http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/production/1A.

pdf

pdf

http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/mahammad/Urea%206.pdf

process ppt

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103107086/module2/lecture11/lecture11.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea#Industrial_methods
http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4237/1/Manufacture_of_Urea.pdf

Laboratory preparation[edit]
Ureas in the more general sense can be accessed in the laboratory by reaction
of phosgene with primary or secondaryamines, proceeding through
an isocyanate intermediate. Non-symmetric ureas can be accessed by reaction of primary
or secondary amines with an isocyanate.
Also, urea is produced when phosgene reacts with ammonia:
COCl2 + 4 NH3 (NH2)2CO + 2 NH4Cl

the BoschMeiser urea process

The basic process, developed in 1922, is also called the BoschMeiser urea process after
its discoverers. The various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions
under which urea formation takes place and the way in which unconverted reactants are
further processed. The process consists of two main equilibrium reactions, with incomplete
conversion of the reactants. The first is carbamate formation: the fast exothermic reaction
of liquid ammonia with gaseous carbon dioxide (CO 2) at high temperature and pressure to
form ammonium carbamate (H2N-COONH4):[14]
2NH3 + CO2

H2N-COONH4

The second is urea conversion: the slower endothermic decomposition of ammonium

carbamate into urea and water:

H2N-COONH4

(NH2)2CO + H2O

The overall conversion of NH3 and CO2 to urea is exothermic,

the first reaction of the high temperature (around 19 000
C) needed for the second is
compensated for by conducting the process under high pressure (140175 bar), which
favours the first reaction. Although it is necessary to compress gaseous carbon dioxide to
this pressure, the ammonia is available from the ammonia plant in liquid form, which can be
pumped into the system much more economically. To allow the slow urea formation reaction
time to reach equilibrium a large reaction space is needed, so the synthesis reactor in a
large urea plant tends to be a massive pressure vessel.
Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon dioxide for
recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products, for
example ammonium nitrate or sulfate. (The carbon dioxide would be wasted, as likely as
not.) Later process schemes were developed to allow recycling of the unused ammonia and
carbon dioxide.-+
Side reaction-:
Biuret is formed when two molecules of urea combine with the loss of a molecule of
ammonia.
2NH2CONH2 H2NCONHCONH2 + NH3

Isocyanic acid results from the thermal decomposition of ammonium cyanate, which is
in chemical equilibrium with urea:
NH2CONH2 NH4NCO HNCO + NH3