PROPULSION

Intro

Friday 28 August 2009

Introduction
Newtons First Law
Every object continues to remain in its state i.e
either rest or uniform velocity unless a force (pull or
push) acts on it to change its state
This state is called inertia. (Inert: lacking the ability or strength to
move )
It works only in inertial reference frame

Friday 28 August 2009

So we need some force to

move the object
So object/vehicle in order to move need some force
( pull or push)
Object needs to force itself to accelerate and also
counteract frictional forces/gravity/other forces that
oppose it
F= m.a = (dv/dt).m
a=dv/dt ... v => velocity it has a direction(vector) so do
force and we move forward by increasing the velocity in
forward direction
Friday 28 August 2009

Now we know how to move an

object... we force( pull/ push)
Now to move to an object called Aircraft
Dierent ways of moving an aircraft (a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a
weight greater than that of the air it displaces)
Say some 100 people/passengers can flap their hands
Tie some birds to it and make them flap
Take it to the edge of the mountain and drop it (may fly/
glide )
Or Use an Engine ( a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion)

Friday 28 August 2009

So to move we need some power and

Engine is going to provide that power
Propulsion(the action of driving or pushing forward)
How do we(humans) get power ????
By Eating then some chemical reactions takes place and we get
power
How does engine get power ... eat some fuel/battery/sun
Chemical reactions? .... Burn it
All Aircraft Propulsion systems are based on the principle of
reaction of airflow trough an engine of some sort

Friday 28 August 2009

Propulsion system require a source of

power and means of accelerating
airflow
Sources
Hydrocarbon fuels and a heat engine
Batteries and an Electric Motor
Solar Cells and an Electric Motor
Human powered ... Propeller by bicycle gearing
(possible!!!!! ... check internet for record breaking
such flight)

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Human- Powered, MIT

Daedalus

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So by two means we accelerate/move

forward through propellers and jet
expansion
Opposing forces for aircraft
Drag(pull (someone or something) along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty) of the aircraft
Drag.... friction
We have to provide sucient force to the aircraft such
that it is greater than drag and also to sustain the
weight of the a/c ... then it moves

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Thrust

It is the force that moves and aircraft through the air

and is generated by the propulsion system.

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The Propeller
First Generation a/c powered propellers and internal (fuel burning)or
combustion engines (I.C Engines)
I.C Engine
Take the air from surroundings ( we have to move in air, so we use air)
Mixes it with fuel
Thereby releasing the energy in the fuel
Uses the heated gas to move the piston that is attached to the shaft
In Automobiles the shaft turns the wheels of the car
In Aircraft the shaft turns a propeller

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We got move move it...

Automobile
Piston-Shaft-Wheels and then whole car
Aircraft
Piston-Shaft-Propeller and then the plane ( pushing
the air back)

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I.C Engine Fig.

Intake stroke: Air and vaporized fuel are drawn in.
Compression stroke: Fuel vapor and air are compressed and ignited.
Combustion stroke: Fuel combusts and piston is pushed downwards.
Exhaust stroke: Exhaust is driven out.

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Thermodynamics
Thermal (of or relating to heat)... heat ... we generated by
burning something
Dynamics((of a process or system) characterized by constant change, activity, or
progress ). moving the pistons/shafts

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Pressure
We are working with air/gases and they exert pressure, we need to know why
If our ears are more sensitive we hear a perpetual(never ending) noise
Why Noise ---- the eardrum is in contact with air -- air is a lot of molecules in continuous
motion
So they keep banging eardrum ( we dont hear because atoms are too small)
Then how do we hear?? The atoms on one side exert more pressure( the amount of
bombardment on one side is more) than the other side.
Silence--- the force on both sides is same
We can feel the dierence ---- traveling faster cars/airplanes/Elevators ....
When we get cold .... similar eect... imbalance in pressure

Friday 28 August 2009

Atoms in a Box
Gas

Vacuum

Imagine a volume of gas in box, at end a piston that can move

We know atoms are moving with some velocity , so they will be
banging the piston
Suppose the other side is vacuum, nothing to oppose, every time
the atoms the piston it picks up momentum and starts moving
If we oppose the motion, say hold it, we need to apply a Force F
over the area of piston A
So Pressure..... F/A
Friday 28 August 2009

Other way
Work done
The dierential work dW done on gas by compressing it by moving the piston
in small amount dx will be force times the distance
dW=F(-dx)=P.A.(-dx)=PdV
- minus sign because we compressed it, the volume decreased
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT

Friday 28 August 2009

First Law
Internal Energy
Heat
Work Done
Change in U = Q+W
First Law
Heat put into a System + Work done on a system= Increase in
Internal Energy of the system
dQ+dW=dU

Friday 28 August 2009

Second Law
Actually discovered before first law
If we do work against friction....the work is lost and
heat is produced.... work is converted to heat at room
temperature.
What about reversibility? .. i.e. heat to work
According to second law ...NO

Friday 28 August 2009

Convert heat to work by reversing a process like

friction... not possible
It is impossible to extract heat at a single temperature.
If the whole world is at same temperature we cannot
convert heat energy into work
Work can be converted to heat at same temperature
but not reverse.... with no other change in the
surroundings

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Example... Can of compressed gas

Heat flow only from higher temperature to lower temperature T2 to T1, say.
S=(Q/T2)-(Q/T1)
is always positive....
Reversible process Entropy is constant
irreversible always increasing
First Law: Energy is constant
Second Law: Entropy always increasing

Friday 28 August 2009

Jet Engines
Often referred to as GAS TURBINE ENGINE
Core Elements
Intake: Brings free stream air in to the engine
Compressor: Increases the pressure of the incoming air
Burner: Fuel with compressed is burned here
Turbine :resulting high-temperature exhaust gas is used to turn
the power
Nozzle: Flow goes through at higher velocities

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Jet Engine & Brayton Cycle

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Inlet

Is Inlet........

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Compressor
Basically increases the pressure..
Two types
Centrifugal
Axial

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Combustion Chamber

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Turbine& Nozzle

Extracts the work through expansion

Turbine drives Compressor by the shaft

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Twin-Spool/shaft

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Turbofan

Friday 28 August 2009

Turbofans (in Black&

White)

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Turbo-prop

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again in B&W

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Ramjet

No moving Parts

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Comparison

Friday 28 August 2009