radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy. Used to interface transmission lines to the atmosphere, the atmosphere to transmission lines, or both.
Waveguides
A special type of transmission line that consists
of a conducting metalic tube through which high-frequency electromagnetic energy is propagated. Used to efficiently interconnect high-frequency electromagnetic waves between an antenna and a transceiver.
Radio Waves
Electrical energy that has escaped into free
space in the form of transverse electromagnetic waves.
Wavefront
A plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular
lines of the electric and magnetic fields.
Basic Antenna Operation
The antenna, in turn, couples energy received
from a transmission line to the atmosphere and energy received from the atmosphere to a transmission line. At the transmit end of a free-space radio communication system, an antenna converts electrical energy traveling along a transmission line into electromagnetic waves that are emitted into space. At the receive end, an antenna converts electromagnetic waves in space into electrical energy on a transmission line.
Basic Antenna Operation
A relatively small antenna can efficiently radiate
high-frequency electromagnetic waves, while low-frequency waves require relatively large antennas. The radiation efficiency of an open transmission line is extremely low. Radiation efficiency is the ratio of radiated to reflected energy.
Dipole meaning two poles
Quarter-wave antenna/Vertical monopole sometimes called a Marconi antenna Half-wave dipole a Hertz antenna
Antenna Reciprocity
A basic antenna is a PASSIVE RECIPROCAL
DEVICE. An antenna is a reciprocal device in that the transmit and receive characteristics and performance are identical. A special coupling device called a DIXPLEXER. Dixplerer can be used to direct the transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary isolation.
Radiation Pattern
A polar diagram or graph representing field
strengths or power densities at various angular positions relative to an antenna. Absolute radiation pattern if the radiation pattern is plotted in terms of electric field strength or power density. Relative radiation pattern if it plots field strength or power density with respect to the value at a reference point.
Front lobe major lobes propagates and
receives the most energy. Side lobes lobes adjacent to the front lobe. Back lobes lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe. Front-to-Back ratio ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe power. Line of Shoot/Point of Shoot line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from the center of the antenna in the direction of maximum radiation.
Near and Far Fields
Near Field refers to the field pattern that is
close to the antenna.(sometimes called INDU CTION FIELD) Far Field refers to the field pattern that is at great distance.(sometimes called RADIATION FIELD)
Radiation Resistance and Antenna
Efficiency
Radiation resistance somewhat unreal in
that it cannot be measured directly. - an AC antenna resistance and is equal to the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the current at its feedpoint.
Loop radiation resistance When referenced to
the current maximum point radiation resistance. Antenna efficiency Is the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna to the sum of the power radiated and the power dissipated or the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the total input power.
Example 1
For a transmit antenna with a power gain At =
10 and an input power = 100W, determine a.EIRP in watts, dBm and dBW. b.Power density at a point 10km from the transmit antenna. c.Power density had an isotropic antenna been used with the same input power and efficiency.
Example 2
For the transmit antenna with a radiation
resistance Rr=72 ohms, an effective antenna resistance Re= 8ohms, a directive gain D=20 and an input power Pin= 100W. Determine a.Antenna efficiency. b.Antenna gain (absolute and dB.) c.Radiated power in watts, dBm and dBW. d.EIRP in watts,dBm, and dBw.
Example 3
Given the free-space radio transmission
system: transmitter power out =40dBm transmission line loss Lf= 3dB free-space path loss Lp= 50dB