandPoissonsratio
6. Alkalireactivitytest
7. Creepofconcreteincompression
Page17
TABLE2
TestsConductedonConcreteanditsIngredients(AsperIS:23861963)
Sr Cement
.
N
o.
Pozzolo
na
Aggregate during Aggreg Admixturesfor

sourcesselection ate site
lab
Concrete
Coiners
Fine
Gradin
g
Finene
ss
Modul
us
FalseSet Pozzolon Specific Specifi
gravity c
a
gravity
Activity
Alkali
Tempera Tempera Alkali
ture
ture
Aggrega Aggreg
ate
te
Reactivit Reactiv
ity
y
Soundne Sound
Soundne Water
ness
ss
Require ss
ment
Setting Moistur
e
Time
(Initial & Content
final)
Grading
Fineness Fineness Impact

Value
Organi
c
Impuri
ties
Compres Relative Crushing Salt
sive
Density Value
and
clay
conten
t
Loss of Loss of Abrasio Materi
ignition ignition nValue al finer
than
75
micron
(IS
Produc Perform
t
ance
Unifor
mity
Grading Density Unit
Weight
Fresh
state
Harde
ned
state
Unit
Weight
Streng
th
Specific Colour
gravity
Air
content
Air
content
Densit
y
Moistur PH
Value
e
content
Water
Require
ment
Water &
Cement
Require
ment
Volum
e
Chang
e
Soundn
ess
Chlorid
e
Setting
Time
Impact
value
Dissolv
ed
Tempera Modul
ture
us of
Elastici
ty
Bleeding Bleeding Strain
Capaci
ty
Crushin Suspen Creep

gValue ded
matter
workab
ility
Abrasio
Strength
nValue
Develop
ment
Therm
al
proper
ties
Page18
Sieve)
Crushing
Rock
Strength
Chemica
l
Composi
tion
Particle
Shape
1
0
1
1
1
2
Petrogra
phic
examina
tion
Unit
weight
Water
Absorpti
on
Mica
Content
Bulking
ofsand
Volume
Change
Durabilit
y
Deleter
ious
Substa
nce
Unit
Weight
Water
Absorp
tion
TABLE3
FREQUENCIESOFTESTSTOBECONDUCTED
Sr.
NameOfTests
MassConcrete
No
Small
Concrete Remarks
Jobs and R.C.C
Works
of One every 50 of Also carry out
cement
tests
as
mentioned in
appendices
M.N.PandOat
thisfrequency
if
AdulterationofCement
Particle size analysis of i) Onceaday.

aggregate
ii)
Additional
sourceischange.
Flakiness index of Asperabove
Asperabove
coarseaggregate
i) Onceaday.
Still test of line i) Onceaday.
if
aggregate
ii) Additional if source ii) Additional
source
is
ischange.
change
Clay, fine silt and fine Onceaweek
Onceafortnight
dust in aggregate(
50
One every
cement
Abrasi
on
Resista
nce
Durabil
ity
Page19
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Sedimentationmethod)
Surface
moisture
content
if
fine
aggregate( Hot plate
method)
Surface
moisture
content
if
fine
aggregate (Laboratory
method)
Bulking
of
fine
aggregates
Specific gravity and
water absorption of for
aggregate
Specific gravity and
water absorption for
aggregates
(above
10mmsize)
Slump
of
cement
concrete
Onepershiftperstock One per shift per

pile
stockpile
Onceaweek
Onceafortnight
Onepershiftperstock
pile
Onceaweek
Onceaweek
Onceafortnight
Onceafortnight
One per every two

hours working per
mixer
Slump
of
cement One per every two
concrete
hours working per
mixer
Densityandaircontents i) One per mixer
offreshconcrete
week.
ii) Additional if source
of aggregate is
changed
One per every two

hours working per
mixer
i) One per mixer
week.
ii) Additional
if
source
of
aggregate
is
changed
Compressivestrengthof As directed by design As directed by
drilledcores
office
designoffice
Laboratorypermeability One per month for Nil
(a) Mouldedspecimen everymixproportion

One per monolith per Nil
(b) Drilledcore
3Mdepth.
Insitupermeability
One hole at 20m. Nil
distance per working
season for full depth
duly staggered or
minimumoneholeper
monolith
TABLE4
Page20
FREQUENCIESOFTESTSTOBECONDUCTED
Sr.No
Purposeoftests
Weightofsample Remarks
required
Adulteration
Cement
1
About 100kg of
the samples shall
be served in air
tight container in
case of doubt
aboutitsquality
Tests
on Coarseaggregate 100
aggregate such
40
as particle size, Fineaggregate
flakiness index,
surface moisture,
bulking specific
gravityandwater
absorption
Complete
mix Cement coarse
design
of aggregate surkhi
concrete/mortar lime
Material
DetailsofTests
The detail information on the tests for measuring various characteristics types of test, test
specimenapparatusparametersderivedsignificance/applicationandrelevantASTM,BSandIS
standardsisgivenasperlistbelow.
Sr.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Item
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Admixture
Evaluationofconcreteproperties
Destructivetestsforconcretestrength
Nondestructivetestforconcretestrength
Table
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Page21
TABLE5
Sr
.
N
o
1
Type
of
tests
Test
Specimen/App
aratus
Parameter
Derived
Significance/A Remarks
pplication
Different
of
on type
needles for
initial and
final
setting
Sound Le
chattier, Expansion in Presence of Checks for
developme
excess
ness
Part
and dimension
gypsum, lime nt of serve
Autoclave test
cracks
ormagnesia
methods
Streng Briquettes and Loadperunit Strength of Loss
of
th
cubes
area
cementused strength
due
to
storage
of
Specific
Uniformity in Rate
Finene Air
in
surfacearea quality
of gain
ss and permeability
strength
cement
photo
gradin and
electric
g
of Classificati
Percent of Quality
Chemi Chemical
cement
on
of
analysis
various
cal
cement
cement
compo
constituents
sition
Specifi Le
chattier Weight per Uniformity in
c
flask
unitvolume cement
gravity
supplied
Simple
Heat
of Calories of Mass
Heat
laboratory
heatevolved connecting
evalua solution
cold weather test
method
tion
concerning
Masonry
Workability
Percent
of
Mortar
made
Water
cement
of mortar
retenti withcementin water
mix
suction
standard
on
manner
of
False
Vicat
Depth
of False setting, Rate
setting of
tests
apparatus
penetration premature
cement
stiffening
Setting Vicat
Time
Apparatus or
Gull
more
needle
Quality
Time
available for control
cement
concrete
supplied
forming
AST
M
BS
IS
C191 4550 4031

C226
C15 4550 4031
C190 4550 4013

C109
C917
C114 4550 4013
C114 4550 4032
C118 4550 4031
4550 269
C91
C359
TABLE6
Page22
TestsforEvaluationofCharacteristicsofAggregate
Sr.No Tests
Significance Tests
characteristic of
methods
importance
1
Petrography Presence of Visual
examination impurities
examination
2
Grading and Workability State
surfacearea of
fresh analysis
concrete
economy
Specification ASTM
requirement
BS
IS
C295
D75
Max. And C136
C125
Min.
C33
percent
passing
standards
sieves.
Max. and C29
Min. Unit
weight
882
2386
812
2386
Batting
method
C127
C128
812
2386
Drying
method
C70
Min.
percent of C127
C128
water
C566
C27
Max.
Expansionof C289
mortar. Not C586
C88
reactive
withcement C117
C40
alkalis
812
2386
C290
C291
C682
C131
812
2396
Bulk
unit Mix design
weight
calculation
and
classification
Specific
Mix design
gravity
calculation
of ensure
uniformity
Quality
Absorption
and surface control of
concrete
moisture
Weighing
method
Chemical
stability
Chemical
analysis
Strength
and
durability of
all
structures
to
delete
harmful
inorganic
compounds
Resistant to Decides the
freeze and porosity
structures
thaw
subject to
weathering
Abrasion
resistance
Icing and Max.

expansion
deciding
of mortar
test
bar
not
reactive
withcement
Index
of Mechanical Max.
test
percentloss
aggregate
quality
soundness
812
2386
4101134
Page23
10
11
andcrushing
value
Crushing
Index
to
strength
aggregate
quality
soundness
andcrushing
value
Impactvalue Index
to
impactvalue
soundness
in
compassion
Sampling
Influence on
aggregate
testresult
Minimum
Standard
loadapplied value
test
812
882
2396
Minimum
Standard
impact load value
test
812
2396
812
2430
Sampling
techniques
Max & Min D75

samples
D702
TABLE7
TestsforWaterforConcreteMaking
(ToleranceLimitandEffectofIngredients)
Sr.
Ingredients
Tolerancelimit(IS456)
No
Reinforced
Mass concrete
concreteMax. Max
1
Organic
200mg/l
200mg/l
2
Inorganic
3000mg/l
3000mg/l
InfluenceandeffectinconcreteHigher
value(H)/Lowervalue(L)
3
4
Sulphates
Chlorides
500mg/l
1000mg/l
500mg/l
2000mg/l
Suspended
matter
Hydrogen
concentration
Seawater
Sugar
2000mg/l
2000mg/l
Adverselyaffecthardeningofconcrete
Greatly retard both setting and
strength
Reducesthe28daystrength(H)
Enhancesbothhardeningandstrength
rate. Results in corrosion and
deterioration
Adverseeffectonstrength
Morethan6
Morethan6
Resultsforcorrosionofsteel(H)
0.25%
35000ppm
0.25%
Reductioninstrength(H)
Rapid setting but, reduction in
strength, retards setting time (H & L
value)
6
7
8
Page24
TABLE8
CodeofPracticesforAdmixturesanditsinfluence
Sr.
Classification Purpose/Influences
No
Improves durability to freezing and thawing.
1
Air
Surfacescalingreducessegregationandbleeding
entraining
admixture
3
4
6
7
C260
C233
C226
C175
C595
Increase strength and slump of concrete
increaseindryingshrinkage
Water
reducing
admixture
Retarded
Retardingandsettingtimeofconcreteandgrout
agent
Accelerating To accelerate the setting time and strength
admixture
development early removal of forms increase
thedryingshrinkage
Pozzolona
Fine particles combines with calcium hydroxide
toformcementitiousproperties,controlinternal
temperatureinmassconcrete
Workability Improve slump, reduce, water cement ratio,
agents
facilitateplacingandfinishing
Reduce the capillary flow of moisture through
Damp
concrete that is in contact with water or
proofing.
Permeability dampness
agents
Grouting
To alter the properties of grout for specific like
agent
stability, foundation, cracked, fill joints, seal oil
wallsetc.
Forming
To entrain gas form in concrete before
agent
hardeningappliedforgroutinginposttensioning
TABLE9
DestructiveTestsforConcreteStrength
Sr. Typeoftest
Type
Parameterused
No
specime
n
1
Standard
for
ASTM
Significanc
e/Applicati
on
Influences
BS
IS
5075 9103
5075 9103
5075 9103
D98
D345
5075 9103
C219
C618
3892 3812
1344
C618
4887
743
2645
C937
C869
C796
ASTM
BS
IS
C31
1881
1199
Page25
making
test
specimen a field b
laboratory
Method
of
capping
test
specimen
Drilled core and
sawed concrete
specimen
Compressive
strengthtest
to
test
result
C617
Uniform
loading
test
Field
C42
application
1881
516
1881
1199
Ultimate failure Strength in C39

load
compressio C513
C873
n
C116
C78
C683
Ultimate failure Modulusof C293

repute
load
Modulusof
Ultimate failure repute

load
C496
Splittingload
Tensile
strength of
concrete
Bond
strength Comparing C234
between
steel concrete
mixes
andconcrete
1881
516
1881
516
Cube
and
cylinder
Cube
and
cylinder
Flexural strength
test
a. Third point
loading
b. Center
point
loading
Beam
Beam
Splittingstrength
Cylinder
Bondstrength
Cubes
and
Prism
TABLE10
NonDestructiveTestsforConcreteStrength
Sr.N Type of Type Param Parame Applicatio

o
test
speci eter
ter
n/
men measur derived significanc
ed
e
1
Reboun Test Degree Strengt Testing of
concretruc
h
speci of
d
hammer men reboun through tual
calibrati member
or in d
test
situ receive on
conc d
rete
2770
2770
Advanta
ges
Disadvan
tages
ASTM BS
Payable
simple
in
operatio
n
Variable C805
results
only
quality of
surface
concrete
440
8
I
S
Page26
Penetrat Test
ion
speci
men
or in
situ
conc
rete
Vibratio Bea
n sonic ms
cylin
test.
a. Longi ders
tudin Bea
m
al.
b. Flexu cylin
ders
ral.
c. Torsi
on
Ultrason Test
ic pulse cube
velocity s
conc
test
rete
mem
ber
Pull out Pull

test
put
inter
est
Testing Portable
concret simple in
operation
e
structur
al
Resona
nt
freque
ncies
of
elastici
ty
Quality
control
deterio
ration
of
concret
e
Single
specimen
Single
accurate
and
reproduci
bly
Velocit
y
of
pulse
time
Compre
ssive
through
calibrati
on
Laborator
y
test
testing of
concrete
in situ for
strength
Variabili
ty
of
concrete
strength
can be
measure
d
Failure
load
fractur
e
TABLE11
TestsforPhysicalPropertiesofConcrete
Sr.
Types
of Testmethods Parameter
No
test
derived
1
Durability
test
Shrinkage
and
Variable
results
only
quality
of
surface
concrete
Dimens
ion of
indent
ation
Variable C803
results
only
quality of
surface
of
concrete
C215
Limited
to
specially
made
specimen
C597
Special
preparati
on
on
required.
Access to
two
opposite
faces of
member
is
required
Significance
or
application
Freeze and Strength
to Strength of
concrete for
thawcycle
withstand
special
standard
condition
cycles
Wet and dry Dimension
Relative
process
measurements shrinkage in
ASTM
BS
C666
C671
C672
C157
C827
1881
440
8
188
1
440
8
IS
6441
Page27
moisture
movement
Abrasion
resistant
test
structural
member
of Industrial
Dry abrasion Depth
flooring
test abrasion abraded
hydraulic
material
tool
channeletc.
Amount water Water tank,
Permeability Water
absorbed
fluid,
test
absorption
retaining
method
Strain
Stress
and Quality of
Static
concrete
modulus of measurement strainvalues
elasticity
and
Poissons
ratio
Alkali
Mortar bar Elongation in Performance
reactivity
method
length
of cement
and
aggregate
Performance
Creep
of Longitudinal Strainvalues
of concrete
concrete in compression
structure
compression method
C944
C779
C148
C642
1881
C469
1881
C227
C512
9284
INSPECTION&CHECKLISTS
Inspection
Inspectionistheactofphysicalverificationofthesubjectworkonthesiteandundernormalday
to day working conditions. The inspection for quality is done by quality control inspectors who
arepostedatactivesitesandwhoshouldbepersonsatdeputyengineerandabovelevels.They
areamemberofthequalitycontrolteamandunrelatedtotheproductionprocessdirectly.
Thedutiesofqualitycontrolinspectorsareasunder:
1. Check that the working is proceeding in accordance with the specifications and bring the
substandardworktonoticeofconcernedauthorities.
2.Inspectpersonallyandregularlytheworkinprogressatsites.
Page28
3.ReviewthepreviousdaysDailyQCreportsfiledbytheFieldQualityControlunitsandconvey
immediately to the concerned site in charge and any adverse results and recommendation for
rectification.
4. Verify that the results of the tests received from labs have been duly attended to and send
themtoseniorsinthedepartment.
5. Prepare daily report of inspection on the prescribed forms and send to seniors in the
department.
6. Check to ensure that QA manual for workers and supervisors are available at hand at work
stations that they are not in torn stage, that they are easily accessible and that they are being
referredto.
7. Check to ensure that copies of contract conditions particularly regarding specifications and
relatedmattersareavailableatsiteofficesandarebeingreferredto.
8.CheckthatallequipmentplantsareinproperworkingconditionandthattheyconformtoIS
specifications.
9. Investigate the case where the test results of input materials are satisfactory but that of in
processstagearenot,orthereisadiscrepancyintestresultsduringinprocessandendproduct
stage and find out the causes of mishap. Investigate the human factor and machine
condition/capabilitymoreparticularly.
Page29
Itemstobeinspected
Followingitemsmustbecoveredduringinspectionoftheinspectors:
Inspectionoftheconstituentmaterialcement,steel,aggregate,andwaterand
admixture.Thetestresultsofthesematerialsandtheirconditionofstoringneeds
tobechecked.
Inspection of form work, embedded parts, ladder and gangway plant and
machinery.
Inspectionofconcretemakingandplacing.
Inspectionoftheendproduct.
Guidelinesforconcreteinspectionaregivenbelow:
Sr.ISTitle
No.No.
1.IS226Specificationforstructuralsteel
2.IS269Specificationforordinaryandlowheatportlandcement?
3.IS383Specificationforcoarseandfineaggregates.
4.IS432Specificationformildsteelandmediumtensile.Steelbarsforconcretereinforcement
5.IS456Codeofpracticeforplainandreinforcedconcrete
6.IS650Specificationforstandardsandfortesting
7.IS1489SpecificationforPortlandPozzolonaCement
8.IS1786Specificationforhighstrengthsteeldeformedbarsforconcretereinforcement
9.IS2502Codeofpracticeforbendingandfixingofbarsforconcretereinforcement
10.IS3025Methodsofsamplingandtest(PhysicalandChemical)forwaterusedinindustry
11.IS4082RecommendationsonstockingandstorageofConstructionmaterialsatsite
Page30
12.IS9103Specificationforconcreteadmixtures
13.IS10262Recommendedguidelinesforconcretemixdesign
14.SP22Handbookonconcretemixes
15.SP24ExplanatoryhandbookonIndianStandardCodeforplainandreinforcement(IS:456)
SupervisionofConcreting
SupervisionisthethirdaspectofQCalongwithtestingandinspection.Thesupervisionrelatesto
theconstructionprocessandistobemadebyproductiongroup.Itisthetaskoftheengineersin
charge of construction that the contractors and workers executing the job know the
specifications,usethetestedandcertifiedmaterialsarefullyskilledtodojobtheyareengagedin
and that tests areconducted at the sated frequenciesand according to prescribed procedures.
TheSupervisorsbothfromthesideofcontractorsaswellastheclientsshouldbeconversantwith
aboveandknowthetechniquesofsupervisionandofpreferringdailyprogressreportsofwork
quality.
AllresortsonQCactivityemanatingfromlaboratories,filedqualitycontrolunits,inspectionsof
suppliersmaterialstores,inprocessactivityfinishedproductbyQCinspectorsandsupervisionas
wellasformthecorrespondingpersonnelofcontractionhastobeasperprocedureofMISlaid
downbyauthorities.
Page31
ASSURANCEOFQUALITY
Forassuranceofqualityfollowingstepsshallbetaken:
1.PRELIMINARY
i.Plansandspecificationsavailabilityatsites.
ii.Organizationchart,jobdescriptionsandworkassignments.
iii.Permissibletoleranceofmeasurements.
iv.Provisionofrecordsandreports.
v.Contractorsplantcalibrations,equipmentorganizationandmethods.
2.PROPORTIONING
i.Testsofaggregates
ii.Proportioningofmix
iii.Mixcomputations
iv.Gradingofmixedaggregates;batchquantities;yield,air
v.Content
3.MATERIALS
i.General(appliestoallmaterials)
ii.Identification;quantities(Usedonhand);acceptability;
Uniformity;storageconditions,handlingmethods,waste;scheduleoftesting
Page32
iiiCement
ivSamplingforlaboratorytest
vProtectionfromdampness
vi.Aggregates
vii.Acceptabilitytests
viii.Gradation;organicmatter;deleteriousundesirablesubstance;soundness,resistance
toabrasion;othertests.
ix.Controltests
x.Moisture;absorption;specificgravity;unitweight;voids
4.STOCKPILING:
i.Water
ii.Admixture
iii.ReinforcingSteel
iv.Size,Bending,surfacecondition
v.Accessories
vi.Fixtures
vii.Othermaterials
5.FORMWORK
i.Specifiedtypeofforms
ii.Excavation;foundationslocation,dimensions,shape,drainage,preparationofsurfaces.
6.FORMWORK
Page33
i.Specifiedtypeofforms
ii.Location
iii.Alignmentprovisionforsettlement
iv.Stability(bearing,shorestiesandspaces)
v.Inspectionofopenings
vi.Preparationofsurfaces.
vii.Finalcleanup
7.GATEWAYANDLADDERS
i.Workingplatforms;locationwidth,guardrailswithno.
ii.Scaffoldingsofadequatestrengthsupported,properlybraced.
iii.Suitableguardsonallgangwayandstairs.
iv.Ladderssecurelyfixed
8.PLANTANDMACHINERY
i.AvailabilityofSpareconcretemixersvibratorsandothermachines.
ii.Adequateelectricandpetroleumlampsforconcerningatnight.
iii.Adequatequantityoftarpaulintocoverconcreteincaseofrains.
9.BATCHINGANDMIXINGOFCONCRETE
i. For each batch check the quantity of coarse aggregate, find aggregate, cement and
waterquantityofwaterbeingcorrectedfromtheviewpointsofdrywetconditionsofthecoarse
andthefineaggregate.
ii. Periodical checking of accuracy, serviceable condition and cleanliness of all the
measuringequipment.
Page34
iii.Checkingthatwater/cementratioismaintainedatthestipulatedvalue.Furthercontrol
overtheamountofwaterusedshallbeexercisedintermsofslump/compactionfactorvalue.
iv.Physicalcheckingofthequantitiesoftheconstituentsperbatchperiodically.
v.Checkingofworkabilityofconcreteatfrequentintervals.
vi.Checkingcleanlinessofthemixermachinedrum.
vii.Checkingcleanlinessandadequacyofchairsintheareaofconcerning.
viii.Checkingcleanlinessandadequacyofchairsintheareaofconcerning.
ix.Checkingthatconcreteisplacedandcompactedbeforetheexpiryofinitialsettingtime
ofcementandleftundisturbedafterwards.
x. Checking that concrete is placed in even layers, each layer being compacted before
placingthenextlayer.
xi.Ensuringthatconcerningiscarriedoutcontinuouslyuptotheconstructionjoint.
xii.Ensuringthatwhileconcerninganoldwork,thesurfaceischipped,cleanedwithwire
brushandwettedwithacoatofcementslurry,beforelayingnewconcrete.
xiii.Ensuringthatwhileconnectinganoldwork,thesurfaceischipped,cleanedwithwirebrush
andwettedwithacoatofcementslurry,beforelayingnewconcrete.
10.EMBEDDEDPARTS:
i.Inspectionofembeddedpartsandembedmentoflugs
ii.Positionandlevelofembeddedparts
iii.Precautionarymeasurestokeeptheembeddedpartsinposition
iv.Position,depthandsizeofboltholes.
11.REINFORCEMENTINPLACE.
i.Size(diameter;length;bends;andanchorage)
Page35
ii.Location(numberofbars;minimumclearspacingminimumcover)
iii.Splicing
iv.Stability(bindingbywire;chairsandspacers)
v.Cleanliness(nolooserust,nooil,paintdriedmortaretc.)
vi.Fixtures(location,stability,cleanliness).
vii.Openingshownonplans
viii.Calibrationofbattingdevices.
ix.Conditionsofmixerspeedofoperation
x.Provisionforcontinuousplacement
xi.Provisionforcuring
xii.Provisionforprotectionagainstsun,rain,hotorcoldweather
xiii.Adequatetoolsandmenforcompaction,finishingandcuring
12CONCRETING
i.WorkingConditions
Whetherpreparationscompleted,specifiedintervalsincepreviousplacement,lightingfornight
work,coveringandprotection.
ii)Batching
Cement;aggregates;water;admixtures
Checkbatchingdevices
Checkyieldofconcrete
iii)Mixing
Page36
MinimumTime,batchesdelayedinmixermaximumtimeloading
Numberofrevolutionsofdrumwaterusedmixingcapacityofdrumamountofconcrete.
iv.Controlofconsistency
a. Observations of concrete being placed; tests; adjustments of water or
admixturesinmix.
b.Monitoringofaircontent
c.Concretetemperaturecheck
d.Conveying
e.Nosegregationofmaterials;noexcessivestiffeningordryingouttimelimits.
v.Placinguniformanddenseconcrete;continuousoperation;preparationofcontract
surface mortar bedding, vertical drop, no dropping against forms or reinforcement;
little or no flow after depositing depth of layers water gain rock pockets removal of
temporarytiesandspacersdisposalofrejectedbatchesplacingconcreteunderwater.
vi.Contractionjoints
a.Location
b.Formingortooling
c.Dowelsofties(ifany)inplaceandaligned
vii.Constructionandhingejoints
a.Locationpreparationofsurface
b.Dowelsorties(ifany)inplaceandaligned
Page37
c.Expansionandisolationjoints
d.Jointfillermateriallocation,alignmentstabilityfreedom,frominterferencewith
subsequentmovement.
viii. Finishing of formed surfaces shallow surface layer of mortar water gain no over
workingfirstfloatingalignmentofsurface,finalhardtrawlingplasticshrinkagecracks;
rain.
ix.Scheduleoftesting
13.AFTERCONCRETING
i.Protectionfromdamageimpactoverloadingofsurfaces
ii.Timeofremovalofforms
iii.Curingsurfacecontinuouslymoist;timeofbeginningcuring;lengthofcuringperiod,in
coldandhotweatherrequiredprecaution.
iv.JointsCleanandseal
v.Testsofconcrete;Detailedelsewhere
vi.Recordsandreports
a.Records;materialsmixcomputations,batchingandmixing,placingandcutting.
b.Reports;daily;summary
c.Diary
d.Photographs&videorecording
Page38
14.SPECIALWORK
i.Coldwhetherconcerning
Limiting temperatures and times outdoor, air enclosure, materials, concrete Heating materials,
contactsurfaces,andenclosures,ProtectionfromdryingcarbonationandcarbonmonoxideTight
enclosureorinsulatedformsRemovalofformsprotectionfromtoorepaidcooling.
ii.Hotweatherconcerning
Cooling materials presetting aggregates and contact surfaces protecting concrete. Limiting
combinationsofwindrelativehumidityandambienttemperature.
iii.Fillingunderbaseplates
Preparationofbase;propermix;complete;fillingofvoids
iv.Pressuregrouting
Holes (depth, spacing, freedom from clogging) Material (acceptability quantities used) injection
(sequence,pressuretimes,completenessofpenetrationnodamagetostructure)
v.Shotcrete.
Materials (acceptability quantities) condition of equipment preliminary mixing, pressure (air,

water) preparation of surfaces application thickness no sagging, construction joints); surface
finish;surfingtests.
vi.Terrazzo
Page39
Thicknessoflayers;uniformity;curingdividingstrips
vii.Stucco
Mortar;preparationofbackingsurface;bondingtobackingsurface;uniformfinishingcuringeach
layer.
viii.ArchitecturalConcrete
Location and neat joining of molds; surface coating to avoid sticking or staining curing
Reinforcementnearsurfacesupportlocation&material.VibratingtominimizebugholesColour
andtexturemockupprotectionagainstdripstainssurfacerepair;holefilling.
ix.ColouredConcrete
Pigments; matching of colors; through and intimate mixing of colour with cement uniform
applicationandtrawling,curing.
x.Painting
Cleaning surface; neutralizing surface (if needed); uniform application; curing Portland cement
paints.
xi.MassConcrete
Timesandratesofplacement,avoidanceofhighornonuniformtemperaturesinstrumentation
embodiment,afterembedmentcaremonitoring,analysisandinterpretationthermalstressesand
temperaturecontrolbondingofliterspreventionofaggregatebreakage.
xii.Airentertaining
Page40
Accuratemeasurementofairentrainingagent;testsforaircontentof
Concrete, regulations of air content adjustment of mix of compensate for air avoidance of
excessivemixingofvibration,avoidanceofwetconsistency;finishing.
xiii.Underwaterconstruction
Avoidanceofflowingwater;temperature;continuousplacement,operationoftremeorbucket
minimizingofwash;protectionfromflowingwaterforseveraldays.
xiv.VacuumConcrete:
Final thickness of slabs; timing and duration of application of vacuum uniformity of processing
conditionofmats.
xv.PrestressedConcrete;
Strength of concrete at time of prestressing; sheathing of reinforcement, in specified, accurate

placingofreinforcementavoidanceofobstructionofexcessivefriction;measurementoftension
bymeansofjackpressureand/orlengtheningofsteelthoroughnessofgrouping,ifspecified.
CREATINGQUALITYASSURANCEORGANISATION/UNITATSITE
The chart enclosed shows the persons for the organization of quality assurance and their
hierarchy.
FUNCTIONSANDDUTIES
TheSuperintendingEngineerwhoisheadoftheQualityManagementSystemdepartmentmay
havethefollowingdutiesandresponsibilities.
Page41
i. Ensuring compliance by contractors with the plans, specifications and contractual

provisions regarding the quality in selection and processing of materials, and during
constructionandacceptancestagesofwork.
ii.Monitoringandwhereappropriate,ensuringthatthequalityintheprojectconstruction
ismaintained,whereitcannot,promptactionistakenrectifythesituation.
iii.Coordinationandmonitoringofreviewsapprovals,andtestsasrequiredbythe
specificationsandcontract.
iv. Stopping work and progress when quality concerns override other
considerationsorwhencontinuationofworkwillresultinsubstandardwork.
v.Preparingchecklists,manualsandguidelinesonqualityforpersonnelatvarious
levels of vertical hierarchy of the project and making them available to all
concerned.
vi. Arranging training in Quality Control and Quality Assurance through expert
consultants on a continuous basis, promoting Quality Circles, and undertaking
othermeasurestocreateawarenessthatQualityiseverybodyresponsibility.
vii.SupervisingtheworkoflaboratoriesandFieldQ.C.units,receivingtestresults
andreportsandprovidingfeedbacktotheexecutingdepartments.
viii. Providing technical back stopping and interface with executing departments
regardingallmatterspertainingtoQMS.
ix. Preventing backsliding on quality by taking timely corrective actions through
guidanceinspections,training,andothersuitablemethods.
x.ToberesponsibleforQMSdepartment,itsoperations,budgetandperformance.
Page42
E.E./ChiefTrainingOfficer
i.Tocarryouttrainingneedsassessmentsurveysofpersonnelatvariouslevelsofthe
projectorganization,contractorsandtheirstaffandothersconcerned.
ii. To appoint training consultants, approve training programs and supervise the
conductoftrainingcourses.
iii.Tomaintainstockoftrainingmaterials,technicalliteratureandtrainingequipment.
iv.Toevaluatetrainingprogramsfromtimetotime.
v.Topromotequalitycirclesintheprojectorganizationandcontractorsstaff.
vi.Toliaisewiththeotherexpertagenciesinthesubjectandbringtheirinputsto
theproject.
E.E./ChiefResearchOfficer
i. To ensure that the central laboratory and the Full QC Units carry out specified
laboratorytestsandthattestrecordsheetsarefilledinadregistersaremaintained.
ii. To ensure that sophisticated tests are got carried out in specialized and expert
laboratories
iii. To examine all test carried out at specified frequencies not variances if any and
reportthesametoappropriateauthorities.
iv.Toorganizeproperupkeepandaccountoftheequipmentandinstruments.
v.Toremaininconstanttouchwiththeexecutionofworks,andcoordinationrelations
withcontractors
vi. To maintain and progress charts, submit daily placement reports to higher
authoritiesandsuggestwayandmeanstoimprovementthestandardsofwork.
Page43
Dy.E/Inspector
Quality Control Inspector is the Project Authority contact with the job. Through the inspection
processhedevelopsnotonlytheknowledgeofspecificproblemsbutageneralawarenessofthe
attitudeofcontractors.Hecanidentifytheproblemsareasandsingleoutsituationsthatrequire
Authorityattention.
The organization proposed for the Quality Management department recommends 5 inspectors
each to look after materials, concerning earthwork Rockwell and mechanical equipment. The
Inspector must be able to look upon and view critically the particular phase of the project
comprehendandinterpretthecontractplansandspecificationsandpreparenoticesthroughhis
dailyinspectionsthatcertainphasesofworkarenotbegindoneaccordingtothequalityrequired
orwhenotherproblemsoccur,heistoimmediatelyreporttheseerrors,violationsorproblemsto
thehigherauthorityforfurtheraction.TheGuidelinesforinspectionhavebeengiveninChapters
2,3&4.
DeputyEngineer/ResearchOfficer
i. To remain in constant touch with the execution of works of the project by
inspectionandfrequently.
ii.Tosuggestwaysandmeanstoimprovethestandardsofworkincasethetest
resultsindicatefallingstandards.
iii.Toorganizeproperupkeepandaccountandcalibrationoftheequipmentinthe
centralandfieldlaboratoryatproperintervals.
iv.Toorganizetestproceduresandtosubmitdailyreportsonthequalityofworks
tohigherauthorities.
Page44
v. To maintain copies of approved design, reports plants, and estimates

specifications,extractsofinspectionnotesanddataofmachineryusedonworks.
vi.Tocarryoutatleastafewoftheimportanttestsinamonthpersonallysothat
thedeficiencies,ifanyarebroughttolight.
vii. To approve the instrumentation detailed plan showing the cable lengths etc.
andchecktheinstallationofafewrepresentativesinstrumentspersonally.
viii. Periodically inspect the stores of the department and of contractors for checking
storage and issued procedures from the quality point of view and submit reports to higher
authorities.
ix. To assess whether shuttering and centering and proper and whether steel is
providedasperdrawinganddesignandshouldalsocheckandadvicepropercover
ofconcreteoverreinforcement.
x.Toinspectallotherrelatedoperationspriortoplacement,duringplacementand
afterplacementisproperlyexercised.
AssistantResearchOfficerinchargeofLaboratory
i.Toensureproperupkeepandmaintenanceonlaboratory,equipmentinlaboratory,
corelibrarythecuringroom,thestoreyardofdestructivelytestedsamplesetc.
ii. To ensure proper upkeep of records of all samples being tested in the laboratory
andensuresubmissionoftestresultsinprescribedformsoftheResearchOfficer.
iii. To supervise the testing works of Research Assistants and Laboratory technicians
andtopersonallycheckrepresentativeteststogetaninsightintotheefficiencyofthe
work.
iv.Toensurecorrectmethodofsamplingandtesting.
Page45
v.Topreparemonthlyreviewofallthetestresults,andsubmittotheR.O.
vi.ToconductsuchotherworkasmaybeassignedbyR.O.
ResearchAssistant(PostedinLaboratory)
Shall perform important tests as prescribed in relevant standards, and as directed by the
superiors.
ResearchAssistantsPostedinField
i. To regularly supervise the work to ensure that material as per approved specification
arereceivedatthesiteandO.K.cardsissuedaccordingly.
ii.Tocollectsamplesaspernormsandfrequencyfortestingthemortarconcrete
etc.
iii.Tokeepwatchoverweighingofcementuseofmaterialsasperspecifications;
cementbagcontaininglumpsandtimebarredshouldberejected.
iv. To check mixing time and water cement ratio and mixing of air entraining
agentsinrequiredquantity.
v.Tocheckbulkageofsandasrequiredandconductwatercontenttest.
vi.ToattendtoanyotherdutiesassignedtohimbytheR.OorA.R.O.
LaboratoryTechnicians/FieldAssistant.
i.Toassist,ResearchAssistantwheneverrequiredinlaboratoryandfieldwork.
ii.Toperformtestsinlaboratorysuchas
a)Analysisoffineaggregates
b)Sitinaggregates
Page46
c)Bulkinginfineaggregates
d)Slumptest
e)Collectionofsamplesofconcreteandmortarsforfillingmoldsforcompactiontest.
f)Numberingsamplesetc.
METHODSOFQUALITYASSURANCE
Alreadylistedaboveunderheadingassuranceofquality
CONCLUSION
Quality assurance refers to the managerial processes which determinethe organization design,
objectives and resources, the project team, funding agencies, performance standards and
feedbackontheprojectsperformanceappropriateactionstodealwithdeviationsandallsteps
necessaryforpromotingqualityawarenessatalllevelsandinallpartsoftheprojectorganization.
Atypicalqualityassuranceprogrammeaddressesitselftothefollowing:
i.Organizationstructureoftheprojectteamandqualityassurancedepartment.
ii.Responsibilitiesandpowersofthevariouspersonnelinvolved.
iii.Identificationofthecoordinationpersonal.
iv.QualityanditsPrograms.
v.Qualityeducationandawareness.
vi.Qualitycircles
vii.Training
viii.SettinguptoMISforquality
ix.Resolutionoftechnicaldifferencesanddisputes.
Page47
x.Preparationofqualityassurancemanualsandtheirchecklists.
xi.Vendorsurveyprocedure
xii.Vendorsurveillanceprocedure.
Quality assurance provides protection against quality problems through early warnings play an
important role in the prevention of both internal and external problems. The assurance is
providedfromobjectiveevidencebutthetypeofevidencebutthetypeofevidencedifferswidely
accordingtopersonsrequiringtheassuranceandthenatureoftheproduct.
Itneednotbeemphasizedthatqualityassuranceisanessentialprerequisiteforallconstruction
projects.Overyearstheaccentonqualityhasgraduatedprogressivelyfromsimpleinspectionto
quality control to quality assurance and to quality management. Whereas the limitations of
inspections are quite obvious, a quality control system includes testing of raw materials at
selection and processing stage, testing at various stages of production, acceptance and the
feedback.
Qualityassurancegoesmuchbeyondtheintroductionofqualitymanuals,auditingforqualityand
computerized MIS for it. It includes building quality in the project design itself, planning and
selection of equipment performance maintenance of machines, improving worker skills and
technical/managerial Quality assurance demands on organizational structure wherein co
ordination and interface between various parties to constriction becomes possible from the
lowesttothetopmanagementlevel.
Qualityassuranceprovidesprotectionagainstqualityproblemsthroughearlywarningstotrouble
ahead.Suchearlywarningsplayanimportantroleinthepreventionofbothinternalandexternal
problems. The assurance is provided form objective evidence but the type of evidence differs
widelyaccordingtothepersonrequiringtheassuranceandthenatureofwork.
Page48
Bibliography
NICMARpublicationlessonbookonConstructionQualityManagement
InternetResearch
QualitycontrolmanualsofDLFMetro&DelhiMetro.
CPWDSpecifications,NationalBuildingCodes.
ButterworthHeinemann publication, The Management of Construction by Lawrence

Bennett
Page49

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Module12,ConstructionQualityManagement,NCP27,NICMARSODE

Quality management System

Determine Performance Standards of a Facility

Setup Design Tests

Diode Construction Methods

Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete

Explanatory handbook on Indian Standard Code for plain and

Making quality a joint responsibility and accountability by creating appropriate

Aggregate during Aggreg Admixturesfor

Fineness Fineness Impact

Crushin Suspen Creep

Particle size analysis of i) Onceaday.

Onepershiftperstock One per shift per

One per every two

One per every two

(a) Mouldedspecimen everymixproportion

C191 4550 4031

C15 4550 4031

C190 4550 4013

C114 4550 4032

C118 4550 4031

Icing and Max.

Max & Min D75

Ultimate failure Strength in C39

Ultimate failure Modulusof C293

Ultimate failure repute

Sr.N Type of Type Param Parame Applicatio

Pull out Pull

Materials (acceptability quantities) condition of equipment preliminary mixing, pressure (air,

Strength of concrete at time of prestressing; sheathing of reinforcement, in specified, accurate

i. Ensuring compliance by contractors with the plans, specifications and contractual

v. To maintain copies of approved design, reports plants, and estimates

ButterworthHeinemann publication, The Management of Construction by Lawrence

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