Gii Phng Trnh cha cn nh th no?

Khi cc bn gii phng trnh (PT) dng ax b cx d , chng ta

u bit bnh phng 2 v kh cn bc hai, vy vi PT
ax b cx 2 dx e c gii c bng phng php c na khng?
Xin tr li tr mt s trng hp c bit. Vy th c phng
php gii chung khng ? y l cu hi m nhiu bn c cha
tr li c, V d khi gii PT sau:
9 x 5 3 x 2 2 x 3 ,ta

x 2 x 2004 1 16032 x 2004 ,

9 x 5 3 y 1, y

ta t

1
,
3

ri khi gii PT:

1 16032 x 2t 1, t

1
.
2

Vy bn t hi xem ti sao li c c php t nh vy( c

mt chuyn c ng trn Ton hc v tui tr ni v phng php gii). c bit vi cc bn hc v o hm th phng php sau s gii quyt bc chn t nhanh hn rt nhiu.
Sau y l ni dung phng php c th:
Dng 1:

ax b

hm s
php t

1 2
x cx d , (a 0) v
a

tha mn

b ad

1 2
2
ac
x cx d => f ' ( x) x c 0 x
,
a
a
2
ac
ax b y
, ta s a PT dng 1 v h
2

a 2c
c
1
2
2

(*). Xt

khi bng
i xng quen

thuc.
Ch : Khi bi ton cho th iu kin s tha mn. Do vy ta
cng khng phi kim tra iu kin .
V d: Gii PT sau:

3x 2 x

29

12 x 61
36

29
1
f ' ( x) 6 x 1 0 x .
=>
6
6
1
12 x 61
1
1
12 x 61
1
y2 y
y ,y
<=>
6
36
3
36
36
6

Lm nhp: f ( x) 3x 2 x
Gii: t

<=> 12x+61 = 36y2 +12y +1 <=> 3y2 + y = x +5

(1)
M theo cch t ta c:

3x 2 x

T (1) v (2) ta c h:

3 y 2 y x 5
3x x y 5
2

29
1
y <=>
6
6

3x2 + x = y +5 (2)

=> 3(y2 x2) + ( y x) = x y

<=> (x-y)(3y + 3x +2) = 0 <=> y = x hoc

5
3

* Vi y = x => 3y2 = 5 =>y = x =

* Vi
=>

y
x1, 2

3x 2
3

=> 3x2 + x =

3 126
9

3x 2
3

3x 2
3

,( y 6 ).

+5 <=> 9x2 +6x - 13 = 0

. T y ta tm c y v kt lun c nghim

ca PT cho.
1
ax b cx 2 dx e, (a 0, c 0, a )
c

Dng 2:

Xt f(x) = cx2 + dx + e => f(x) = 2cx + d = 0 =>

d
2c

, khi

bng php t ax b 2cy d .

V d1: Gii PT sau: 9 x 5 3x 2 2 x 3
Lm nhp: f(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 3 =>f(x) = 6x + 2 = 0 =>x = - 1/3.
Gii: t

9 x 5 3 y 1, y

1
3

=> 9x 5 = 9y2 +6y + 1 <=> 9y2 + 6y = 9x 6 <=> 3y2 + 2y

= 3x 2 (1)
Mt khc ta c: 3x2 + 2x + 3 = 3y +1 <=> 3x2 + 2x = 3y 2
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h

3 y 2 2 y 3x 2
3x 2 x 3 y 2
2

n y xin dnh cho bn

c t gii nh v d trn.
V d 2: Gii PT sau: x 2 x 2004 1 16032 x 2004
(Thi chn HSG Bc Giang nm hc
2003 2004).
Lm nhp: Xt hm s f(x) = x2 x 2004 => f(x) = 2x 1 = 0
1
2

<=> x =
Do

1
,
c

nn ta s dng phng php t:

Gii: t

1 16032 x 2t 1, t

1
2

=> t2 t = 4008x, (1)

Mt khc do t PT ta c: x2 x 2004 = 2004( 2t 1) => x2 x

= 4008t,(2)

 t 2 t 4008x

T (1) v (2) ta c h PT sau:

x 2 x 4008t

=> (t2 x2) (t x) = 4008(x t)

<=> (t x)[ t + x 1 + 4008] = 0
<=> t = x hoc t = - x 4007.
* Vi t = x ta c: x2 4009x = 0 <=> x = 0 v x = 4009. Ta c x
= 0 khng tha mn.
* Vi t = - x 4007=> x2 x = 4008(- x- 4007) <=> x2 +4007x
4007.4008 = 0 => PT v nghim.
KL: PT cho c nghim duy nht x = 4009.
1
ax b cx 3 dx 2 ex m, (a 0, c 0, a )
c
3
2
Xt hm s f(x) = cx dx ex m => f(x) = 3cx2 + 2dx + e
d
=> f(x) = 6cx + 2d = 0 => x 3c , Khi bng php t:
d
3
ax b y
3c
63 x 3 3
9
V d: Gii PT sau: 3 3x x 2 x
8
3 2
4
3
x
3
9
x 2 x => f(x) = x2 - 3x +9/4
Lm nhp: Xt hm s f(x) =
3 2
4

Dng 3:

=>
f(x) = 2x 3 = 0 <=>
Gii: t

3x

<=>

3
2

63
9
27
27
63
3
y3 y2
y
y => 3 x
8
2
4
8
8
2
9
9
27
3x y 3 y 2
y <=> 12x 18 =
2
2
4

4y3 18y2 +

27y, (1).
T PT cho v theo cch t ta c:

3 x3 3 2 9

x x
2
3 2
4

<=>12y 18 = 4x3 18x2

+ 27x, (2).

12 x 18 4 y 3 18 y 2 27 y

T (1) v (2) ta c h:
dnh cho c gi)

12 y 18 4 x 18x 27 x
3

( vic gii h ny xin

Dng 4:
Xt hm
=> f(x)
3

1
ax b cx 3 dx 2 ex m, ( a 0, c 0, a )
c
3
2
s f(x) = cx dx ex m => f(x) = 3cx2 + 2dx + e
d
= 6cx + 2d = 0 => x 3c , Khi bng php t:

ax b 3cy d

V d: ( Ton hc v Tui tr Thng 6 nm 2001) Gii PT sau:

3

81x 8 x 3 2 x 2

Lm nhp: Xt hm s f(x) =

4
x2
3

x3 2 x 2

4
x 2 =>
3

f(x) = 3x2 4x +

4/3
=> f(x) = 6x 4 = 0 <=>
Gii: t

81x 8 3 y 2 =>

2
3

do

1
.
c
4

3x = y3 2y2 + 3 y ,( Bin i tng

t ta c h)

3
2 4
3
y

2
x
x

3
=> (x y)( x2 + xy +y2 - 2x 2y +

3x y 3 2 y 2 4 y

Do x2 + xy +y2 - 2x 2y +

13
3

nn t (*) ta c x = y => 3x = x3

13
3

) = 0(*),

1
1
1
1
( x y ) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( y 2) 2 0 ,
2
2
2
3
4
2x2 + 3 x => x1= 0 ; x2,3 =

3 2 6
3

Trn y ch l mt s v d in hnh. thnh tho hn

cc bn luyn tp qua mt s v d di y. Hy vng rng phng php trn em li cho bn thnh cng khi gii phng trnh
cha cn. Chc cc bn t kt qu cao trong hc tp !
Bi tp t luyn:
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) x 2 2 x 2
2) x 2 4 x 3 x 5
3) x 3 2 33 3x 2
4) 3x 1 4 x 2 13x 5
5) x 1 x 2 4 x 5
6)

4x 9
7x2 7x
28