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The ACTION-BEGUN AFFIX describes actions or conditions that have started and terminated, have started
but are not yet completed or still are in progress. For their mood or for the nature of action involved, these
have the same uses as the action-not-begun
affixes ----- refer to Lesson 5.
(Note: the Cebuano affix na is cognate to mi in Binutuanon. The Cebuano affix miis still also mi in
Butuanon. The Cebuano naga is cognate to the Butuanon miga. The Cebuano gi is cognate to the
Butuanon piga.)
Action-Not-Begun ACTION-BEGUN
Actor mo- Mi- The child went to the sea.
Instrumental/ i- PigaConveyance
- Are the pronouns that can take the place of the beneficiary forms that are not in focus or not the topic.
Although they indicate to whom, for whom, from whom, with whom, in whom the action is done. (The
to whom and for whom forms are given importance in this lesson.) Below is a chart of the non-topic
beneficiary pronouns with the rest of the pronouns that were already presented in the preceding chapters.
Dii ako maghatag hong kawdaa kaniya. I wont give money to him.
Dii ako maghatag kaniya hong kawdaa.
Dii ako kaniya maghatag hong kawdaa.
Para ba kanako ikaw gaaman hong saging? Is it for me that you are steaming banana?
Pigabili niya ang awto para kanimo. He bought the car for you.
Pigabili niya kanimo ang awto.
Para ba kanimo niya pigabili ang awto? Is it for you that he bought the car?
Pigabaligya niya ang awto kanako. He sold his car to me.
Pigabaligya niya kanako ang awto niya.
Dii niya ibaligya ang awto kanako. He wont sell his car to me.
Dii niya ibaligya kanako ang awto niya.
Dii niya kanako ibaligya ang awto niya.
MULTIPLE SUBSTITUTIONS
Substitute the cues given to the proper parts of the sentence. Follow the same pattern for tape use as in the
previous lessons.
Example:
Mibili siya hong libro para kang Hudet. He bought a book for Hudet.
kanako.
Mibili siya hong libro para kanako. He bought a book for me.
kanimo.
Mibili siya hong libro para kanimo. He bought a book for you.
basa .
Migabasa siya hong libro para kanimo. He read a book for you.
Tubag/Answer
kawa__.
kanato.
He got a book for us (incl.) Mikawa siya hong libro para kanato.
ako .
kanimo.
kaniyo.
kanimo.
bili .
kaniyo.
siya .
I bought a book for you (pl.) Mibili ako hong libro para kaniyo.
He bought a book for you (pl.)
kanato.
kanako.
kanila.
Repeat:
Pigabili niya ang libro para kanimo. He bought the book for you.
kanako. He bought the book for me. Pigabili niya ang libro para kanako.
kawa . He got the book for me. Pigakawa niya ang libro para kanako.
basa . He read the book for me. Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanako.
kanato. He read the book for us (incl.) Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanato
kanila. He read the book for them. Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanila.
kanamo. He read the book for us (excl.). Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanamo.
kaniyo. He read the book for you (pl.) Pigabasa niya ang libro para kaniyo.
kanako. He read the book for me. Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanako.
kanila. He read the book for them. Pigabasa niya ang libro para kanila.
Repeat:
kanila . I gave the book to them. Pigahatag ko ang libro ngadto kanila.
ang lapis. I gave the pencil to them. Pigahatag ko ang lapis ngadto kanila.
niya . He gave the pencil to them. Pigahatag niya ang lapis ngadto kanila.
kanimo . He gave the pencil to you. Pigahatag niya ang lapis kanimo.
salibay . He threw the pencil at you. Pigasalibay niya ang lapis disaton kanimo
duho . He handed the pencil at you. Pigaduhoo niya ang lapis disaton kanimo.
ang saging. He handed the banana over to you. Pigaduhoo niya ang saging kanato.
kanato . He handed the banana over to us (incl.) Pigaduhoo niya ang saging kanato.
kaniyo . He handed the banana over to you (pl). Pigaduhoo niya ang saging disaton kaniyo.
kanamo . He handed the banana over to us (excl). Pigaduhoo niya ang saging ngani kanamo.
kanako . He handed the banana over to me. Pigaduhoo niya ang saging ngani kanako.
hatag . He gave the banana to me. Pigahatag niya ang saging ngani kanako.
mo . You gave the banana to me. Pigahatag mo ang saging ngani kanako.
kaniya . You gave the banana to him. Pigahatag mo ang saging ngadto kaniya.
kanila . You gave the banana to them. Pigahatag mo ang saging ngadto kanila.
hatag .
He gave me a book.
daa .
He brought me a book.
duho .
He handed me a book.
bili .
He bought me a book.
kita .
sila .
ko .
mo .
kami .
siya .
ako .
RESPONSE DRILL
Answer the following questions by using the cues given. Follow the same pattern for tape use as in the
previous lessons.
Example: Sin-o ang gahatag kanimo hong libro? Who gave you a book?
Siya ang gahatag kanako hong libro. He gave me a book.
Tubag/ Answer
Sin-o ang magbasa kaniya hong libro? Who is reading a book for him?
Ask questions with sin-o or ngaan ba whose answers are the sentences given. Remember that sin-o and
ngaan ask for the topic. Follow the same pattern for tape use as in the previous lessons.
Example:
Sila ang gabasa kanako hong libro. They are reading a book for me.
Sin-o ba ang gabasa hong libro para kanimo? Who are reading a book for you?
Libro ang pigapabili ko sa tindahan. A book is what I bought in the store.
Ngaan bay pigabili mo disaon tindahan? What did you buy in the store?
Isda ang pigaluto niya doon. A fish is what he is cooking now.
Ngaan bay pigaluto niya doon? What is he cooking now?
Ang kwarto ang pigalampasohan niya gaina. The room is what he scrubbed a while ago.
Ngaan bay pigalampasohan niya kagaina? What did he scrub awhile ago?
Sila ang pigatagan niya hong mga libro. They were the ones to whom he gave books.
Sin-o ang pigatagan niya hong mga libro? Who did she give the books to?
Tubag/Answer
CORRELATIVE SUBSTITUTION
This is a drill on the correlation of the topics and the verb affixes. A change of topic is followed by a change
of verb affix and vice versa. Follow the same pattern for tape use as in the previous lessons.
Tubag/Answer:
Magbasa siya hong libro para kang Jo. He will be reading a book for Jo.
ang libro . He is reading the book for Jo. Pigabasa niya ang libro para kang Jo.
siya . He is reading a book for Jo. Gabasa siya hong libro para kang Jo.
si Jo _. He is reading a book for John. Gabasahan niya si Jo hong libro.
Repeat:
Minilhig siya hong kwarto. He is sweeping the room.
galampaso . He is scrubbing the room. Galampaso siya hong kwarto.
ang kwarto. He is scrubbing the room. Pigalampasohan niya ang kwarto.
siya . He is scrubbing the room. Galampaso siya hong kwarto.
ang opisina. He is scrubbing the office. Pigalampasohan niya ang opisina.
ako . I am scrubbing the office. Migalampaso ako hong opisina.
Repeat:
ang libro . Jo gave the book to them. Pigahatag ni Jo ang libro kanila.
sila ni Jo . Jo gave them a book. Pigatagan sila ni Jo hong libro.
kita ni Jo . Jo gave a book to us (incl.) Pigatagan kita ni Jo hong libro.
Repeat:
Si Jo ang gadung-ag hong saging para kanako. Jo was the one who cooked a banana for me.
Saging .A banana is what Jo cooked for me. Saging ang pigadung-og ni Jo para kanako.
Si Jo . Jo cooked a banana for me. Si Jo migadung-og hong saging para kanako.
Ako . I was the one Jo cooked the banana for. Ako ang pigadung-ogan ni Jo hong saging.
Ikaw . You were the one for whom Jo cooked the banana. Ikaw ang pigadung-ogan ni Jo hong saging.
CONVERSION DRILL
Convert the following Cebuano preposed pronouns to the postposed Butuanon pronouns in the following
sentences.
Conversion:
Express the following paragraphs in Butuanon. The topic of the sentences is indicated if necessary.
Answer:
Answer:
Expand the following verbs by adding a doer, an object, a beneficiary, a location, and a time
_expression.
Cue: Tubag:
Kaw-on. Kaw-on ni Cora ang bola para kanimo ngadto tindahan gaya.
Pigahinloan. Pigahinloan ni Cora ang bola para kanimo ngadto tindahan doon.
Ibaligya. Ibaligya ni Cora ang bola para kanimo ngadto tindahan gaya.
Tuhuan. Tuhuan ni Cora ang bola para kanimo ngadto tindahan gaya.
Give the recipe of your favorite dish and teach your classmate/teacher how to cook it.
Translation:
Translation:
How did it happen that Tagalog is the language enforced in all Philippine schools? Certainly not by a
democratic process. The peoples of the Philippines never voted Tagalog as a national language. Nowhere in
the past Phlippine Constitutions does it say that Filipino is Tagalog, and there is no law that proposes that
Tagalog is the national language.
When the Japanese invaded the Philippines in 1941, they wanted to wean off Filipinos from English, the
language of their American enemies. As it happened that the Manila-based collaborationist Philippine
government of World War II was controlled by Tagalog nationalists, this government and the Japanese
undemocratically enforced Tagalog into the Philippines educational system in an effort to abolish English.
There was no plebescite, there was no law on this, and it even went against the wishes of the 1935 Con-con
delegates.
Pigauno ba nga mihinang ang Tagalog amoy pigapakaylab disaon tanan nga mga andanan hong Pilipinas?
Sigurado dii paagi nga demokratiko. Waa gid pigaboto hong mga katawhan hong Pilipinas ang Tagalog nga
lin-guahe nasyonal. Waa hong Constitusyon hong Pilipinas nga migalaong nga ang Filipino amoy Tagalog,
katsaong waa sab balaud hani.
Sadto 1941, hong pigasakop hong Japan ang Pilipinas, gusto nila papason ang English, ang lin-guahe hong
mga Amerikanon nga kaaway nila. Sadto sab, ang migakuntrol hong gobyerno hong Pilipinas ngadto Manila
yaoy mga paghuna-huna hong Tagalista. Kaamo, hong isa ka paagi nga dii demokratiko, miduyog ang mga
Hapon katsaong mga Tagalista hong pagsili hong Ingles hong Tagalog ngani mga eskwelahan nato. Waa sab
sadto nga pigahinang nga pagbotohan, waay balaud, kaamo misupak pa gani ngadto mga katuyuan hong
mga Delegado hong 1935 nga Con-con.