The Geography of Guyana comprises the physical characteristics of the country in Northern South

America and part of Caribbean South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Suriname and Venezuela, with a land area of approximately 214,970 square kilometres.
The country is situated between 1 and 9 north latitude and between 56 and 62 west longitude. With
a 430-kilometre Atlantic coastline on the northeast, Guyana is bounded by Venezuela on the
west, Brazil on the west and south, and Suriname on the east. The land comprises three main
geographical zones: the coastal plain, the white sand belt, and the interior highlands.
Contents
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1 Description

2 Hydrology

3 Climate

4 Characteristics
o

4.1 Area

4.2 Land boundaries

4.3 Coastline
4.3.1 Maritime claims

4.4 Terrain

4.5 Elevation extremes

4.6 Natural resources

4.7 Land use

4.8 Irrigated land

4.9 Natural hazards

4.10 Environment, current issues

4.11 Environment - international agreements

5 See also

6 References

Description[edit]
The coastal plain, which occupies about 5 percent of the country's area, is home to more than 90
percent of its inhabitants. The plain ranges from 26 to 77 kilometers wide and extends from
the Corentyne River in the east to the Venezuelan border in the northwest.
The coastal plain is made up largely of alluvial mud swept out to sea by the Amazon River, carried
north by ocean currents, and deposited on the Guyanese shores. A rich clay of great fertility, this
mud overlays the white sands and clays formed from the erosion of the interior bedrock and carried
seaward by the rivers of Guyana. Because much of the coastal plain floods at high tide, efforts to
dam and drain this area have gone on since the 18th century.
Guyana has no well-defined shoreline or sandy beaches. Approaching the ocean, the land gradually
loses elevation until it includes many areas of marsh and swamp. Seaward from the vegetation line
is a region of mud flats, shallow brown water, and sandbars. Off New Amsterdam, these mud flats
extend almost 25 kilometres (16 mi). The sandbars and shallow water are a major impediment to
shipping, and incoming vessels must partially unload their cargoes offshore in order to reach the
docks at Georgetown and New Amsterdam.
A line of swamps forms a barrier between the white sandy hills of the interior and the coastal plain.
These swamps, formed when water was prevented from flowing onto coastal croplands by a series
of dams, serve as reservoirs during periods of drought.
The white sand belt lies south of the coastal zone. This area is 150 to 250 kilometers wide and
consists of low sandy hills interspersed with rocky outcroppings. The white sands support a dense
hardwood forest. These sands cannot support crops, and if the trees are removed erosion is rapid
and severe. Most of Guyana's reserves of bauxite, gold, and diamonds are found in this region.
The largest of Guyana's three geographical regions is the interior highlands, a series of plateaus,
flat-topped mountains, and savannahs that extend from the white sand belt to the country's southern
borders. The Pacaraima Mountains dominate the western part of the interior highlands. In this region
are found some of the oldest sedimentary rocks in the Western Hemisphere. Mount Roraima, on the
Venezuelan border, is part of the Pakaraima range and, at 2,762 meters, is Guyana's tallest peak.
Farther south lies the Kaieteur Plateau, a broad, rocky area about 600 meters in elevation; the
1,000-meter high Kanuku Mountains; and the low Acarai Mountains situated on the southern border
with Brazil.
Much of the interior highlands consist of grassland. The largest expanse of grassland, the Rupununi
Savannah, covers about 15,000 square kilometers in southern Guyana. This savannah also extends
far into Venezuela and Brazil. The part in Guyana is split into northern and southern regions by the
Kanuku Mountains. The sparse grasses of the savannah in general support only grazing, although

Amerindian groups cultivate a few areas along the Rupununi River and in the foothills of the Kanuku
Mountains.

Hydrology[edit]

Map of the Essequibo drainage basin

Guyana is a water-rich country. Numerous rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean, generally in a
northward direction. A number of rivers in the western part of the country, however, flow eastward
into the Essequibo River, draining the Kaieteur Plateau. The Essequibo, the country's major river,
runs from the Brazilian border in the south to a wide delta west of Georgetown. The rivers of eastern
Guyana cut across the coastal zone, making east-west travel difficult, but they also provide limited
water access to the interior.
Waterfalls generally limit water transport to the lower reaches of each river. Some of the waterfalls
are spectacular; for example, Kaieteur Falls on the Potaro River drops 251 metres, more than four
times the height of Niagara Falls. Other enormous waterfalls are King Edward VIII Falls (256 m),
Kumerau Falls (190 m), Oshi Falls (160 210 m).[1]In the country are known to exist more than 200
rapids and more than 70 large waterfalls. Many waterfalls are little known and most are not
measured yet, it is possible that there are waterfalls in excess of 300 m tall. [2]
See also Category:Rivers of Guyana, Category:Waterfalls of Guyana.
Drainage throughout most of Guyana is poor and river flow sluggish because the average gradient of
the main rivers is only one meter every five kilometers. Swamps and areas of periodic flooding are
found in all but the mountainous regions, and all new land projects require extensive drainage
networks before they are suitable for agricultural use. The average square kilometer on a sugar
plantation, for example, has six kilometers of irrigation canals, eighteen kilometers of large drains,
and eighteen kilometers of small drains. These canals occupy nearly one-eighth of the surface area

of the average sugarcane field. Some of the larger estates have more than 550 kilometers of canals;
Guyana itself has a total of more than 8,000 kilometers. Even Georgetown is below sea level and
must depend on dikes for protection from the Demerara River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Climate[edit]

A few scattered fires (red dots) in northern South America: Venezuela (left), Guyana (right) and Brazil (bottom
center)

Lying near the equator, Guyana has a tropical climate, and temperatures do not vary much
throughout the year. The year has two wet seasons, from December to early February and from late
April to mid-August.
Although the temperature never gets dangerously high, the combination of heat and humidity can at
times seem oppressive. The entire area is under the influence of the northeast trade winds, and
during the midday and afternoon sea breezes bring relief to the coast. Guyana lies south of the path
of Caribbean hurricanes and none is known to have hit the country.
Temperatures in Georgetown are quite constant, with an average high of 32 C (89.6 F) and an
average low of 24 C (75.2 F) in the hottest month (July), and an average range of 29 to 23 C (84.2
to 73.4 F) in February, the coolest month. The highest temperature ever recorded in the capital was
37.7 C (99.9 F) and the lowest 16.6 C (61.9 F). Humidity averages 70 percent year-round.
Locations in the interior, away from the moderating influence of the ocean, experience slightly wider
variations in daily temperature, and nighttime readings as low as 12 C (53.6 F) have been
recorded. Humidity in the interior is also slightly lower, averaging around 60 percent.
Rainfall is heaviest in the northwest and lightest in the southeast and interior. Annual averages on
the coast near the Venezuelan border are near 2,500 millimetres (98.4 in), farther east at New
Amsterdam, between 2,000 and 1,500 millimetres (78.7 and 59.1 in) in southern Guyana's Rupununi

Savannah. Areas on the northeast sides of mountains that catch the trade winds average as much
as 3,500 millimetres (137.8 in) of precipitation annually. Although rain falls throughout the year, about
50 percent of the annual total arrives in the summer rainy season that extends from May to the end
of July along the coast and from April through September farther inland. Coastal areas have a
second rainy season from November through January. Rain generally falls in heavy afternoon
showers or thunderstorms. Overcast days are rare; most days include four to eight hours of
sunshine from morning through early afternoon.

Characteristics[edit]
Geographic coordinates:500N 5900W

Economic activity map of Guyana

Area[edit]

Total: 214,970 km

Land: 196,850 km

Water: 18,120 km

Land boundaries[edit]

Total: 2,462 km

Border countries: Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km

Coastline[edit]

459 km (285 mi)

Maritime claims[edit]

Continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) or to the outer edge of the continental
margin

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)

Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)

Terrain[edit]
Mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south.
Highest temperature ever recorded in Guyana was 48 degrees.

Elevation extremes[edit]

Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean, 0 m

Highest point: Mount Roraima, 2,835 m

Natural resources[edit]
Bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish.

Vegetation map of Guyana

Land use[edit]

Arable land: 2%

Permanent crops: 0%

Permanent pastures: 6%

Forests and woodland: 84%

Other: 8% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land[edit]

1,300 km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards[edit]

Flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons

Environment, current issues[edit]

Water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial chemicals; deforestation

Environment - international agreements[edit]

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94