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LEY_bk953_13_2ndpp Page 399 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:05 PM

Chapter 13
Equations and Inequalities
This chapter deals with the solution of linear equations and
inequalities, and the solution of simple quadratic equations.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
solve linear equations
solve word problems using linear equations
substitute into formulas and solve
explain why a particular value could be a solution to an equation
solve simple quadratic equations
solve linear inequalities.

Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2


WM: S5.2.2S5.2.4

(not including simultaneous equations)

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Diagnostic Test
1

The solution to 5x 3 = 13 is:


A x = 2
C x=

B x=5

----- 16
5

10

D x = 1

-----B 14
5

17
-----2

D 6

A man is currently three times as old as


his son. In 12 years from now he will be
twice as old as his son will be then.
An equation to find the sons age now is:
B 2(x + 12) = 3x + 12
C x + 12 = 3x

A x = 1

B x = 5

D 3(x + 12) = 2x + 12

C x=5

D x=1

11

A solution to x2 = 16 is:

x = 3 is not a solution of:

A x=8

B x = 32

A 5x + 2 = 26 3x

C x = 4

D x = 256

D 5x 3 = 4x

12

13

C 3x = 2
2
--3

5x + 2
The solution to ---------------- = 4 is:
3
-----A x = 6--5B x = 10
3
-----C x = 14
5

B 8x = 15
C x=
D x=

15
-----8
1 7--8-

14

D x=2

The line without an error in the solution


4x x
1
of ------ --- = --- is:
5 3
2
A 12x 5x = 15

5
--2

C x = 2.4

B 3x + 1 = 3
D x=

A solution to 4x2 = 25 is:


A x=

The first line with an error in solving


5(x + 1) 2(x 2) = 3 is:
A 5x + 5 2x 4 = 3

C 5

The solution to 15 3x = 5 + x is:

C 2x 1 = 7

B 4

A x + 12 = 2(3x + 12)

D 4

B 4 3x = 2x 11

When half a number is added to one-third


of a number, the answer is 5. The number
is:
A 3

If y = 3 5x and y = 17 then x is:


A 88

D x=2

x
The solution to --- 2 = 1 is:
3
A x=3
B x=9
C x=1

15

-----B x = 25
4

D x=

5
--4

The area A of a circle is given by A = r 2.


The value of r when A = 100 is closest to:
A 17.7

B 31.8

C 10

D 5.6

In symbols four times a number plus


eight is always less than 90 is:
A 4 8 < 90

B 4n + 8 90

C 4n + 8 > 90

D 4n + 8 < 90

A solution to 4 3x < 10 is:


A x = 4

B x = 3

C x = 2

D x = 1

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

16

The number that is not a solution of


2x + 1
---------------- 5 is:
2
A 5
B 4
C 3
D 2

A solution to 5 2x > 11 + 3x is:

17

A x = 16

-----B x = 16
5

C x = 6--5-

D x = 4--5-

If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section

13

46

7, 8

9, 10

11, 12

13

14, 15

16, 17

A. LINEAR EQUATIONS
Linear equations are equations of the form (or can be simplified to the form) ax + b = 0,
where a and b are constants and x is the unknown (or variable).

Example 1
Solve:
a 7x 9 = 5
a

b 17 = 8 4x

7x 9 = 5
7x 9 + 9 = 5 + 9
7x = 4
7x
4
------ = --7
7
x =

b
(+9)
(7)

17 = 8 4x
17 8 = 8 8 4x
9 = 4x
9
4x
------ = --------4
4

(8)
( 4)

9--4- = x

4
--7

x = 9--4 x = 2 1--4-

Exercise 13A
1

Solve for x :
a x + 3 = 10
e 5x + 8 = 2
i 6 + 7x = 2
m 6 x = 5
q 3 7x = 2
u 8 = 3 2x

b
f
j
n
r
v

3x = 9
4x 9 = 1
5 = 3x + 7
4x = 15
17 2x = 1
6 = 1 7x

c
g
k
o
s
w

3x + 6 = 0
8x 6 = 10
6x 7 = 1
3 2x = 7
11 = 3 2x
15 = 3 6x

d
h
l
p
t
x

3x 4 = 6
3x + 6 = 7
1 = 2x + 6
5 4x = 7
15 2x = 1
11 = 4 3x

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 2
Solve:
m
---- 5 = 2
3
m
---- 5 = 2
3
m
---- 5 + 5 = 2 + 5
3

(adding 5 to both sides)

m
---- = 3
3
m
---- 3 = 3 3
3

(multiplying both sides by 3)

m=9

Solve for x:
x
a --- + 3 = 8
2
x
d --- + 3 = 4
6

x
b --- 1 = 4
3
x
e --- 2 = 4
7

c
f

x
--- + 2 = 3
5
x
------ 6 = 1
10

Check the given solution by substitution and say whether or not it is correct.
a 2x + 8 = 15
(x = 7)
b 7 + 5x = 9
(x = 2)
x
c 15 = 6 7x
(x = 3)
d --- 3 = 6
(x = 9--5- )
5

Example 3
If y = 5x 3 find x when y = 18.
y = 5x 3

18 = 5x 3

(substitute the value for y )

15 = 5x

(add 3 to both sides)

3 = x
x = 3

(divide by 5)

a If y = 3x 5, find x when y = 5

b If y = 4x + 2, find x when y = 11

c If y = 7 5x, find x when y = 0

d If y = 4 3x, find x when y = 3

e If y = 5 7x, find x when y = 5

If y = 3x 5, find x when y = 8

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

B. PRONUMERALS ON BOTH SIDES OF AN


EQUATION
When you are solving equations with pronumerals on both sides, as well as adding and subtracting numbers
from both sides, you may have to add and subtract pronumerals from both sides.
The first step to adding or subtracting pronumerals is to move them to one side. It does not matter which side.
Next add or subtract to move the numbers to the other side of the equation.

Example 1
Solve:
a 5x + 2 = 3x 5
a

b 15 2x = 11 + x

5x + 2 = 3x 5
5x + 2 3x = 3x 3x 5 ( 3x)
2x + 2 = 5
2x = 7
( 2)
x = 7--2( 2)
x = 3 1--2-

15 2x = 11 + x
15 2x + 2x = 11 + x + 2x
15 = 11 + 3x
15 11 = 11 11 + 3x
4 = 3x

Always do the
same thing to
both sides.

4--3- = x
x = 1 1--3-

Exercise 13B
1

Solve the following equations with integer solutions.


a 5x + 2 = 2x + 14
b 3x + 7 = 11 x
d 3x 4 = 5x 2
e 3x=x+7
g 2x 3 = x + 6
h 5x 9 = 1 + 6x

c 5 + x = 8 2x
f 4 2x = 3 x
i 3x 5 = 7 x

Solve:
a 8x + 7 = 4x 2
d x 3 = 5x + 7
g 2x + 5 = 9 2x
j 5a + 3 = a 1
m 11a 7 = 5a + 12

c
f
i
l
o

b
e
h
k
n

7x + 3 = 2x + 7
3 + x = 17 + 4x
3x 5 = 5x + 9
4 3s = 2s + 17
3y 5 = 14 2y

5 + 2x = 11 x
15 3x = 2 x
5 7x = 3x + 2
9x 4 = 3 + 4x
7p = 15 3p

(+ 2x)
( 11)
( 3)

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 2
By substituting, check the solutions to the following equations.
a 2x 5 = 10 3x
a

(x = 3)

Is 2x 5 = 10 3x ?
Is 2(3) 5 = 10 3(3)
1=1
x = 3 is the solution

b 5x + 2 = 2x 7
b

(x = 2)

Is 5x + 2 = 2x 7 ?
Is 5(2) + 2 = 2(2) 7
12 3
x = 2 is not the solution

By substituting, check the solutions of the following equations.


a 3x + 9 = 4 + 2x
(x = 1)
b 9a + 2 = 7a 4
c 7a 5 = 3 a
(a = 2)
d 15 2x = 6 + x
5
e 2x 3 = 7 4x
(x = --3- )
f 5x 7 = 3 + x

Example 3
Solve:
a 5(x + 1) 2(x 2) = 7
a 5(x + 1) 2(x 2) = 7
5x + 5 2x + 4 = 7
3x + 9 = 7
3x + 9 9 = 7 9
3x = 2
x = 2--3b

3(x + 1) = 5x + 3(2x 1)
3x + 3 = 5x + 6x 3
3x + 3 = 11x 3
3x 3x + 3 = 11x 3x 3
3 = 8x 3
6 = 8x
6 8x
--- = -----8
8
3
--4

=x

x=

3
--4

b 3(x + 1) = 5x + 3(2x 1)
(expanding the brackets)
(collecting like terms)
(subtracting 9 from both sides)

(expanding the brackets)


(collecting like terms)
(subtracting 3x from both sides)
(adding 3 to both sides)
The number and its
sign in front of the
brackets are multiplied
by each term within the
brackets.

(a = 3)
(x = 3)
(x = 3 1--2- )

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Solve for x given that all answers are integers.


a 3(x + 1) 2(x 4) = 13
c 4(x 5) + 5(x + 1) = 12
e 4(x 2) = 3x + 4(x 2)
g 4 x = 2 3(x + 2)

b
d
f
h

2(x 5) + 3(x + 2) = 9
2(x 1) = 3(x + 5) 22
2(x 1) = 4(2x + 1) 9x
6 2(x + 5) = 2(2x 1) 5x

Solve for x :
a 2(x + 1) 1 = 8
c 3(x + 2) 7 = 11
e 4(2x 1) + 7 = 0
g 3 2(x + 1) = 4
i 5x 4(4 x) = x + 1
k 2(x 1) = 1 (3 x)

b
d
f
h
j
l

5(1 3x) = 4
2(x + 1) + 3(x 1) = 6
11 2(x 1) = 7
7 (2 x) = 2x
3 x = 5 2(x + 1)
x + 7(4 x) = 2x + 3(x 1)

Example 4
If y = 3 5(x + 4), find x when y = 32.
y = 3 5(x + 4)
32 = 3 5(x + 4)
32 = 3 5x 20
32 = 17 5x
32 + 17 = 17 + 17 5x
15 = 5x
3=x
x=3

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

(substituting y = 32)
(collecting like terms)
(add 17 to both sides)
(dividing by 5)

If y = 7 3(x + 2), find x when y = 5.


If y = 5 4(x 3), find x when y = 37.
If y = 4 5(2x 5), find x when y = 12.
If y = 14 3(2x 8), find x when y = 0.
If y = 3x 2(5x + 1), find x when y = 16.
If y = 4x 3(5 2x), find x when y = 8.
If y = 3(2x 1) 4(x + 2), find x when y = 3.
If y = 4(1 3x) 2(1 x), find x when y = 2.

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 5
The equation 3(x 4) = 5 (2x + 3) has solution x =

14
-----5

Change one term or sign to make the solution x = 3.


3(x 4) = 5 (2x + 3)
For x = 3 to be a solution, both sides of the equation must be equal.
LHS = 3(x 4)
RHS = 5 (2x + 3)
= 3(3 4)
= 5 (2(3) + 3)
= 3(1)
= 5 (9)
= 3
=4
To make LHS = RHS, we add 1 to the RHS.
the equation becomes 3(x 4) = 6 (2x + 3) where the 5 becomes a 6.

Change one term or sign so that each of the following equations has solution x = 2.
a 2(x 3) = 1 (2x 5)
b 3(x 1) = 4 (3x 2)
c 5(2x + 3) = 2 (5x + 1)
d 6x 5 = 5(3x 1)

Write three equations of your own (with at least four terms) that have solution x = 3.

Investigation 1
WM: Reasoning, Applying Strategies

Spreadsheet
Use a spreadsheet program to solve the equation 3x 7 = 9 x given that the solution is an integer.
The spreadsheet needs to have three columns labelled x, 3x 7, and 9 x.
In cell A1 enter x, in cell B1 enter 3x 7,
in cell C1 enter 9 x, in cell A2 enter 0,
in cell B2 enter = A2 * 3 7, in cell C2
enter = 9 A2.

3x 7

9x

It can be seen that x = 4 is the solution.

x = 4 gives the same value for both


expressions.

11

Use the fill down command to find the


values for each side of the equation.
The answer is the value of x that
gives the same value in each column.

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Change the spreadsheet to solve the following equations with integer solutions.
a 5x 3 = 53 2x
b 3x + 5 = 35 2x
c 19 2x = 7x 44
d 6x + 11 = 41 4x
e 3x 17 = 33 7x
f 9x + 15 = 79 7x

Change the spreadsheet to solve the following equations with negative integer solutions.
a 4x 3 = 13 + 6x
b 7x 3 = 25 + 5x
c 8 7x = 2 8x
d 3 5x = 39 3x

Explain how to modify the spreadsheet to solve equations that do not


have integer solutions.

Solve:
a 3x 7 = 6 9x

b 5x + 23 = 2x 8

c 8 7x = 4x + 59

C. EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS


To solve equations involving algebraic fractions, multiply both sides by the lowest common denominator.

Example 1
Solve for x:
x
2
a --- = --3
5
a

x
2
--- = --3
5
x
2
15 --- = --- 15
3
5
5x = 6
6
x = --5

4
x
b --- = --7
3
b

4
x
--- = --7
3
4
x
21 --- = --- 21
7
3
12 = 7x
12
x = -----7

Our first step is to


eliminate the fraction
by multiplying both
sides by the LCD.

c
c

x
--- = 4
2
x
--- = 4
2
x
2 --- = 4 2
2
x=8

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 2
Solve for x:
4x + 3
a ---------------- = 2
5
a

4x + 3
2
---------------- = -----5
1
4x + 3
2
5 ---------------- = ------ 5
5
1
4x + 3 = 2 5
4x + 3 = 10
4x + 3 3 = 10 3
4x = 13
----- x = 13
4

1
--3

(2x 1) = 4
1
--3

(2x 1) = 4

Do the same
to both sides.

3 1--3- (2x 1) = 4 3
2x 1 = 12
2x 1 + 1 = 12 + 1
2x = 11

(subtracting 3
from both sides)

----- x = 11
2

(dividing both sides by 4)

Exercise 13C
1

Solve for x:
x
a --- = 5
3
x
d --- 2 = 1
4
2x + 7
g ---------------- = 0
3
1 2x
j --------------- = 3
2

2x
b ------ = 4
5
x1
e ------------ = 6
2

c
f

1
--2

(3x + 1) = 1

1
--5

(4 3x) = 1

x
--- + 1 = 5
2
x+5
------------ = 1
3
1 + 2x
---------------- = 6
7
1
--4

(5 2x) = 2

Example 3
Solve for x:
3x + 1
a ---------------- = 2
3
a

3x + 1
---------------- = 2
3
3x + 1
3 ---------------- = 2 3
3
3x + 1 = 6
3x = 5
x = 5--3-

3x 1
2x
b --------------- = -----5
7
b

3x 1
2x
--------------- = -----5
7
3x 1
2x
35 --------------- = ------ 35
5
7
7(3x 1) = 5(2x)
21x 7 = 10x
21x 10x 7 = 10x 10x
11x 7 = 0
11x = 7
7
x = ----11

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Solve for x :
2x + 1 1
a ---------------- = --3
2
c

4x + 1
b ---------------- = 2
5

3x 2
--------------- = 2
4

When multiplying both


sides of an equation by
the same number we
sometimes need to
use brackets.

2x + 1
d ---------------- = 3
4

3x + 1
e ---------------- = 3
2

3x + 2 x 1
---------------- = -----------5
4

1x x+2
g ------------ = -----------2
3

x+1 x
h ------------ = --2
3

2x 1 3x
--------------- = -----7
5

x + 1 2x 3
------------ = --------------2
3

2x + 5
---------------- = x + 4
3

2x + 7
---------------- = x 5
3

When either the LHS or RHS of a fractional equation has more than one term, we solve it
by multiplying both sides of the equation by the lowest common denominator (LCD).

Example 4
Solve for x:
2x x
a ------ --- = 5
3 2

2x x
a ------ --- = 5 has LCD of 6
3 2
2x
x
6 ------ 6 --- = 6 5
3
2
2(2x) 3(x) = 30
4x 3x = 30
x = 30

Solve for x :
x
x
a --- + --- = 2
2 5
x 5x
e --- + ------ = 14
3
6

x 2x 5
b --- ------ = --2
3
6
x 3x
f --- + ------ = 6 1--23
4

x
3x
--- 3 = -----5
8

x
3x
b --- 3 = -----has LCD of 40
5
8
x
3x
40 --- 40 3 = 40 ------
5
8

Multiply all terms


by the LCD.

8(x) 120 = 5(3x)


8x 120 = 15x
120 = 15x 8x
120 = 7x
--------- x = 120
7

3x x
------ --- = 11
2
8
2x x
g ------ --- = 2
5
2
c

x
x
d --- + --- = 5
2 4
x
7x
h --- 2 = -----3
12

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Investigation 2
WM: Applying Strategies

Equation solver
1

Use a graphics calculator to solve the equation 3x + 8 = 6 2x.


Instructions for a Casio CFX9850 GB Plus follow.
1 Select EQUA from MAIN MENU.
Use brackets to
2 Select type solver by pressing F3.
enter fraction
3 Enter equation
parts.
3 x,,T

= . 6

x,,T

4 Press EXE to store.


5 Press F6 to solve.
6 Use F2 to delete the equation.
2

Solve:
a 4x 5 = 7 3x
c 6 5x = 3 + 2x
4 5x
e --------------- = 8
3

b 6 2x = 5x + 3
d 4(x + 3) = 7(4 3x)
6 2x 4x + 1
f --------------- + ---------------- = 3
5
2

Solve other equations.

D. PRACTICAL EQUATIONS
Example 1
If twice a certain number is subtracted from 11, the result is 4 more than the
number. Find the number.
Let x be the number,
2x is twice the number and 11 2x is twice the number subtracted from 11.
Also x + 4 is 4 more than the number.
Thus 11 2x = x + 4
11 = 3x + 4
7 = 3x
--73- = x
the number is 7--3- (or 2 1--3- )

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Exercise 13D
1

Solve the following problems.


a When a number is trebled and then increased by 7,
the answer is 19. Find the number.
b When a number is subtracted from 11, the result is
5 more than the number. Find the number.
c When a number is decreased by 3 and the result
is doubled, the answer is equal to the original
number. Find the number.
d When half a number is added to one-third of a
number, the answer is 30. Find the number.

Write the statement as


an equation and then
solve the equation.

Example 2
The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 132. Find the smallest one.
Let x be the smallest even number.
(x + 2) and (x + 4) are the other two even numbers.
Now x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 132
3x + 6 = 132
3x = 126
x = 42
Thus 42 is the smallest even number.

Consecutive integers
are whole numbers
that follow one
another.

a If two consecutive integers have a sum of 127, find the numbers.


b If three consecutive integers add to 27, find the smallest of them.
c Four consecutive integers have a sum of 6. Find the largest of them.

Example 3
If five more than a number is one more than twice the number, find the number.
Let n be the number, then 5 + n = 2n + 1
4 + n = 2n
4=n
the number is 4.
3

(subtracting 1)
(subtracting n)

Solve the following problems.


a If seven more than a number is three more than twice the number, find the number.
b If four more than a number is eight more than three times the number, find the number.
c If six more than twice a number is four more than four times the number, find the number.
d If nine less than five times a number is three less than twice the number, find the number.

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 4
The sum of two numbers is 14. When one number is added to twice the other
the result is 25. Find the numbers.
Let n be one number.
Since the numbers add up to 14, the other number is (14 n), and
n + 2(14 n) = 25
n + 28 2n = 25
n + 28 = 25
n = 3 (subtracting 28 from both sides)
n=3
and since 14 n = 14 3 = 11, the numbers are 3 and 11.
4

Solve the following problems.


a The sum of two numbers is 10. When one number is added to twice the other, the result
is 16. Find the numbers.
b The sum of two numbers is 12. When one number is subtracted from three times the
other, the result is 4. Find the numbers.
c Two numbers differ by 2. Twice the smaller number is added to the larger number and the
result is 14. Find the numbers.
d Three consecutive even integers are such that the sum of the smaller two is equal to six
more than the largest one. Find the integers.
e Three consecutive integers are such that three times the sum of the larger pair is equal to
five times the sum of the smaller pair. Find the numbers.

Example 5
Apples cost 13 cents each and oranges cost 11 cents each. If I buy 5 more
apples than oranges, and the total cost of the apples and the oranges is
$2.33, how many oranges and apples did I buy?
Let x be the number of oranges bought.
Type
Number
apples
x+5
oranges
x

Cost/unit
13 cents
11 cents
Total

Thus 13(x + 5) + 11x = 233


Setting up a table
13x + 65 + 11x = 233
may help in solving
money problems.
24x + 65 = 233
24x = 168
x=7
7 oranges and 12 apples were bought.

Total value
13(x + 5) cents
11x cents
233 cents

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

10 5

Solve these problems using a table to assist you.


a I have 30 coins in my pocket. The coins are either 5-cent or
10-cent pieces and their total
value is $2.10. How many 5-cent coins do I have?
b Bananas cost 12 cents each and grapefruit cost 23 cents each.
If I buy 3 more bananas than grapefruit, the total cost will be $2.81.
How many bananas do I buy?
c If I have 10-cent and 20-cent coins only with a total
value of $6.90 and I have 36 coins altogether,
how many 10-cent coins do I have?
d Joe has a collection of 5-cent and 20-cent pieces that
have a total value of $3.85. He has
two less 20-cent coins than 5-cent coins. How many
5-cent coins has he?
e I wish to blend brand A coffee at $7 a kilogram with
brand B coffee at $11 a kilogram.
If the total weight of the mixture is 10 kg and
the total cost of blended mixture is $86, how
many kilograms of A are mixed with B?

Example 6
At the moment Jack is 5 years older than Mim. In 7 years Mims age will be threequarters of Jacks age. How old are they at present?

Age now

Age in 7 years

Mim

x yr

(x + 7) yr

Jack

(x + 5) yr

(x + 12) yr

Thus x + 7 = 3--4- (x + 12)


4(x + 7) = 3(x + 12)
(multiplying both sides by 4)
4x + 28 = 3x + 36
x + 28 = 36
(subtract 3x from both sides)
x=8
Mim is 8 years old and Jack is (x + 5) = 13 years old.
6

Solve the following problems.


a A man is currently 3 times as old as his son. In 11 years from now he will be twice as old
as his son will be then. How old is his son now?
b At present Guido is 8 years older than Bob. If Guido was one year younger his age would
be double Bobs age. How old is Bob?
c In 5 years time Pam will be twice as old as Sam was two years ago. Pam is 8 years older
than Sam. How old is Sam?
d The sum of Peters and Susans ages is 20 years. If Peters age is doubled, it will be five
more years than Susans age trebled. How old is Susan?

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Investigation 3
WM: Reasoning, Applying Strategies, Communicating

Square numbers
1

Find 3 3 and 3 3. Compare the answers.

Find:
a 4 4 and 4 4
c 6 6 and 6 6

b 5 5 and 5 5
d 10 10 and 10 10

What do you notice about the answers to each part in question 2?

The solution to the equation x2 = 49 is found by finding a number that when multiplied by
itself gives 49. What are the two answers?

The solution to x2 = 64 is x = 8 or 8. Explain why there are two answers.

Are there always two answers to x2 = c where c is a number? Explain.

E. SIMPLE QUADRATIC EQUATIONS


From investigation 3 there are two solutions to the equation
x2 = c
This equation is called a quadratic equation because the variable x has a power of 2.

Example 1
Solve:
a x2 = 25

b x2 = 169

a x2 = 25
x = 25 (square root both sides)
x = 5

b x2 = 169
x = 169
x = 13

is the symbol
for plus or minus.

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Exercise 13E
1

Solve:
a x2 = 9
f x 2 = 121

b x 2 = 16
g x 2 = 36

c x 2 = 64
h x 2 = 81

d x 2 = 144
i x 2 = 100

e x 2 = 49
j x2 = 4

Example 2
Solve:

a x 2 = 10

b x 2 = 43

a x 2 = 10
x = 10
x = 3.16 (2 d.p.)

b x 2 = 43
x = 43
x = 6.56 (2 d.p.)

Solve, giving answers to 2 decimal places.


a x 2 = 12
b x 2 = 51
c x 2 = 19
f x 2 = 28
g x 2 = 68
h x 2 = 91

d x 2 = 47
i x 2 = 193

e x 2 = 83
j x 2 = 200

Example 3
Quadratic equations
have two answers.

Solve:
a 5x 2 = 80
a

5x 2 = 80
2

5x
80
--------- = -----5
5
2
x = 16

b 3x 2 = 75
b 3x 2 = 75
2

3x
75
--------- = -----3
3
2
x = 25

x = 16

x = 25

x = 4

x = 5

Solve:
a 2x 2 = 18
e 7x 2 = 175

b 5x 2 = 180
f 10x 2 = 160

c 8x 2 = 72
g 7x 2 = 252

d 3x 2 = 48
h 6x 2 = 294

Example 4
Solve:
a 9x 2 = 25

b 81x 2 = 49

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

9x 2 = 25

81x 2 = 49
2

9x
25
--------- = -----9
9
25
x 2 = -----9

81x
49
------------ = -----81
81
49
x 2 = -----81

25
x = ---------9
5
x = --3
4

Solve:
a 4x 2 = 49
e 49x 2 = 144

49
x = ---------81
7
x = --9

b 100x 2 = 81
f 121x 2 = 64

c 25x 2 = 16
g 144x 2 = 49

d 81x 2 = 16
h 81x 2 = 100

Example 5
Solve:
a

3x 2 = 21

5x 2 = 12

3x 2 = 21

5x 2 = 12

3x
21
--------- = -----3
3

5x
12
--------- = -----5
5
12
2
x = -----5

x2 = 7

x= 7

12
x = -----5

x = 2.65 (2 d.p.)

x = 1.55 (2 d.p.)

Solve, giving answers to two decimal places if necessary.


a 7x 2 = 56
b 4x 2 = 12
2
d 13x = 47
e 7x 2 = 18

Example 6
Solve 4x2 5 = 20
4x 2 5 = 20

(add 5 to both sides)

4x = 25
25
x 2 = -----4
x=
5
x = --2

25
-----4

c
f

11x 2 = 66
5x 2 = 23

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Solve, giving answers to two decimal places if necessary.


a 9x 2 8 = 56
b 4x 2 + 3 = 52
c 81x 2 + 7 = 107

d 49x 2 20 = 5

Investigation 4
WM: Applying Strategies, Communicating, Reflecting

Square roots
Suppose the square root key is the only key on your calculator that does not work. How can
5 be determined? Heres a method.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:

Make an estimate of

5
Find the average of a and --- , and call it b.
a
5
Find the average of b and --- , and call it c.
b
And so on.

For example, suppose


b=
c=

5 and call it a.

5  2 i.e. a = 2

1
5
--- (2 + --- ) = 2.25
2
2
1
5
--- (2.25 + ----------- ) 
2
2.25

2.2361

d = _____
e = _____
f = _____
1

Find d, e and f in the above example.

Find

Start with a = 3 and find b, c, d, e and f. Does

Can you explain why the method works?


5 is a solution of the equation x 2 = 5, and notice that as the process continues
Hint:
5
b  c, c  d, d  e, , i.e. x  1--2- (x + --- ).
x

Explain how you would modify the above method to calculate:


a
7
b
k

5 from your calculator. Does the method appear to work?


5 result?

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

F. SUBSTITUTION INTO FORMULAS


A formula is an equation that connects two or more variables.

It is normal for one of the variables to be expressed in terms of the other(s).


The subject of the formula is the variable that is written in terms of the other variables.

Formula substitution
If a formula contains two or more variables and we know the value of all but one of them, we can use the formula
to find the value of the unknown variable. Follow the method below.
1

Write down the formula.

State the values of the known variables.

Substitute into the formula to find an equation with one variable.

Solve the equation for the unknown variable.

Example 1
The area of a triangle is given by A = 1--- bh, where A is the area, b is the base of
2
the triangle, and h the height.
a Find the area of a triangle with b = 8 m and h = 7 m.
b Find the height when A = 30 cm2 and b = 5 cm.
a A = 1--2- bh
A=

1
--2

87

A = 1--2- bh
30 =

= 28
2

The area is 28 m .

1
--2

5h

60 = 5h
60 5h
------ = -----5
5
h = 12
The height is 12 cm.

Exercise 13F
1

The area of a rectangle is given by A = lb, where A is the area, l the length and b the breadth.
a Find the area of a rectangle with length 16 cm and breadth 5 cm.
b Find the length of a rectangle with area of 30 cm2 and breadth 5 cm.

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

The formula for finding the circumference (perimeter) C


of a circle of diameter d is C = d. Find:
a the circumference of a circle of diameter 11.4 cm
b the diameter of a circle with circumference 250 cm

The formula for calculating the circumference C of a circle of radius r is C = 2r. Find:
a the circumference of a circle of radius 8.6 cm
b the radius of a circle of circumference 100 m

When a car travels a distance of d km in time t h, the average speed, s kmph, for the journey
d
is given by the formula s = --- . Find:
t
a the average speed of a car that travels 200 km in 2 h
b the distance travelled by a car in 3 1--4- h if its average speed is 80 kmph
c the time taken for a car to travel 865 km at an average speed of 110 kmph

Example 2
When a stone is dropped down a well the total distance
fallen, D metres, is given by the formula D = 1--- gt 2,
2
where t is the time of fall (in seconds) and g is the
gravitational constant of 9.8 m s1. Find:

a the distance fallen after 5 s


1
- th s) taken for the stone to
b the time (to the nearest --------100
fall 100 m
a

D = 1--2- gt 2 where g = 9.8 m s1 and t = 5 s

D=

1
--2

9.8 52 m

Calculator:

0.5
D = 122.5 m
the stone has fallen a distance of 122.5 metres.
b D = 1--2- gt 2 where D = 100 m, and g = 9.8 m s1
100 = 1--2- 9.8 t 2
100 = 4.9t 2
100
---------- = t 2
4.9
100
t = ---------- (as t > 0)
4.9
t  4.5175
the time taken is 4.52 seconds.

9.8

x =
2

Calculator:
100

4.9

When a cricket ball is dropped from the top of a building the total distance fallen is given by
the formula D = 1--2- gt 2 where D is the distance in metres and t is the time taken in seconds.
Find, given that g  9.8 m s1,
a the total distance fallen in the first 3 s of fall
b the height of the building when the time of fall to hit the ground is 5.13 s

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

A circles area A is given by A = r 2 where r is its radius length. Find:


a the area of a circle of radius 5.6 cm
b the radius of a circular swimming pool that must have an area of 200 m2

A cylinder of radius r and height h


has volume given by V = r 2 h. Find:
a the volume of a cylindrical tin can of
radius 12 cm and height 17.5 cm
b the height of a cylinder of radius 4 cm
given that its volume is 80 cm3
c the radius of copper wire of volume
100 cm3 and length 2 km

8
h

Earth

The formula D  3.56 h gives the approximate


distance (D km) to the horizon that can be seen by
a person with eye level h metres above the level of
the sea. Find:
a the distance of the horizon when a persons
eye level is 10 m above sea-level
b how far above sea-level a persons eye must be
if the person wishes to see the horizon at a
distance of 30 km

The formula for calculating the total surface area of a


sphere of radius r is given by A = 4r 2. Find:
a the total surface area of a sphere of
radius 6.9 cm
b the radius of a spherical balloon that is to have
a surface area of 1 m2. (Answer in cm.)

10

point of support

.
11

pendulum

The time taken for one complete swing of a simple


pendulum is given by T = 1--5- l where l is the length
of the pendulum (in cm) and T is the time (called
the period) in seconds. Find:
a the time for one complete swing of the
pendulum if its length is 50 cm
b the length of a pendulum if it is to have a
period of exactly 1 s

To find the area of a triangle with sides a, b and c units


long we find s, its semi-perimeter, using the formula
a+b+c
s = ---------------------- , and then use A = s ( s a ) ( s b ) ( s c ) .
2
A triangle has sides of length 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm.
Find its semi-perimeter and hence its area.

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

12

The formula for energy given speed and mass is E = 1--2- mv 2.


a Calculate E if m = 100 and v = 5.
b Calculate m given E = 1400 and v = 18.
c Calculate v if E = 5000 and m = 200. Note v > 0.

13

The volume of a sphere radius r is given by V = 4--3- r 3.


a Find V when r = 2.5.
b Find r when V = 1000.

14

The surface area of a closed cylinder is given by


A = 2r 2 + 2rh. Find h when A = 1800 and r = 3.

15

y2 y1
-.
The formula for gradient, m, is given by m = --------------x

x
2
1
Find:
a y2 when x1 = 5, x2 = 3, y1 = 2 and m = 2
b x1 when x2 = 7, y1 = 3, y2 = 4 and m = 1

G. INEQUALITIES
These symbols are convenient devices for representing inequalities.
Symbol

Meaning

<

less than

>

greater than

less than or equal to

greater than or equal to

not equal to

Example 1
Write in algebraic form:
a Three times a number is always smaller than ten.
b Twice a number is larger than or equal to eight.
c Four more than three times a number is greater than fifteen.
Let the unknown number be x. Then,
a 3x < 10
b 2x 8
c 3x + 4 > 15

You may need

the 3 button.

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Exercise 13G
1

Write in algebraic form:


a Four times a number is always smaller than thirteen.
b Five times a number is always greater than fifty.
c Ten times a number is greater than or equal to eighty.
d Two more than three times a number is less than thirty-five.
e Three more than four times a number is more than seventy.
f Eight less than a number is less than or equal to thirty.
g Thirteen less than twice a number is greater than twenty.
h Nine less than twenty times a number is more than ten.
i Ten more than half a number is less than nineteen.
j Five more than one-third of a number is greater than six.

Example 2
a Is x = 3 a solution to the inequality 3x 2 > 5?
b Is x = 5 a solution to the inequality 5 2x 6?
c Is x = 7 a solution to the inequality 3 5x > 2x + 1?
Check by substituting.
a
3x 2 > 5
Is 3(3) 2 > 5?
Is 9 2 > 5?
7 >5
which is true
x = 3 is a solution

5 2x 6
c
3 5x > 2x + 1
Is 5 2(5) 6?
Is 3 5(7) > 2(7) + 1?
Is 5 + 10 6?
Is 32 > 15?
15 6
which is false
which is false
x = 5 is not a solution x = 7 is not a solution

Check if the value in brackets is a solution to the inequality.


(x = 4)

b 3 4x 13

(x = 5)

c 5x + 1 < 11 (x = 2)

x
d --- + 3 > 0
2
3x 1
f --------------- 3
4
x3
h ------------ <7
2

(x = 10)

a 3x 2 > 7

e 7x 8 5

(x = 10)

g 7 4x 3

(x = 2)

(x = 0)

(x = 3)

3x + 7 < 11 2x

(x = 3)

k 4x + 1 6

(x = 1)

7x + 3 < 5 x

(x = 3)

m 2>5x

(x = 3)

n 3(x + 1) 2 > 5 5(1 x)

x+6>0

(x = 7)

(x = 1)

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Example 3
Find a solution to these inequalities using the guess-and-check method.
a 5 7x 10

b 3x 5 < 8 5x

a Try x = 0
5 7(0) 10
5 10 false
x = 0 is not a solution
Try x = 5
5 7(5) 10
30 10 false
x = 5 is not a solution
Try x = 10
5 7(10) 10
75 10 true
x = 10 is a solution

b Try x = 4
3(4) 5 < 8 5(4)
7 < 12 false
x = 4 is not a solution
Try x = 0
3(0) 5 < 8 5(0)
5 < 8 true
x = 0 is a solution

Find three solutions to each of the following inequalities, using the guess-and-check method.
4x
a 3x 9
b ------------ 3
c 2x 5
5
d 4 + 3x 7 + 2x
e 5 6x 7
f 3x 4 > 5x 2
x
g 2>4x
h 4 2x 3 x
i --- > 2
3

How many solutions are there to the inequality:


a 5x 12 > 3
b 5 2x 3 + 4x ?

Investigation 5
WM: Reflecting, Reasoning

Inequalities
Example 1
Change both sides of the inequality 5 < 7 by the operation [x(3)]
and insert a sign to make the new inequality true.
5<7
15 21
Thus 15 > 21

(multiply each number by 3)


(insert the inequality sign)

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Both sides of the inequality 6 > 4 are changed by the operation in brackets. Insert > or < signs
to make the new inequality true.
a 12 8
[2]
b 3
2
[2]
c 9
7
[+3]
d 1
1 [5]
e 12 8 [(2)]
f 3
2 [(2)]
g 4
2
[+2]
h 8
6
[(2)]

Both sides of the inequality 8 < 4 are changed by the operation in brackets. Insert < or >
signs to make the new inequality true.
a 2
1
[4]
b 24
12 [3]
c 1
13
[+9]
d 15 3 [7]
e 4
2 [(2)]
f 24
12 [(3)]
g 2
2 [(4)]
h 12
0 [+(4)]

Using your answers to questions 1 and 2 write a set of rules for working with inequalities.

Inequalities may be written in equation form, as a number line graph, or in words. Copy and
complete this table.
Inequality
x >3
x 3
4 < x 2
x < 0 or x > 4

Graph
1

Description

all numbers greater


than 3

all numbers less than


or equal to 3

4 3 2 1

all numbers between 4


and 2, including 2

3 2 1

all numbers greater


than 4 or less than 0

x 2
3

all numbers between 3


and 8, including 3

all numbers greater


than or equal to 8
x 3 or
x 2

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

all numbers less than 0


all numbers less than 2
or greater than 3
4>x
5 x
5 4 3 2 1

a
b
c
d

What does the filled in dot mean?


What does the open dot mean?
Can x < 0 and x > 4 both be true at the same time?
Why does 0 < x > 4 not make sense?

H. SOLVING INEQUALITIES
Inequalities are algebraic sentences containing at least one of
the symbols >, <, or .

For example, 3x + 2 7 is an inequality.


To solve inequalities, we handle the situation as if they are ordinary equations and carry out the same operation
to each side of the inequality.
3x + 2
Left Hand Side (LHS)

7
Right Hand Side (RHS)

In investigation 5 the rules below were discovered.

Rules

Rules for inequalities

Note:

The reverse of > is <.


The reverse of is .

If we add or subtract from both sides of an inequality the


inequality sign is maintained.
If we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by:
a positive number, we maintain the same inequality sign
a negative number, we reverse the inequality sign.

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

For example, if 3x 12 then x 4

(dividing both sides by 3)

but, if 3x 18 then x 6

(dividing both sides by 3)

Example 1
Solve for x, graphing the solution on the number line.
b 3 4x 15

a 3x 16 > 8
a

3x 16 > 8
3x > 24
x >8
5

c 2 > 5 2x

(adding 16 to both sides)


(dividing both sides by 3)
7

3 4x 15
4x 12
----- x 12
4

10

11

(subtracting 3 from both sides)


( both sides by 4 and reversing the inequality)

x 3
6

2 > 5 2x
2 5 > 5 5 2x
3 > 2x
3
------ < x
2
x>

(subtracting 5 from both sides)


(dividing by 2 and reversing the inequality)

3
--2

(changing the x to the LHS)


1

Exercise 13H
1

Solve for x and graph the solutions on the number line.


a x+3>5

b x23

e 2x 12

x3>4

3x 9

x+5>0

c 3x 18
x
g --- > 4
4
k 2x 6

x
d --- < 2
3
h x + 4 < 3
l

5x < 10

m 2x + 1 > 13

n 3x 2 7

o 4x + 1 6

p 3x<0

q 5 2x 0

r 2>5x

s 3 4x 13

5 6x 7

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

Solve for x and graph the solutions on the number line.


x
x
a --- > 3
b ------ 4
2
3
2x + 1
3x 1
d ---------------- 5
e --------------- 3
2
4
x3
4x
g ------------ < 7
h ------------ 2
2
5

c
f
i

x
--- + 3 > 0
2
1
--- (3 2x) 1
2
3 5x
--------------- > 1
4

Extension

Example 2
Solve for x:
a 3 + 2x < 13 3x
a

b 5 3x x + 7

3 + 2x < 13 3x
3 + 2x + 3x < 13 3x + 3x
3 + 5x < 13
3 3 + 5x < 13 3
5x < 10
x<2

5 3x x + 7
5 3x x x x + 7
5 4x 7
5 5 4x 7 5
4x 2
x 1--2

Solve for x.
a 4 + 3x 5 + x
c 3x 4 > 5x 2
e 3x + 7 < 11 2x
g 3x + 2 > x 5
i 5 2x x + 4
k 3(x 1) > x + 2
m 3x 2 > 2(x 1) + 5x
o 5 (x + 2) 2(2x 1)
q 3 x 5 2(x + 1)

b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p
r

Solve for x.
3+x
2x
a ------------ -----------4
3
7x 5 3x 1
c --------------- --------------5
4
5x 3 4 x
e --------------- > -----------2
3
3 2x 7x + 1
----------------------------g
<
4
5
11 4x
i ------------------- 3 > 5
7
4x 3 7x 5
k --------------- + --------------- 1
2
3

6x 5
b --------------2
4x + 3
d ---------------3
5 3x
f --------------7
9 2x
--------------h
3
2x 7
j --------------4
8 3x
l --------------2

3 + 3x < 13 + x
x 3 5x + 7
4 2x 3 x
2x 3 < 5 7x
7 3x 5 x
5 2x 2(x + 2)
1 (x 3) 2(x + 5) 1
3(x + 1) 2 > 5 2(x 1)
x + 7(4 x) < 2 5(1 x)

3x + 1
< ---------------4
1x
> -----------5
2+x
-----------4
2x + 1
--------------
4
3<7
4x + 1
---------------- 1
3

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

non-calculator activities

21
Write ------ as a mixed numeral,
2

Write 134.7652 correct to 2 decimal places.

Find the value of 2341 20.

Increase $100 by 10%

If 20 5 =

How many fortnights are there in two years?

1
Write 5 --- as a mixed fraction.
5

What is the value of 0.6 0.3?

2367.5 10 =

10

2, what is the missing number?

30% is the same as:


1
A --3

3
B -----10

C 0.03

D none of these

11

The fraction ------ has a value of 7. What is the missing number?


5

12

What fraction is 3 kg of 9 kg? Give your answer in simplest fraction form.

13

The temperature at 6 p.m. at Perisher was 4C but it fell 2C each hour for the next 6 hours.
What was the temperature at midnight?

14

9.9
Estimate the value of ----------------------- giving your answer as a whole number.
3.1 + 1.8

15

Find the missing number in the box.


143.6508 = 143 + 0.6 + 0.05 +

16

If Kritizia earns $250 for 10 hours work, how much will she receive for 3 hours work?

17

Jade knows that 26 156 = 4056. Use this data to find the answer to Jades question
4056 156 =
2

18

What is

25 + 4 ?

19

What is the next number in the sequence 2, 10, 18, 26, __?

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Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

20

What is the average of 8, 10 and 12?

21

2+63=

22

Stuart solved the equation 2x + 2 = x + 5 and got the answer x = 3. Is Stuart correct?

23

The product of two numbers is 12. If one number is 2, what is the other number?

24

What is the area of a triangle with a base of 12 cm and a perpendicular height of 10 cm?

25

Jasmine reverses the digits in the number 4683 and subtracts them from the original number.
What is the answer?

Language in Mathematics

Read this article and answer the questions.

Paul Erdos (1913

Paul Erdos was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1913. He is


known as one of the greatest modern-day mathematicians as
a result of his considerable contribution in the areas of
algebra, analysis, combinatorics, geometry, topology, number
theory and graph theory.
By the age of three he was able to mentally multiply three-digit
numbers. With his mothers encouragement Erdos read many
scientific books from an early age and developed an interest
in mathematics, which he pursued. When he began to travel
and present papers, his mother went with him. Erdos was
extremely depressed when she died.
Erods has continued to work in mathematics and travels around the world talking at universities
and meeting other mathematicians. He has written many scientific papers of great importance and
is renowned for being able to solve problems that confuse others. The Prime Number Theorem was
stated as conjecture in 1792, and it was Erdos along with Selberg who gave the first non-integral
calculus proof in 194849.
Despite his fame, Erdos is known for his cosmopolitan lifestyle and stimulating conversation as
much as for his mathematical contributions. He has very little personal property as he places no
value on material goods. With no family commitments, he is able to give all his time to pursuing his
own interests in mathematics and helping others to develop their understanding and knowledge of
the subject.

429

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430

Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

a
b
c
d
e

Complete these glossary terms using vowels.

How old would Paul Erdos be today?


When could he mentally multiply three-digit numbers?
What does Paul Erdos do with his time?
For what is he most famous?
Write the three most important points from the article.

a l __ n __ __ r

b p r __ n __ m __ r __ l

c q __ __ dr __ t __ c

d s __ l __ t __ __ n

e s __ b s t __ t __ t __

v __ r __ __ bl __

Write a paragraph describing how a linear equation is solved.

Glossary
consecutive

equation

formulae

formulas

fractions

inequalities

like terms

linear

lowest common denominator (LCD)

pronumeral

quadratic equation

solution

solve

substitute

unknown

value

variable

subject

LEY_bk953_13_2ndpp Page 431 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:05 PM

Equations and Inequalties (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

431

CHECK YOUR SKILLS


1

The solution to 3x 5 = 6 is:


A x=

1
-----3

C x=

1
-----2

The solution to 8 5x = 2x + 3 is:


7
--5

B x=

5
--7

x = 2 is not a solution of:


A 3x + 5 = 3 + 2x
C 4x + 1 = 7 5x

11
--------3

1
--2

D x=

11
-----3

C x = 25

If y = 7 2x and y = 8, then x is:

A x=
5

1
--3

x
The solution to --- + 3 = 2 is:
5
1
A x = ----B x=1
5

A 7 1--24

B x=

C x=

D x = 5

D 7 1--2-

5
--3

D x=

5
-----3

D x=

5
-----12

B 7 2x = 3x + 17
D 6x + 4 = 2x 4

x 3 4 2x
The first line with an error in solving ------------ --------------- = 2 is:
2
3
A 3(x 3) 2(4 2x) = 12
B
3x 9 8 4x = 12
C
x 17 = 12
D
x = 29
6 5x
The solution to --------------- = 2 is:
3
A x = 2 2--5B x=0

C x=

8
--5

3x x + 1 1
The line without an error in the solution of ------ ------------ = ------ is:
2
3
5
A 15 (3x) 10 (x + 1) = 1
B
45x 10x + 10 = 1
C
35x = 11
-----D
x = 35
11

When one-third of a number is added to twice a number, the answer is 10. The number is:
-----A 1 3--7B 10
C 3 1--3D 4 2--77

10

A woman is currently twice as old as her son. In 5 years time the sum of their ages will be
70 years. An equation to find the sons age now is:
A n + 2n = 5
B n + 2n = 70
C (n + 5) = 7 + (2n + 5)
D (n + 5) + (2n + 5) = 70

11

A solution to x2 = 64 is:
A x=4

B x=8

C x = 32

D x = 128

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432

Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

12

A solution to 9x2 = 49 is:


7
A x = ----B x=
9

C x=

7
-----3

D x=

49
-----9

+ 49--------9

13

The surface area of a sphere is given by A = 4r2. The value of r when A = 200 is closest to:
A 4
B 14
C 50
D 64

14

In symbols five times a number minus three is always greater than the number plus one is:
A 5n 3 >1
B 5(n3) > n + 1
C 3 5n > 1
D 5n 3 > n + 1

15

A solution to 6 7x > 8 is:


A x=1
B x=5

16

17

C x=3

4 3x
The number that is not a solution of --------------- > 1 is:
5
A 3
B 2
C 1
A solution to 7 3x < 4 + 2x is:
3
A x = ----B x=0
5

C x=

D x=4

D 0

3
--5

D x=1

If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section

13

46

7, 8

9, 10

11, 12

13

14, 15

16, 17

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Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

REVIEW SET 13A


1

Solve for x:
a 2x + 5 = 3

b 4x = 2x + 11

x
d --- + 9 = 3
7

e 2 x = 3x + 7

4 2x
If x = 3, find y if y = --------------- .
5

If y = 3(2x 1) (x 5), find x when y = 7.

Solve for x:
a 3(2x + 1) = 4
d 3(x 2) + 5(x + 1) = 15
2x 1
g --------------- = 4
3

b 2(3 x) = 3(x + 5)
x 3
e --- = --5 2
x x
h --- --- = 4
3 6

x 1
--- = --3 6
x5
------------ = 7
4

c 4 3(2 x) = 7
(2x + 1) = 3

1
--2

x 3
x + --- = --3 4

Solve the following problems.


a Five times a certain number is equal to 12 more than the number. Find the number.
b When three consecutive integers are added the result is 48. Find the largest integer.
c One side of a rectangle is 2 cm shorter than the other side and its perimeter is 96 cm.
Find the length of the longer side.
d Peter has 48 coins. He has three times as many 10-cent coins as 20-cent coins and the
remainder are 5-cent coins. Determine the number of each coin type if their total value
is $5.10.

The period of a pendulum (the time for one complete swing) is given by T =
where l cm is the length of the pendulum. Find:
a the period if the pendulum has length 74 cm
b the length of the pendulum if its period is 2.5 seconds.

Solve:
a x+5<3
2x 3
d --------------- > 1
4

x
b --- 3
2
4 2x
e --------------- 3
5

1
--5

c 4x + 1 2
f

3 2x < 14 + 5x

l seconds,

433

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434

Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

REVIEW SET 13B


1

Solve for x:
a 3x 1 = 2

b 6x = 11 3x

x
d --- 3 = 6
5

e 4 3x = 2x + 1

5a 4
If a = 2, find t if t = ---------------- .
3

If y = 2(3x 4) 5(3 x), find x when y = 3.

Solve for x:
a 2(4x + 1) = 3
d 4(x 5) + 3(2x + 1) = 3
3x 5
g --------------- = 8
2

b 3(5 2x) = 5(x 3)


x 5
e --- = --7 3
x x
h --- --- = 4
5 2

2x
------ = 5
3
x3
------------ = 2
4

c 5 2(5 2x) = 3
(4 5x) = 2

1
--3

x 2
x --- = --4 3

Solve these problems.


a Four times a number is equal to 15 more than the number. Find the number.
b When four consecutive integers are added, the result is 54. Find the smallest integer.

The surface area of a sphere is given by A = 4r2. Find r when A = 400.

Solve:
a 2x 8
d 4 3x < 5

b x 5 < 3
3x 1
e --------------- 2
4

c 8x > 16
6x
f ------------ > 4
2

LEY_bk953_13_2ndpp Page 435 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 12:05 PM

Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

REVIEW SET 13C


1

Solve for x:
a 4x + 5 = 12

b 5 3x = 7

x
d --- 5 = 7
3

e 3x 2 = x + 6

2x 3
If y = --------------- find:
5
1
a y when x = --2

x
--- = 4
3
2x + 5
---------------- = 1
4

b x when y = 3

If y = 5 2(x 3), find x when y = 3.

Solve:
a 3(2a + 5) = 15
c 3(2p 3) = 4(p + 1)
x 4
e --- = --2 3
2x + 3 3x 2
g ---------------- = --------------4
5
x+1
1x
i ------------ + x = -----------5
2

b 2(3a 4) = a + 9
d x + 5(3 x) = 2x + 4(x 1)
f

1
--3

(2x + 1) = 4

2x + 3 3x + 1
h ---------------- ---------------- = 2
3
4

Solve the following problems.


a I think of a number, double it and add 7. The answer is 4. Find the number.
b An apple costs twice as much as a banana. The two of them cost me a total of 48 cents.
Find the cost of the apple.
c If a number is increased by 5 and then trebled, the result is six more than two-thirds of
the number. Find the number.
d An athlete can run at 15 kmph and cycle at 48 kmph. In his total training he runs and
cycles the same distance. If his training time is 3 hours and 9 minutes, what distance does
he cycle and run?

The value $V, of precious opal is given by the formula V = 20w2 dollars, where w is the weight
in grams.
a Find the value of an opal weighing 23.8 grams.
b Find the weight of an opal valued at $2300.

Solve:
x
a ------ > 2
3
x+1
d ------------ < 2
3

b 6x<1

c 4x + 1 7

4 3x
e --------------- 1
5

5 3x 2(1 x)

435

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436

Equations and Inequalities (Chapter 13) Syllabus reference PAS5.2.2

REVIEW SET 13D


1

Solve for x:
a 3x 2 = 5
x
d --- + 3 = 2
7
3x 5
If y = --------------- find:
3
a y when x =

b 4 7x = 3

e 4x 7 = 3x + 5

b x when y =

1
--3

If y = 7 5(4 x), find x when y = 0.

Solve:
a 2(4x + 3) = 15
d x 5(2x + 1) 3 = 4
3 4x x + 5
g --------------- = -----------2
5

b 4(3t + 1) = t 2
4 x
e --- = --3 4
3x 4 2 4x
h --------------- --------------- = 1
5
3

x
--- = 4
5
3x 2
--------------- = 2
5

7
--3

c 4(3p 7) = 5(1 p)
(3x 1) = 5

1
--4

x+1
3x
------------ + x = ------------ + 1
2
3

Solve these problems.


a When 12 is added to twice a number, the answer is 8. Find the number.
b If a number is decreased by 3 then multiplied by 4, the result is 7 more than five times the
number. Find the number.

The velocity of an object is given by v 2 = u 2 + 2as.


a Find v when u = 10, a = 5 and s = 3.
b Find u when v = 20, a = 3 and s = 12.

Solve:
a x4>3
x
d --- + 2 0
3

b 3x > 9
4 3x
e --------------- 1
2

c 4 3x 14
f

3 x 2 4(x 1)

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