WR 2014-57

Working Report 2014-57
Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring

Soundings at Olkiluoto in 2013
with Updated Interpretations
Kimmo Korhonen
October 2014
POSIVA OY
Olkiluoto
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
Phone (02) 8372 31 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 31 (int.)
Fax (02) 8372 3809 (nat.), (+358-2-) 8372 3809 (int.)
Working Report 2014-57
Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring

Soundings at Olkiluoto in 2013
with Updated Interpretations
Kimmo Korhonen
Geological Survey of Finland
October 2014
Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SAMPO MONITORING SOUNDINGS AT OLKILUOTO

IN 2013 WITH UPDATED INTERPRETATIONS
ABSTRACT
The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has carried out electromagnetic depth soundings annually at fixed stations in Olkiluoto since 2004 as part of a monitoring program.
The goal of the monitoring program is to detect and monitor changes in the electrical
properties of the bedrock in the vicinity of the ONKALO underground research facility
which will constitute a part of the final nuclear waste repository.
A new Sampo monitoring survey was carried out by GTK in October 2013. The survey
consists of 37 soundings performed at 17 measurement stations. The nominal coil separations of 200, 400, 500, 600 and 800 metres were used depending on the station.
Layer-model interpretations of soundings at eight selected stations were updated with
the new data. The interpretations indicate consistent annual changes. Resistivities below
stations to the East of the ONKALO facility appear to increase annually. In contrast,
resistivities below stations to the West of the ONKALO facility appear to decrease annually. However, these changes need to be considered keeping in mind the uncertainties
associated with the data and their interpretations.
Keywords: Electromagnetic depth soundings, Olkiluoto, monitoring, modelling, saline
groundwater.
OLKILUODON SHKMAGNEETTISET SAMPO-LUOTAUKSET VUONNA

2013 JA NIIDEN PIVITETYT TULKINNAT
TIIVISTELM
Geologian tutkimuskeskus (GTK) on tehnyt shkmagneettisia syvyysluotauksia mrtyill mittausasemilla Olkiluodossa vuodesta 2004 alkaen, osana monitorointiohjelmaa.
Monitorointiohjelman tarkoituksena on havainnoida ja seurata muutoksia kallion shkisiss ominaisuuksissa, lhell ONKALO-tunnelia, joka tulee muodostamaan osan
lopullisesta ydinjtteiden sijoituspaikasta.
GTK suoritti uusia syvyysluotauksia vuoden 2013 lokakuussa. Luotauksia suoritettiin
17 mittausasemalla yhteens 37 kappaletta. Luotauksissa kytetyt nimelliset kelavlit
olivat 200, 400, 500, 600 ja 800 metri, riippuen mittausasemasta.
Kahdeksan mittausaseman luotauksille tehtyj kerrosmallitulkintoja pivitettiin uudella
mittausdatalla. Tulkinnat nyttisivt osoittavan vuosittaista shkisen resistiivisyyden
kasvua ONKALOsta itn sijaitsevien luotausasemien alla, kun taas ONKALOsta lnteen sijaitsevien asemien alla tulkinnat nyttisivt osoittavan shkisen resistiivisyyden
laskua. Muutosten merkittvyytt tarkasteltaessa tulee kuitenkin pit mieless dataan ja
tulkintoihin liittyvt epvarmuudet.
Avainsanat: Shkmagneettiset syvyysluotaukset, Olkiluoto, monitorointi, mallinnus,
suolainen pohjavesi.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TIIVISTELM
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 3
2 THE SAMPO DEPTH SOUNDING SYSTEM............................................................. 5
2.1 The operational principle .................................................................................. 5
2.2 Data processing, modelling, visualization and interpretation ............................ 8
2.2.1 Apparent Resistivity versus Depth curves (ARD curves) ......................... 8
2.2.2 Removal of noisy data .............................................................................. 9
2.2.3 Tilt correction .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 Interpretation of soundings ..................................................................... 13
3 THE SAMPO MONITORING SURVEYS ................................................................. 15
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
The Sampo monitoring program ..................................................................... 15

The Sampo monitoring surveys ...................................................................... 15
The 2013 survey ............................................................................................. 17
The results ...................................................................................................... 19
4 THE LAYER MODEL INTERPRETATIONS............................................................. 23

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Data selection ................................................................................................. 23

The layer models ............................................................................................ 23
The interpretation principle ............................................................................. 24
The results ...................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1 Station K50400/L10000 .......................................................................... 27
4.4.2 Station K50600/L10000 .......................................................................... 28
4.4.3 Station K50400/L10200 .......................................................................... 29
4.4.4 Station K50600/L10200 .......................................................................... 30
4.4.5 Station K50400/L11000 .......................................................................... 31
4.4.6 Station K50600/L11000 .......................................................................... 32
4.4.7 Station K50400/L11200 .......................................................................... 33
4.4.8 Station K50600/L11200 .......................................................................... 34
5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 35

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................... 37
7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 39
APPENDIX A
STATION HISTORIES ....................................................................... 41
A-1 Station K50400/L10000 .................................................................................. 41

A-2 Station K50600/L10000 .................................................................................. 44
A-3 Station K50400/L10200 .................................................................................. 47
A-4 Station K50600/L10200 .................................................................................. 50
A-5 Station K50400/L10400 .................................................................................. 54
A-6 Station K50600/L10400 .................................................................................. 58
A-7 Station K50400/L10600 .................................................................................. 61
A-8 Station K50600/L10600 .................................................................................. 65
A-9 Station K50400/L10700 .................................................................................. 68
A-10 Station K50400/L10800 .................................................................................. 69
A-11 Station K50600/L10800 .................................................................................. 71
A-12 Station K50400/L11000 .................................................................................. 74
A-13 Station K50600/L11000 .................................................................................. 77

A-14 Station K50400/L11200 .................................................................................. 80
A-15 Station K50600/L11200 .................................................................................. 83
A-16 Station K50400/L11400 .................................................................................. 86
A-17 Station K50600/L11400 .................................................................................. 89
A-18 Station K50400/L11500 .................................................................................. 91
A-19 Station ABC/A ................................................................................................. 93
A-20 Station ABC/B ................................................................................................. 95
A-21 Station ABC/C ................................................................................................. 97
APPENDIX B
SOUNDINGS ..................................................................................... 99
B-1 Station K50400/L10000 .................................................................................. 99

B-2 Station K50600/L10000 ................................................................................ 102
B-3 Station K50400/L10200 ................................................................................ 105
B-4 Station K50600/L10200 ................................................................................ 108
B-5 Station K50400/L10400 ................................................................................ 112
B-6 Station K50600/L10400 ................................................................................ 116
B-7 Station K50400/L10600 ................................................................................ 119
B-8 Station K50600/L10600 ................................................................................ 123
B-9 Station K50400/L10700 ................................................................................ 126
B-10 Station K50400/L10800 ................................................................................ 127
B-11 Station K50600/L10800 ................................................................................ 129
B-12 Station K50400/L11000 ................................................................................ 132
B-13 Station K50600/L11000 ................................................................................ 135
B-14 Station K50400/L11200 ................................................................................ 138
B-15 Station K50600/L11200 ................................................................................ 141
B-16 Station K50400/L11400 ................................................................................ 144
B-17 Station K50600/L11400 ................................................................................ 147
B-18 Station K50400/L11500 ................................................................................ 150
B-19 Station ABC/A ............................................................................................... 152
B-20 Station ABC/B ............................................................................................... 155
B-21 Station ABC/C ............................................................................................... 158
APPENDIX C
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
INTERPRETATIONS ....................................................................... 163
Station K50400/L10000 ................................................................................ 163

Station K50600/L10000 ................................................................................ 166
Station K50400/L10200 ................................................................................ 168
Station K50600/L10200 ................................................................................ 171
Station K50400/L11000 ................................................................................ 173
Station K50600/L11000 ................................................................................ 174
Station K50400/L11200 ................................................................................ 176
Station K50600/L11200 ................................................................................ 178
INTRODUCTION
Posiva is the Finnish authority responsible for the final disposal of nuclear waste. The
final repository for high-level nuclear waste will be sited deep in the bedrock of the
Olkiluoto Island, South West Finland. At present, Posiva is excavating the ONKALO
rock characterization facility that will eventually constitute a part of the underground
waste repository.
The excavation of the ONKALO facility may cause a disturbance in the groundwater
conditions of the surrounding bedrock structures (e.g., Lin and Lee, 2009). Thus, monitoring these conditions and detecting changes in them is warranted.
The groundwater in the bedrock of Olkiluoto is known to be saline (e.g., Palmn et al.,
2004). Because saline groundwater is electrically conductive, changes in the groundwater conditions also change the apparent electrical properties of the bedrock. Thus, electromagnetic methods are a viable choice for detecting and monitoring such changes because they respond to electrically conductive formations.
The electromagnetic wide-band frequency-domain Gefinex 400S sounding system
(hereafter Sampo) (e.g. Soininen and Jokinen, 1991) has been used to carry out annual
soundings in Olkiluoto since 2004. The purpose of the soundings is to detect and monitor changes in the electrical properties of the bedrock in the vicinity of the ONKALO
facility. At present, 10 monitoring surveys have been conducted during 20042013.
This report describes the latest survey that was carried out in October 2013. The earlier
surveys are described in Lehtimki and Jokinen (2004), Jokinen and Lehtimki (2005),
Jokinen and Lehtimki (2006), Jokinen and Lehtimki (2007), Jokinen and Lehtimki
(2008), Jokinen et al. (2009), Korhonen et al. (2010), Korhonen (2013a) and Korhonen
(2013b).
Korhonen et al. (2010), Korhonen (2013a) and Korhonen (2013b) presented layermodel interpretations of the annual soundings for 8 selected stations. This report presents updated layer-model interpretations for these stations.
2
2.1
THE SAMPO DEPTH SOUNDING SYSTEM

The operational principle
The Sampo system is a wide-band frequency-domain electromagnetic depth-sounding

system. It consists of a transmitter and a receiver (Figure 1). The transmitter is a horizontal wire loop carrying an alternating current which generates an alternating magnetic
field. The primary field (Hp) generated by the transmitter penetrates the ground and induces eddy currents in subsurface conductors which generate a secondary magnetic
field (Hs). At a distance from the transmitter, the receiver measures the three perpendicular components Hx, Hy and Hz of the total magnetic field which is the superposition
of the primary and secondary magnetic fields (H = Hp + Hs).
Figure 1. The Sampo depth-sounding system. The transmitter is a horizontal wire loop
carrying an alternating current. The receiver is placed at a distance L from the transmitter and consists of three perpendicular coils which are used to measure the three
orthogonal components of the total magnetic field. The field generated by the transmitter is equivalent to that of a vertical magnetic dipole of moment m.
A Sampo sounding comprises of the measurement of the three perpendicular components of the total field (Hx, Hy and Hz) at several discrete frequencies ranging from 2 Hz
to 20 kHz (Figure 2a). The measured components are further processed into wave tilts
Hz
e j ,
Hx
(1)
where j is the imaginary unit and is the phase difference between the vertical and radial components of the total field (Figure 2b) (see Frischknecht et al., 1991).
(a)
(b)
Figure 2. The results of a Sampo sounding. (a) The amplitudes of the radial and vertical
components of the total field (Hx and Hz respectively) measured at several discrete frequencies. (b) The amplitude of the wave tilt (W) and the phase difference () between
the vertical and radial components at the measured frequencies. The coil separation
was 200 metres. The voltage jumps in (a) occurring at frequencies 9921, 3189 and 1276
Hz are due to more transmitter loop turns being switched on as the sounding progresses
from higher towards lower frequencies. More transmitter loop turns are needed at
lower frequencies to increase the inductance of the loop in order to prevent current
from growing too high and to increase the magnetic moment of the loop in order to increase signal-to-noise ratio. The jumps have no influence on the ratios of the vertical
and radial components (the wave tilts) which is seen in (b).
The total field would be completely vertical at the receiver if the ground was electrically
resistive (Figure 3a). However, the ground is always finitely conductive and the primary
field induces eddy currents in it. The induced currents generate a secondary field which
makes the total field tilted at the receiver (Figure 3b). The strength of the secondary
field depends on the conductivity of the ground. The wave tilt is a measure of the tilting
of the total field and, thus, also a measure of the conductivity of the ground.
Electrical attenuation of the transmitted field is dependent on its frequency and the
ground in which it travels. The skin depth
(1)
is a function of the electrical and magnetic properties of the ground ( is the electrical
conductivity and is the magnetic permeability) and the frequency of the transmitted
field ( is the angular frequency) and gives the distance after which the field has lost
37% of its energy (e.g., West and Mcnae, 1991). The skin depth indicates that lower
frequencies penetrate deeper into the ground than higher ones. Thus, when performing a
sounding while keeping the transmitter-receiver distance (the coil separation) fixed and
using progressively lower frequencies, information is received, accordingly, from progressively lower depths.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. A schematic illustration of the field lines of the total magnetic field. (a) The
total field would be completely vertical at the receiver if the ground was electrically
resistive. (b) The primary field induces a secondary field in finitely conductive ground
making the total field tilted at the receiver.
Sampo surveys are usually carried out by performing soundings at several measurement
stations located on straight measurement lines (Figure 4). The station spacing and coil
separation typically range from 100 metres to 1 kilometre. The coil separation is an important parameter that determines the depth of investigation. Normally the depth of investigation is considered to lie somewhere between the depth of one and two coil separations.
Figure 4. A schematic illustration of a Sampo measurement line and the broadside loop
configuration used in the Olkiluoto monitoring surveys. The measurement stations are
located on straight measurement lines. The transmitter and receiver are located symmetrically on the opposite sides of the measurement line while the measurement station
is at the midpoint between them. The line joining the transmitter and receiver is perpendicular to the measurement line.
2.2
Data processing, modelling, visualization and interpretation
All visualization, data processing and interpretation tasks were carried out using the
computer program Saltandgrain which was developed at Outokumpu Mining Ltd within
a TEKES-funded project during 20002002 (Sipola, 2002). The program was upgraded
in 2013, commissioned by Posiva, to meet the interpretation requirements of the Olkiluoto Sampo monitoring program. The upgraded version enables the interpretation of
layered-earth models containing up to 20 layers. The original software allowed only
models containing up to 10 layers to be interpreted.
2.2.1
Apparent Resistivity versus Depth curves (ARD curves)
For visualization purposes, the software transforms the wave tilts measured at each frequency (Figure 5a) into curves of Apparent Resistivity versus Depth (hereafter ARD
curves) (Figure 5b). The ARD curves are a convenient way to visualize Sampo soundings. The curves provide information about the electrical structure of the ground already
during field operations.
The basis for the transformation is the principle that the measured wave tilts describe
increasing ground volumes at decreasing frequencies (see Aittoniemi et al., 1987). For
each frequency, the apparent resistivity a is first calculated as the resistivity of that
homogenous half-space which produces the observed wave tilt. The depth d is then calculated using a 1-D layered-earth model containing two layers. The top layer is assigned
the calculated apparent resistivity value (a) while the bottom layer is assigned a resistivity value two orders of magnitude less (0.01a). The depth is calculated by increasing the thickness of the top layer to a value at which the bottom layer no longer influences the calculated model response. Finally, the (a, d) points solved for each frequency are plotted as a curve (Figure 5b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5. An illustration of the visualization of Sampo soundings. (a) The measured

wave tilts are transformed into (b) a curve of Apparent Resistivity versus Depth (ARD).
The coil separation used was 200 metres.
2.2.2
Removal of noisy data
Olkiluoto is an electromagnetically active site. Electrical power lines and communication lines span the entire Olkiluoto Island. Thus, electromagnetic background noise is
unavoidable and it causes noise also in the measurements. Noisy points are identified
and removed from all calculations using the software (Figure 6).
10
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. An illustration of Sampo data processing. (a) Sounding data before the removal of noisy data points. (b) The same data after the removal of noisy data points.
The sounding was carried out using 200-m coil separation.
2.2.3
Tilt correction
Incorrect levelling of the receiver and topography introduce errors in the measurements.
Topography causes problems either by making the transmitter loop inclined due to sloping ground (Figure 7a) or by making the transmitter and receiver lie on different levels
(Figure 7b); or any combination of the aforementioned. These are sources of topographical errors, which make the total field appear tilted. Incorrect levelling of the receiver also has the same effect (Figure 7c). Thus, topographical errors and errors due to
incorrect levelling combine together and are corrected using the same tilt correction
procedure.
11
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 7. An illustration of the causes of tilt errors. Topography may manifest as (a)
sloping ground or (b) variations in height which give rise to a radial component (Hx)
and make the vertical component (Hz) smaller. (c) Incorrect levelling of the receiver has
the same effect as (a) and (b).
12
Electromagnetic induction diminishes at decreasing frequencies and the total field approaches the primary field. That is, at low frequencies virtually all tilting of the total
field is due to either topographical effects or incorrect levelling of the receiver. Thus,
the wave tilts measured at low frequencies can be used to estimate the tilt angle which
is given by
tan 2
2 W cos
1 W
(3)
(Smith and Ward, 1974). The wave tilts W measured at each frequency are corrected
using
H z W tan
,
H x 1 W tan
(4)
H x H x cos H z sin
(5a)
H z H x sin H z cos
(5b)
W
where W' is the corrected wave tilt,
and
are the measured radial and vertical components rotated by the tilt angle . The software
either calculates the tilt angle automatically from the 5 lowest frequencies or lets the
user to manually enter an estimate obtained otherwise (Sipola, 2002). Figure 8 illustrates the effect of the tilt correction procedure.
13
(a)
(b)
Figure 8. An illustration of the tilt correction procedure. (a) The blue curve is the theoretical response for a 200-m coil separation sounding with a horizontal 10-m10-m
square loop transmitter above a 100-m half-space. The red curve shows the theoretical response from the same model but with the transmitter loop inclined 5 degrees. The
green curve shows the results after applying the tilt correction procedure to the inclined
loop response. (b) The same as in (a) but illustrated as Apparent Resistivity versus
Depth curves.
2.2.4
Interpretation of soundings
The interpretation of Sampo soundings is carried out using 1-D layered-earth models
(Figure 9). The software takes an initial guess and finds the optimal model by minimizing the misfit between observations and model response using the non-linear Levenberg-Marquardt method (see Aittoniemi et al., 1987; and Sipola, 2002). The misfit is
given by the sum of squares of residuals as
SSE (x) log Wi log F( f i ; x)
N
(6)
i 1
where x is a vector of model parameters, N is the number of data points (frequencies),

Wi and F(fi; x) are the measured and calculated, respectively, wave tilts at the ith frequency fi (see Aittoniemi et al., 1987). Figure 10 presents an example of the results of
the fitting procedure.
14
Figure 9. The 1-D layered-earth model. Each layer has its own thickness h and resistivity . The layers extend to infinity in the horizontal directions. The model consists of N
layers. The bottom layer extends to infinity in the vertical direction.
Figure 10. An example of the fitting of a 1-D layered-earth model to observations. The
model contains three layers. The observations are from a sounding carried out using
200-m coil separation.
15
3
3.1
THE SAMPO MONITORING SURVEYS

The Sampo monitoring program
The excavation of the final nuclear waste repository may induce changes in the groundwater conditions in the crystalline bedrock in the vicinity of the excavation site. The
Sampo monitoring program was established in 2004 before the excavation was begun in
order to detect and monitor possible changes in the groundwater conditions.
Drill hole logs indicate that groundwater in the vicinity of the excavation site is saline
(Figure 11). Movements of saline groundwater in permeable zones alter the apparent
electrical conductivity of the bedrock. Thus, electromagnetic geophysical methods can
be used to detect and monitor the groundwater conditions indirectly.
Figure 11. An example of fluid conductivity logs obtained from drill holes at the ONKALO excavation site. The drill hole OL-KR10 is nearly vertical while the drill hole
OL-KR22 is more inclined. Both results indicate electrically conductive groundwater.
3.2
The Sampo monitoring surveys
The monitoring surveys are carried out along the three measurement lines shown in
Figure 12. Lines K50400 and K50600 have been surveyed using the station spacing of
200 metres since the monitoring program was started in 2004. Line ABC was added to
the monitoring program in 2009 and has been surveyed using the station spacing of 300
metres. Appendix A presents detailed histories of the stations shown in Figure 12.
16
Figure 12. A map of the survey lines, the measurement stations and the axes of the survey coordinate systems. Lines K50400 and K50600 have been surveyed since 2004
while Line ABC has been surveyed since 2009. The LK and AB coordinate systems are
used to locate the stations.
Soundings have been carried out using the nominal coil separations of 200, 500, 600
and 800 metres along Lines K50400 and K50600. The stations K50400/L11500 and
K50400/L10700 were added in 2005 and in 2013 respectively. Soundings along Line
ABC have been carried out using the nominal coil separations of 200, 400, 600 and 800
metres.
The transformation of LK coordinates to KKJ Zone 1 coordinates is given by
and
X L 10000 cos LK 50000 K sin LK 1526200
(7a)
Y 10000 L sin LK 50000 K cos LK 6791352
(7b)
where L and K are the LK coordinates, X and Y are the KKJ Zone 1 Easting and Northing, and LK is 144.817. The transformation of AB coordinates to KKJ Zone 1 coordinates is given by
and
X A 100000 cos AB 500000 B sin AB 1527074
(8a)
Y 100000 A sin AB 500000 B cos AB 6791140
(8b)
where A and B are the AB coordinates, and AB is 152.574.
17
3.3
The 2013 survey
The 2013 monitoring survey was carried out during 2830 October. The field team was
lead by GTK geophysicist Jukka Lehtimki and included the GTK technical personnel
Kai Nyman, Reijo Sormunen, Terho Turunen, Jukka Piispa and Timo Hallikainen. Altogether 37 soundings were carried out at 17 stations using the coil separations of 200,
400, 500, 600 and 800 metres as planned. Figures 13 and 14 show the locations of the
soundings and Table 1 provides a numerical summary of the survey.
(a)
(b)
Figure 13. The (a) 200-m and (b) 400-m coil separation soundings carried out during
the 2013 survey. The black lines and open black circles indicate the nominal survey
lines and stations respectively. The open triangles, circles and squares (in red, green
and blue colour) indicate the actual transmitter, receiver and station locations respectively.
18
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 14. The (a) 500-m, (b) 600-m and (c) 800-m coil separation soundings carried
out during the 2013 survey. The symbols and their colours are as in Figure 13.
19
Table 1. A numerical summary of the soundings carried out during the 2013 survey.
Coil separation [m]
200
400
500
600
800
Total
Line K50400
5
0
3
3
3
14
Line K50600
5
0
4
0
4
13
Line ABC
3
3
0
1
3
10
Total
13
3
7
4
10
37
The 2013 survey is almost an exact replication of the 2012 survey. However, the following three changes were made to the 2013 survey plan.
1. The 500-m coil separation soundings at Station K50600/L10200 were removed from
the program.
2. The 800-m coil separation soundings at Station K50600/L10200 were added back to
the program.
3. Station K50400/L10700 was added to the program and 600-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station.
3.4
The results
All soundings carried out during 20042013 are presented in Appendix B as wave tilt
and ARD curves. Spurious data points were removed and tilt corrections were performed carefully.
In general, the soundings that have been carried out in the vicinity of the ONKALO
excavation site are either disturbed by electromagnetic noise or cannot be sufficiently
well interpreted using 1-D layered-earth models. These include soundings that have
been carried out at the stations:
K50400/L10400, K50600/L10400,
K50400/L10600, K50600/L10600 and
K50400/L10800, K50600/L10800.
See Appendices B-5B-11. The most likely cause of the problems associated with these
stations is the infrastructure that has been constructed around the ONKALO excavation
site (see Figure 15). There are near-by sources of electromagnetic noise (e.g. electromagnetic transmitters and communication lines) and electrically conductive constructs
that cause 3-D effects which cannot be modelled using 1-D layered-earth models (e.g.
metallic fences and roofs).
Figure 15. The annual progress of the ONKALO tunnel. Each figure shows the cumulative progress of the ONKALO tunnel as a solid
black line from the beginning of the work at 2004 up to the end of the indicated year. The measurement stations are shown as filled red
circles (Lines K50400 and K50600) and as filled blue circles (Line ABC).
20
21
Better-quality data is provided by the soundings that have been carried out at the stations located to the East and to the West of the ONKALO excavation site. These include
the stations:
K50400/L10000, K50600/L10000,
K50400/L10200, K50600/L10200,
K50400/L11000, K50600/L11000, and
K50400/L11200, K50600/L11200.
See Appendices B-1B-4 and B-12B-15. These stations are significantly less affected
by the infrastructure that has been developed around the excavation site. However, the
stations K50400/L11400 and K50600/L11400 are an exception. Soundings at these stations were strongly influenced by electromagnetic noise which prevented measurements
almost entirely. This lead to the removal of these stations from the monitoring program.
The best-quality data is collected at the stations that are located furthest away from the
ONKALO excavation site. These include the stations:
K50400/L11500 which was added to the monitoring program in 2007 to replace the
stations K50400/L11400 and K50600/L11400, and
ABC/A, ABC/B and ABC/C which were added to the monitoring program in 2009.
See Appendices B-18B-21. The soundings carried out at these stations display a high
degree of repeatability and are almost noise free.
22
23
4
4.1
THE LAYER MODEL INTERPRETATIONS

Data selection
Soundings with high quality data that show a high degree of repeatability for more than
9 years were selected for interpretation. There are 8 stations containing such soundings.
Figure 16 shows the nominal locations of these stations.
Figure 16. A map of the nominal locations of the 8 stations that contain soundings that
were selected for layer-model interpretation.
4.2
The layer models
For each selected station, layer models were deduced on the basis of geological and
geophysical data. Most emphasis was placed on the hydrogeological model of Olkiluoto
(Vaittinen et al., 2011) because saline groundwater that flows in permeable zones is the
only factor that is be deemed feasible to change the apparent electrical properties of the
crystalline bedrock. The hydrogeological zones contained in the hydrogeological model
are the most likely conduits for groundwater. They are typically also associated with
electrically conductive graphite and sulphide bearing zones making them a valid basis
for deducing the conductive layers of the models even if there would be no detectable
changes in groundwater conditions. In addition to the hydrogeological model, drill hole
data (see e.g. Vaittinen et al., 2005) and the electrical model of Olkiluoto (Paananen et
al., 2007) were also considered when deducing the conductive layers of the models.
24
The intersections of the hydrogeological zones with a vertical line through a measurement station were taken as the conductive layers in the model for that station (see Figure
17). The complex near-surface conductivity structures present in drillhole data were also
included as conductive layers in the models. Table 2 presents the conductive layers included in the models.
Figure 17. A North-South view of the hydrogeological model of Olkiluoto. The green
plate-like bodies are the hydrogeological zones, the black lines are drill holes and the
red lines are vertical lines drawn through the measurement stations that were selected
for interpretation. The ONKALO facility is presented in brown colour.
A 10-m thick electrically conductive top layer was also added to each model to represent the overburden. The wetness of the overburden is likely to change from one year to
another. Thus, the electrical resistivity of the overburden is also likely to vary and needs
to be taken into account in modelling.
In summary, the models were constructed so that oddly numbered layers represent electrically conductive zones and evenly numbered layers represent electrically resistive
bedrock. The depths and thicknesses of the conductive layers were based on prior
knowledge, except for the first layer that was assigned the constant thickness of 10 metres.
4.3
The interpretation principle
First, all soundings carried out each year at a particular station using a particular coil
separation were collected into separate Sampo data files. For example, the file named
K50400_L10200_200m.sam contained all the 200-m coil separation soundings carried
out at Station K50400/L10200 during 20042013.
25
Then, interpretation was initialized by setting up the layer models for each station. The
resistive layers were assigned the constant resistivity value of 10,000 m. Using forward modelling, the conductive layers were assigned suitable initial resistivity values.
Finally, interpretation was carried out using the Saltandgrain program. Soundings carried out at a particular station using different coil separations were all interpreted with
the same station-specific model. The resistivity values of the resistive model layers were
kept fixed at 10,000 m. The depths and thicknesses of the model layers were also kept
fixed. Only the resistivities of the conductive model layers were allowed to vary during
optimization.
26
Table 2. A list of the conductive layers of the models deduced from the hydrogeological model of
Olkiluoto (Vaittinen et al., 2011), drill hole data (see e.g. Vaittinen et al., 2005) and the electrical
model of Olkiluoto (Paananen et al., 2007). HZ indicates a hydrogeological zone, OL-KR indicates a
drill hole, and OL-RES indicates an electrically conductive zone interpreted from resistivity data.
Measurement station Conductor depth [m] Conductor description
114127
K50400/L10000
148160
590620
981983
4556
93105
K50600/L10000
235237
580610
940942
7385
K50400/L10200
108170
249251
440530
926928
4560
K50600/L10200
100160
204210
445505
885887
30100
K50400/L11000
180220
283300
615700
774780
30100
K50600/L11000
135155
191200
615720
8401040
30100
K50400/L11200
100105
219230
625680
770960
3094
K50600/L11200
9499
124137
510610
770960
Based on HZ146
Conductor from OL-KR27 at ca. 8297 m
extrapolated underneath the station
Based on HZ20B
Based on HZ21
Based on HZ146
Based on HZ19C
Based on HZ20B
Based on HZ21
Based on HZ19A and HZ19C
Based on HZ19B
Based on HZ20A and HZ20B
Based on HZ21
Conductor from KR27 at ca. 8297 m
Based on HZ19A and HZ19C
Based on HZ19B
Based on HZ21
Based on a complicated conductive zone near
the ground surface present in drill hole data
Based on OL-RES-002
Based on HZ21
Based on HZ21B
Based on HZ20A
Based on OL-RES-002
Based on HZ21 and HZ21B and HZ99
Based on a deep conductor present in drill hole data
Based on HZ20A
Based on OL-RES-002
Based on HZ20A
Based on OL-RES-002
27
4.4
The results
The results of the interpretations are shown in Appendix C. The top panels show the observed and modelled wave tilts. The bottom panels show the model layers coloured according to their interpreted resistivity values with ARD curves and model responses overlaid.
The depth of investigation is approximately 12 coil separations depending on data
quality. Interpreting changes in resistivity below this depth is unreliable. For example,
using 200-m coil separation soundings to interpret changes in resistivity below the
depth of 400 metres is likely to produce unreliable results.
4.4.1
Station K50400/L10000
Figure 18 shows a summary of the interpretations of the 200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil
separation soundings shown in Appendix C-1. The 500-m coil separation soundings
indicate that the resistivities of the first and second conductive layers increase significantly.
Figure 18. A summary of the interpretations of the 200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station K50400/L10000. The layer model is shown on
the left and time series of interpreted resistivities of the conductive layers are shown on
the right.
28
4.4.2
Figure 19 shows a summary of the interpretations of the 200-m and 800-m coil separation soundings shown in Appendix C-2. The 200-m coil separation soundings indicate
that the resistivities of the first, second and third conductive layers increase slightly. The
500-m coil separation soundings indicate that the resistivity of the fourth conductive
layer increases significantly.
Figure 19. A summary of the interpretations of the 200-m and 800-m coil separation
soundings carried out at Station K50600/L10000. The layer model is shown on the left
and time series of interpreted resistivities of the conductive layers are shown on the
right.
29
4.4.3
indicate that the resistivity of the second conductive layer increases significantly. The
500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings indicate only slight increases in the resistivity of the fifth conductive layer.
Figure 20. A summary of the interpretations of the 200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station K50400/L10200. The layer model is shown on
the left and time series of interpreted resistivities of the conductive layers are shown on
the right.
30
4.4.4
that the resistivities of the first, third and fourth conductive layers may be slightly decreasing. The 800-m coil separation soundings indicate that the resistivity of the first
conductive layer is significantly decreasing while the resistivities of the third and fifth
conductive layers are slightly decreasing.
right.
31
4.4.5
Figure 22 shows a summary of the interpretations of the 200-m coil separation soundings shown in Appendix C-5. The soundings indicate that the resistivities of the first,
second and third conductive layers are significantly increasing.
Figure 22. A summary of the interpretations of the 200-m coil separation soundings
carried out at Station K50400/L11000. The layer model is shown on the left and time
series of interpreted resistivities of the conductive layers are shown on the right.
32
4.4.6
that the resistivities of the third and fourth conductive layers are decreasing. However,
the resistivity changes interpreted for the fourth layer are unreliable because the layer is
located below the depth of 600 metres which is three times the coil separation. The 500m coil separation soundings indicate that the resistivities of the fourth and fifth conductive layers are significantly decreasing.
right.
33
4.4.7
that the resistivity of the first conductive layer may be slightly increasing while the resistivity of the second conductive layer is slightly decreasing. The 500-m coil separation
soundings indicate that the resistivity of the first conductive layer is significantly decreasing while the resistivity of the third conductive layer has slightly decreased.
right.
34
4.4.8
indicate that the resistivity of the fifth conductive layer may be slightly increasing.
However, the 800-m coil separation soundings indicate that the resistivities of all conductive layers are significantly decreasing. This contradiction may be only apparent as
the results obtained from the 500-m coil separation soundings are less reliable for the
deeply seated fifth conductive layer than the results obtained from the 800-m coil separation soundings. Conversely, the 800-m coil separation results are likely to be less reliable for the shallower conductive layers than the results obtained from the 500-m coil
separation soundings.
Figure 25. A summary of the interpretations of the 200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station K50600/L11200. The layer model is shown on the left
and time series of interpreted resistivities of the conductive layers are shown on the right.
35
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) continued the Olkiluoto Sampo monitoring
program by carrying out a new monitoring survey in October 2013. During the survey,
37 soundings were carried out at 17 stations. The new survey extends the full monitoring data set to cover the 10 years from 2004 to 2013. Histories of the monitoring stations are presented in Appendix A. The full data set is presented in Appendix B.
Soundings carried out at most of the stations indicate annual changes. However the stations furthest away from the ONKALO excavation site do not indicate significant annual changes. These stations can be used to assess the quality of the soundings, which is
high based on the high degree of repeatability at these stations (see Appendices B-18
B-21).
The annual soundings carried out at 8 selected stations were interpreted using layer
models. The models were based on prior knowledge obtained from geological and geophysical data. As the only feasible factor affecting the electrical properties of the bedrock is saline groundwater flowing in permeable zones, most emphasis was put on the
hydrogeological model of Olkiluoto when deducing the layers of the models. The hydrogeological model represents hydraulically permeable zones which formed the basis
of the models. The depths and thicknesses of each layer and the resistivities of the resistive layers were kept fixed while the resistivities of the conductive layers were allowed
to change during interpretation.
The results of the interpretations indicate that at some stations the resistivities of some
layers are increasing annually whereas the resistivities of some layers are mostly decreasing at other stations. Figure 26 shows a summary of the interpretation results. The
stations for which the interpretations indicate increasing resistivities occur mostly to the
East of the ONKALO excavation site. The stations for which the layer models indicate
mostly decreasing resistivities occur to the West of the ONKALO excavation site.
These new interpretations obtained using the upgraded version of the Saltandgrain program are consistent with the earlier results obtained by Korhonen (2013a) and Korhonen (2013b).
In many cases, the layer models failed to provide a good fit to the observed data and
there is significant inter-annual variability in the results of the interpretations. This may
be due to such factors as insufficient tilt corrections and 3-D effects which arise from
violations of the layered-earth assumption which is vital to the 1-D interpretation procedure. Even though the data were carefully corrected for the effects of tilting and noisy
data points were removed, tilt correction and noise remain problematic. Olkiluoto is a
challenging site for electromagnetic measurements because there are several sources of
electromagnetic noise. Thus, in many cases the removal of noisy data points lead to insufficient data for estimating the tilt angle directly. The uncertainties arising from the
layered-earth assumption, tilt correction and electromagnetic noise make it difficult to
conclude whether the variability actually signify changes in the electrical properties of
the bedrock due to movements of saline groundwater.
36
Figure 26. A summary of the layer model interpretations. The areas shaded with red
and green colours contain stations for which the layer-model interpretations indicate
increasing resistivities and decreasing resistivities respectively.
37
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Geophysicists Jukka Lehtimki, Markku Paananen, Aimo Hattula and Turo Ahokas
contributed greatly to the work presented in this report. Their assistance is acknowledged with gratitude. The creation of the layer models could not have been done without the help of geophysicist Markku Paananen.
38
39
REFERENCES
Aittoniemi, K., Rajala, J., and Sarvas, J., 1987. Interactive Inversion Algorithm and Apparent Resistivity Versus Depth (ARD) Plot in Multifrequency Depth Soundings. Acta
Polytechnica Scandinavica Applied Physics Series 157, 34 p.
Frischknecht, F.C., Labson, V.F., Spies, B.R., and Anderson, W.L., 1991. Profiling
methods using small sources. In: Nabighian, M.N. (ed.), Electromagnetic methods in
applied geophysics. Volume 2, Part A, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 105
270.
Jokinen T., and Lehtimki J., 2005. Gefinex 400S (SAMPO) EM-soundgins at Olkiluoto 2005. Working Report 2005-43, Posiva Oy, 21 p.
Jokinen, T., Lehtimki, J., and Korhonen, K., 2009. Gefinex 400S (SAMPO) EMsoundgins at Olkiluoto 2009. Working Report 2009-76, Posiva Oy, 32 p.
Korhonen, K., 2010. Interpretation of Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring Soundings of
Olkiluoto. Working Report 2010-20, Posiva Oy, 82 p.
Korhonen, K., Korpisalo, A., and Ojamo, H., 2010. Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring
Soundings at Olkiluoto 2010. Working Report 2010-89, Posiva Oy, 60 p.
Korhonen, K., 2013a. Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring Soundings at Olkiluoto 2011
with Updated Interpretations. Working Report 2013-04, Posiva Oy, 104 p.
Korhonen, K., 2013b. Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring Soundings at Olkiluoto 2012
with Updated Interpretations. Working Report 2013-05, Posiva Oy, 68 p.
Lehtimki J., and Jokinen, T. 2004. Gefinex 400S (SAMPO) EM-soundgins at Olkiluoto 2004. Working Report 2004-38, Posiva Oy, 20 p.
Lin, H.-I, and Lee, C.-H., 2009. An approach to assessing the hydraulic conductivity
disturbance in fractured rocks around the Syueshan tunnel, Taiwan. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 24, pp. 222230.
Paananen, M., Lehtonen, T., and Korhonen, K., 2007. Electrical model of Olkiluoto.
Working Report 2007-49, Posiva Oy, 99 p.
40
Palmn, J., Vaittinen, T., Ahokas, H., Nummela, J., and Heikkinen, E., 2004. 3D Model
of Salinity of Bedrock Groundwater at Olkiluoto. Working Report 2004-53, Posiva Oy,
92 p.
Sipola, V.-P., 2002. A new data processing and interpretation program for the Sampo
electromagnetic multifrequency sounding system. Masters thesis, Helsinki University
of Technology, Otaniemi, 69 p. (In Finnish with an English abstract.)
Smith, B.D., and Ward, S.H., 1974. On the computation of polarization ellipse parameters. Geophysics 39, pp. 867869.
Soininen, H., and Jokinen, T., 1991. SAMPO, a new wide-band electromagnetic system.
Technical Programme and Abstracts, EAEG 53rd Meeting and Technical Exhibition,
Florence, Italy, 2630 May, 1991, 366367.
Vaittinen, T., Hell, P., Nummela, J., Tammisto, E., Paulamki, S., and Front, K., 2005.
Bedrock Model of the Olkiluoto Site, KR5 Sub-Volume, Version 2002/1. Working Report 2004-56, Posiva Oy, 99 p.
Vaittinen, T., Ahokas, H., Nummela, J., and Paulamki, S., 2011. Hydrogelogical structure model of the Olkiluoto siteUpdate in 2010. Working Report 2011-65, Posiva Oy,
330 p.
West, G.F., and Mcnae, J.C., 1991. Physics of the electromagnetic induction exploration
method. In: Nabighian, M.N. (ed.), Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics,
Volume 2, Part A, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 545.
41
APPENDIX A STATION HISTORIES
A-1
200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station every
year since the start of the monitoring program (Figure A-1 and Tables A-1A-3).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure A-1. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and,
respectively, squares) of the (a) 200-m, (b) 500-m and (c) 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station K50400/L10000. The grey lines and open circles indicate the
locations of the nominal survey lines and stations.
42
Table A-1. History of the transmitter, receiver and station locations (TX, RX and SX) and the
actual coil separations (L) of the 200-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station
K50400/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50400/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50650 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50150 m
SX
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
43
K50400/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50000 m
SX
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50400 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
44
A-2

(a)
(b)
(c)
45
K50600/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50600 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50600/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
K = 9975 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
46
K50600/L10000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 9975 m
L = 51000 m
RX
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10000 m
L = 50200 m
SX
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
K = 9988 m
L = 50600 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
47
A-3

(a)
(b)
(c)
48
K50400/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50400/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50650 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50150 m
SX
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
49
K50400/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50000 m
SX
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50400 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
50
A-4
200-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station every year since the start
of the monitoring program (Figure A-4 and Table A-10).
Figure A-4. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the 200-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station
K50600/L10200. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal survey
lines and stations.
Table A-10. History of the transmitter, receiver and station locations (TX, RX and SX) and
the actual coil separations (L) of the 200-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station
K50600/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50600 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
51
500-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A5 and Table A-11). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they displayed poor
repeatability (see Appendix B-4) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 10175 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 10188 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
L
551 m
Comment
501 m
RX location changed
501 m
501 m
501 m
Discontinued in 2009
52
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042011 (Figure A6 and Table A-12). In 2012, the 800-m coil separation soundings were removed from the program because their interpretation using layer-models was deemed unsatisfactory due to apparent violations of the layered-earth assumption. In 2013, the soundings were added back to the
program because of their high degree of repeatability (see Appendix B-4) which, nevertheless,
makes them useful for monitoring purposes.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10175 m
L = 51000 m
RX
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10200 m
L = 50200 m
SX
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10188 m
L = 50600 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
Skipped in 2012
800 m
Re-activated in 2013
53
600-m coil separation soundings at this station (Figure A-7 and Table A-13) were added to
the program in 2012 to replace the discontinued 500-m coil separation soundings. However,
the sounding carried out in 2012 is noisy and the 600-m coil separation soundings were removed from the monitoring program in 2013 (see Appendix B-4).
respectively, squares) of the 600-m coil separation sounding carried out at Station
K50600/L10200 in 2012. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the
nominal survey lines and stations.
K50600/L10200.
Year
2012
TX
X = 1526296 m
Y = 6791641 m
RX
X = 1526466 m
Y = 6792236 m
SX
X = 1526381 m
Y = 6791938 m
L
619 m
Comment
Discontinued in
2013
54
A-5

200-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A8 and Table A-14). The soundings at this station were discontinued in 2009 because they displayed almost no repeatability (see Appendix B-5) making their usefulness for monitoring
purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50400/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10400 m
L = 50550 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
RX
K = 10400 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50350 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 10400 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50470 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50470 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50470 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50470 m
L
200 m
Comment
240 m
TX location changed
240 m
240 m
240 m
55
500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042011
(Figure A-9 and Tables A-15 and A-16). Both soundings were discontinued in 2011 because
their repeatability is poor (see Appendix B-5) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
(a)
(b)
Figure A-9. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the (a) 500-m and (b) 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station K50400/L10400. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal
survey lines and stations.
56
K50400/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TX
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50660 m
K = 10375 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50160 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
SX
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50410 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50450 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
TX and RX locations
changed
TX and RX locations
changed, discontinued
in 2012
501 m
K50400/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
TX
X = 1526440 m
Y = 6792130 m
RX
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
SX
X = 1526102 m
Y = 6791912 m
L
803 m
Comment
Skipped in 2005
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1525765 m
Y = 6791695 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526150 m
Y = 6791924 m
896 m
896 m
TX location
changed
896 m
896 m
896 m
896 m
Discontinued in
2012
57
600-m coil separation soundings at Station K50400/L10400 (Figure A-10 and Table A-17)
were added to the program in 2012 in order to replace the discontinued 500-m and 800-m coil
separation soundings.
lines and stations.
K50400/L10400.
Year
2012
2013
TX
X = 1525885 m
Y = 6791749 m
X = 1525885 m
Y = 6791749 m
RX
X = 1526372 m
Y = 6792100 m
X = 1526372 m
Y = 6792100 m
SX
X = 1526128 m
Y = 6791924 m
X = 1526128 m
Y = 6791924 m
L
600 m
Comment
600 m
58
A-6

200-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A11 and Table A-18). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they display almost no
repeatability (see Appendix B-6) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10400 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 10400 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50590 m
SX
K = 10400 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50645 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50645 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50645 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50645 m
L
200 m
Comment
110 m
RX location changed
110 m
110 m
110 m
59
500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station every year
since the start of the monitoring program (Figure A-12 and Tables A-19 and A-20). During
20042011 especially the 500-m coil separation soundings display poor repeatability (see
Appendix B-6). To improve repeatability, the transmitter and receiver locations of the 500-m
and 800-m coil separation soundings were radically changed in 2012.
(a)
(b)
respectively, squares) of the (a) 500-m and (b) 800-m coil separation soundings carried
out at Station K50600/L10400. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of
the nominal survey lines and stations.
60
K50600/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
X = 1526440 m
Y = 6792130 m
X = 1526440 m
Y = 6792130 m
X = 1526440 m
Y = 6792130 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526536 m
Y = 6792152 m
X = 1526025 m
Y = 6792242 m
RX
X = 1525977 m
Y = 6792007 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1525975 m
Y = 6792005 m
X = 1526413 m
Y = 6791939 m
SX
X = 1526208 m
Y = 6792068 m
X = 1526208 m
Y = 6792068 m
X = 1526208 m
Y = 6792068 m
X = 1526256 m
Y = 6792078 m
X = 1526256 m
Y = 6792078 m
X = 1526256 m
Y = 6792078 m
X = 1526256 m
Y = 6792078 m
X = 1526256 m
Y = 6792078 m
X = 1526219 m
Y = 6792090 m
L
479 m
Comment
482 m
RX location
changed
X = 1526025 m
Y = 6792242 m
X = 1526413 m
Y = 6791939 m
X = 1526219 m
Y = 6792090 m
492 m
482 m
580 m
580 m
TX location
changed
580 m
580 m
580 m
492 m
TX and RX
locations
changed
K50600/L10400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
K = 10375 m
L = 51050 m
X = 1525837 m
Y = 6792312 m
RX
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
K = 10400 m
L = 50200 m
X = 1526546 m
Y = 6791842 m
SX
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10388 m
L = 50625 m
X = 1526192 m
Y = 6792077 m
L
850 m
Comment
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
851 m
X = 1525837 m
Y = 6792312 m
X = 1526546 m
Y = 6791842 m
X = 1526192 m
Y = 6792077 m
851 m
TX and RX
locations
changed
61
A-7

200-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A13 and Table A-21). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they displayed no repeatability (see Appendix B-7) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50400/L10600.
Year TX
2004 K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
2005 K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
2006 K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
2007 K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
2008 K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 10600 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50300 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 10600 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50400 m
L
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m Discontinued in 2009
62
(Figure A-14 and Tables A-22 and A-23). The soundings were discontinued in 2012 due to
repeatability issues (see Appendix B-7) and low usefulness for monitoring purposes.
(a)
(b)
63
K50400/L10600.
Year TX
2004 K = 10575 m
L = 50650 m
2005 K = 10575 m
L = 50650 m
2006 K = 10575 m
L = 50650 m
2007 K = 10575 m
L = 50150 m
2008 K = 10575 m
L = 50150 m
2009 K = 10575 m
L = 50150 m
2010 K = 10575 m
L = 50150 m
2011 K = 10575 m
L = 50150 m
RX
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50650 m
SX
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50400 m
L
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m TX and RX locations changed
501 m
501 m
501 m
K50400/L10600.
Year TX
2004 X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792415 m
2005
2006 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2007 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2008 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2009 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2010 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2011 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
RX
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525849 m
Y = 6791638 m
X = 1525848 m
Y = 6791640 m
SX
X = 1525940 m
Y = 6792026 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792034 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792034 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792034 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792034 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792034 m
X = 1525932 m
Y = 6792035 m
L
Comment
798 m
Soundings failed
809 m TX location changed

809 m
809 m
809 m
809 m
808 m RX location changed,
discontinued in 2012
64
600-m coil separation soundings at this station (Figure A-15 and Table A-24) were added to
the program in 2012 to replace the discontinued 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings.
lines and stations.
K50400/L10600.
Year
2012
2013
TX
X = 1525904 m
Y = 6792341 m
X = 1525904 m
Y = 6792341 m
RX
X = 1525987 m
Y = 6791745 m
X = 1525987 m
Y = 6791745 m
SX
X = 1525946 m
Y = 6792043 m
X = 1525946 m
Y = 6792043 m
L
602 m
Comment
602 m
65
A-8

200-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A16 and Table A-25). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they displayed no repeatability (see Appendix B-8) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10600.
Year TX
2004 K = 10600 m
L = 50700 m
2005 K = 10600 m
L = 50700 m
2006
RX
K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 10600 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50600 m
2007
K = 10600 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10600 m 200 m TX and RX locations changed

L = 50600 m
K = 10600 m 200 m Discontinued in 2009
L = 50600 m
2008
K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50500 m
L
Comment
200 m
200 m
66
500-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A17 and Table A-26). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they displayed poor
repeatability (see Appendix B-8). They were re-attempted again in 2011 but with no improvement and were discontinued again in 2012.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10600.
Year TX
2004 X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792415 m
2005 X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792415 m
2006 X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792415 m
2007 X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792415 m
2008 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
2009
2010
2011 X = 1526016 m
Y = 6792430 m
RX
X = 1526045 m
Y = 6791938 m
X = 1526045 m
Y = 6791938 m
X = 1526045 m
Y = 6791938 m
X = 1526045 m
Y = 6791938 m
X = 1526045 m
Y = 6791938 m
X = 1526048 m
Y = 6791934 m
SX
X = 1526038 m
Y = 6792176 m
X = 1526038 m
Y = 6792176 m
X = 1526038 m
Y = 6792176 m
X = 1526038 m
Y = 6792176 m
X = 1526030 m
Y = 6792184 m
X = 1526032 m
Y = 6792182 m
L
477 m
Comment
477 m
477 m
477 m
493 m
TX location changed,
Skipped in 2009
Skipped in 2010
497 m
RX location changed,
re-attempted in 2011,
67
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A18 and Table A-27). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they are noisy (see
Appendix B-8) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10600.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10575 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10575 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10575 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10575 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10575 m
L = 51000 m
RX
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10600 m
L = 50150 m
SX
K = 10588 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10588 m
L = 50575 m
L
850 m
Comment
850 m
850 m
850 m
850 m
68
A-9

600-m coil separation soundings (Figure A-19 and Table A-28) were added to the monitoring
program in 2013 in order to replace the discontinued 500-m and 800-m soundings at Station
K50400/K10600.
lines and stations.
K50400/L10700.
Year
2013
TX
X = 1525904 m
Y = 6792341 m
RX
X = 1525801 m
Y = 6791810 m
SX
X = 1525852 m
Y = 6792076 m
L
541 m
Comment
69
A-10 Station K50400/L10800
repeatability and noise issues (see Appendix B-10) and low usefulness for monitoring purposes.
(a)
(b)
K50400/L10800.
Year TX
2004 K = 10775 m
L = 50650 m
2005 K = 10775 m
L = 50650 m
2006 K = 10775 m
L = 50650 m
2007 K = 10775 m
L = 50150 m
2008 K = 10775 m
L = 50150 m
RX
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50650 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50650 m
SX
K = 10788 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50400 m
L
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
70
K50400/L10800.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10825 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10825 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10825 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10825 m
L = 50800 m
K = 10825 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 10800 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50000 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50000 m
SX
K = 10812 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10812 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10812 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10812 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10812 m
L = 50400 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
71
A-11 Station K50600/L10800
200-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station since the start of the
monitoring program (Figure A-21 and Table A-31).
lines and stations.
K50600/L10800.
Year TX
2004 K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
2005 K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
2006 K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
2007 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2008 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2009 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2010 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2011 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2012 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
2013 K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50700 m
SX
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50600 m
L
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
72
A single 500-m coil separation sounding was carried out in 2004 (Figure A-22 and Table A32). The soundings were discontinued in 2005 because strong electromagnetic noise prevented them.
lines and stations.
Table A-32. The transmitter, receiver and station locations (TX, RX and SX) and the actual
coil separation (L) of the 500-m coil separation soundings carried out in 2004 at Station
K50600/L10800.
Year
2004
TX
K = 10825 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 10800 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 10812 m
L = 50600 m
L
501 m
Comment
73
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A23 and Table A-33). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 due to data poor repeatability
and data quality (see Appendix B-11) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50600/L10800.
Year TX
2004 K = 10825 m
L = 51000 m
2005 K = 10750 m
L = 51000 m
2006 K = 10750 m
L = 51000 m
2007 K = 10775 m
L = 50900 m
2008 K = 10775 m
L = 50900 m
RX
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50150 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50100 m
K = 10800 m
L = 50100 m
SX
K = 10812 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10775 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10775 m
L = 50575 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50500 m
K = 10788 m
L = 50500 m
L
Comment
850 m
851 m
74
A-12 Station K50400/L11000
200-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station since the start of the
monitoring program (Figure A-24 and Table A-34).
lines and stations.
K50400/L11000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
75
poor repeatability and noise (see Appendix B-12) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
(a)
(b)
K50400/L11000.
Year TX
2004 K = 10975 m
L = 50650 m
2005 K = 10975 m
L = 50650 m
2006 K = 10975 m
L = 50650 m
2007 K = 10975 m
L = 50150 m
2008 K = 10975 m
L = 50150 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50150 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50650 m
SX
K = 10988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50400 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50400 m
L
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
76
K50400/L11000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 11025 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50100 m
SX
K = 11012 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50450 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
700 m
RX location changed,
77
A-13 Station K50600/L11000
200-m and 500-m coil separation soundings have been carried at this station since the start of
the monitoring program (Figure A-26 and Tables A-37 and A-38).
(a)
(b)
78
K50600/L11000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50600 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50600/L11000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11025 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 11012 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
K = 11012 m
L = 50575 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
551 m
RX location changed
501 m
RX location changed
551 m
RX location changed
551 m
551 m
551 m
551 m
79
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A27 and Table A-39). The soundings were discontinued due to noise (see Appendix B-13) and
low usefulness for monitoring purposes.
lines and stations.
K50600/L11000.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 10975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10975 m
L = 51000 m
K = 10975 m
L = 51000 m
RX
K = 11000 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11000 m
L = 50250 m
SX
K = 10988 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50625 m
K = 10988 m
L = 50625 m
L
750 m
Comment
750 m
750 m
750 m
750 m
Discontinued
in 2009
80
A-14 Station K50400/L11200
200-m and 500-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station since the start
of the monitoring program (Figure A-28 and Tables A-40 and A-41).
(a)
(b)
Figure A-28. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the (a) 200-m and (b) 500-m coil separation soundings carried out
at Station K50400/L11200. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the
81
K50400/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50400/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50650 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
SX
K = 11188 m
L = 50425 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50425 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50420 m
L
451 m
Comment
451 m
461 m
RX location changed
461 m
461 m
461 m
461 m
461 m
461 m
461 m
82
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station during 20042008 (Figure A29 and Table A-42). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 due to poor repeatability and
noise (see Appendix B-14) making their usefulness for monitoring purposes low.
lines and stations.
K50400/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
TX
K = 11175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50000 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50000 m
SX
K = 11188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50400 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
83
A-15 Station K50600/L11200
200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings have been carried out at this station since
the start of the monitoring program (Figure A-30 and Tables A-43A-45).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure A-30. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the (a) 200-m, (b) 500-m and (c) 800-m coil separation soundings carried
out at Station K50600/L11200. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the
84
K50600/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50600 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50600/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50353 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50602 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
501 m
501 m
501 m
498 m
RX location changed
501 m
RX location changed
501 m
501 m
501 m
85
K50600/L11200.
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 51000 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
K = 11175 m
L = 50940 m
RX
K = 11200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50200 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
K = 11200 m
L = 50190 m
SX
K = 11188 m
L = 50600 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50570 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50595 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
K = 11188 m
L = 50565 m
L
800 m
Comment
740 m
TX location changed
750 m
RX location changed
750 m
810 m
TX location changed
750 m
TX location changed
750 m
750 m
750 m
750 m
86
A-16 Station K50400/L11400
A single 200-m coil separation sounding was carried out at this station in 2004 (Figure A-31
and Table A-46). The soundings were discontinued in 2005 because strong electromagnetic
noise prevented them.
Figure A-31. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the 200-m coil separation sounding carried out at Station K50400/L11400
in 2004. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal survey lines and
stations.
K50400/L11400.
Year
2004
TX
K = 11400 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 11400 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 11400 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
87
500-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station in 2004 and 2005 (Figure A32 and Table A-47). The soundings were discontinued in 2006 because strong electromagnetic noise prevented them.
lines and stations.
K50400/L11400.
Year
2004
2005
TX
K = 11375 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11375 m
L = 50650 m
RX
K = 11400 m
L = 50150 m
K = 11400 m
L = 50150 m
SX
K = 11388 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11388 m
L = 50400 m
L
501 m
Comment
501 m
88
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station first in 2004 and then in 2006
(Figure A-33 and Table A-48). The soundings were discontinued in 2007 because strong electromagnetic noise prevented them.
lines and stations.
K50400/L11400.
Year
2004
2005
2006
TX
K = 11375 m
L = 50800 m
RX
K = 11400 m
L = 49950 m
SX
K = 11388 m
L = 50375 m
L
850 m
Comment
Skipped in 2005
K = 11375 m
L = 50800 m
K = 11400 m
L = 49950 m
K = 11388 m
L = 50375 m
850 m
Re-attempted in 2006,
89
A-17 Station K50600/L11400
200-m and 500-m coil separation soundings were carried out at this station only in 2004 (Figure A-34 and Tables A-49 and A-50). The soundings were discontinued in 2005 because
strong electromagnetic noise prevented them.
(a)
(b)
Figure A-34. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the (a) 200-m and (b) 500-m coil separation soundings carried out in 2004
at Station K50600/L11400. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal survey lines and stations.
K50600/L11400.
Year
2004
TX
K = 11400 m
L = 50700 m
RX
K = 11400 m
L = 50500 m
SX
K = 11400 m
L = 50600 m
L
200 m
Comment
Discontinued
in 2005
K50600/L11400.
Year
2004
TX
K = 11375 m
L = 50850 m
RX
K = 11400 m
L = 50350 m
SX
K = 11388 m
L = 50600 m
L
501 m
Comment
Discontinued
in 2005
90
800-m coil separation soundings were carried out in this station during 20042008 (Figure A35 and Table A-51). The soundings were discontinued in 2009 because they are too noisy to
be useful for monitoring purposes (see Appendix B-17).
lines and stations.
K50600/L11400.
Year TX
2004 X = 1525750 m
Y = 6792820 m
2005 X = 1525750 m
Y = 6792820 m
2006 X = 1525750 m
Y = 6792820 m
2007 X = 1525779 m
Y = 6792806 m
2008 X = 1525779 m
Y = 6792806 m
RX
X = 1525030 m
Y = 6792475 m
X = 1525030 m
Y = 6792475 m
X = 1525030 m
Y = 6792475 m
X = 1525030 m
Y = 6792475 m
X = 1525030 m
Y = 6792475 m
SX
X = 1525390 m
Y = 6792648 m
X = 1525390 m
Y = 6792648 m
X = 1525390 m
Y = 6792648 m
X = 1525404 m
Y = 6792640 m
X = 1525404 m
Y = 6792640 m
L
Comment
798 m
798 m
798 m
91
A-18 Station K50400/L11500
200-m and 800-m coil separation soundings at this station (Figure A-36 and Tables A-52 and
A-53) were added to the monitoring program in 2007 in order to replace the discontinued
soundings at Station K50400/L11400.
(a)
(b)
92
K50400/L11500.
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50500 m
RX
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50300 m
SX
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
K = 11500 m
L = 50400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
K50400/L11500.
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
K = 11475 m
L = 50650 m
RX
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
K = 11500 m
L = 49850 m
SX
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
K = 11488 m
L = 50250 m
L
800 m
Comment
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
800 m
93
A-19 Station ABC/A
200-m, 400-m and 800-m coil separation soundings at this station were added to the monitoring program in 2009 (Figure A-37 and Tables A-54A56). 600-m coil separation soundings
were attempted at this station in 2010 but proper placing for the transmitter and receiver could
not be found.
(a)
(b)
(c)
out at Station ABC/A. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal
94
ABC/A.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100000 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500500 m
RX
A = 100000 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500300 m
SX
A = 100000 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
ABC/A.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 99975 m
B = 500600 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500600 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500600 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500600 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500600 m
RX
A = 100000 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500200 m
SX
A = 99988 m
B = 500400 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500400 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500400 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500400 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500400 m
L
401 m
Comment
401 m
401 m
401 m
401 m
ABC/A.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 99975 m
B = 500800 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500800 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500800 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500800 m
A = 99975 m
B = 500800 m
RX
A = 100000 m
B = 500040 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500040 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500050 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500050 m
A = 100000 m
B = 500050 m
SX
A = 99988 m
B = 500420 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500420 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500425 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500425 m
A = 99988 m
B = 500425 m
L
760 m
Comment
760 m
750 m
RX location changed
750 m
750 m
95
A-20 Station ABC/B
200-m, 400-m and 800-m coil separation soundings at this station were added to the monitoring program in 2009 (Figure A-38 and Tables A-57A59). 600-m coil separation soundings
were attempted at this station in 2010 but proper placing for the transmitter and receiver could
not be found.
(a)
(b)
(c)
out at Station ABC/A. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of the nominal
96
ABC/B.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100300 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500500 m
RX
A = 100300 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500300 m
SX
A = 100300 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500400 m
L
200 m
Comment
202 m
TX location changed
200 m
TX location changed
200 m
200 m
ABC/B.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100275 m
B = 500650 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500650 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500650 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500650 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500650 m
RX
A = 100300 m
B = 500260 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500260 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500260 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500260 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500260 m
SX
A = 100288 m
B = 500455 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500455 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500455 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500455 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500455 m
L
391 m
Comment
391 m
391 m
391 m
391 m
ABC/B.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100275 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100275 m
B = 500800 m
RX
A = 100300 m
B = 499950 m
A = 100300 m
B = 499950 m
A = 100300 m
B = 500000 m
A = 100300 m
B = 499950 m
A = 100300 m
B = 499950 m
SX
A = 100288 m
B = 500375 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500375 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500375 m
A = 100288 m
B = 500375 m
L
850 m
Comment
850 m
800 m
RX location changed
850 m
RX location changed
850 m
97
A-21 Station ABC/C
200-m, 400-m, 600-m and 800-m coil separation soundings
200-m, 400-m and 800-m coil separation soundings at this station were added to the monitoring program in 2009 and 600-m coil separation soundings at this station were added to the
monitoring program in 2010 (Figure A-39 and Tables A-60A63).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure A-39. Transmitter, receiver and station locations (open triangles, circles and, respectively, squares) of the (a) 200-m, (b) 400-m, (c) 600-m and (d) 800-m coil separation soundings carried out at Station ABC/A. The grey lines and open circles indicate the locations of
ABC/C.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100600 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500500 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500500 m
RX
A = 100600 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500300 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500300 m
SX
A = 100600 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500400 m
L
200 m
Comment
200 m
200 m
200 m
200 m
98
ABC/C.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100575 m
B = 500600 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500600 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500600 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500600 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500600 m
RX
A = 100600 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500200 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500200 m
SX
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
L
401 m
Comment
401 m
401 m
401 m
401 m
ABC/C.
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100575 m
B = 500700 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500700 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500700 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500700 m
RX
A = 100600 m
B = 500100 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500100 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500100 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500100 m
SX
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
L
601 m
Comment
601 m
601 m
601 m
ABC/C.
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
TX
A = 100575 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500800 m
A = 100575 m
B = 500775 m
RX
A = 100600 m
B = 500020 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500020 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500025 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500025 m
A = 100600 m
B = 500025 m
SX
A = 100588 m
B = 500410 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500410 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500412 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500412 m
A = 100588 m
B = 500400 m
L
780 m
Comment
780 m
775 m
RX location changed
775 m
750 m
TX location changed
B-1
APPENDIX B SOUNDINGS
99
100
101
B-2
102
103
104
B-3
105
106
107
B-4
108
109
110
111
B-5
112
113
114
115
B-6
116
117
118
B-7
119
120
121
122
B-8
123
124
125
B-9
126
B-10 Station K50400/L10800
127
128
B-11 Station K50600/L10800
129
130
131
B-12 Station K50400/L11000
132
133
134
B-13 Station K50600/L11000
135
136
137
B-14 Station K50400/L11200
138
139
140
B-15 Station K50600/L11200
141
142
143
B-16 Station K50400/L11400
144
145
146
B-17 Station K50600/L11400
147
148
149
B-18 Station K50400/L11500
150
151
B-19 Station ABC/A
152
153
154
B-20 Station ABC/B
155
156
157
B-21 Station ABC/C
158
159
160
161
162
16
APPENDIX C INTERPRETATIONS
C-1
16
16
16
C-2
16
16
C-3
16
1
17
C-4
17
17
C-5
17
C-6
17
17
C-7
17
17
C-8
17
1

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Working Report 2014-57

Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring

Working Report 2014-57

Electromagnetic Sampo Monitoring

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

ELECTROMAGNETIC SAMPO MONITORING SOUNDINGS AT OLKILUOTO

OLKILUODON SHKMAGNEETTISET SAMPO-LUOTAUKSET VUONNA

The Sampo monitoring program ..................................................................... 15

4 THE LAYER MODEL INTERPRETATIONS............................................................. 23

Data selection ................................................................................................. 23

5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................... 35

STATION HISTORIES ....................................................................... 41

A-1 Station K50400/L10000 .................................................................................. 41

A-13 Station K50600/L11000 .................................................................................. 77

B-1 Station K50400/L10000 .................................................................................. 99

INTERPRETATIONS ....................................................................... 163

Station K50400/L10000 ................................................................................ 163

THE SAMPO DEPTH SOUNDING SYSTEM

The Sampo system is a wide-band frequency-domain electromagnetic depth-sounding

Data processing, modelling, visualization and interpretation

Apparent Resistivity versus Depth curves (ARD curves)

Figure 5. An illustration of the visualization of Sampo soundings. (a) The measured

Removal of noisy data

where x is a vector of model parameters, N is the number of data points (frequencies),

THE SAMPO MONITORING SURVEYS

The Sampo monitoring surveys

X L 10000 cos LK 50000 K sin LK 1526200

Y 10000 L sin LK 50000 K cos LK 6791352

X A 100000 cos AB 500000 B sin AB 1527074

Y 100000 A sin AB 500000 B cos AB 6791140

where A and B are the AB coordinates, and AB is 152.574.

The 2013 survey

THE LAYER MODEL INTERPRETATIONS

The layer models

The interpretation principle

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

200-m, 500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m and 800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

809 m TX location changed

200-m coil separation soundings

K = 10600 m 200 m TX and RX locations changed

600-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m coil separation soundings

800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m coil separation soundings

800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m coil separation soundings

800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m coil separation soundings

600-m coil separation soundings

800-m coil separation soundings

200-m coil separation soundings

500-m coil separation soundings