CH 02

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 25 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM
Chapter 2
Indices and Scientic
Notation
This chapter deals with indices and scientific notation.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
change numbers to index form and vice versa
use the terms base, power, index, exponent
use the index laws to simplify expressions
define and use zero and negative integral indices
define fractional indices for square and cube roots
express very large and very small numbers in scientific notation and vice versa
perform calculations with, and order, numbers expressed in scientific notation.
Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

WM : 5. 1. 15. 1. 4, 5. 2 .1 5 .2 .4
26
Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1
Diagnostic test
When written in index form

5 5 5 5 5 5 is:
A 65
B 56
6
C 555555
2
A 44
B 4444
C 22
D 2222
10
C 625
D 1024
B 214
C 245
D 445
13
When simplified ( 73)5 =

B 78
14
C 735
D 735
315 35 =
B 110
C 33
D 310
15
230 =
A 23
B 54
25 29 =
A 13
7
Which of the following numbers is written

in scientific notation?
A 49 1015
B 3.7 1 000 000
C 360 000
D 2.1 109
When written in scientific notation

6 430 000 becomes:
A 6.43 104
B 6.43 105
C 6.43 106
D 6.436
When evaluated using a calculator 4 is:
A 715
6
12
A 414
5
D 555555
When written in expanded form 24 is:
A 45
4
11
B 1
C 0
D 2
75 is the same as:

1
1
A -----5
B -----7
C 35
5
7
16
D 75
A 7
B 7
C 3
B 0.000 032
C 3 200 000
D 320 000
(4.2 108) ( 8 1011) =

A 3.36 1088
B 3.36 1089
C 3.36 1019
D 3.36 1020
(3.9 1012) ( 5.2 106) =

A 7.5 1019
B 7.5 106
C 7.5 106
D 7.5 1018
When the numbers 3.8 106, 4.7 108,

8.9 108 are written in order from
smallest to largest, the answer is:
B 4.7 108, 8.9 108, 3.8 106
The meaning of 6 is:

1
1
A 3
B -----2
C
6 D --3
6
3
When written in index form 7 =
1
--3
A 0.000 003 2
A 3.8 106, 8.9 108, 4.7 108
1
--2
When written as an ordinary number

3.2 105 is:
D 3
C 3.8 106, 4.7 108, 8.9 108

D 8.9 108, 3.8 106, 4.7 108
1
--7
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
13
9, 10
1113
1416
A. INDEX NOTATION
Index notation is a short way of writing the repeated product of numbers, for example
6 6 6 6 6 may be written 65.
This is read as 6 to the power 5 or 6 to the fifth (power).
The 6 is called the base. It is the number that is being repeated.
The 5 is called the power, index or exponent. It tells us how many times the base has been repeated.
Example 1
a Write 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 in index
form.
b Write the answer to part a in words.
c State which number is the
i base
ii index.
In index form
means using
index notation.
a The number being repeated is 7 and the number

of times the 7 is repeated is 9, so
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 = 79.
b 7 to the power 9.
c i The base is 7.
ii The index is 9.
Exercise 2A
1
a Write 4 4 4 4 4 in index form.

i base
Exponent is
another word
for index.
ii index.
a Write 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 in index form.

i base
ii index.
Write the following products using index notation.

a 3333333
b 2222222222
c 444
d 555555
e 2222
27
28
Example 2
For each of the following numbers:
i write down the base, i.e. the number that is being repeated
ii write down the index, i.e. the number of times the base is repeated
iii write the number in expanded form.
a 54
b 27
In expanded
a i
ii
iii
b i
ii
iii
form means as
a repeated
product.
The base is 5. This is the number

being repeated.
The index is 4. This is the number of times
the base is repeated.
Hence 54 = 5 5 5 5
The base is 2. This is the number being repeated.
The power is 7. This is the number of
times the 2 is repeated.
Hence 27 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
For each of the following numbers:

i write down the base, i.e. the number that is being repeated
ii write down the index, i.e. the number of times the base is repeated
iii write the number in expanded form.
a 35
b 24
c 73
d 96
e 58
Example 3
Use your calculator to evaluate 56.
Find the xy key on your calculator.
Enter the base, 5.
Press the xy key.
Enter the power, 6.
Press the
= key.
5 = 15 625
Use your calculator to evaluate:

a 210
b 74
4
f 9
g 63
c 35
h 36
d 106
i 85
e 54
j 58
B. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS WITH THE SAME BASE

Example 1
a Write in expanded form i 32
b Write the answer to part iii in index form.
c Is 32 34 = 32 + 4 ?
ii 34
a i 33
ii 3 3 3 3
6
b 3 because the 3 is repeated 6 times.
c Yes, because 2 + 4 = 6.
iii
32 34
333333
iii
Exercise 2B
1
a Write in expanded form

i 73
c Is 73 74 = 73 + 4 ?
ii 74
iii 73 74

i 54
c Is 54 52 = 54 + 2 ?
ii 52
iii 54 52

i 63
c Is 63 65 = 63 + 5 ?
ii 65
iii 63 65
Example 2
Write in index form:
a 57 54
b 38 310
From the answers to part c in the above questions,

b 38 310 = 38 + 10 = 318
a 57 54 = 57 + 4 = 511
When multiplying numbers with the same base, add the indices.
4
Simplify by writing in index form.

a 35 34
b 27 25
f 69 64
g 105 104
c 72 78
h 210 210
d 57 52
i 520 510
e 410 46
j 311 37
29
30
Example 3
b Is 56 5 = 56 or 57 ?
ii 56 5
56
a i 56 = 5 5 5 5 5 5
ii 56 5 = 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
b From part ii, the 5 is repeated 7 times. Hence 56 5 = 57, i.e. 5 may be written as 51.
Hence 56 5 = 56 51
= 56 + 1
= 57
5

a 54 5
b 37 3
c 29 2
d 5 58
e 7 711
Example 4
i 23 34
3
4
3+4
b Is 2 3 = 6
? Give a reason.
ii 67
a i 2223333
ii 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
b No, because the bases are different.
6

b Is 35 42 = 125 + 2 ? Give a reason.
35 42
ii 127

b Is 53 25 = 103 + 5 ? Give a reason.
53 25
ii 108

b Is 35 32 = 95 + 2 ? Give a reason.
35 32
ii 97

b Is 23 25 = 43 + 5 ? Give a reason.
23 25
ii 48
10
Write true or false.

a 37 35 = 312
d 25 24 = 29
g 46 47 = 442
b 37 25 = 612
e 25 54 = 109
h 46 37 = 1213
c 37 35 = 912
f 25 24 = 49
i 46 47 = 1613
Example 5
11
a 23 25 24
b 35 36 33
a 23 25 24 = 23 + 5 + 4 = 212
b 35 36 33 = 35 + 6 + 3 = 314

a 24 26 23
b 38 33 37
c 53 57 54
d 46 43 4
e 53 54 5 52
C. RAISING A NUMBER TO A POWER

Example 1
Simplify by writing in index form
a
(32)4
b (75)3
c (24)7
(32)4 = (3 3)4
or (32)4 = 32 32 32 32
= (3 3) (3 3) (3 3) (3 3)
= 32 + 2 + 2 + 2
=33333333
= 34 2
8
=3
= 38
b (75)3 = 75 75 75
= 75 + 5 + 5
= 73 5
= 715
c
(24)7 = 24 7
= 228
When raising a number to a higher power, multiply the indices.
Exercise 2C
1

a
(32)3
b (53)2
c (23)4
d (35)3
(102)5
g (42)6
h (63)7
(38)3
e (74)5
j
(27)10
Example 2
Simplify:
a (32)4 37
a
b (72)3 (73)4
(32)4 37 = 38 37
= 315
b (72)3 (73)4 = 76 712

= 718
Simplify:
a
(32)3 35
e 76 (72)5
i
(34)5 (32)4
b (23)4 25
f
(23)2 (24)3
(92)5 (93)4
c (54)3 52
d 34 (33)5
g (52)4 (53)2
h (74)2 (73)3
31
32
D. DIVIDING NUMBERS WITH THE SAME BASE

Example 1
a Write in expanded form 36 32.
b Write the answer to part a in index form.
c Is 36 32 = 36 2 ?
6
3
a 36 32 = -----2
3
1
1
333333
= --------------------------------------------------31 31
b 34
c Yes because 6 2 = 4.
=3333
Exercise 2D
1
a Write in expanded form 37 32

c Is 37 32 = 37 2 ?

c Is 75 73 = 75 3 ?

c Is 28 23 = 28 3 ?
Example 2
Simplify, writing your answer in index form.
a 210 27
b 38 37
From the answers to part c in the questions above

a 210 27 = 210 7
b 38 37 = 38 7
= 23
= 31
=3
When dividing numbers with the same base, subtract the indices.
4
Simplify, writing your answer in index form.

a 35 33
b 28 25
c 510 54
8
4
8
6
f 6 6
g 2 2
h 311 39
k 35 31
l 56 51
m 27 2
d 49 45
i 47 46
n 104 10
e 1012 107
j 54 53
o 79 7
Example 3
a 65 23 = 32
b 36 32 = 14
3
66666
a 65 23 = ----------------------------------------21 21 21
We can only subtract

the indices when the
bases are the same.
=33366
32 = 3 3
3
2
65 2 3
The answer is false.
1
3 3 3333
b 36 32 = -------------------------------------------------------31 31
= 34
2
36 3 1
The answer is false.

5

a 58 55 = 53
e 65 32 = 23
b 67 24 = 33
f 26 22 = 14
c 59 53 = 16
g 39 33 = 33
d 410 42 = 45
h 107 53 = 24
Example 4
Simplify:
a 35 37 38
b (28)3 210
a Working from left to right,

35 37 38 = 35 + 7 38
= 312 38
= 312 8
= 34
c 57 53 59
b (28)3 210 = 28 3 210

= 224 210
= 224 10
= 214
c 57 53 59 = 57 3 59
= 54 59
= 54 + 9
= 513
6
Simplify:
a 36 34 35
e (45)2 47
i 210 24 23
m 23 26 24 27
b
f
j
n
25 28 26
(33)5 37
512 52 54
(52)3 (54)2 511
c
g
k
o
710 78 716
58 53 54
(24)3 29
320 38 37
d
h
l
p
(56)3 510
36 33 34
310 38 35
725 (73)5
33
34
E. THE ZERO INDEX

Example 1
Complete the following table to find the value of 30.
35
243
34
81
33
32
31
30
27
As we read the first row of numbers, we can see that the powers of the 3 are going down
by one. The missing numbers, in the second row, can be found by dividing the number
before it by 3.
35
34
33
32
31
30
243
(243 3 = )81
(81 3 = )27
(27 3 = )9
(9 3 = )3
(3 3 = )1
From the table, 30 = 1.
Exercise 2E
1
Complete the following table to find the value of 50. (Divide the second row of numbers by 5.)
55
54
53
3125
625
125
52
51
50
Complete the following table to find the value of 20.

25
24
23
32
16
22
21
20
Example 2
a Use the index laws to simplify 74 74.
b By writing in expanded form, show that 74 74 = 1.
c Hence show that 70 = 1.
a
Using the index laws
74 74 = 74 4
= 70
71 71 71 71
74 74 = -------------------------------71 71 71 71
=1
c From parts a and b, 70 = 1


Use the x y key on your calculator to find the value of:

a 70
b 130
c 290
d 5.60
e 31.70
5
( --- )0
8
e 12.90
3
( --- )0
4
From questions 1 to 7, you should have discovered that:

Any number raised to the power zero is equal to 1.
Without using your calculator, write down the value of:
a 40
b 230
c 9550
d 8.670
F. NEGATIVE INDICES
Example 1
Complete the following table to find the meaning of 31, 32, 33.
35
34
33
243
81
27
32
31
30
31
32
33
The powers of the numbers in the first row are going down by 1. The numbers in the
second row can be found by multiplying the number before it by 1--3- .
35
34
33
32
31
30
31
243 (243 --13- =)81 (81 --13- =)27 (27 --13- =)9 (9 --13- =)3 (3 --13- =)1 (1 --13- =) --13From the table, we see that:
1
1
31 = --- = -----1
3 3
1
1
32 = --- = -----2
9 3
1
1
33 = ------ = -----3
27 3
Multiplying a number
1
by --- is the same as
3
dividing it by 3.
32
( --13-
1
--3
33
1
=) --19- ( --19- --13- =) ----27
35
36
Exercise 2F
1
1
--2
By multiplying the numbers in the second row by

meaning of 21, 22, 23.
25
24
23
32
16
22
21
20
21
22
By multiplying the numbers in the second row by

meaning of 101, 102, 103.
105
104
103
100 000
10 000
1000
102
101
1
-----10
complete the following table to find the
23
complete the following table to find the

100
Example 2
1
b By writing in expanded form, show that 34 36 = -----2 .
3
1
c Hence show that 32 = -----2 .
3
a 34 36 = 346
a 34 36 = 32
31 31 31 31
b 34 36 = ------------------------------------------------------------31 31 31 31 3 3
1
= -----------33
1
a 34 36 = -----2
3
1
c From parts a and b, 32 = -----2
3
3

1
2
1
2

1
5
1
5
101
102
103
Example 3
Write down the meaning of:
a 91
b 63
c 75
From questions 1 to 4,
1
a 91 = -----1
9
1
b 63 = -----3
6
1
c 75 = -----5
7

a 31
b 43
1
f 12
g 92
k 28
l 51
c 25
h 61
m 105
d 82
i 73
n 510
e 54
j 36
o 415
Example 4
Write as a simplified fraction:
a 52
b 35
1
a 52 = -----2
5
1
= -----25
1
b 35 = -----5
3
1
= ---------- (using a calculator)
243
Write as a simplified fraction.

a 32
b 25
3
f 6
g 92
k 73
l 44
c 43
h 34
m 36
d 54
i 55 1
2
n ---
5
Example 5
Write using a negative index:
1
a --b
3
1
a -----1 = 31
3
1
-----2
3
1
-----8
3
1
b -----2 = 32
3
1
-----8 = 38
3
e 210
j 29 1
3
o 1 ---
4
37
38
Write using a negative index:

1
1
a --b -----2
2
2
f
1
--5
1
------10
3
1
-----8
2
1
h -----3
4
1
m -----5
7
c
1
g -----2
7
1
l --6
1
d -----5
2
1
i -----4
3
1
n -----9
4
1
e -----3
2
1
j -----6
5
1
o -----10
G. FRACTIONAL INDICES
Example 1
1
--2 2
a Use the index laws to simplify ( 5 ) .

1
b Find ( 5 )2.
--2
c Hence write down the meaning of 5 .
a
1
--2
( 5 )2 = 5
1
--- 2
2
1
--2
b ( 5 )2 = 5
c Since ( 5 )2 = ( 5 )2
1
--2
= 51
then 5 =
=5
Exercise 2G
1
1
--2
a Use the index laws to simplify ( 3 )2.
b Find ( 3 )2.
1
--2

2
1
--2 2
b Find ( 7 )2.
1
--2
Example 2
1
--3

b Use your calculator to find ( 3 7 )3. 1--3
1
--3
a ( 7 )3 = 7
1
--- 3
3
= 71
=7
b ( 3 7 )3 = 7
1
--3
c Since ( 7 )3 = ( 3 7 )3
1
--3
then 7 =
1
--3 3
b Find ( 3 5 )3.
1
--3

4
1
--3
b Find ( 3 2 )3.
1
--3
Example 3
a 24
1
--2
b 167
1
--3
From the questions above:

1
--2
a 24 =
1
--3
b 167 =
24
167

a 29
f
69
1
--3
b 29
1
--3
g 31
1
--2
c 13
1
--2
h 47
1
--3
d 13
1
--2
1
--2
195
Example 4
Evaluate:
a 81
1
--2
1
--2
a 81 =
=
81
9
64
64
1
--3
1
--3
=
=
64
4
Evaluate:
a 49
e 25
1
--2
1
--2
b
f
1
--3
1000
c 100
1
--3
1
--2
d 27
1
--3
e 27
1
--3
1
--3
278
1
--2
39
40
Example 5
6 = 6
b
1
--2

a
b 3
5
7
7 = 7
1
--3
10
12
H. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
The distance of Mars from the sun is approximately 229 000 000 kilometres. The diameter of the hydrogen
atom is 0.000 000 000 025 4 metres.
Scientists invented a more convenient method of writing very large and very small numbers like the ones
above. It is called scientific notation or standard notation.
To write a number in scientific notation, it is written as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a
power of 10.
Example 1
State whether or not the following numbers are written in scientific notation.
a 6.7 108
d 2.96 107
b 23 105
e 480 000
c 3.65 1000
a Yes, as the first number (6.7) is between 1 and 10 and it is multiplied by a power of
10 (108).
b No, because the first number (23) is not between 1 and 10.
c No, because the second number (1000) is not expressed as a power of 10.
d Yes, as the first number (2.96) is between 1 and 10 and it is multiplied by a power of
10 (107).
e No, as it is not written as a product.
Exercise 2H
1
State whether or not the following numbers are written in scientific notation.
a 5.9 106
b 34 108
c 8.97 10 000
d 5.03 109
15
4
e 28 000
f 7 10
g 0.85 10
h 4.2 100
68
i 163 000 000
j 2.006 10
Copy and complete the following table.

100
101
10
102
104
1000
105
1 000 000
Example 2
Write the following numbers in scientific notation.
a 5 000 000
b 40 000
a 5 000 000 = 5 1 000 000

= 5 106 (using the table in question 2 above)
b 40 000 = 4 10 000
= 4 104

a 3 000 000
b 70 000
c 8000
d 600 000
e 500
Example 3
a 5300
b 284 000
a 5300 = 5.3 1000

= 5.3 103
b 284 000 = 2.84 100 000

= 2.84 105

a 4800
b 392 000
c 64 000
d 2 180 000
e 760
41
42
Example 4
Write the following numbers as ordinary decimal numerals.
a 6 105
b 3.94 106
a 6 105 = 6 100 000

= 600 000
b 3.94 106 = 3.94 1 000 000

= 3 940 000
Write the following numbers as ordinary decimal numerals.

a 3 104
b 7 103
c 9 106
d 4 105
f 4.6 105
g 6.71 103
h 3.9 106
i 8.36 104
e 8 102
j 5.2 105
Complete the table.

0.1
0.01
1
-----10
0.0001
1
------------1000
0.000 001
1
--------------------100 000
Example 5
a 0.004
b 0.000 009
a 0.004 = 4 0.001
1
= 4 ------------- (from table in question 6)
1000
1
= 4 --------3- (from table in question 2)
10
= 4 103

a 0.003
b 0.000 007
c 0.0005
b 0.000 009 = 9 0.000 001

1
= 9 -------------------------1 000 000
1
= 9 --------610
= 9 106
d 0.000 02
e 0.09
Example 6
Write as an ordinary decimal numeral.
a 5 102
b 7 106
1
a 5 102 = 5 --------210
1
= 5 ---------100
1
b 7 106 = 7 --------610
1
= 7 -------------------------1 000 000
= 5 0.01
= 7 0.000 001
= 0.05
= 0.000 007
Write as an ordinary decimal numeral.

a 6 102
b 3 106
c 2 103
d 5 104
Example 7
Explain the difference between:
a 2 104 and 24
a 2 104 = 2 10 000
= 20 000
1
b 2 104 = 2 --------410
b 2 104 and 24
and
and
24 = 2 2 2 2
= 16
1
24 = -----4
2
1
= 2 -----------------10 000
1
= -----16
= 2 0.000 01
= 0.0625
= 0.000 02
Explain the difference between:

a 3 104 and 34
b 5 102 and 52
5
5
d 2 10 and 2
e 4 106 and 46
c 2 103 and 23
e 9 106
43
44
Example 8
Write 246 000 in scientific notation.
Here is a quick method for writing numbers in scientific notation.
Step 1: Move the decimal point so that it is positioned between the first and second
digits of the number. This always produces a number between 1 and 10. In this case we
get 2.46000.
Step 2: Count the number of places back to the original position of the decimal point in
the number.
2.46000.
Number of places = 5 to the right

= +5 This becomes the power of 10.
So 246 000 = 2.46 105.
10
Write in scientific notation

a 372 000
b 54 000
f 87 500
g 7 698 000
c 2 980 000
h 361 000 000
d 3400
i 8000
e 609 000
j 56 000 000
Example 9
Write 0.000 71 in scientific notation.
Step 1: Move the decimal point so that it is positioned between the first and second
digits of the number.
In this case we get 7.1.
Step 2: Count the number of places back to the original position of the decimal point in
the number.
0.0007.1
Number of places = 4 to the left

= 4 This becomes the power of 10.
So 0.000 71 = 7.1 104.
11
Write in scientific notation:

a 0.000 57
b 0.000 078
e 0.000 801
f 0.000 000 5
i 0.000 09
j 0.000 000 004 9
c 0.0061
g 0.004 39
d 0.000 002 96
h 0.000 002 8
Example 10
Write 6.48 106 as an ordinary number.
Reversing the process of example 8:
Since the power of 10 is +6, then the decimal point is moved back 6 places to the right,
i.e.
6.480000.
Hence 6.48 106 = 6 480 000
12
Write as an ordinary number:

a 7.32 106
b 5.2 104
e 9.27 107
f 6.914 104
8
i 2 10
j 3.08 105
c 5.67 105
g 3.275 106
d 3.8 103
h 7 105
Example 11
Write 3.51 106 as an ordinary number.
Reversing the process of example 9:
Since the power of 10 is 6, then the decimal point is moved back 6 places to the left,
i.e.
0.000 003.51
Hence 3.51 106 = 0.000 003 51
13
Write as an ordinary number:

a 3.98 106
b 5.3 104
e 5.9 106
f 3.07 107
5
i 2.71 10
j 3.6 1010
c 7.09 105
g 6 104
d 8.8 103
h 3 106
14
Express the following numbers in scientific notation.

a The number of hairs on a persons head is approximately 129 000.
b The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 152 000 000 kilometres.
c The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 0.000 000 002 54 centimetres.
d The size of the influenza virus is 0.000 000 26 metres.
e The average speed of the Earth around the Sun is 107 000 kilometres/hour.
15
Express the following as ordinary numbers.

a The distance of Mars from the Earth is 7.83 107 kilometres.
b The population of China is approximately 1.4 109.
c A human brain cell is 2.8 105 metres long.
d A microsecond is equivalent to 2.5 109 hours.
e The number of cells in the human body is approximately 1013.
45
46
I. CALCULATIONS USING SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Example 1
Use the index laws to calculate (leave the answer in scientific notation):
a
(3 1015) (6 107)
(3 1015) (6 107) = (3 6) (1015 107)

= 18 1015 + 7
= (1.8 101) 108
= 1.8 (101 108)
= 1.8 109
b (8 104) ( 2 106)
b (8 104) (2 106)
c (5 107)3
= (8 2) (104 106)
= 4 104 6
= 4 1010
c (5 107)3 = 53 (107)3
= 125 1021
= (1.25 102) 1021
= 1.25 (102 1021)
= 1.25 1023
Exercise 2I
1
Use the index laws to calculate (leave the answer in scientific notation):
b (8 1012) (3 109)
a (3 108) (4 106)
15
7
c (7 10 ) (6 10 )
d (2 108) (3 107)
e (5 109) (4 1020)
f (9 1016) (3 106)
4
6
g (6 10 ) (2 10 )
h (8 104) ( 4 1016)
i (2 105)3
j (7 109)2
6 3
k (3 10 )
l (8 1010)2
Remember, one
digit before the
decimal point.
Example 2
Use your calculator to evaluate (leave the answer in scientific notation):
a (5.3 108) (7.2 1011)
b (4.8 1015) (1.6 107)
c (3 107)4
a Press 5.3
EXP
8 7.2
EXP
11
24
( 5.76 10 )
The display on the calculator will show
or
3.816 1020
3.81620
This is the way the calculator displays 3.816 1020. (It does not mean 3.81620.)
So (5.3 108) (7.2 1011) = 3.816 1020
b Press 4.8
EXP
15 1.6
The calculator displays
EXP
or
3 1022
322
So (4.8 1015) (1.6 107) = 3 1022

c Press 3
EXP
xy 4 =
d Press
5.76
EXP
8.1 1029
So (3 107)4 = 8.1 1029

2
So
24
18
( 6.25 10 )
19
( 2.7 10 )
( 1.369 10
n
p
( 1.25 10
a Calculate (3.6 108) (4.9 107).

b Is the answer positive or negative?
c Is (3.6 108) bigger or smaller than (4.9 107)?
a Calculate (7.2 105) (2.6 108).

a Calculate (4.9 104) (5.3 105).

23
13
2.4 1012
( 5.76 10 ) = 2.4 1012
Use your calculator to evaluate (leave the answer in scientific notation):

a (4.8 109) (3.2 1010)
b (2.7 106) (9 1012)
c (3.6 1013) (2.5 105)
d (1.8 108) (1.5 1010)
14
7
e (1.2 10 ) (1.5 10 )
f (3.6 1012) (4.8 106)
g (8 1012) (3.2 109)
h (5.6 1018) (4 106)
8 4
j (5.2 106)2
i (2 10 )
k (6 1012)3
l (5 108)5
m
24
47
48
Example 3
Write the following numbers in order, from smallest to largest.
a 2.5 1016, 7.8 1014
b 1.9 108, 4.3 1010
c 4.8 106, 7.8 106
To compare numbers written in scientific notation:

1
compare the powers of 10
if the powers of 10 are the same then compare the first numbers.
a Comparing the powers of 10, 14 < 16, hence 7.8 1014 < 2.5 1016
(Check: 7.8 1014 2.5 1016 = 2.422 1016 < 0
If the difference between two numbers is negative, the first number is smaller than
the second.)
b Comparing the powers of 10, 10 < 8, hence 4.3 1010 < 1.9 108
(Check: 4.3 1010 1.9 108 = 1.857 108 < 0)
c The powers of 10 are the same but 4.8 < 7.8, hence 4.8 106 < 7.8 106
(Check: 4.8 106 7.8 106 = 3 106 < 0)
6

a 7.2 1015, 4.6 1014
b 4.5 1016, 3.4 1018
c 9.6 1012, 6.8 109
d 3.8 106, 7.8 108
4
5
e 2.5 10 , 7.1 10
f 2.9 1016, 3 1016
g 8.5 1010, 6.4 1010
h 5.9 1016, 8.1 1014, 2.8 1015
6
5
8
i 5 10 , 3.9 10 , 8.9 10
j 6.3 106, 7.8 105, 8.3 103
Light travels at 3 105 km/s. How far will it travel in 1 h?
The star Alpha Centauri is 4.1 1013 km from the Earth. The distance to Altair is
1.5 1014 km. Which star is closer to the Earth?
The diameter of the hydrogen atom is 2.54 109 cm. If one million hydrogen atoms could
be placed next to each other in a straight line, how long would the line be?
10
The average speed of the Earth around the Sun is approximately 105 km/h. How many days
would it take the Earth to travel 9.6 108 km?
11
Light travels at 3 105 km/s and sound travels at 330 m/s. A timekeeper stands at the
end of a straight 100 m running track. After the starter fires the starting gun, how long
does it take:
a the sight of the smoke to reach her
b the sound of the gun to reach her?
12
The area of Australia is approximately 7.7 1012 square metres. If the population of Australia
in 2010 is expected to be 22 million people, how much land will there be for each head of
population?
non-calculator activities
Do the following questions without using a calculator.

1

a 9999
b 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Write down the base and index of the numbers:

a 311
b 59
Write in expanded form:

b 73
a 86
Evaluate:
a 25
Simplify, leaving the answer in index form:

a 65 67
b (34)10
c 816 810
a 34 35 = 99
b 58 54 = 14
b 3
1
--2
c 10
1
--3
b 36
1
--2
c 8
1
--3

a 360 000
b 0.000 006 5
10
Write the following as ordinary numbers.

a 7 105
b 1.2 104
11
Explain why 2 105 25.
12
Find the value of (leave answer in scientific notation):

a (5 108) (3 106)
b (9 1015) (3 108)
c (3 106)2
13
e 2100 (25)4
Evaluate:
a 23
d 320 3

a 74
b 34
12
( 4 10 )
Write the following numbers in order, from smallest to largest:

a 6.7 1012, 3.5 1013
b 4.2 1010, 5.3 1016
d 190
49
50
Language in Mathematics
Write in words:
a 35
b 82
c 23
Write numerical expressions for:

a seven squared
b four cubed
c six to the power five
d two to the fourth
e the square root of six f the cube root of five
Replace the vowels to make words that mean the same as power.
a __nd__x
b __xp__n__nt
When writing numbers in index notation, what name is given to:

a the number that is being repeated
b the number of times it is repeated?
Explain why 23 24 47
Complete the sentence:
Scientific notation is also known as _________ notation.

7
Explain how to write a number in scientific notation.
Explain why the following numbers are not written in scientific notation.
a 34 107
b 6.9 1 000 000
Explain the difference between 3 104 and 34.
10
Write down the mathematical meaning and one other meaning of these words.
a product
b order
c base
d index
Glossary
base
compare
convenient
evaluate
exponent
expression
fractional
index
indices
integral
negative
notation
order
pattern
power
reverse
scientific
simplify
standard
51
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

1
When written in index form 7 7 7 7 7 7 is:

A 76
B 67
C 777 777
When written in expanded form 35 is:
A 555
B 55555
When evaluated using a calculator 74 is:
A 74
B 47
34 38 =
A 912
B 312
When simplified (94)6 =

A 910
B 924
520 510 =
A 110
B 12
3.70 =
A 3.7
B 1
26 is the same as
1
1
A -----2
B -----6
6
2
When written in index form 6 =
A
10
11
12
13
14
1
--2
B 62
1
--3
The meaning of 6 is:

A 2
C 333
D 777 7776
D 33333
C 20 448
D 2401
C 332
D 932
C 946
D 946
C 510
D 52
C 0
D 37
C 12
D 26
1
C 6 --2
1
D 6 --2
1
B -----3
C 36
6
Which of the following numbers is written in scientific notation?
A 53 1018
B 9.2 100 000
C 300 000
D 3.7 1045
When written in scientific notation 23 000 000 becomes:

B 2.3 107
C 2.3 108
A 2.3 106
D 2.3 109
When written as an ordinary number 5.1 106 is:

A 0.000 51
B 0.000 051
C 0.000 005 1
(8.6 1018) (2.5 1014) =
B 2.15 1033
A 2.15 1032
C 2.15 10252
1
--2
D 0.000 000 51
D 2.15 10253
52
15
16
(3.6 107) (4.5 108) =

A 8 1014
B 8 1015
C 8 1014
D 8 1015
When the numbers 2.9 107, 5.2 109, 3.8 109 are written in order from smallest to
largest, the answer is:
A 2.9 107, 3.8 109, 5.2 109
B 5.2 109, 3.8 109, 2.9 107
7
9
9
C 2.9 10 , 5.2 10 , 3.8 10
D 3.8 109, 5.2 109, 2.9 107
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
13
9, 10
1113
1416
REVIEW SET 2A
1

a 2222
b 5555555

a 79
b 310

a 35
b 76
Use a calculator to evaluate:

a 38
b 56

a 34 25 = 69
b 86 42 = 24
Simplify, leaving the answer in index form.

a 512 520
b (45)3
c 28 26
1
--2
a 46
b 3
Evaluate:
a 53
b 4
1
--2
d 75 7
c 15
c 27
e 56 57 59
1
--3
1
--3
d 190

a 23 000 000
b 0.000 05
10

a 9.8 104
b 3.7 105
11
12
Use your calculator to find the value of (leave answer in scientific notation):
a (3.4 104) (3.5 109)
b (5.6 1010) (1.4 105)
c (3 109)5
13
12
( 2.25 10 )

a 3.8 1015, 4.6 1013
b 7.7 1016, 3.1 1012
53
54
REVIEW SET 2B
1

a 77777
b 9999999

a 38
b 52

a 64
b 73

a 29
b 36

a 310 33
b (72)6
c 410 45

a 45 26 = 811
e (25)4 210
b 57 53 = 14
1
--2
5
a 7
b 6
Evaluate:
a 62
d 612 6
b 9
1
--2
c 9
c 8
1
--3
1
--3
d 70

a 46 000
b 0.000 3
10

a 4 107
b 1.8 106
11
12
b (8 1010) (1.6 105)
a (3.9 1013) (4 105)
c (3 106)5
13
( 1.96 10
10
Write the following numbers in order, from smallest to largest:

a 4.1 109, 5 109
b 4.5 1011, 3.1 1015
REVIEW SET 2C
1

a 22222222
b 10 10 10

a 84
b 36

a 62
b 57

a 54
b 37

a 912 97
b (23)5
c 512 54

a 47 34 = 1211
e (28)2 (210)3
b 158 32 = 56
1
--2
8
a 4
b 3
Evaluate:
a 43
d 69 6
b 4
1
--2
c 2
1
--3
c 64
1
--3
d 40

a 17 000 000 000
b 0.000 000 35
10

a 2.86 105
b 3.06 104
11
12
a (3 108) (5.3 106)
b (4.5 109) (5 1016)
c (7.3 1015)2
13
( 1.25 10 )

a 2.94 1015, 2.94 1016
b 6.5 1014, 1.4 1010
55
56
REVIEW SET 2D
1

a 66666
b 55555555

a 68
b 310

a 45
b 27

a 64
b 212

a 520 520
b (37)10
c 516 512

a 24 25 = 49
e 330 (35)3
b 76 74 = 12
1
--2
a 65
b 34
Evaluate:
a 25
d 423 4
b 100
c 51
1
--2
1
--3
c 125
1
--3
d 130

a 205 000 000
b 0.000 356
10

a 4.21 107
b 9 105
11
12
b (3.9 1015) (6 108)
a (4.5 106) (5 1030)
c (2 1018)4
13
11
( 3.43 10 )

a 7.6 1010, 4.7 1010
b 2.4 1011, 3.5 1016

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LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 25 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 26 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

When written in index form

When simplified ( 73)5 =

Which of the following numbers is written

B 3.7 1 000 000

When written in scientific notation

When evaluated using a calculator 4 is:

When written in expanded form 24 is:

75 is the same as:

(4.2 108) ( 8 1011) =

(3.9 1012) ( 5.2 106) =

When the numbers 3.8 106, 4.7 108,

The meaning of 6 is:

A 3.8 106, 8.9 108, 4.7 108

When written as an ordinary number

C 3.8 106, 4.7 108, 8.9 108

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 27 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

a The number being repeated is 7 and the number

a Write 4 4 4 4 4 in index form.

a Write 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 in index form.

Write the following products using index notation.

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 28 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

The base is 5. This is the number

For each of the following numbers:

Use your calculator to evaluate:

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 29 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

B. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS WITH THE SAME BASE

a Write in expanded form

a Write in expanded form

a Write in expanded form

From the answers to part c in the above questions,

Simplify by writing in index form.

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 30 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

Simplify by writing in index form.

a Write in expanded form

a Write in expanded form

a Write in expanded form

a Write in expanded form

Write true or false.

Simplify by writing in index form.

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 31 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

C. RAISING A NUMBER TO A POWER

When raising a number to a higher power, multiply the indices.

Simplify by writing in index form.

b (72)3 (73)4 = 76 712

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 32 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM

Indices and Scientific Notation (Chapter 2) Syllabus reference NS5.1.1

D. DIVIDING NUMBERS WITH THE SAME BASE

a Write in expanded form 37 32

a Write in expanded form 75 73

a Write in expanded form 28 23

From the answers to part c in the questions above

Simplify, writing your answer in index form.

LEY_bk953_02_finalpp Page 33 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:14 AM