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I. INTRODUCTION
ERRORESONANCE is a nonlinear phenomenon occurring in electrical circuits involving at least one or several
saturable reactors, capacitances and a power supply.
Often, the saturable reactors are inductive potential
transformers. This phenomenon is characterized by the
possible existence of several stable regimes. These regimes
may be either periodic, with a base frequency equal to the
power supply frequency or to a sub multiple of it, pseudoperiodic or chaotic.
The harmonic balance method, which is a particular case
of the Galerkin method, has proven powerful for the study of
periodic, but also pseudo-periodic regimes, in the above
mentioned circuits [e.g. 1-5]. For this method, a limited
Fourier series is used to represent the periodic (or pseudoperiodic) behavior of the state variables. For instance, the
expression of the magnetic flux in the magnetizing branch of
the nonlinear inductance is :
(t ) = 0 + k ,c cos(k t ) + k ,s sin (k t )
(1)
kK
2 T
i( (t )) cos(k t ) dt
(2)
T 0
and with similar expressions for the sine terms I k , s and for
the DC component I 0 . The coefficients I k , c , I k , s , I 0 are
I k ,c =
successively :
I k1,c
2
=
T
k 2, c
=
=
2
T
di
cos(k1 t ) dt
d k 2, c
0 i ( ) cos(k 2 t ) cos(k1 t ) dt
1
1
I k 1+ k 2,c + I k1 k 2 ,c
2
2
WF = WF (U rms )
(5)
The symbols W (upper case letters) designate the powers
(energy per second) while the w (lower case) designate the
energy dissipated per cycle. In (4), the sum deals with all the
hysteresis loops (major and minor), f is the fundamental
(2
max =
k 2 k2
(7)
Hence, by taking :
G F = G F0 k 2 2k
(8)
2
of the form (5) is obtained
an expression of WF = G F U rms
corresponding to the data (6) for a sine wave.
Measurements on magnetic cores showed that a
polynomial of the third degree is able to represent the function
B. Hysteresis losses
The purpose is to determine a conductance G H valid for
any periodic evolution using easily obtainable data. These
data are :
a) the hysteresis losses for a symmetric evolution with
respect to the origin for a pure sine applied voltage. These
0
( max ) function
losses are expressed using a conductance G H
of the maximum flux of the evolution for the grid frequency
f 0 = 0 2 . The loss for one cycle is related to the
conductance by the relation :
0
2
0
( max ) = 0 max
( max )
wH
GH
(9)
0
For practical cases, the representation of the function G H
by a third order polynomial has been found to be sufficiently
accurate.
b) the smallest value 0 of the half amplitude (peak to peak)
of a closed loop such that both extremes are located on the
limit cycle. This value illustrates the speed to approach to
the other side of the limit cycle after a change in the sense of
the flux and current variation. This value may be estimated by
the examination of the hysteresis loops. For lack of this, one
may choose half of the flux of a point located in the saturation
knee.
0
( max ) given by (9) for symmetrical loops.
function w H
We will assume that :
a) for d > 0 (large loops), the extreme values are located
on the limit cycle. Hence,
1 0
w1 ( min , max ) = wH
( max ) wH0 ( min )
2
1 0
or w2 ( m , d ) = wH
( m + d ) wH0 ( m d )
(12)
2
b) for d < 0 (small loops), we will assume that w2 is the
product of the loss of a symmetrical loop and a function f to
take the unsymmetrical character into account :
0
( d ) f ( m )
w2 ( m , d ) = wH
(13)
The continuity of the loss for d = 0 defines the function
f :
1
0
( m + 0 ) wH0 ( m 0 )
f ( m )
wH
(14)
0
2 wH ( 0 )
0.7
0.6
flux
0.5
0.4
0.3
500
1000
1500
current
di
100
series inductance
75
50
25
120
140
160
180
0.12
shunt conductance
0.09
0.06
0.03
0
0
50
100
150
200
V. CONCLUSIONS
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
VII. BIOGRAPHY
Nol Janssens (S2001) was born in Louvain, Belgium, in 1948. He is
Electrical Engineer from the University of Louvain (1971) and obtained a
Ph.D degree in 1981 (modeling of magnetic hysteresis and study of
ferroresonance). From 1981 to 1983, he worked at ACEC (Charleroi) as head
for R&D in the On Load Tap Changer department. From 1978 to 1981 and
from 1984 to 1995, he was with Laborelec, where his main fields of interest
were the modeling, simulation and control of power systems. Since 1996, he is
at the Belgian National Dispatching. He is also teaching at the University of
Louvain (Louvain La Neuve) in the Electrical Engineering Department.