Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Moderna fizika
i primjene u elektrotehnici
Zvonimir ipu
ipu
Classical technology
Classical technology
Classical electrical sensors
How to monitor
a civil structure
like this bridge?
Classical monitoring
technology:
- electro-mechanical
sensors
- power lines and
consumption meter
- UTP lines
Problems:
- limited length
- noise
Fiber-optic monitoring
technology:
up to 20km
Embedded
computer
- no additional power
lines needed
Public
network
Monitoring
and
control
Office in
Zagreb
Introduction
Fiber optic sensor system:
Laser
source
Signal
processing
+ display
unit
Fiber
+
OS
Optical
sensor
+
OD
ESP.G&D
Detector
Input fiber
Output
fiber
Optical sensor
optoelectronic
unit
V i (I)
V i (n=0)
V o (I)
Environmental
signal
V i (n=1)
optoelectronic
unit
V i (n=k)
optical channel & transducer
Development process
Which magnitude
to be measured?
Which technology
would be suitable?
Methodology for
denominating
optical sensors
Which modulation
technique?
Example:
Intensity Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
Pout
fiber
in
Source: broadband
Fiber: multimode is better
Pout is proportional to L
Used as distance, vibration or pressure sensors
VIBRATING FIBER
CANTILEVER
moving
mirror
L
PROTECTIVE
HOUSING
HOLDER
VIBRATING FIBER
CANTILEVER
Pout
Pin
Transmission type
MIRROR
=0
Measured
vibrations
PROTECTIVE
HOUSING
and
Detector
Fiber cantilever
(GIF 625)
Isolator 1550nm
Low-noise
amplifier
Sensor
Coupler 1550nm
2.5 mm
A/D converter
Low-pass filter
A/D converter
Digital signal
processing
28 mm
Detector diode
1550nm
19
Measurement of
sensor response:
Seismic mass
Optical sensor
Electromehancal sensor
Input waveguide
Output waveguide
Etched silicon
21
Macrobending
Microbending
Difference pattern
Difference pattern
n
SAMPLE
AND HOLD
n-1
SAMPLE
AND HOLD
SUBTRACTION
CCD CAMERA
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
I out =
I i
i
Example:
Wavelength Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
spectrum
analyzer
physical
measurand
BS = B (1 )
where is the photoelastic coefficient of the fiber.
Strain sensitivities of FBG sensors (Rao et al.)
Wavelength
(m)
Strain
sensitivity
(pm -1)
0.83
0.64
1.3
1.55
1.2
BT = B (1 + )T
where is the thermo-optic coefficient.
Temperature sensitivities of FBG sensors (Rao et al.)
Wavelength
(m)
Temperature
sensitivity
(pm/C)
0.83
6.8
1.3
10
1.55
13
Temperature
dependency
BS = B
[(1 ) + (1 + )T ]
Dependency on temperature
with applied strain 4 m/mm:
Strain and
temperature
dependency
Measurement of strain:
Implementation in
civil engineering:
Bridges
Tunnels
Roads
Dams
Harbor structures
Smart Buildings
Question:
How to make an optical sensor system
with a reasonable price?
BBS
FBG
Filter f()
FBG
BBS
Detector
Vsen()
physical
measurand
spectrum
analyzer
FBG2
FBG3
FBG4
Tunable
filter
BBS
Detector
FBG2
FBG1
LP filter
Signal processing
Dither
FBG4
FBG3
Tunable
filter
Detector
Goals:
up to 16 sensors in one fiber
large accuracy
reasonable price.
Low-noise
amplifier
Operational
amplifier
A/D converter
Digital signal
processing
D/A converter
Proof-of-concept prototype
developed by
Ana Pogajec
Marko prem
Alan Vovk
Ivan Drai-egrt
Marko Bosiljevac
Tin Komljenovi
Dubravko Babi
Zvonimir ipu
3.5
3
Napon [V]
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Vrijeme [uzorci]
2500
3000
3500
Napon na filtru
Napon iz optikog
mjeraa snage
Maks. napon
Reetke 3
2.5
Napon (V)
2
Maks. napon
Reetke 1
1.5
Maks. napon
Reetke 2
1
0.5
1.366
1.368
1.37
Broj mjerenja
1.372
1.374
5
x 10
Practical problems
Tunable filter is
extremely sensitive
on enviromental
changes!
2
1.8
FBG1
FBG2
FBG3
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
30
40
50
60
70
o
Temperatura [ C]
80
90
100
Difference between
FBG responses
is NOT sensitive
on enviromental
changes!
Razlika napona
napona na
na promjenjivom
promjenjivom filtru za dvije reetke [V]
Razlika
0
1.364
1
0.9
Razlika
Razlika tree
tree ii druge
drugereetke
reetke
Razlika
Razlika druge
druge ii prve
prvereetke
reetke
Razlika
Razlika tree
tree ii prve
prvereetke
reetke
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
30
40
50
50
60
70
60
70
oo
Temperatura
Temperatura [[ C]
C]
80
80
90
90
100
100
Practical problems:
Due to presence of
noise there is an error
in determining the
Bragg wavelength.
70
Elektriki izmjereno
FBG3 je referentna
FBG1 je referentna
65
Temperatura [ C]
60
Practical problems
Due to presence of
noise there is an error
in determining the
Bragg wavelength.
55
50
45
40
35
30
50
100
Vrijeme [uzorci]
150
200
32
Optiki senzor - bez usrednjavanja
Optiki senzor - usrednjeno
Elektrini senzor
31
30
Temperatura [ C]
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
10
20
30
Vrijeme [uzorci]
40
50
heating of sensor
Monitoring
OTDR
- Instrument for monitoring fiber networks
beam splitter
Rayleigh backscatter
laser
fiber
pulser
detector
trigger pulse
Raman scattering
h 32
h13
(2)
basic energy state (1)
76
Raman scattering
Raman OTDR
(3)
h13
h 32
(3)
(2)
h13
Raman OTDR
based on non-linear spontaneous Raman scattering.
h 32
(2)
I a s a4 s
h
= 4 exp
Is
s
kT
(1)
(1)
I
anti-Stokes
77
a-s
Raman OTDR
Raman OTDR
wavelength
selective coupler
Raman backscatter
laser
fiber
pulser
trigger
pulse
detector
0-
detector
0+
oscilloscope
bridges
Interrogation
unit
ic
bl rk
Pu two
ne
Interrogation
unit
Interrogation
unit
power
generators
power
lines