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Purpose:
This course discusses techniques that can be applied to reduce
problems in embedded control systems caused by electromagnetic
noise
Objectives:
Gain a basic knowledge about noise that affects embedded
systems
Learn approaches and design methods for minimizing the noise
generated by microcontroller based embedded systems
Get details about techniques chip designers use to decrease the
amount of noise a microcontroller produces
Obtain basic insights for handling noise problems during the system
design and development cycle
Content:
19 pages
3 questions
Learning Time:
30 minutes
MCU
Other
Device
Hidden C and L
Parts mounting
surface
Crosssectio
n of
PCB
Hidden C and L
Signal
A
Signal
B
Soldering surface
Impedance of Interconnects
Signal interconnections on a circuit board have
resistance
Example: Impedance of a copper-foil trace 35m thick and
0.5mm wide is about 0.01/cm at DC
Vcc
Vcc x 0.2
GND
2 to 5nsec
Vcc x 0.8
Vcc x 0.2
GND
10nsec
Vcc
Spectrum has
frequency
components
at 100MHz
Impedance of Capacitors
Ideal capacitor:Z = 1
C
Example: Impedance of 10pF capacitor at 100MHz is 10pF
1
~
Z=
~ 170
6
-12
2 x 100 x 10 x 10 x 10
170
1000
Application
Choice
Small capacity
(0.01 - 0.1F); install
between Vcc/GND of IC
response
High capacity
(0.1 - 10F); install
than
between Vcc/GND
but
of PCB
response
Extra high capacity
electrolytic
(1 - 100F); install
response,
Typical Design
Ceramic capacitor
Small capacitance, but
good frequency
Tantalum capacitor
Smaller capacitance
Impedance (II)
Frequency characteristics of
actual capacitors vary by type
and capacitance value
- Choices for bypass capacitors:
0.05F
Ceramic
10
0.1
aluminum electrolytic,
better frequency
Aluminum
Poor frequency
0.1F
Mylar
4.7F
Tantalum
Electrolytic
0.01
1k
0.05F
Feedthrough
100F
Aluminum
Electrolytic
10k
5mm
Wire
100k
1M
Ideal
0.05F
Capacitor
10M
Frequency (Hz)
100M
1G
Question
Is the following statement true or false? Click Done when you are finished.
A ceramic capacitor is a good choice for a small-capacity bypass
capacitor because it has good frequency response.
True
False
Done
Signal A
Signal A
Narrow ground
GNDline
Electromagnetic
induction
(from power line, power
Signal A
devices)
Vcc
R1
Xtal
GND
R2
Adjust C1,
C2, and R2
C2
C1
Vcc
GND
Memory
Vcc=5V
Vcc=3.3V
Peripheral IC
MCU
Typical: Bus-mode
Activates bus line when
accessing peripheral IC and
MCU (with on-chip memory + I/O).
Peripheral IC
MCU
Better: Port-mode
Activates bus line only
when MCU is
accessing peripheral
IC.
Damping
Resistors
MCU
Peripheral IC
Event
A
Event
B
Event
C
Event A
Event B
Event C
Time
Ferrite beads
Vcc
MCU
GND
Through hole
GND
Vcc
Poor design
GND
Generated
electromagnetic
field
Good design
GND
+
+
+
Vcc
M
typ an
es y o
of the
MC r
Us
Noisy!
M16C
series
MCUs
Quiet!
Vcc
Question
Which statements about reducing EMI in embedded systems are
correct? Select all that apply and then click Done.
Choose a microcontroller with on-chip memory to prevent
unwanted emissions caused by driving an external bus line.
To reduce emissions caused by signal reflections, insert a serial
matching resistor of 100 to 150 Ohms in signal lines.
Use bus mode, not port mode, to reduce the number of voltage
changes and, therefore, to reduce the unwanted noise.
If you have a two-sided circuit board, always try to make
symmetrical patterns for Vcc and GND on the facing layers.
Done
A
B
Start
oscillation
(High
drive)
Steady-state
oscillation
(Low drive)
Output terminal
t1
Synchronized
switching
t1 t2
Time-shared
switching
Vcc
P-ch
N-ch
GND
Internal
P-ch
N-ch
GND
External
Vcc
Vcc
P-ch
Control
Circuit
Vcc
Control
Circuit
N-ch
GND
P-ch
N-ch
GND
MCU
Buffer
Amp
Characteristic
Impedance of PCB
~100-150
(when connected
to surface-mounted
components)
IN
OUT
Vcc
GND
N+ P+
N
P+
N+
N+ P+
P
PVcc
Vcc
IN
OUT
IN
OUT
GND
GND
Vcc
Vcc
IN
OUT
GND
IN
OUT
GND
Vcc
Noise
absorption as
common mode
Vcc
Pin layout
simplifies
putting bypass
capacitor at
best position
GND
GND Parasitic capacitor
Wiring inductance
VSS
M16C
Microcontroller
Bypass
capacitor
(~0.01F)
/NMI
VCC
XIN
VSS
XOUT
XCOUT
XCIN
CNVSS
BYTE
AVCC
/RESET
VREF
Oscillation capacitors
(symetrically placed)
Bypass capacitor
(~0.01F)
Tantalum capacitor
Oscillation capacitors
(symetrically placed)
Reset
IC
Capacitor for RESET
(1000pF)
GND
VCC
Investigations of noise
problems take time and
are costly
Noise
Noise problems
sometimes require a
fundamental solution,
such as a re-design
Unless noise measures are taken at
the initial design stage, a
malfunction that occurs later might
be extremely difficult to eliminate
using superficial correction
methods; a re-design
may be necessary to correct
the problem
Attempts to eliminate
all possible EMI/EMS
problems typically lead to
unnecessarily high costs
The optimum design approach
is to take pinpoint measures in
key areas that require solutions
Questions
Match each item to the most appropriate MCU design advice by
dragging the letters on the left to the correct locations on the right. Click
Done when you are finished.
Through rate
Pass-through current
Done
Reset
Show
Solution
Course Summary
Noise problems
EMI and EMS
System-level EMI reduction measures
Techniques for reducing EMI from microcontrollers
Design insights