ES-7A Thermodynamics

Spring 2003

6-31

HW 3: 6-31, 38, 39, 53, 73, 76, 82, 86, 130, 131
Page 1 of 5

Entropy change of water

Given: Radiator with 20 L of superheated water vapor at 200 kPa and 200 C. Inlet and exit valves are
closed, and temperature of the steam drops to 80 C.
Find: entropy change of the steam, in kJ/K.
Solution:
At the initial state, the properties of the steam are: v1 = 1.0803 m3/kg and s1 = 7.5066 kJ/kgK.
The mass of the steam is: m = V/v1 = 0.02/1.0803 = 0.0185 kg.
At the final state, v2 = v1 = 1.0803 m3/kg, and at 80 C this is a saturated mixture.
We will first solve for the quality using vf = 0.001029 m3/kg and vg = 3.407 m3/kg:
x2 = (v2 vf ) /(vg vf ) = (1.0803 0.001029)/(3.407 0.001029) = 0.3169.
We will solve for s2 using the quality and sf = 1.0753 kJ/kgK, and sfg = 6.5369 kJ/kgK:
s2 = sf + x2sfg = 1.0753 + 0.3169(6.5369) = 3.1468 kJ/kgK.
The entropy change of the steam is:
S s y s= m(s2 s1) = 0.0185(3.1468 7.5066) = -0.0807 kJ/K.

6-38

Entropy change of water

Given: Insulated piston-cylinder device with 5L of saturated liquid water at 150 kPa. The water is
heated at constant pressure until 2200 kJ of energy is transferred to the steam.
Find: entropy change of the water, in kJ/K.
Solution:
At the initial state: v1 = vf = 0.001053 m3/kg, h1 = hf = 467.11 kJ/kg, and s1 = sf = 1.4336 kJ/kgK.
The mass of the water is: m = V/v1 = 0.005/0.001053 = 4.7483 kg.
To find the final state, we will use the First Law:
1Q2

= m(h2 - h1) for closed system undergoing a constant pressure process.

h2 = 1Q2/m + h1 = 2200/4.7483 + 467.11 = 930.43 kJ/kg.

At P2 = P1 = 150 kPa, this is a saturated mixture.
hf = 467.11 kJ/kg, hfg = 2226.5 kJ/kg, sf = 1.4336 kJ/kgK, and sfg = 5.7897 kJ/kgK.
s2 = sf + sfg (h2 hf )/hfg = 1.4336 + 5.7897(930.43 467.11)/2226.5 = 2.6384 kJ/kgK.
The entropy change of water is:
S s y s= m(s2 s1) = 4.7483(2.6384 1.4336) = 5.72 kJ/K.

ES-7A Thermodynamics
Spring 2003

6-39

HW 3: 6-31, 38, 39, 53, 73, 76, 82, 86, 130, 131
Page 2 of 5

Entropy change of R-134a

Given: Insulated piston-cylinder device with 0.05 m3 of saturated R-134a vapor at 0.8 MPa. The
refrigerant expands in a reversible process until the pressure drops to 0.4 MPa.
Find: a) final temperature and b) work done.
Solution:
a) At the initial state, we have saturated vapor at 0.8 MPa: v1 = 0.0255 m3/kg, u1 = 243.78 kJ/kg, and
s1 = 0.9066 kJ/kgK.
Since the process is adiabatic (insulated) and reversible, we know that S s y s = 0, and s2 = s1. At 0.4
MPa and s2 = 0.9066 kJ/kgK, we have a saturated mixture, and T 2 = T sat = 8.93 C.
b) At state 2, sf = 0.2399 kJ/kgK, sg = 0.9145 kJ/kgK, uf = 61.69 kJ/kg, and ug = 231.97 kJ/kg. We will
solve for u2 :
u2 = uf + (ug uf)(s2 sf)/(sg sf)
= 61.69 + (231.97 61.69)(0.9066 0.2399)/(0.9145 0.2399) = 229.98 kJ/kg.
We also need to find the mass: m = V1/v1 = 0.05/0.0255 = 1.96 kg.
The work is found from the First Law:
1Q2

6-53

= 0 = m(u2 u1)+ 1W2 1W2 = m(u1 u2) = 1.96(243.78 229.98) = 27.05 kJ.

Entropy change of solids

Given: A 50 kg iron block and 20 kg copper block at 80 C are dropped into a large lake at 15 C. They
exchange heat with the lake water until they reach thermal equilibrium.
Find: total entropy change for the process.
Solution:
Properties of copper and iron are: cp

copper

= 0.386 kJ/kgK, cp

iron

= 0.45 kJ/kgK.

The total entropy change is S net = S s y s + S surr.

The heat transferred from the blocks to the lake is:
Q = miron cp

iron

(T iron T water) + mcopper cp

copper

(T copper T water)

= (500.45 + 200.386)(80 15)

= 1964.3 kJ (sign is positive from the point of view of the lake).
S surr = Q/T 0 = 1964.3/288 = 6.82 kJ/K. (T 0 is in Kelvins.)
The entropy change for solids is: S s y s = m cp ln(T 2/T 1).
S s y s copper = 20(0.386) ln(288/353) = -1.571 kJ/K.
S s y s iron = 50(0.45) ln(288/353) = -4.579 kJ/K.
The net entropy change is:
S net = S surr + S s y s copper + S s y s iron = 6.82 + -1.571 + -4.579 = 0.670 kJ/K.

ES-7A Thermodynamics
Spring 2003

6-73

HW 3: 6-31, 38, 39, 53, 73, 76, 82, 86, 130, 131
Page 3 of 5

Entropy change of argon

Given: An insulated, rigid tank with 4 kg of argon gas at 450 kPa and 30 C. A valve is opened and
argon gas escapes until the pressure drops to 150 kPa in an adiabatic, reversible process.
Find: final mass in the tank.
Solution:
Properties of argon is: R = 0.2081 kJ/kgK, cp = 0.5203 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.3122 kJ/kgK, k = 1.667.
Since the argon gas has undergone an adiabatic and reversible process, we can use the isentropic ratio:
T2
T1

P
= 2
P1

k 1
k

T2

P
= T 1 2
P1

k 1
k

0. 667

150 1.667
= 303
= 195.2 K

450

The volume of the tank is found at state 1: V1 = m1RT1/P1 = 4(0.2081)303/450 = 0.5605 m3.
The final mass is found from the Ideal Gas Law:
m2 = P2V2/RT2 = (1500.5605)/(0.2081195.2) = 2.069 kg.

6-76

Entropy change of air

Given: Air enters a nozzle at 280 kPa and 77 C with a velocity of 50 m/s and exits at 85 kPa and 320
m/s. There is heat loss at a rate of 3.2 kJ/kg. The surroundings are at 20 C.
Find: a) exit temperature, and b) total entropy change from the process.
Solution:
The properties of air are: R = 0.2870 kJ/kgK, cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, and cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK.
a) Applying the First Law:

V 22 V 12
&

&
Q = m (h 2 h 1 ) +

2000

= m& c

(T 2

T 1 )+

V 12

2000

2
2

Rearranging to solve for T 2, we get:

T2 =

V 2 V 12
Q&
3.2 320 2 50 2
2
+ T1 =

+ 77 = 24.11 C or 297 K.
m& c p 2000 c p
1 .005 2000 1.005

b) The total entropy generation (per unit mass) is: snet = ss y s + ssurr.
ssurr = qsurr/T 0 = 3.2/293 = 0.0109 kJ/kgK.
s s y s (T , P ) = c p ln

T2
P
297
85
R ln 2 = 1.005 ln
0.287 ln
= 0.1771 kJ/kgK.
T1
P1
350
280

The net entropy generated is: snet = ss y s + ssurr = 0.0109 + 0.1771 = 0.188 kJ/kgK.

ES-7A Thermodynamics
Spring 2003

6-82

HW 3: 6-31, 38, 39, 53, 73, 76, 82, 86, 130, 131
Page 4 of 5

Water in a pump

Given: Liquid water enters a 10 kW pump at 100 kPa and 5 kg/s. Water has a specific volume of 0.001
m3/kg.
Find: Highest pressure possible at the exit of the pump.
Solution:
The highest possible pressure is found using the expressin for reversible work for incompressible fluid:

W&rev = m&v (P2 P1 )

P2 =

6-86

W& rev
10
+ P1 =
+ 100 = 2100 kPa.
&
mv
5 0.001

Water in a pump

Given: Liquid water at 120 kPa enters a 7 kW pump and exits at 3 MPa. There is an elevation difference
of 10 m between the inlet and the outlet. Specific volume of water is 0.001 m3/kg.
Find: Maximum mass flow rate that the pump can handle.
Solution:
The highest possible mass flow rate for the pump is found using the expressin for reversible work for
incompressible fluid:

W&rev = m& [v (P2 P1 ) + gz ]

m& =

W& rev

v (P 2 P1 ) + g z

7
= 2.35 kg/s.
1
0 .001(3000 120 ) + 9.81 10 1000

Note: the PE term needs to be divided by 1000 so that it is in kJ/kg.

ES-7A Thermodynamics
Spring 2003

HW 3: 6-31, 38, 39, 53, 73, 76, 82, 86, 130, 131
Page 5 of 5

6-130 Steam in turbine

Given: Steam expands in a turbine at a rate of 25,000 kg/hr, entering at 8 MPa and 450 C and exiting
as saturated vapor at 50 kPa. The turbine produces 4 MW of power, and the surroundings is at
25 C.
Find: Rate of entropy generation.
Solution:
At the inlet, the properties of the steam are: h1 = 3272.0 kJ/kg and s1 = 6.5551 kJ/kgK.
At the exit: h2 = hg = 2645.9 kJ/kg and s2 = sg = 7.5939 kJ/kgK.
The mass flow rate is: 25,000 kg/hr = 6.944 kg/s.
Using the First Law, solve for the heat loss from the turbine:

Q& = m& (h2 h1 ) + W& = 6.944(2645.9 3272.0) + 4,000 = -347.64 kW (heat loss from turbine).
The entropy change of the surroundings is: S&surr = Q&surr T 0 = 347.64/298 = 1.167 kW/K.
Entropy change of the steam is: S& s y s = m& (s 2 s 1 ) = 6.944(7.5939 6.5551) = 7.213 kW/K.
The net entropy change is: S& net = S& surr + S&s y s = 1.167 + 7.213 = 8.38 kW/K.

6-131 Steam in mixing chamber

Given: Hot water stream at 70 C and 3.6 kg/s mixes with cold water stream at 20 C in an adiabatic
mixing chamber and exits at 42 C. All streams are at 200 kPa.
Find: a) mass flow rate of the cold water stream, and b) rate of entropy generation during the process.
Solution:
a) The First Law for a mixing chamber is: m& 1h 1 + m& 2 h 2 = (m& 1 + m& 2 )h 3 .
Rearranging to solve for m& 2 , we get:
m& 2 (h 2 h 3 ) = m& 1 (h 3 h 1 )
m& 2 = m& 1

h 3 h1
h2 h3

We will use the properties of saturated liquid water at 70 C, 20 C, and 42 C:

h1 = 292.98 kJ/kg, h2 = 83.96 kJ/kg, h3 = 175.92 kJ/kg (interpolate between 40 and 45 C).
m& 2 = 3.6(175.92 292.98)/(83.96 175.92) = 4.583 kg/s.
b) Using the saturated liquid properties at 70 C, 20 C, and 42 C, we get:
s1 = 0.9549 kJ/kgK, s2 = 0.2966 kJ/kgK, s3 = 0.5994 kJ/kgK (interpolate).
The entropy generated is:
S& s y s = m& 3 s 3 m& 1s 1 m& 2 s 2
= (4.583 + 3.6)(0.5994) 3.6(0.9549) 4.583(0.2966) = 0.1078 kW/K.