Chapter 3

Problem Solutions
Problem 3.1
A.

Equation (3.25) gives

Pr dB Pt dB Gt dB Gr

20log ht 20log hr Lsys

dB

dB

4 10log d .

Substituting gives
Pr

B.

dB

20
6 2 20log 20 20log 3 2 4 10log 20 103
0.001
87.5 dBm.
10log

The wavelength is given by

3 108
0.250 m.
1.2 109

The free-space path loss is then

Lpath

dB

4 20 103
4 d
20log

20log

120 dB.

0.250

The received power in free space is given by the range equation:

Pr

dB

Pt

dB

Gt

dB

Gr

dB

Lsys

dB

Lpath

dB

20
10log
6 2 2 120
0.001
71.0 dBm.
C.

Equation (3.16) gives

2 ht hr
A 2Adir sin
d

The argument of the sine function is

2 ht hr
2 20 3

0.0754 .
d
0.250 20 103

Then sin 0.0754 0.0753 . That is, the argument is about 0.1% larger
than the sine.

Problem 3.2
From the geometry of Figure 3.2,

Chapter 3, 1

ht
x
20
tan 1
,
x

tan i

which gives x 1.15 103 m . Similarly,

hr
dx
3
tan 1
,
dx

tan r

which gives d x 172 m . Adding gives d 1.32 103 m .

Now Equation (3.16) gives

2 20 3
2 ht hr
A 2 Adir sin
2 Adir sin

0.250 1.32 103

d

Equation (3.17) gives

A Adir

1.82 Adir .

4 ht hr
4 20 3
Adir
2.29 Adir .
d
0.250 1.32 103

Relative to the value obtained from Equation (3.16), the approximation of

2.29 Adir
Equation (3.17) is 20log
1.99 dB .
1.82 Adir

Problem 3.3
We start by calculating the thermal noise floor. The noise figure is
F dB 9 dB or F 7.94 . The noise power referred to the receiver input is
Pn kTant B kT0B F 1

1.38 1023 300 30 103 1.38 1023 290 30 103 6.94

957 1018 W.

In decibels this is Pn dB 120 dBm . Then for a SNR of 17 dB we need a

signal power of Pr
A.

dB

120 17 103 dBm .

From Equation (3.25) we have

30
103 dBm 10log
6 3 20log 30 20log 1.6 3 4 10log d
0.001
84.4 dBm 40log d .

Solving gives d 48.4 km .

Chapter 3, 2

B.

In free space the range equation gives

30
103 dBm 10log
6 3 3 Lpath
0.001
This gives a maximum path loss of Lpath

dB

dB

154 dB . Now

4 d
20log
. At 850 MHz the wavelength is 0.353 m .

Substituting gives d 1.41 106 m .
Lpath

dB

Problem 3.4
Since the noise and interference powers add, we will have to work with
power rather than with decibels. From Problem 3.3 we know that the
noise floor is at Pn 957 1018 W . The signal power is 17 dB higher, or

Pr 48.0 1015 W . The signal power exceeds the sum of interference

and noise by 16 dB, or by a factor of 39.8. That is,
Pr
48.0 1015

39.8.
Pn Pi 957 1018 Pi
Solving gives the interference power as Pi 248 1018 W . That is,
Pi

dB

126 dBm . Now for transmission over a flat earth we have

30
126 dBm 10log
6 3 20log 30 20log 1.6 3 4 10log d i
0.001
84.4 dBm 40log di ,

where d i is the distance from base station B to the hand-held receiver.

Solving gives di 182 km . The separation between base stations is then
d AB d di 48.4 182 230 km.

Problem 3.5
A.

Equation (3.34) gives

a hre 3.2 log 11.75h re 4.97 dB for f 0 400 MHz

2

=3.2 log 11.75 1.6 4.97 dB

2

0.225 dB.
Then Equation (3.33) gives the median path loss as

Chapter 3, 3

L50 urban dB 69.55 26.16 log f 0 13.82 log hte

44.9 6.55log hte log d a hre

69.55 26.16 log 1200 13.82 log 30

44.9 6.55log 30 log 12 0.225
167 dB.
B.

The received signal power is given by

Pr

C.

dB

15
10log
dBm 7 dB 2 dB 4 dB 167 dB
0.001
121 dBm.

Using Equation (3.25),

Pr

dB

15
3
10log
7 2 20log 30 20log 1.6 4 4 10log 12 10
0.001
82.8 dBm.

The flat Earth model gives an overly optimistic estimate of the received
signal power.

Problem 3.6
We start by calculating the thermal noise floor. The noise figure is
F dB 6 dB or F 3.98 . The noise power referred to the receiver input is
Pn kT0BF

1.38 10 23

290 30 10 3.98
3

478 10 18 W.

In decibels this is Pn dB 123 dBm . Then for a SNR of 18 dB we need a

signal power of Pr
A.

dB

123 18 105 dBm .

Using the parameters from part B of Problem 3.5 we have

15
105 dBm 10log
dBm 7 dB 2 dB 4 dB L50 urban db .
0.001
The maximum path loss is L50 urban dB 152 dB . The Hata model
gives

152 dB 69.55 26.16 log f 0 13.82 log hte

44.9 6.55log hte log d a hre

69.55 26.16 log 1200 13.82 log 30

44.9 6.55log 30 log d 0.225.

Chapter 3, 4

B.

Solving gives d 4.35 km .

Using Equation (3.25),

15
105 dBm 10log
7 2 20log 30 20log 1.6 4 4 10log d .
0.001
Solving gives d 43.1 km .
The flat Earth model overestimates the maximum range by an order of
magnitude.

Problem 3.7
Equation (3.35) gives

a hre 1.1log f 0 0.7 hre 1.56log f 0 0.8

1.11log 1200 0.7 1.6 1.56log 1200 0.8
0.345 dB.

Then Equation (3.33) gives the median path loss in urban areas as

L50 urban dB 69.55 26.16 log f 0 13.82 log hte

44.9 6.55log hte log d a hre

69.55 26.16 log 1200 13.82 log 30

44.9 6.55log 30 log 12 0.345
167 dB.
In suburban areas we have from Equation (3.36)

L50 suburban dB L50 urban dB 2 log f 0 28 5.4

2

167 2 log 1200 28 5.4

157 dB.
2

In rural areas Equation (3.37) gives

L50 rural dB L50 urban dB 4.78 log f 0 18.33log f 0 40.94

2

167 4.78 log 1200 18.33log 1200 40.94

2

138 dB.

Problem 3.8
In the Lee model, distances are measured in feet and miles. Converting
the parameters given in Problem 3.5 gives ht 98.4 ft , hr 5.25 ft , and
d 7.46 mi . Now Equation (3.50) gives

Chapter 3, 5

 98.4
5.25
1200
20log 10 30log 850
100

15
10log
40 7 8.15 2 2.15

0.001

c 20log

9.77 dB.
Table 3.1 gives P1mile dB 77 dBm and 4.8 for New York. Equation
(3.49), modified to include system losses, gives
7.46
Pr ,50 dB 77 dBm 10 4.8log
9.77 dB 4 dB
1
133 dBm.

Problem 3.9
In the solution to Problem 3.6 we showed that the minimum received
signal power is Pr dB 105 dBm . Using the numbers from Problem 3.8,
we have

d
105 dBm 77 dBm 10 4.8log 9.77 dB 4 dB.
1
Solving gives d 1.98 mi , or 3.18 km. This is lower than the 4.35 km
obtained in Problem 3.6 using the Hata model. Part of the difference may
be a consequence of the large value of path-loss exponent that the Lee
model uses for New York City.

Problem 3.10
From Equation (3.64) we have
PQ Pr Pr

where the fade margin fm

dB

dB

pr

pr Pr
dB

Q
dB

path

is given by fm dB Pr

dB

pr

dB

dB

f
Q m dB

path

Problem 3.11
The receiver sensitivity is pr

dB

110 dBm 15 dB 95 dBm . From

the solution to Problem 3.10 we have

fm
PQ 0.85 Q dB .
7 dB

Chapter 3, 6

This is equivalent to

fm
0.15 Q dB .
7 dB

Solving gives fm dB 7.26 dB .

Fade margin is defined by fm dB Pr

Pr

dB

pr

dB

dB

pr

dB

. Substituting gives

fm dB 95 dBm 7.26 dB 87.7 dBm.

Problem 3.12
Equation (3.50) gives

100
5
1800
20log 30log

100
10
850
44 40 4 8.15 2 2.15

c 20log

16.1 dB.
Table 3.1 gives P1mile dB 70 dBm and 3.68 for Philadelphia.
Equation (3.49), modified to include system losses, gives
10
Pr ,50 dB 70 dBm 10 3.68log 16.1 dB 2 dB
1
125 dBm.
A.

A received signal power 10 dB above the median power is -115 dBm.

From Equation (3.64) we have
pr Pr
dB
dB

Q
dB
dB

path

115 dBm 125 dBm

115 dBm Q

8 dB

Q 1.25 0.106.

Pr Pr
Pr Pr

B.

dB

pr

At 5 mi the median received signal power is

5
Pr ,50 5 mi dB 70 dBm 10 3.68log 16.1 dB 2 dB
1
114 dBm.

Then,
115 dBm 114 dBm
Pr Pr 5 mi dB 115 dBm Q

8 dB

Q 0.147 0.558.

Chapter 3, 7

Problem 3.13
The receivers thermal noise floor is given by
Pn kT0BF 1.38 1023 290 200 103 3.98 3.19 1015 W,

or Pn dB 115 dBm . The receiver sensitivity is 15 dB above the noise

floor, or pr

dB

115 dBm 15 dB 100 dBm . Now

Pr Pr
Solving gives Pr

dB

dB

pr

pr Pr
dB

0.90

Q
dB

path

dB

100 dBm Pr
Q

8 dB

dB

89.7 dBm . Using the Lee model from Problem

3.12,

d
89.7 dBm 70 dBm 10 3.68log 16.1 dB 2 dB.
1
Solving gives the maximum operating range as d 1.11 mi or 1.78 km .

Problem 3.14
A.

From Problem 3.10 we have

Pr Pr

dB

Q m dB

path

fm
0.95 Q dB .
6 dB

pr

dB

The required fade margin is fm dB 9.87 dB .

B.

The receivers noise figure is F dB 4 dB or F 2.51. We find the

receivers noise floor to be

Pn kT0BF 1.38 1023 290 30 103 2.51 302 1018 W,

or Pn dB 125 dBm . The receiver sensitivity is 12 dB above this noise
floor, or pr

fm dB Pr
Pr
C.

dB

dB

113 dBm . Since the fade margin is given by

pr

dB

fm dB pr

dB

dB

, we have the required median received signal level

9.87 dB 113 dBm 103 dBm.

The transmitted power is 35 W or Pt

dB

45.4 dBm . The range equation

gives

103 dBm 45.4 dBm 6 dB 3 dB 3 dB Lpath

so the maximum path loss is Lpath

dB

dB

154 dB .

Chapter 3, 8

For a medium-sized city Equation (3.35) gives

a hre 1.1log f0 0.7 hre 1.56log f0 0.8

1.1log 1200 0.7 1.6 1.56log 1200 0.8

0.296 dB.

Then Equation (3.33) gives

L50 urban dB 69.55 26.16 log f 0 13.82 log hte

44.9 6.55log hte log d a hre

69.55 26.16 log 1200 13.82 log hte

44.9 6.55log hte log 8 0.296

190 19.7 log hte .

Setting 154 190 19.7log hte , gives the required antenna height as

hte 63.4 m .

Problem 3.15
Equation (3.80) gives

A A12 A22 2 A1 A2 cos 2 f t2 t1 2 1 .

The amplitude A is at its peak when cos 2 f t2 t1 2 1 1 , or
2 f t2 t1 2 1 2 n.
Now

0 d2 d1

c t2 t1 .

Then

f0
and

1
,
t 2 t1

2 1.

Substituting and solving for f gives f nf0

f0 , as required.
2

Similarly a the amplitude A is at a null

when cos 2 f t 2 t1 2 1 1 , or

2 f t2 t1 2 1 2 n .

Chapter 3, 9

 1
Substituting as above and solving for f gives f nf0
f0 , as
2 2
required.
The difference between two successive frequency peaks is
1
f f0
.
t 2 t1
In Figure 3.6 we are given t2 t1 0.5 s . This implies f 2 MHz . The
figure shows peaks at 850.3 MHz, 852.3 MHz, and 854.3 MHz, which is
consistent with the prediction.

Problem 3.16
Using Equation (3.101) with the average power Pr 2 ,

Pr Pr Pr

1 Pr
e dp
Pr

Pr

p
Pr

1
e 0.368.
Pr

Problem 3.17
Using Equation (3.101) with the average power Pr 2 ,

p
P

Pr SNR SNRmin Pr r r ,min Pr Pr pr ,min

Pn
Pn

pr ,min

1 Pr
e dp
Pr

pr ,min
Pr

0.95.

Solving gives

pr ,min
Pr

0.0513

Pr 19.5 pr ,min
p
Pr
19.5 r ,min
Pn
Pn
SNR 19.5 SNRmin .
Converting to decibels gives

Chapter 3, 10

SNR

dB

12.9 dB SNRmin

dB

Problem 3.18
Converting out of decibels gives the following powers and corresponding
delays:
Power Delay Data
Relative Power

Delay ( s )

1.0

0.5

2.0

Then Equation (3.110) gives tk 4.86 s , Equation (3.111) gives

tk2 25.4 1012 s2 , Equation (3.112) gives d 1.36 s , and Equation

(3.115) gives Bcoh 148 kHz .
The maximum system data rate depends on the pulse shape and spectral
efficiency used. For example, if binary phase-shift keying is used with
rectangular pulses, then a 148 kHz bandwidth can support a 74 kbits/s
data rate.

Problem 3.19
3 108
0.158 m .
1.9 109
The receivers velocity is 60 mph, or v 26.8 m/s . The maximum
v
26.8
Doppler shift is then fd
170 Hz . Signals arrive over the two
0.158
paths with Doppler shifts of
fd 1 fd cos 5 169 Hz

At a frequency of 1.9 GHz the wavelength is

fd 2 fd

cos 85 14.8 Hz.

The Doppler spread is then fd1 fd 2 154 Hz .

The period of a fading cycle is given by Equation (3.141) as
1
tn n
6.48 ms .
154
At a bit rate of 1.2288 Mbits/s, the duration of one bit is Tsig 814 ns .
Then since Tsig

Tn n , the fading is slow. Alternatively we can calculate

Chapter 3, 11

the coherence time using Equation (3.147) to be Tcoh

Since Tsig

9
1.05 ms .
16 fd

Tcoh the fading is slow.

To esimate the velocity needed for fast fading, set

Tsig Tcoh

814 109

9
v
16
0.158

Solving gives v 34.8 km/s , or 77,800 mph.

Problem 3.20
path
9

2.14 . Using Figure 3.21 with an area coverage of

4.2
Fu 0.90 gives a required boundary coverage of Pp R 0.75 . Next
Equation (3.64) gives
fm
0.75 Pp R Pr Pr R dB psens dB Q dB .

path

First,

sens

sens

Solving gives the fade margin fm dB 6.07 dB .

Chapter 3, 12