Communication Networks

Reading:
Laudon & Laudon
chapter 6
Additional Reading:
Brien & Marakas
chapter 6
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Outline
Telecommunication and Networking

Current Trends
Computer Network

Key Digital Networking Technologies

Communication Network Topologies
The Global Internet

Addressing and Architecture

Governance
Future Trends

Internet and E-commerce

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Hyatt Hotels Wireless Networking

HRO

500 Guest Rooms, 28 floors

Distance from central Osaka

Problems

Pressures to adapt in a
competitive industry
Outdated communication methods

Solutions

Implement a mobile wireless LAN

to provide integrated voice and data
coverage across the entire hotel
Wireless Handheld or Notebook PCs Ability to access the info online anywhere
in hotel and respond accurately and immediately
Provide immediate/before service from past record, memorable service
Savings 60 hrs per year per staff member or total 4800 hrs annually
Intel Centrino and Intel XScale technologies capable of handling phone calls as
well as data communication allowed employees to access information from
anywhere in the hotel
Demonstrates ITs role in hastening the communication and flow of information
Illustrates digital technologys role contemporary networking

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Trends Networking and Telecom

Convergence

Telephone Networks and Computer Networks

Single digital network using Internet standards

Cable companies providing voice service

Broadband

More than 60% U.S. Internet users Broadband

Cost of Service

Broadband Wireless

Voice and data communication as well as Internet access are

increasingly taking place over broadband wireless platforms
Mobile Wireless Access Fastest growing form of internet access (2008 96% )

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Trends Networking and Telecom

Internet2

Next generation of the Internet Network of Networks

1996 to 2006
High-performance backbone network different infrastructure
BW 2.5 - 9.6 Gbps

200 universities, scientific institutions, communications corporations

Part of Internet2
Never, Not intended to replace Internet, test bed
Purpose Develop roadmap, next stage of innovation for current internet
New addressing protocol, satellite quality video
Most Connections Abilene
Network backbone, 10 Gbps

Video Conferencing, Multicasting, Remote Applications, Speed & BW

IPv6

Internet population growth, Out of available IP address 2013

New version, 128 bit addresses, more than new quadrillion (2^128)
possible addresses, IPv4 32bits
Roughly 5,000 addresses for every square micrometer of the earth's
surface, sufficiently large for the indefinite future

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Network Concept
Network

An interconnected chain, group or system

Number of possible connections (N Nodes)

N*(N-1)
If 10 computers on a network 10 * 9 = 90 possible connections

Metcalfes Law

The usefulness of a network equals the square of number of users

On a small network, a change in technology affects technology only
On a large network like the Internet, a change in technology affects
social, political and economic systems

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Computer Network
Two or More Connected Computers
Major Components in Simple Network

Client computer
Server computer
Network interfaces (NICs)
Connection medium
Network operating system
Routes & manages communication on network
Coordinates network resources
Example Server softwares, Novell NetWare, Linux, Microsoft Windows Server

Hub
Sends packet of data to all connected devices

Switch
More intelligence, can filter and forward data to specified destination on network

Routers

Device used to route packets of data through different networks,

ensuring that data sent gets to the correct address

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Computer Network
Switch

Makes connections between telecommunications

circuits in a network

Router

Intelligent communications processor that

interconnects networks based on different protocols

Gateway

Connects networks using different communications

Connection medium

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Computer Network
Switch

Makes connections between telecommunications

circuits in a network

Router

Intelligent communications processor that

interconnects networks based on different protocols

Gateway

Connects networks using different communications

Connection medium

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Network in Large Companies

Can Include

Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to

firmwide corporate network
Various powerful servers
Web site
Corporate intranet, extranet
Backend systems

Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)

Videoconferencing system
Telephone network
Wireless cell phones

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Network in Large Companies

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Key Network Technologies

Client/Server Computing

Clients End user personal computers or networked

computers
Servers Manage Networks
Interconnected by LANs, Distributed computing model
Processing shared between clients and servers
Server sets rules of communication for network and
provides every client with an address so others can
find it on the network
Has largely replaced centralized mainframe
computing
The Internet Largest implementation of client/server
computing

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Key Network Technologies

Packet Switching

Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets)

Sends packets along different communication paths as
they become available, and then reassembling packets
at destination
Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly
of complete point-to-point circuit
Expensive, Wasted communication capacity

Packet switching more efficient use of networks

communications capacit

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Key Network Technologies

Packet Switching Communication

Data are grouped into small packets, transmitted independently over various Communications channels
Reassembled at their final destination

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Computer Network
Network Topologies (Structure of Network)

Star ties end user computers to a central computer

Ring ties local computer processors together in a
ring on a relatively equal basis
Bus local processors share the same comm channel

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Key Network Technologies

Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI)

A seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network

architectures
Model for how messages should be transmitted between two points in a
network
Each layer adds functions

TCP/IP and Connectivity

Connectivity between computers enabled by protocols

Protocols Different components in network communicate with each
other by adhering to common set of rules
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Common worldwide standard that is basis for Internet
TCP Movement of data between computes, establish connection, sequences

transfer of packets, acknowledges packet sent

IP Responsible for delivery of packets, disassembling and reassembling of
packets

A five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

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Key Network Technologies

OSI (7 layer) Communication Network
TCP/IP (5 layer)

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Key Network Technologies

TCP/IP

Postal system finds your house addresses, delivers your mail

(packets)
IP4 Current IP addressing protocol, 32 bit Internet address value
First Part identifies the network on which the host resides
Second part identifies the particular host on network
Four decimal numbers separated by period
Valid addresses can range from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (4.3
billion addresses)

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Key Network Technologies

TCP/IP (IP4)

Class E addresses Reserved Research Organizations, Experiments

Limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255
One sender to many recipients, all the nodes on LAN

Loopback IP address 127.0.0.1, Adapter intercepts and sends back to

application, network behavior
Private Addresses (reserved range for intranet, free usage)

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Key Network Technologies

IPv6

128 bit address

Generally written in hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh:hhhh

E3D7:0000:0000:0000:51F4:9BC8:C0A8:6420
Shorthand Notation E3D7::51F4:9BC8:C0A8:6420
Mixed Notation E3D7::51F4:9BC8:158.132.11.186

Only two reserved addresses in IPv6

0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Internal for protocol implementation
0:0:0:0:0:0:1 Loopback address (similar to 127.0.0.1 in IPv4)

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Key Network Technologies

Internet

Over 46 million servers (2004)

710 945 million users (2004)
No central computer system
No governing body
No one owns it

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The Global Internet

What is Internet?
Internet Addressing and Architecture

The Domain Name System

Hierarchical structure
Top-level domains

Internet Architecture and Governance

No One Owns Internet!

Worldwide Internet Policies Professional & Government Bodies
IAB, ICANN, W3C

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The Global Internet

Domain Name System

The Domain Name System is a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level.

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The Global Internet

Internet Services

E-mail
Chatting and instant messaging
Newsgroups
Telnet
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
World Wide Web
VoIP
Virtual private network (VPN)

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The Global Internet

Client/Server Computing on Internet

Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on servers
over the Internet. These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers.

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The Global Internet

How Voice over IP Works?

An VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along different routes before being
reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest the calls destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order
and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.

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Virtual Private Network

A secure network that uses the Internet as its backbone
but relies on firewalls, encryption and other security
A pipe traveling through the Internet

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The Global Internet

Virtual Private Network Using Internet

This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure tunnel connection over the Internet. It protects data transmitted
over the public Internet by encoding the data and wrapping them within the Internet Protocol (IP). By adding a wrapper around a
network message to hide its content, organizations can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet.

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Network Computing
Thin Clients
Network computers and other clients provide a
browser-based user interface

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Case Study Monitoring Employees

People Monitoring Employees on Networks: Unethical or Good Business?

Question - Should managers monitor employee e-mail and Internet usage?

Why or why not?

Corporate misuse, abuse of email for personal reasons is exploding

Employees who use company resources for work not related to the company are,
in essence, engaged in service theft.
Companies are in business to generate profits for their shareholders. Managers
certainly should be concerned with the loss of time and employee productivity, the
additional traffic it creates on their networks that inhibits the efficiency for real
business purposes, lost revenue or missed opportunities, as well as overcharging
clients because of lost employee efficiencies.
The company itself is responsible for the use of its resources and what
employees do while using them
Adverse publicity can seriously affect a company and could even result in very
expensive lawsuits
Companies also fear e-mail leakage of trade secrets. Other legal and regulatory
problems involve the safe keeping of all e-mails that are generated on corporate
equipment. This information must be retained for specific time periods and may
be requested as evidence in a lawsuit

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Case Study Monitoring Employees

Describe an effective e-mail and Web use policy for a company

Effective e-mail and Web use policy must be carefully designed

and clearly communicated to all persons who use these corporate
resources

There are a number of different policies - Some companies allow

absolutely no personal use of corporate networks whereas others
allow some degree of activity that is easily monitored

A good policy will detail exactly what type of activity is acceptable

and what is not allowed

Clearly articulate sanctions that will be followed for any and all
offenses in relation to the policy

Most of all, rules for Internet usage should be tailored to specific

business needs and organizational cultures

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Case Study Monitoring Employees

Explore the Web site of online employee monitoring software such as SpectorSoft, NetVizor, SpyTech, or
Activity Monitor and answer the following questions

What employee activities does this software track? What can

an employer learn about an employee by using this software?

SpectorSoft Web site - The Spector Pro keylogger will instantly

inform you whenever they type, or even simply view, any alert
words or phrases that you specify

Spector Pro continuously looks for alert words in everything they

type, every web site they visit, all chats/Instant Messages and in
each email sent or received. Every time a keyword is detected,
Spector Pro will immediately email you a detailed report of when,
where and how the keyword was used

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Case Study Monitoring Employees

How can businesses benefit from using this software?

Testimonials With Spector Pro, we were immediately able to

discover which employees were non-productive. Not only has
Spector Pro helped us weed out lazy workers, it also helped to
uncover fraud in some of our departments

In addition, this program has also allowed us to realize and

resolve training issues we've experienced with our internal
software

Spector Pro is very stealthy, has no noticeable effect on system

performance and provides excellent return on investment

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World Wide Web

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML):

Formats documents for display on Web

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

Communications standard used for transferring Web pages

Uniform resource locators (URLs):

Addresses of Web pages

Example http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html

Web servers
Software for locating and managing Web pages

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World Wide Web

Search Engines

Started in early 1990s as relatively simple software programs using

keyword indexes
In 1994 two Stanford students Hand selected list of web pages
Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle Yahoo!

In 1998, two another Stanford students released first version of Google

Not only index each pages word but also ranked search results PageRank
Also combination of key words Foundation of Google

Major source of Internet advertising revenue via search engine marketing,

using complex algorithms and page ranking techniques to locate results

Shopping Bots

Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet for shopping

information
MySimon or Google Product Search
Filter and retrieve info about products of interest, negotiate price/delivery

terms, evaluate competitive products using criteria

Semantic Web

Collaborative effort to make Web searching more efficient by reducing the

amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web
information

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World Wide Web

How Google Works?

The Google search engine is continuously crawling the Web, indexing the content of each page, calculating
its popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond quickly to user requests to see a page. The entire
process takes about one-half second.

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World Wide Web

Major Web Search Engines

Google is the most popular search engine on the Web, handling 56 percent of all Web searches.

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World Wide Web

Web 2.0

Started in early 1990s as relatively simple software programs

using keyword indexes

Second-generation interactive Internet-based services for people

to collaborate, share information, and create new services online

Blogs Chronological, informal Web sites created by individuals

using easy-to-use weblog publishing tools
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) Syndicates Web content so
aggregator software can pull content for use in another setting or
viewing later, mashups
Wikis Collaborative web sites where visitors can add, delete, or
modify content on the site

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The Global Internet

Intranet

Use existing network infrastructure with Internet

connectivity standards software developed for the Web
Create networked applications that can run on many
types of computers
Protected by firewalls

Extranet

Allow authorized vendors and customers access to an

internal intranet
Used for collaboration
Also subject to firewall protection

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The Wireless Revolution

Wireless Devices

PDAs, BlackBerry, smart phones

Instant availability of Info from field Inventory level

Cellular Systems

Competing standards for cellular service

United States CDMA
Most of rest of world GSM

Third-generation (3G) networks

Higher transmission speeds suitable for broadband Internet

access
384 Kbps (Mobile), 2Mbps (Stationary), Available in HK, Japan,
S. Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, N. Europe, Not yet in USA(?)
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The Wireless Revolution

Bluetooth Network (PAN)

Short-range wireless technology

To connect PC to peripherals such as printer
Within a small 30-foot (10-meter) area

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The Wireless Revolution

Wireless Computer Network and Access

Bluetooth (802.15)
Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based

communication
Useful for personal networking (PANs)
FedEx drivers, handheld computers cellular
No docking of handheld units in transmitters, saves 20 million $ year

Wi-Fi (802.11)

Set of standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n

Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
Also known as Wi-Fi Wireless for Fidelity
Use access points Device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
Hotspots One or more access points in public place to provide
maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
Weak security features, Susceptibility to Interference (n, MIMO)
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The Wireless Revolution

An 802.11 Wireless LAN

Radio waves to transmit network signals from the wired network to

the client adapters

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The Wireless Revolution

Wireless Computer Network and Access

WiMax (802.16)
Wi-Fi range < 300 feet from base stations
WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
802.16 75 Mbps, Robust Security & QOS
Links Wireless access range of 31 miles
Require WiMax (Rooftop) antennas

Broadband Cellular Wireless

Many cell services offer Wi-Fi capabilities for Internet access
No Wi-Fi hotspot?, Small card (Laptop) 3G, 300-500 Kbps

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The Wireless Revolution

Wireless Sensor Networks

Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected

wireless devices embedded into physical environment
to provide measurements of many points over large
spaces
Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes,
traffic, or military activity
Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas
Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance

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The Wireless Revolution

Wireless Sensor Networks

The small circles represent lower-level nodes and the larger circles represent high-end nodes. Lower-level nodes forward data to each other
or to higher-level nodes, which transmit data more rapidly and speed up network performance.

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