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For random hop-set of size N and K active users, the probability of a hit for a
certain user is given by:
ph = 1 pr(no hit)
K1
= 1 1 N1
K1
,
for N >> 1
N
For unsynchronized users and due to channel multi-path delays, the
probability of a (partial) hit increases substantially.
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FH-SS (Contd)
In FH-SS modulation, a modulated signal is transmitted of which the transmit
frequency is regularly changed according to a hopping code known by the
receiver.
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BWFHSS
BWdata
= N.
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BWFHSS
BWdata
= N.
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Employing FH-SS
By applying FH-SS, spectral efficiency is traded for increased robustness due
to the introduced processing gain. Similar trade-offs can be made as for
DS-SS, e.g., the spectral efficiency can be increased by:
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Increasing the symbol rate but using the same total bandwidth.
the processing gain is decreased due to smaller hop-set.
less robust.
Increasing the modulation level at the same symbol and chip rate.
robustness is maintained: same processing gain.
increase of signal power may be required.
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Exercise
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Applications
Spread-spectrum techniques have implications in a number of applications
from networking to broadcasting.
Spread spectrum techniques may be used in areas such as wireless
communications where the last mile of fibre to the home may be a
significant investment for rural locations.
Spread spectrum provides a method of circumventing additional
infrastructure cost in the form of Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANS).
These wireless networks are primarily located in four major industries
Healthcare, Manufacturing (factory floors), Banking, and Education
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Applications (Contd)
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Applications (Contd)
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