Sky at Night - April 2014

create a stunning moon mosaic image
Sky at Night
the biggest name
in astronomy
create a stunning moon mosaic image
red
Sky
at
Night
planet
oF the red
return
the biggest name

in astronomy
oF the
return
see mars at its

brightest and best
Discover why this

once wet world is
see mars at its
now a desert
brightest and best
planet
Discover why this

life in low
once wet world is
earth orbit
now a desert
The challenges of living

and working on the ISS
life in low
earth orbit
The challenges of living
and working on the ISS
solar system hotspot
New insights into the volcanic moon Io
also in
this issue
also in scope test
preserving the night
with automatic guiding built in

scope test
New insights into the volcanic moon Io

solar system hotspot
preserving the night
this issue
The UKs newest Dark Sky areas uncovered
Meades new LX600 telescope
The UKs newest Dark Sky areas uncovered
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aPriL 2014 #107
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aPriL 2014 #107
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Letter from the editor APRIL 03
this months
contributors
include...
sean Blair
Welcome
Everything you need to know about Marss opposition
sPace writer
From Mariner 4s
from the editor APRIL 03
frst visitLetter
in 1964 to
HoW to contact us
Curiositys presentSubscriptions, binders, CD cases and back issues
0844 844 0254
day explorations,
Mon to Fri 8am to 8pm; Sat 9am to 1pm for orders
Mars is the most
Editorial enquiries
visited destination for
0117 314 7411
space probes. Now two
9.30am to 5.30pm, Mon to Fri
include...
Advertising enquiries
new spacecraft are on
Will Gater
0117 314 8365
Everything
you
need
to
know
about
Marss
opposition
sean Blair
their way to the Red
astronomy
author
sPace writer
Subscription email enquiries
Planet
From Mariner
4s to uncover
SeanWill marks
skyatnight@servicehelpline.co.uk
frst
visit in 1964 to
tackles
thea invention more about its
atmosphere.
The data
NASAs
HoW
to contact
usenquiries
Editorial
planetary
Curiositys
presentof the
Subscriptions, binders, CD
cases and back issues
contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com
MAVEN
and
Indias
Mars
Orbiter
Mission
0844 844 0254 App enquiries
murder
explorations,
spectroscope will send backday
is
set
to
give
us
new
insights
mystery:
Mon to Fri 8am to 8pm; Sat 9am to 1pm for orders
Mars is the most
http://apps.immediate.co.uk/support
what happened towith
the a look
Editorial
enquiries
into
the
planets
protective
envelope,
why
it
visited
destination
for
immediateapps@servicehelpline.co.uk
at how its
atmosphere
of modern-day
the
0117 314 7411
disappeared
and
the
impact
this
had
on
the
space
probes.
Now
two
9.30am to 5.30pm, Mon to Fri
Red
Planet? Pagecontinue
34
equivalents
to
Editorial enquiries
Advertising enquiries
new spacecraft
are on
planets
potentially
life-sustaining
supply
of
aid
astronomers.
Page
73
BBC Sky at Night Magazine, Immediate Media Co
Will Gater
0117 314 8365
their
way to
the
Red 34.
Bristol Ltd, Tower House, Fairfax Street, Bristol, BS1 3BN
astronomy author
water.
Find
out
more
on
page
Subscription email enquiries
Martin
Planet to uncover
WillleWis
marks
skyatnight@servicehelpline.co.uk
Though
MarssThe
dust
storms
Planetary
imager more about
the invention
its atmosphere.
data
NASAsand carbon
Editorial enquiries
dioxide
ice Mars
are visible
a telescope, contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com
its
of theMartin MAVEN
and Indias
Orbiterwith
Mission
how to capture the images, then process
spectroscope
App
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http://apps.immediate.co.uk/support
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how to into thesee,
planets
envelope,
it brightestimmediateapps@servicehelpline.co.uk
evenprotective
with the
planetwhy
at its
this
at how its modern-day
masterpiece rich in detail. And on page 73,
make
and the impact this had on the
equivalents continue
to thedisappeared
Editorial
month.
Aprils opposition is a great
time
to enquiries
theres the fascinating tale of one of astronomys
most73of the
planets potentially life-sustaining supply of
aid astronomers. Page
BBC Sky at Night Magazine, Immediate Media Co
see
the
raft
of
details
visible
on
the
planet.
Bristol Ltd, Tower House,
Street, Bristol,
BS13BN
mostFairfax
unsung
tools
the spectroscope. To tie
water. Find out more on page 34.
Red Planet
its brightest
Martin
leWis
From
the
dark
markings
that
break
up
Marss
Though
Marss
dust
storms
and
carbon
and
best
for
the
current
in with the 200th anniversary of its invention,
Planetary imager
ice are visible
withto
a telescope,
its polar how
Martin
apparition.
Page 41 dioxidered-hued
globe
the white
caps,to capture thewe
images,
process
look then
at how
this instrument continues to
explains
tenuousMartin
atmosphere
is
one
thing
you
wont
and
stitch
them
together
to
create
a
fnal
Lewiss
feature
on
page
41
shows
you
unlock the secrets of starlight.
how tonkin
to
stepHen
see, even with the planet at its brightest this
masterpiece
rich in detail. And on page 73,
how
to
get
the
most
out
of
observing
and
make
the
theofissue!
Binocular oBserver
month. Aprils opposition is a great time to
theres the fascinatingEnjoy
tale of one
astronomys
most of the
imaging
thevisible
Red on
Planet
this apparition.
Stephen see the raft
of details
the planet.
most unsung tools the spectroscope. To tie
Red Planet its brightest
dispensesFrom the
Youll
also fndthat
expert
on imaging
dark markings
breakadvice
up Marss
and best for the current
in with the 200th anniversary of its invention,
apparition. Page his
41 top tips
red-hued
globe
to
the
white
polar
caps,
Mars on page 64, and on page 93, we
Carol
look at how this instrument continues to
on how to
MartinLakomiak
Lewiss feature
on page how
41 shows
you
unlock
the secrets of starlight.
stepHen tonkin
explains
to sketch
the planet.
get steadier
how to get the most out of observing and
Enjoy
the issue!
Binocular oBserver
Elsewhere
on page 80 youll
views when
observingimaging the
Red Planetthis
this month,
apparition.
Stephen
Chris Bramley editor
fndfnd
a detailed
guide
to creating a lunar
dispensesin thisYoull also
expert advice
on imaging
with binoculars
his topto.
tipsPageMars
page 64, Pete
and on
page 93, Carol
months How
90 onmosaic.
ps Next issue goes on sale 17 April.
Lawrence
takes you through
Sean
tackles a
planetary
murder
mystery:
what happened to the
this
months
atmosphere of the
contributors
Red Planet? Page 34
Welcome
on how to
get steadier
views when observing
with binoculars in this
months How to. Page 90
Lakomiak explains how to sketch the planet.

Elsewhere this month, on page 80 youll
fnd a detailed guide to creating a lunar
mosaic. Pete Lawrence takes you through
Chris Bramley editor
sky at night lots of ways to enjoy the night sky...

ps Next issue goes on sale 17 April.
sky at night lots of ways to enjoy the night sky...

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skyatnightmagazine.com 2014
04
In the magazine
On the cOver
34
41
80
New to astroNomy?
See The guide on page 88 and our online glossary
at www.skyatnightmagazine.com/dictionary
mars at opposition
04
In the magazine
On
114 the cOver
34
80
41
New to astroNomy?
See The guide on page 88 and our online glossary
at www.skyatnightmagazine.com/dictionary
mars at opposition
16
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98 73
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mosaicing the moon

First Light
regulars
88 Skills
11 Bulletin
mosaicing the moon
19 Whats on
on 73
the sky 90
5106 Eye
98
Stunning new images of space.
80
34 Marss missing
features
atmosphere
06 Eye
on the sky
regulars
21 A passion for space
cover: thinkstock. nasa, this page: damian peach, pete lawrence, www.thesecretstudio.net
cover: thinkstock. nasa, this page: damian peach, pete lawrence, www.thesecretstudio.net
features
90
First Light
88 The guide
The Local Group of galaxies.
88 Skills
90 How to
Get steadier binocular views.
93 Sketching
88 The guide
11 Bulletin
Mars at opposition.
Sky
at
Night
presenter
Maggie
Local Group
of galaxies.
The greatest
whodunnit
NEW Aderin-PocockThetells
Stunning
new images
of space. of them all: we explore
us to
what
90 How
95 Scope Doctor
19 Whats on
the mystery of the disappearing atmosphere.
we can learn from the sounds
of space.
Get steadier
binocular views.
34 Marss missing
for space 93 Sketching 97 Reviews
41atmosphere
Mars at opposition 21 A passion
Sky at Night presenter Maggie Mars at opposition.
23 Jon Culshaw
TheThe
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them
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Aderin-Pocock tells us what
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Red Planet as it comes to opposition. we can learn from
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98 Meade LX600-ACF
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41 Mars at opposition
23 Jon Culshaw
Dark
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24 sUBscriBe
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two more
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Jons off-worldget
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MAN IN SPACE iPAD APP
celebrate 50 years of mankinds adventure in space
the Man In Space app is more than a digital book its a complete multimedia
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elements into play. youll never feel closer to being in space.
MAN IN SPACE iPAD APP
this app features:

3D views of legendary spacecraft, allowing you to examine them from different angles
themed photo galleries featuring amazing images
historic video footage
interactive
the Man diagrams
In Space app is more than a digital book its a complete multimedia
experience.
360 panoramic
moon
tap theviews
screenoftothe
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a forewordelements
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moore
celebrate 50 years of mankinds adventure in space
this app features:

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themed photo galleries featuring amazing images
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360 panoramic views of the moon
a foreword by sir patrick moore
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Asteroids
amass
Asteroids
amass
Against gas clouds and star clusters, an armada

of space rocks sails silently through the darkness
WIdE-fIEld INfrArEd SurvEy ExplOrEr, 23 JANuAry 2014
There are more than 100 asteroids visible in

2158 to the centre right, this star feld is home
this image from NASAs Wide-feld Infrared
to vast, billowing clouds of gas and dust
Survey Explorer (WISE). Although it is not
revealed in infrared light.
easy to spot them all, some do stand out as
The data used to create this image was
a series of dots like asteroid (2415) Ganesa,
captured during WISEs primary all-sky survey.
which can be seen just left of centre.
The spacecraft went into hibernation shortly
The asteroids, located within our Solar
afterwards in 2011 but was revived last year,
WIdE-fIEld
SurvEy
ExplOrEr,
23of
JANuAry
2014 renamed NEOWISE and commissioned to hunt
System, INfrArEd
sit against
an infrared
view
a
background
star
feld
around
30inlightyears
down
more
There
are more than
100
asteroids
visible
2158 to the centre
right,
this of
starthe
feldelusive
is homespace rocks captured
Along
withWide-feld
bright clusters,
so brilliantly
inand
thisdust
image.
thisacross.
image from
NASAs
Infrared like NGC
to vast, billowing
clouds of gas
Against gas clouds and star clusters, an armada

of space rocks sails silently through the darkness
Survey Explorer (WISE). Although it is not

easy to spot them all, some do stand out as
a series of dots like asteroid (2415) Ganesa,
which can be seen just left of centre.
The asteroids, located within our Solar
System, sit against an infrared view of a
background star feld around 30 lightyears
across. Along with bright clusters, like NGC
revealed in infrared light.

The data used to create this image was
captured during WISEs primary all-sky survey.
The spacecraft went into hibernation shortly
afterwards in 2011 but was revived last year,
renamed NEOWISE and commissioned to hunt
down more of the elusive space rocks captured
so brilliantly in this image.
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/UCLA
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/UCLA
Engaging
rings
A grand
spiral in the
southern sky
HubblE SpACE
TElESCOpE
A grand
spiral
in the2014
9 JANuAry
southern sky
This image of
HubblE SpACE
M83, the Southern
TElESCOpE
pinwheel2014
galaxy,
9 JANuAry
shows off a beautiful
This
imageof
of vivid hues.
range
M83, the Southern
The reason for such
pinwheel galaxy,
vibrancy:
a vast
shows
off a beautiful
number
ofhues.
stars in
range
of vivid
Thethe
reason
for such
throngs
of birth
vibrancy:
a vast M83 is
and death.
number of stars in
a barred spiral, the
the throngs of birth
same
and
death.type
M83of
is galaxy
as thespiral,
MilkytheWay,
a barred
same
of galaxy
buttype
unlike
our home
as the Milky Way,
in space it has a
but unlike our home
double
nucleus
in space
it has
a
at itsnucleus
heart.
double
at its heart.
Engaging
rings
CASSINI
SpACECrAfT
20 JANuAry 2014
Saturns famous ring
system takes centre
stage in this infrared
image from Cassini.
Taken from a distance
of 1.1 million km, it
reveals a bright spot
in the rings look for
it just left of centre
called an opposition
surge. This occurs when
the Sun is directly
behind the probe.
Astronomers will
analyse the size and
magnitude of the
surge to learn more
about the properties
of the ring particles.
CASSINI
SpACECrAfT
20 JANuAry 2014
Saturns famous ring
system takes centre
stage in this infrared
image from Cassini.
Taken from a distance
of 1.1 million km, it
reveals a bright spot
in the rings look for
it just left of centre
called an opposition
surge. This occurs when
the Sun is directly
behind the probe.
Astronomers will
analyse the size and
magnitude of the
surge to learn more
about the properties
of the ring particles.
eye on the sky APRIL 09
Rose tinted gasses

EurOpEAN SOuTHErN ObSErvATOry, 22 JANuAry 2014
ESOs very large Telescope captured the lagoon Nebula in exquisite, pale pink detail in this
stunning new image. The nebula, a vast stellar factory where new stars are born, spans almost
100 lightyears in diameter, and lies between 4,000 and 6,000 lightyears from Earth.
eye on the sky APRIL 09
Rose tinted gasses

EurOpEAN SOuTHErN ObSErvATOry, 22 JANuAry 2014
ESOs very large Telescope captured the lagoon Nebula in exquisite, pale pink detail in this
stunning new image. The nebula, a vast stellar factory where new stars are born, spans almost
100 lightyears in diameter, and lies between 4,000 and 6,000 lightyears from Earth.
The leftover lake

MArS ExprESS SpACECrAfT, 12 dECEMbEr 2013
Giant mounds of layered deposits sit surrounded by soft sand and dust in Marss Juventae
Chasma. New observations like the one from ESAs Mars Express indicate that running water
may have been responsible for moulding these mounds scientists believe the numerous layers
were mainly
The leftover
lakebuilt up from lake deposits.
MArS ExprESS SpACECrAfT, 12 dECEMbEr 2013
SCieNCe iNStitUte, eSO/VPhAS+ teAm, eSA/dLr/FU berLiN (g. NeUkUm)
NASA/eSA ANd the hUbbLe heritAge teAm (StSCi/AUrA), NASA/JPL-CALteCh/SPACe
SCieNCe iNStitUte, eSO/VPhAS+ teAm, eSA/dLr/FU berLiN (g. NeUkUm)
NASA/eSA ANd the hUbbLe heritAge teAm (StSCi/AUrA), NASA/JPL-CALteCh/SPACe
Giant mounds of layered deposits sit surrounded by soft sand and dust in Marss Juventae
Chasma. New observations like the one from ESAs Mars Express indicate that running water
may have been responsible for moulding these mounds scientists believe the numerous layers
were mainly built up from lake deposits.
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Bulletin APRIL 11
Bulletin
The latest astronomy and space
news written by Hazel Muir
Circumbinary planets
are rare, with only a
handful found so far
Bulletin
The latest astronomy and space
news written by Hazel Muir
plUs
CUttInG
14 CHris LintOtt
16 Lewis DartneLL
Our experts examine the hottest

new astronomy research papers
Bulletin APRIL 11
plUs
CUttInG
14 CHris LintOtt
16 Lewis DartneLL
eDGe
Our experts examine the hottest

new astronomy research papers
Comment
Circumbinary planets
are rare, with only a
handful found so far
by Chris Lintott
Comment
by Chris Lintott
The key to understanding

this bizarre new system
is that it orbits not one,
but two stars one of a
handful of circumbinary
planets known.
Since the discovery of
the frst such world, a
hardy group of theorists
and computer modellers
have been trying to fgure
out the rules that dictate
how such planets might
form. Their results
suggested that the
gravitational pull of the
binary star would wrench
any protoplanetary disc
and hence any subsequent
planets into alignment.
telescope Science institute (StSci)That
in Maryland.
NASA ScieNtiStS hAve discovered a strange
process clearly
After that, we saw five more transits
a row.
world that wobbles wildly on its axis, much like
wasntin
effective
here,
leaving
Kepler-413b
the planets orbit is tilted by 2.5 in relation on

a childs spinning top. its tilt may change by as
an orbit that only sometimes
to the orbit of the binary stellar pair;
these
much as 30 over 11 years, resulting in extreme
produces
transits. Its
telescope Science institute (StSci) in Maryland.
NASA ScieNtiStS hAve discovered a strange
inclination
is only a
observations suggest that the planets
orbit
and rapid climate changes.
After that, we saw five more transits in a row.
world that wobbles wildly on its axis, much like
coupleoften
of degrees not
wobbles
too,
so
much
that
the
planet
the
planet,
a
gas
giant
known
as
Kepler-413b,
the planets orbit is tilted by 2.5 in relation
a childs spinning top. its tilt may change by as
unprecedented, but enough
to pass
in pair;
frontthese
of the stars from
is about
65 times
as resulting
massiveinasextreme
earth andtosits
the in
orbit of fails
the binary
stellar
much
as 30 over
11 years,
in this our
case to make a big
observations
that theon
planets
orbit
andthe
rapid
climate changes.
difference to what we
perspective
earth.
constellation
of cygnus. it orbits a close
pair suggest
see. With planets around
wobbles
that the planet
the
planet, stars
a gas giant
known
as Kepler-413b,
intriguingly,
theoften
finding may also
mean that
of dwarf
every
66 days,
causing them
to too, so much
binary stars already
fails to pass in front of the stars from our
is about 65 times as massive as earth and sits in
many
transiting
planets
may
go
undetected
dim
slightly
as
it
passes
in
front.
this
should
proving much more common
the constellation of cygnus. it orbits a close pair perspective on earth.
than anyone would have
because
their
transits
are
rare.
Presumably
happen
like
clockwork
but
as
the
Kepler
space
intriguingly, the finding may also mean that
of dwarf stars every 66 days, causing them to
suspected a few years
there
are
planets
out
there
like
this
one that
telescope
revealed
the
gas
giants
transits
are
many transiting planets may go undetected
dim slightly as it passes in front. this should
ago, this window onto
because
their
transits
are
rare.
Presumably
happen
like
clockwork
but
as
the
Kepler
space
were not seeing because were in what
the we might be missing
unusually irregular.
there are planets out there like this one that
telescope revealed the gas giants transits are
is
hugely signifcant.
unfavourable period, says Peter Mccullough,
Looking at the Kepler data over the course of
Wobbly planetcircles
double star
Wobbly planetcircles
double star
Is this the frst member of a silent majority of unseen planets?
NASA/JPL-CALteCh
Is this the frst member of a silent majority of unseen planets?
NASA/JPL-CALteCh
eDGe
The key to understanding

this bizarre new system
is that it orbits not one,
but two stars one of a
handful of circumbinary
planets known.
Since the discovery of
the frst such world, a
hardy group of theorists
and computer modellers
have been trying to fgure
out the rules that dictate
how such planets might
form. Their results
suggested that the
gravitational pull of the
binary star would wrench
any protoplanetary disc
and hence any subsequent
planets into alignment.
That process clearly
wasnt effective here,
leaving Kepler-413b on
an orbit that only sometimes
produces transits. Its
inclination is only a
couple of degrees not
unprecedented, but enough
in this case to make a big
difference to what we
see. With planets around
binary stars already
proving much more common
than anyone would have
suspected a few years
ago, this window onto
what we might be missing
is hugely signifcant.
ChrIS LInToTT co-presents
were not seeing because were in the

unusually irregular.
The Sky at Night
also from
is there a silentChrIS
majority
1,500 days,
saw data
three
transits
in of
the first
180
unfavourable
period,
saysStSci.
Peter Mccullough,
Looking
at thewe
Kepler
over
the course
LInToTT co-presents
that
seeing?
days,
then
we three
had 800
daysinwith
no180
transits
atfrom
all,StSci.
The Sky at Night
also
iswere
there anot
silent
majority
1,500
days,
we saw
transits
the first
were not >
seeing?
days,
then
we had
800 days
with noKostov
transits from
at all, thethat
See Comment, right
says
team
leader
veselin
Space
> See Comment, right
says team leader veselin Kostov from the Space
12
news in
brief
ngC 6946 and its

companions appear to be
linked by a trail of diffuse
hydrogen, shown in red
Odyssey gets
a new quest
NASA is gradually
altering the orbit of its
Mars Odyssey spacecraft
12
to allow the probe to
view the planets surface
in morning daylight. It ngC 6946 and its
will reach its intended companions appear to be
linked by a trail of diffuse
new orbit in November hydrogen, shown in red
2015 and make the frst
systematic observations of
Odyssey
getsfogs, clouds
how morning
a and
new
quest
surface frost develop.
NASA is gradually
Its measurements could
altering the orbit of its
help
demystify
temperatureMars
Odyssey
spacecraft
driven
processes,
such as
to allow the probe to
view
the
planets
surface
fows forming on slopes
in morning daylight. It
during warm seasons.
will reach its intended
Were teaching an old
new orbit in November
spacecraft
tricks,
2015 and make new
the frst
systematic
observations
of
says Jeffrey
Plaut from
how
morning
fogs,
clouds
NASAs Jet Propulsion
and surface frost develop.
Laboratory in California.
Its measurements could
Odyssey
will be in position
help
demystify temperatureto see
Mars in
a as
different
driven
processes,
such
fows
forming
slopes
light
than on
ever
before.
news in
coLoRADo/ceNtRAL ARizoNA coLLege AND NASA/eSA/UNiVeRSity oF LeiceSteR AND NASA/JPL-cALtech/UNiVeRSity oF ARizoNA/LANcASteR UNiVeRSity
NASA/JPL, D.J. PiSANo (WVU) B. SAxtoN (NRAo/AUi/NSF) PALomAR oBSeRVAtoRy SPAce teLeScoPe ScieNce iNStitUte 2ND DigitAL Sky SURVey (cALtech)
NASA/JPL,
D.J.RADio
PiSANo
(WVU) JAxA,
B. SAxtoN
(NRAo/AUi/NSF)
PALomAR
SPAce
teLeScoPe ScieNce iNStitUte
2ND DigitAL Sky SURVey (cALtech)
WeSteRBoRk
SyNtheSiS
teLeScoPe,
NASA/eSA/S.
toFt (NieLS BohR
iNStitUte)oBSeRVAtoRy
AND A. FeiLD (StSci),
NASA/JPL-cALtech/UNiVeRSity
oF
WeSteRBoRk
SyNtheSiS
RADio
JAxA, NASA/eSA/S.
toFt
(NieLS BohR iNStitUte) AND
A. FeiLD (StSci), NASA/JPL-cALtech/UNiVeRSity
oF
coLoRADo/ceNtRAL
ARizoNA
coLLege
AND teLeScoPe,
NASA/eSA/UNiVeRSity
oF LeiceSteR AND
NASA/JPL-cALtech/UNiVeRSity
oF ARizoNA/LANcASteR
UNiVeRSity
brief
during warm seasons.

Were teaching an old
spacecraft new tricks,
says Jeffrey Plaut from
NASAs Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in California.
Odyssey will be in position
to see Mars in a different
light than ever before.
Rivers of hydrogen
fuel galaxies
Rivers of hydrogen
fuel galaxies
Newly discovered gas streams may explain vigorous star formation
extreme blaCk
hOle disCOvered
An intriguing river of hydrogen fowing

effectively siphoning cold gas away from
through
space
has
been
spotted
by
a
radio
their smaller neighbours. the cold gas then
A black hole in an
telescope in West virginia. Astronomers say
becomes fuel for new stars. But this tenuous
elliptical galaxy about
such
flaments,
never
seen
before
because
they
hydrogen
has been simply too diffuse to
3.9 billion lightyears
Newly discovered gas streams may explain vigorous
star formation
away may
be the most
are so faint, could explain how some spiral
detect, until now, says Pisano.
extreme
blaCk
An
intriguing
river
of
hydrogen
fowing
effectively
siphoning
cold
from
powerful
ever
found.
galaxies manage to maintain constant, vigorous
He gas
hasaway
discovered
one of the hypothesised
hOle disCOvered
through
space
has
been
spotted
by
a
radio
their
smaller
neighbours.
the
cold
gas
thenafter studying a galaxy called
Julie
Hlavacek-Larrondo
A black hole in an
star formation.
rivers of hydrogen
in West virginia. Astronomers say
becomes fuel for new stars. But this tenuous
elliptical
galaxy about
from Stanford
University telescope
in
Spiral
galaxies
likebecause
our own
Milky
Way
ngC 6946. this galaxy lies about 22 million
such
flaments,
never
seen
before
they
hydrogen has been simply too diffuse to
3.9California
billion lightyears
and colleagues
typically
have
rather
tranquil,
but
steady,
lightyears
away may be the most
are so faint, could explain how some spiral
detect, until now, says
Pisano. away on the border of the Cepheus
made the discovery using
powerful ever found.
galaxies manage
to maintainBut
constant,
vigorous
discoveredand
one of
the hypothesised
star formation.
the star
formationHeinhas
some
Cygnus.
Observations using the 100m green
NASAs
Chandra X-ray
Julie
Hlavacek-Larrondo
star formation.
rivers
of hydrogen after
studying
a galaxy
called the faint glow of a
others
is
more
lively.
these
galaxies
often
Bank
telescope
revealed
Observatory
and other
from
Stanford University
in
Spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way
ngC 6946. this galaxy lies about 22 million
warm shrouds of hydrogen gas, but
neutral hydrogen stream connecting ngC 6946
California
and colleagues
telescopes.
They estimatetypicallyhave
have rather tranquil, but steady,
lightyears away on the border of the Cepheus
made
the
discovery
using
astronomers
suspected
they
must
also
have
with neighbouring
galaxies, suggesting it does
that the black hole is
star formation. But the star formation in some
and Cygnus. Observations
using the 100m green
NASAs Chandra X-ray
to explain theBank
high
indeed
hydrogen
off its smaller neighbours.
about a thousand trillionothers is cold
more hydrogen
lively. theseinfows
galaxies often
telescope revealed
thesiphon
faint glow
of a
Observatory and other
have
warm
shrouds
of
hydrogen
gas,
but
neutral
hydrogen
stream
connecting
ngC
6946
times
as
massive
as
the
star-formation
rates.
An
alternative
possibility
is that the cold
telescopes. They estimate
astronomers
suspected
they
must
also
have
with
neighbouring
galaxies,
suggesting
it
does
thatSun.
the black
hole is jets
Energetic
We knew that the fuel for star formation had
hydrogen stream exists because ngC 6946 had
cold hydrogen infows to explain the high
indeed siphon hydrogen off its smaller neighbours.
about
a thousand
sprouting
outtrillion
from it seem
to
come
from
somewhere,
says
Daniel
Pisano
a close encounter with another galaxy in the
times as massive as the
star-formation rates.
An alternative possibility is that the cold
to have created two large
from
West
virginia
in Morgantown.
distant
past.
this
could have left a
Sun. Energetic jets
We knew
that
the fuel
for star university
formation had
hydrogen stream exists
because
ngC
6946interaction
had
cavities,
wide
sprouting
out each
from it as
seem
So
far,
however,
weve
detected
only
about
10
ribbon
of
neutral
atomic
hydrogen
in its wake.
to come from somewhere, says Daniel Pisano
a close encounter with another galaxy in the
as our
Milkytwo
Way,
to have
created
large
from West
virginia
university
in
Morgantown.
distant
past.
this
interaction
could
have
left
a
per cent of what would be necessary to explain
if that were the case, however, astronomers
cavities,
eachcurtailing
as wide
severely
So far, however, weve detected only about 10
ribbon of neutral atomic hydrogen in its wake.
what we observe in many galaxies.
would expect to see a small but observable
as star
our Milky
Way,
formation.
per cent of what would be necessary to explain
if that were the case, however, astronomers
severely curtailing
One
leading
theory
is
that
rivers
of
gas,
of stars in the flament, which
what we observe in many galaxies.
would expect to see population
a small but observable
star formation.
known
as cold
fows,
throughof stars in
have
not beenwhich
detected.
One leading
theory
is that
riversferry
of gas,hydrogenpopulation
the flament,
known asintergalactic
cold fows, ferry
hydrogen
through
have not been detected.
space,
with
large galaxies
www.gb.nrao.edu
intergalactic space, with large galaxies
www.gb.nrao.edu
Bulletin APRIL 13
news in
Asteroids odd interior revealed
brief
The density of a space rock can be extremely variable
a telescope at the La silla observatory in chile.

their measurements of its spin rate combined
with theoretical models hint that itokawa has two
distinct densities. one possibility for this could
Bulletin
APRIL 13
be that it formed from two rocks
that merged.
this is the frst time we have ever been able to
determine what it is like inside an asteroid, says
Lowry, who calls it a signifcant step forward.
www.eso.org/lasilla
asteRoids can Have a highly varied internal

structure, scientists say. observations of peanutshaped near-earth asteroid 25143 itokawa suggest
that its density is more than 60 per cent higher on
one side than it is on the other. its the frst time
that such a difference has been found.
stephen Lowry from the university of Kent
and colleagues studied the space rock visited by
the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa in 2005 using
Asteroids odd interior revealed

The density of a space rock can be extremely variable
the two parts of
1,750kg/m3
a telescope at the La silla observatory in chile.

their measurements of its spin rate combined
with theoretical models hint that itokawa has two
distinct densities. one possibility for this could
be that it formed from two rocks that merged.
this is the frst time we have ever been able to
determine what it is like inside an asteroid, says
Lowry, who calls it a signifcant step forward.
www.eso.org/lasilla
asteRoids
Have a highly varied internal
asteroidcan
itokawa
structure,
scientists
say. observations of peanuthave markedly
shaped
near-earth
asteroid
different densities 25143 itokawa suggest
that its density is more than 60 per cent higher on
one side than it is on the other. its the frst3time
2,850kg/m
that such a difference has been found.
stephen Lowry from the university of Kent
and colleagues studied the space rock visited by
the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa in 2005 using
the two parts of
asteroid itokawa
have markedly
different densities
1,750kg/m3
Using images from

Hubble and NASAs
Cassini spacecraft from
April and May 2013,
astronomers have
compiled a movie of
aurorae at Saturns poles.
It should clarify how the
giant planets polar light
shows evolve following
saturns aurOrae solar outbursts.
in Full glOry
In 2013, we were
Using images from
treated to a veritable
Hubble and NASAs
smorgasbord of dancing
Cassini spacecraft from
aurorae, from steadily
April and May 2013,
astronomers have
shining rings to super-fast
compiled a movie of
bursts of light shooting
aurorae at Saturns poles.
across the pole, says
It should clarify how the
Jonathan Nichols from the
giant planets polar light
shows evolve following
University of Leicester,
solar outbursts.
who led the work on the
In 2013, we were
Hubble images.
news in
brief
treated to a veritable
smorgasbord of dancing
aurorae, from steadily
shining rings to super-fast
bursts of light shooting
across the pole, says
Jonathan Nichols from the
University of Leicester,
who led the work on the
Hubble images.
2,850kg/m3
nasa and
FranCe plan
mars prObe
gALACTIC fAMILy TrEES NO LONgEr A MySTEry
The US has teamed up

with france to launch
a lander to Mars in
2016. Space offcials
from both nations have
signed an agreement
to join forces on the
InSight mission, which
will measure seismic
activity on Mars and
reveal structural details
of its deep interior.
The research
generated by this
collaborative mission
will give our agencies
more information about
the early formation
of Mars, which will
help us understand
more about how
Earth evolved, says
NASA administrator
Charles Bolden.
RigoRous obseRvations by world-leading

the study directly shows theyre descendants of
telescopes, including Hubble and Herschel, have
an earlier population of dusty starburst galaxies
unravelled the history of the most massive galaxies
that voraciously used up available nasa
gas forand
star
FranCe plan
in
the
universe.
the
results
show
how
early
galaxies
formation
very
quickly.
gALACTIC fAMILy TrEES NO LONgEr A MySTEry
mars prObe
evolved via initial violent bursts of star formation
We at last show how these compact
galaxies can
The US has teamed up
RigoRous
obseRvations
by
world-leading
the
study
directly
shows
theyre
descendants
of
into extremely high-density galaxy cores, then
form, how it happened and when itwith
happened,
says
france to launch
telescopes,
including to
Hubble
Herschel,
have galaxies.
an earlier population
of dusty
a lander
to Mars in
fnally collided
formand
giant
elliptical
sune toft
fromstarburst
the nielsgalaxies
bohr institute
in copenhagen,
unravelled the history of the most massive galaxies
that voraciously used up available gas for star
2016. Space offcials
the timeline solves a decade-long mystery
denmark, whose team confrmed from
the both
evolutionary
nations have
in the universe. the results show how early galaxies formation very quickly.
about
how
compact
elliptical
galaxies
that
existed
tree
through
detailed
studies
of
many
galaxies
of
signed
an agreement
evolved via initial violent bursts of star formation
We at last show how these compact galaxies can
to
join
forces
on
the
into
extremely
high-density
galaxy
form,
how it happened
and
whenafter
it happened,
says phase, the galaxies
when
the universe
was
onlycores,
threethen
billion years
old
different
ages.
the compact
InSight mission, which
fnally
collided
form giantofelliptical
galaxies.
the niels
bohr institute
in copenhagen,
less
than to
a quarter
its current
age but sune
had toft from grew
slowly
through
mergers into will
giant
ellipticals.
measure seismic
the timeline solves a decade-long mystery
denmark, whose team confrmed the evolutionary
already completed most of their star formation.
www.hubblesite.org
activity on Mars and
about how compact elliptical galaxies that existed
when the universe was only three billion years old
evolution
ellipticals
lessthe
than
a quarterof
of giant
its current
age but had
hascompleted
been laidmost
bareof their star formation.
already
tOday
13.7 billion years 5 billion years

tOday
local elliptical galaxy

local elliptical galaxy
tree through detailed studies of many galaxies of

reveal structural details
different ages. after the compact phase, the galaxies of its deep interior.
big
grew slowly through mergers into giant ellipticals.
The research
bang
www.hubblesite.org
generated
1 billion
yearsby this
1.5 billion years

big
the evolution of giant ellipticals

has been laid bare
13.7 billion years 5 billion years
3 billion years
3 billion years
merging galaxies
merging galaxies
saturns aurOrae
in Full glOry
Compact
galaxy
2 billion years
1 billion years
bang
1.5 billion years
2 billion years
Compact
quasar
galaxy
quasar
dusty starburst
galaxy
dusty starburst
galaxy
merger
collaborative mission
will give our agencies
more information about
the early formation
of Mars, which will
help
us understand
merger
more about how
Earth evolved, says
NASA administrator
Charles Bolden.
14
CUTTING
our experts examine the
hottest new research
wherever they occur, with some adjustment for

factors such as the composition of the material. But
not all Type Ia supernovae ft this pattern. Suggestions
include exotic models of stellar evolution, interactions
between two white dwarfs or even mergers in triple
star systems. Whatever is going on, a growing body
of evidence suggests an important role is played by
so-called prompt Type Ia supernovae, which occur
less than 500 million years into a systems lifetime.
A new Hubble Space Telescope survey of 24 Type
Ia supernovae sets out to understand how the
of prompt
wherever they occur,distribution
with some adjustment
for and standard supernovae
factors such as the composition
of
the
material.
Buttime. Given that this
has changed over cosmic
not all Type Ia supernovae
ft
this
pattern.
Suggestions
survey looks more than 10 billion years into the
include exotic models of stellar evolution, interactions
past, to a time when star formation was much more
between two white dwarfs or even mergers in triple
prevalent
than
it is today,
star systems. Whatever
is going on,
a growing
body we should expect the
of progenitors
capable of producing either
of evidence suggests number
an important
role is played by
so-called prompt Type
Ia supernovae,
whichsupernovae
occur
prompt
or standard
to be different from
less than 500 million years into a systems lifetime.
that in the local Universe. Previous surveys had
A new Hubble Space Telescope survey of 24 Type
thathow
such
Ia supernovae sets outsuggested
to understand
theanalysis would reveal that the
EDGE
The prompt supernovae
14
Type Ia supernovae appear to be

more varied then we originally thought
CUTTING
our experts examine the

EDGE
The prompt supernovae

Type Ia supernovae appear to be
more varied then we originally thought
distribution of prompt and standard supernovae

has changed over cosmic time. Given that this
survey looks more than 10 billion years into the
past, to a time when star formation was much more
prevalent than it is today, we should expect the
number of progenitors capable of producing either
prompt or standard supernovae to be different from
that in the local Universe. Previous surveys had
suggested that such analysis would reveal that the
A growing body of
evidence suggests
an important role is
played
A growing
bodyby
of prompt
Ia supernovae
evidenceType
suggests
distant
included
ost of the buzz surrounding the recent
prompt variant might
accountgalaxies
for as many
as half in the survey, which
suggests
prompt
supernova 2014J in relatively local
of all Type Ia supernovae.
Giventhat
the rising
star-supernovae accounting for
formation
rate
as
we
look
back
in
time,
that
should
half
of
all
such
events
might be an overestimation.
M82
is due2014J
to itsexploded
status inasM82,
the 11.5
nearest
the type ia supernova
designated
million lightyears
mean
plenty
of
supernovae
for
us
to
observe.
from Earth. it was theType
closestIa
supernova
of this
typethan
discovered
in the past few decades
The data favour a much lower fraction, perhaps as
event in
more
a century.
In fact, few supernovae were found in the most
small as one in 20, albeit with small error bars.
We normally
hear about Type Ia supernovae when
distant galaxies included in the survey, which
ost of the buzz surrounding the recent
Far fromaccounting
understanding
what prompt Type Ia
theyre used
to
measure
the
expansion
of
the
suggests that prompt supernovae
for
supernova 2014J in relatively local
half of all such eventssupernovae
might be an overestimation.
M82 is
dueeffects
to its status
as theenergy,
nearest but all of
are, were still struggling to count them.
Universe and
the
of dark
The data favour a much
lower
fraction, perhaps
Type Ia event
in more than
a century.
More
observations
will as
help, and large Hubble surveys
this cosmological
excitement
hides
the embarrassing
small as one in 20, albeit with small error bars.
We normally hear about Type Ia supernovae when
are already underway. Given M82s status as a
truth that these supernovae are poorly understood.
Far from understanding what prompt Type Ia
theyre used to measure the expansion of the
star-forming
system, though, and the
The
standard
picture
of
a
Type
Ia
supernova
supernovae are, wereprolifc
still struggling
to count them.
Universe and the effects of dark energy, but all of
chance
that
2014J
is asurveys
prompt event, perhaps the
depends
on the
transfer
of the
material
between two
More observations will
help, and
large
Hubble
this
cosmological
excitement
hides
embarrassing
are already underway.
Given
M82s
status as
a objects is to look closer to
truth
thatlocked
these supernovae
are poorly
understood.
best
way
to study
these
stars,
in a mutual
gravitational
embrace in a
prolifc star-forminghome,
system, fun
though,
and the
The
standard
picture
of a Type
Ia supernova
though
staring at the distant Universe is.
binary
system.
If one
of the
stars is a white dwarf,
chance that 2014J is a prompt event, perhaps the
depends on the transfer of material between two
and
the
two
are
close
enough,
then
material
will
be
best way to study these objects is to look closer to
stars, locked in a mutual gravitational embrace in a
pulled
off the
larger
builddwarf,
up on the
home, fun though staring at the distant Universe is.
binary
system.
If one
of thestar
starsand
is a white
Chris Lintott is an
smaller
Once
enough
hasbeaccreted,
and
the two one.
are close
enough,
then material
material will
astrophysicist and
pulled
the larger star andignition
build up becomes
on the
thenoffthermonuclear
inevitable,
Chris Lintott was reading Type Ia Supernova Rate
Chris Lintott is
an
co-presenter
of The Sky
smaller one. Once enough material has accreted,
and we see a supernova.
astrophysicist
and
Measurements to Redshift 2.5 from CANDELS:
at Night on BBC TV.
then thermonuclear ignition becomes inevitable,
Chris Lintott was reading Type Ia Supernova Rate
co-presenter
of The Sky
This
right the need for a set amount
of
Searching for Prompt Explosions in the Early Universe
and we
see aseems
supernova.
He is also the
director
Measurements to Redshift 2.5 from CANDELS:
at Night on BBC TV.
material
trigger
ignition
explains
Ia
by SteveninAtheRodney
et al
This
seemsto
right
the need
for a set
amount why
of Type
of
the
Zooniverse
project.
Searching for Prompt Explosions
Early Universe
He is also the director
material
to trigger
ignition
explains
Typeluminosity
Ia
supernovae
have
roughly
thewhy
same
it online at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7978
by Steven A Rodney etread
al
of the Zooniverse project.
NASA/ESA, A. GoobAr (Stockholm UNivErSity) ANd thE hUbblE hEritAGE tEAm (StSci/AUrA)
NASA/ESA, A. GoobAr (Stockholm UNivErSity) ANd thE hUbblE hEritAGE tEAm (StSci/AUrA)
an important
role
prompt variant
might is
account for as many as half
of all Type Ia supernovae. Given the rising starplayed by
prompt
formation
rate as we look back in time, that should
the type ia supernova designated 2014J exploded in M82, 11.5 million lightyears
mean
plenty
of supernovae for us to observe.
from Earth. it was the closest supernova of this type discovered in the past
few decades
Type
Ia supernovae
In fact, few supernovae were found in the most
supernovae have roughly the same luminosity
read it online at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7978
Bulletin APRIL 15
Mars gains a fresh crater
news in
brief
Spacecraft images reveal a spectacular new impact

NASAS MArS rEcONNAiSSANcE Orbiter has
spotted a dramatic new crater on the red planet.
the impact scar, which is around 30km wide,
did not exist in images dating back to July 2010,
APRIL 15
but turned up in shots taken inBulletin
May 2012. After
noticing the change, scientists used the orbiters
HiriSE camera to take a closer look at the
region in November 2013 capturing the image
shown on the left.
its been estimated that more than 200 of the
Spacecraft images reveal a spectacular new impact
space rocks that hit Mars every year create craters at
BroWn dWArf
NASAS MArSleast
rEcONNAiSSANcE
has impacts
3.9m wide, but Orbiter
few of the
striking
hAslook
redasskies
spotted a dramatic new crater on the red planet.
as this one, which is surrounded aUsing
radial
of
theburst
Very Large
the impact scar, which is around 30km wide,
telescope
in Chile,
debris
that
few
out
over
a
distance
of
about
15km.
did not exist in images dating back to July 2010,
astronomers have found a
NASA
launched
the Mars
but turned up in shots
taken
in May 2012.
After reconnaissance
nearby brown Orbiter
dwarf star
noticing
the
change,
scientists
used
the
orbiters
with in
curiously
red2006.
skies.
in
August
2005.
it
entered
Marss
orbit
March
The new crater is not really blue; this tint is a result of
HiriSE camera to take a closer look at the
Brown
dwarfs
are
stars
enhanced colourisation to remove reddish dust
www.nasa.gov/mro
GAiA OPeNS itS eyeS
satellite galaxy of the Milky Way.

it provides just a tiny taste of the excellence
and challenges ahead, to turn Gaia data into
ESAS
GAiA understanding
SpAcEcrAft hasof
taken
stunning
human
the aMilky
Ways
testorigins,
image following
its
launch
in
December
2013.
says Gaia scientist Gerry Gilmore from
the shot, shown right, shows a dense cluster of
the University of cambridge. One substantial
stars within the Large Magellanic cloud, a
step galaxy
for astronomy,
satellite
of the Milkyone
Way.huge leap still to come.
Gaia
will
observe
a
stars around
it provides just a tiny tastebillion
of the excellence
and70
challenges
ahead,year
to turn
data intoto build our
times every
in Gaia
an attempt
human
of the
Ways Way.
mostunderstanding
accurate map
of Milky
the Milky
origins, says Gaia scientist Gerry Gilmore from
http://sci.esa.int/gaia
GAiA OPeNS itS eyeS
the University of cambridge. One substantial

step for astronomy, one huge leap still to come.
Gaia will observe a billion stars around
70 times every year in an attempt to build our
most accurate map of the Milky Way.
http://sci.esa.int/gaia
news in
brief
unusually red atmosphere.

the thick clouds on this
particular brown dwarf
are mostly made of mineral
dust, says Marocco. the
compounds include the
magnesium-rich mineral
enstatite and a crystalline
form of aluminium oxide.
Mercury iMAGes
MounT up
Were unlikely to see many images like this from

Gaia its main role is that of a galactic cartographer
Looking back
Were unlikely to see many images like this from

Gaia its main role is that of a galactic cartographer
Mercury iMAGes
MounT up
NASAs Messenger
spacecraft, launched in
2004, has now returned
more than 200,000
images of the planet
Mercury 200 times
the number promised
in the mission proposal.
the probe
willwe
nowcan
have
across earth as they
rotate,
On 10 April 1983, The Sky at
its orbit lowered so it
observe regular pulses from them.
Night broadcast discussed a
can take high-resolution
the discovery images
of PSRofB1937+21
bizarre new sighting in the night
the rocky
extraordinary
how
could a
Astronomers
across earth as theywas
rotate,
we can
On 10 Aprilsky.
1983,
The Sky at had discovered
worlds
surface.
regular pulses
from possibly
them.
Night broadcast
discussed
a as PSR observe
pulsar
spin that fast?
a pulsar,
known
B1937+21,
the discovery of PSR
B1937+21 concluded that they
bizarre newspinning
sighting in642
the night
Astronomers
times a second.
was extraordinary how could a
sky. Astronomers had discovered
can be spun up to enormous speeds
A pulsar is a neutron pulsar
star, which
possibly spin that fast?
a pulsar, known as PSR B1937+21,
when
stars dump
forms
a massive star
explodes
Astronomers
concluded
thatcompanion
they
spinning 642
timeswhen
a second.
be spun
A pulsar in
is aaneutron
star, which
materialspeeds
onto them, delivering
supernova,
leavingcan
behind
a up to enormous
when
companion stars
dump momentum. the spin rate of
forms whensuperdense
a massive starcore
explodes
angular
roughly
15km
material onto them, delivering
in a supernova, leaving behind a
wide. Neutron stars can emit intense PSR B1937+21 has since been
angular momentum. the spin rate of
superdense core roughly 15km
surpassed
radiation
poles, has since
PSR B1937+21
been by only one other known
wide. Neutron
stars canfrom
emit their
intensemagnetic
pulsar,
716 times a second.
andtheir
if their
radiation
sweep
surpassed
by only one
other spinning
known
radiation from
magnetic
poles, beams
pulsar, spinning 716 times a second.
and if their radiation beams sweep
Looking backApril 1983

April 1983
As pulsars spin, their

beams sweep
s spin, their
sarion
puliat
Asrad
s
mo
cos
eep
thems
sw
ros
aciati
ons bea
rad
across the cosmos
NASAs Messenger
spacecraft, launched in
2004, has now returned
more than 200,000
images of the planet
Mercury 200 times
the number promised
in the mission proposal.
the probe will now have
its orbit lowered so it
can take high-resolution
images of the rocky
worlds surface.
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/UNiv. of ArizoNA, eSA/DPAC/AirbUS DS, NeiL J Cook, CeNter for AStroPhySiCS reSeArCh, UNiverSity of
hertforDShire, NASA/JohNS hoPkiNS UNiverSity APPLieD PhySiCS LAborAtory/CArNegie iNStitUtioN of WAShiNgtoN
region in November 2013 capturing the image

shown on the left.
its been estimated that more than 200 of the
space rocks that hit Mars every year create craters at
least 3.9m wide, but few of the impacts look as striking
as this one, which is surrounded a radial burst of
ESAS GAiA SpAcEcrAft has taken a stunning
debris that few out over a distance of about 15km.
test image following its launch in DecemberNASA
2013.launched the Mars reconnaissance Orbiter
the
shot,
shown
right,
a dense
of 2005. it entered Marss orbit in March 2006.
in August
The new
crater
is not
really blue;
thisshows
tint is a result
of cluster
enhanced
to remove
dust
starscolourisation
within the
Largereddish
Magellanic
cloud, awww.nasa.gov/mro
Using the Very Large

telescope in Chile,
astronomers have found a
nearby brown dwarf star
with curiously red skies.
Brown dwarfs are stars
that are too small to ignite
hydrogen fusion in their
cores but too large to be
considered planets. One
brown dwarf that lies at
least 100 lightyears away
caught the attention of
Federico Marocco from
the University of
Hertfordshire and his
colleagues due to its
that are too small to ignite
unusually red atmosphere.
hydrogen fusion in their
the thick clouds on this
cores but too large to be
considered planets. One
particular brown dwarf
brown dwarf that lies at
are mostly made of mineral
least 100 lightyears away
dust, says Marocco. the
caught the attention of
compounds include the
Federico Marocco from
magnesium-rich mineral
the University of
Hertfordshire and his
enstatite and a crystalline
colleagues due to its
form of aluminium oxide.
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/UNiv. of ArizoNA, eSA/DPAC/AirbUS DS, NeiL J Cook, CeNter for AStroPhySiCS reSeArCh, UNiverSity of
hertforDShire, NASA/JohNS hoPkiNS UNiverSity APPLieD PhySiCS LAborAtory/CArNegie iNStitUtioN of WAShiNgtoN
Mars gains a fresh crater
BroWn dWArf
hAs red skies
16
CUTTING
Ios most enduring hotspots it was glowing when

it was frst detected by Voyager in 1979 and Rathbun
Our experts examine the
found that it was still going strong in 2007. New
Horizons was able to photograph several volcanoes
repeatedly and found no variability in their
brightness theyre very stable in their intensity.
16
By far the brightest hotspot seen by New
Horizons was a volcano called Tvashtar. It was such
an intense thermal source that it didnt just show up
Images taken by the New Horizons probe are giving
in images taken using an infrared flter, but also those
us a greater insight into this highly volcanic moon
taken in the red band. This was important because it
allowed itRathbun
to work
Ios most enduring hotspots
was glowing
when out Tvashtars temperature.
it was frst detected by Voyager
in
1979
and
Rathbun
The hotter an object is, the shorter the
Our experts examine the
found that it was stillwavelength
going strong in
of 2007.
lightNew
it emits. The human body glows
Horizons was able to photograph several volcanoes
in the far-infrared at about 10m; a red-hot poker
repeatedly and found no variability in their
emits
light
at wavelengths
a few microns long; light
brightness theyre very
stable
in their
intensity.
by the
Sun peaks at about 0.5m, shining
By far the brightestemitted
hotspot seen
by New
Horizons was a volcano
called Tvashtar.
It was
such
brilliantly
at visible
and
ultraviolet wavelengths. By
an intense thermal source that it didnt just show up
Images taken by the New Horizons probe are giving
comparing the brightness of Tvashtar at both
in images taken using an infrared flter, but also those
us a greater insight into this highly volcanic moon
infrared
red wavelengths,
Rathbun was able to
taken in the red band.
This was and
important
because it
EDGE
The violence of Io
CUTTING
EDGE
The violence of Io
allowed Rathbun to work out Tvashtars temperature.

The hotter an object is, the shorter the
wavelength of light it emits. The human body glows
in the far-infrared at about 10m; a red-hot poker
emits light at wavelengths a few microns long; light
emitted by the Sun peaks at about 0.5m, shining
brilliantly at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. By
comparing the brightness of Tvashtar at both
infrared and red wavelengths, Rathbun was able to
Pele was glowing

when it was frst
detected by
Voyager
Pele was
glowing in 1979
was still going
when it and
was frst
detectedstrong
by
in 2007
Voyagercalculate
in 1979
the hotspots temperature to be about
950C,
which
is the same as lava fows on Earth.
and was still
going
Curiously, East Girru, the second-brightest
thermal
source seen on Io by New Horizons wasnt
strong in 2007
o is the most volcanically active body in

seen by Voyager in 1979, or Galileo in the late 1990s,
the Solar System. Its a fractious and violent
calculate
the
hotspots
to beany
about
ortemperature
indeed from
ground-based telescopes. East
io seen through
new Horizons
instruments; to
the study
tvashtaras
volcano
littlethree
world,
and fascinating
its near the moons
950C,
which
is
the
same
as
lava
fows
on
Earth.
north pole is the brightest hotspot in each image, with a temperature of 950C
Girru lies 200km from a hotspot that was seen by
face is constantly changing. We learned a
Curiously, East Girru, the second-brightest
Galileo, and so Rathbun has concluded that its a
lot about
Io from the Galileo probes tour of the
thermal source seen on Io by New Horizons wasnt
o is the most volcanically active body in
neworeruption.
But,latewhen
Jovian
system
between
1996
and
2001,
and
got
seen by Voyager in 1979,
Galileo in the
1990s,comparing the highestthe Solar System. Its a fractious and violent
or indeed from any ground-based
telescopes.
EastGalileo and New Horizons
little world,
and fascinating
to studywhen
as its the New
resolution photos
from
a feeting
glimpse
most recently
Girru lies 200km from
hotspot
that wasaround
seen by East Girru, she couldnt
face is constantly
changing.
learnedon
a its journey
of athe
landscape
Horizons
probe swung
pastWeJupiter
Galileo, and so Rathbun has concluded that its a
lot about Io from the Galileo probes tour of the
see any noticeable changes between the two, nor
towards Pluto.
new eruption. But, when comparing the highestJovian system between 1996 and 2001, and got
anyGalileo
lighter
of the type thats normally seen
For
a
few
days
around
28
February
2007,
New
resolution photos from
andregion
New Horizons
a feeting glimpse most recently when the New
around
volcanic
sites on Io. So this new intense
Horizons
ablepast
to Jupiter
train its
cameras
of the landscape around
East Girru,
she couldnt
Horizons
probewas
swung
on its
journey on Io. It took
see any noticeable changes
between
the two, nor
towards
Pluto. of Jupiters moon during this fyby and
hotspot
is something
of a mystery: whats the
200 photos
any
lighter
region
of
the
type
thats
normally
seen
For
a
few
days
around
28
February
2007,
New
source of all that activity?
Dr Julie Rathbun of the Planetary Science Institute
around volcanic sites on Io. So this new intense
Horizons was able to train its cameras on Io. It took
in
Tuscon
and
colleagues
have
written
a
paper
hotspot is something of a mystery: whats the
200 photos of Jupiters moon during this fyby and
what they
Many
of the
photos were
source of all that activity?
Drabout
Julie Rathbun
of theshow.
Planetary
Science
Institute
Lewis DartneLL is an
Jupiter have
was written
eclipsing
Io, casting a
in taken
Tusconwhen
and colleagues
a paper
astrobiology research
about
what they
Many of the
photoswere
shadow
overshow.
the moons
surface
perfect for
Lewis DartneLL was reading Ios active volcanoes
Lewis DartneLLfellow
is an at the University of
taken when Jupiter was eclipsing Io, casting a
hunting for glowing volcanic areas.
astrobiology
research
during the New Horizons era: Insights from New Horizons
Leicester. His new book
shadow over the moons surface perfect for
Lewis DartneLL was reading Ios active volcanoes
fellow at the University of
Most
of the volcanoes
observed by the Galileo
imaging by J A rathbun et al.
hunting
for glowing
volcanic areas.
The Knowledge
will
be
during the New Horizons era: Insights from New Horizons
Leicester. His new book
probe
still active
when
Horizons few
Most
of were
the volcanoes
observed
by New
the Galileo
published
in
April.
imaging by J A rathbunread
et al. it online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
The Knowledge will be
probe
were
active
whenOne
Newof
Horizons
few is among
j.icarus.2013.12.002
past,
sixstill
years
later.
them, Pele,
read it online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
published in April.
NASA/JohNS hopkiNS UNiverSity Applied phySicS lAborAtory/SoUthweSt reSeArch iNStitUte
NASA/JohNS hopkiNS UNiverSity Applied phySicS lAborAtory/SoUthweSt reSeArch iNStitUte
io seen through three new Horizons instruments; the tvashtar volcano near the moons
north pole is the brightest hotspot in each image, with a temperature of 950C
past, six years later. One of them, Pele, is among
j.icarus.2013.12.002
Bulletin APRIL 17
news in
What makes stars explode?
brief
NASAs NuSTAR may have uncovered why stars become violently unstable
The mysTery of how stars explode might fnally
main shock wave would stall, preventing the star
be solved. X-ray observations taken by NAsAs
from shattering. NusTAr revealed that titanium
Nuclear spectroscopic Telescope Array (NusTAr)
is concentrated in clumps at Cassiopeia As centre.
suggest material in soon-to-explode stars sloshes
Astronomers conclude from this that material in
Bulletin
APRIL 17
around violently, energising a shock wave
the former star sloshed around,
re-energising
that blows the star to smithereens.
the shock wave that fnally made it
NusTAr was launched into
blast off its outer layers.
low-earth orbit in June
stars are spherical
2012. Now it has created
balls of gas, so you
the frst NuSTAR
map of may have uncovered why stars become violently unstable
might think that
NASAs
radioactive material
when they end their
JoiN THe HuNT
The
of how stars explode might fnally
main shock wave would stall, preventing the star
in mysTery
a supernova
lives
explode,
foRand
plANeTARy
be solved. X-ray observations taken by NAsAs
from shattering. NusTAr revealed that titanium
remnant,
that explosion
SySTemS
Nuclear spectroscopic Telescope Array (NusTAr)
is concentrated in clumps at Cassiopeia As centre.
NASA
is asking
help
Cassiopeia
A,
would
look for
like
suggest material in soon-to-explode stars sloshes
Astronomers conclude from this that material in
in fnding embryonic
which
lies energising a shock wave
a uniform ball
around
violently,
the former star sloshed around, re-energising
planetary systems in
that
blows11,000
the star to smithereens.
the shock wave that fnally made it
about
expanding
observations
from the
NusTAr was launched into
blast off its outer layers.
Wide-feld
Infrared
lightyears
out, says
low-earth orbit in June
stars are spherical
Survey Explorer (WISE)
from
us.
NusTAr
2012.
Now
it has created
balls of gas, so you
spacecraft. There may be
Cassiopeia
scientist
fiona
thousands
lurking
in the
the frst
map of A
might think that
data,
but they can
only be
radioactive
when they end their
formed material
when
harrison
from
found through human
in aa supernova
lives
and
explode,
massive star
the California
inspection, which poses a
remnant,
that explosion
exploded after
Institute
of
huge challenge.
Cassiopeia A,
would look like
Volunteers
help the
running
Technology.will
our
which
lies out of
a uniform ball
astronomical community
fuel;
the light of this
new
results
about
11,000
expanding
discover
newshow
planetary
lightyears
out, says
detonation reached
how nurseries
the explosions
that will become
from
us. roughly 300 years
NusTAr engine future
targets for NASAs
earth
is distorted,
Hubble Space Telescope
Cassiopeia A
scientist fiona
ago. During the blast, high
possibly because
the inner
and its successor,
the
formed when
harrison from
James
Webb
Space
temperatures
made lighter
slosh
around
a massive
star
the regions
Californialiterally
Telescope, says James
elements
before
exploded
afterfuse into heavier ones,
Institute
of detonating.
Garvin from NASAs
running
out ofNusTAr has created a
Heavy isotope titanium-44, imaged byTechnology.
and now
The our
NusTArGoddard
map also
casts
Space
Flight
fuel; the light of this
show
NuSTAR and shown in blue, is clearlynew results
Center
in Maryland.
map of one of the heavy isotopes
doubt
on another
model
of
detonation reached
how the explosions
clustered at the centre of the explosion
in Cassiopeia
A, titanium-44.
supernovae, inwww.diskdetective.org
which a star
earth
roughly 300 years
engine is distorted,
The
map
resolves
some
puzzles
about
rotates
rapidly
enough
to
launch
energetic
jets
ago. During the blast, high
possibly because the inner
temperatures
made
lighter the explosion, a shock wave
literallythe
slosh
around Although theres
supernovae.
During
of gasregions
that drive
explosion.
elements
fuse into
heavier
before of
detonating.
somehow
blasts
the ones,
star apart, yet previous
evidence
jets in Cassiopeia A, NusTArs
Heavy isotope titanium-44, imaged by
and now NusTAr has created a
The NusTAr map also casts
computer simulations of thisNuSTAR
process
suggest they did not trigger the blast.
andfailed
shown to
in blue, is clearlyobservations
map of one of the heavy isotopes
doubt on another model of
clustered
at
the
centre
of
the
explosion
replicate
this.
Instead
they
suggested
that
the
www.nasa.gov/nustar
in Cassiopeia A, titanium-44.
supernovae, in which a star
The map resolves some puzzles about
supernovae. During the explosion, a shock wave
somehow blasts the star apart, yet previous
computer simulations of this process failed to
replicate this. Instead they suggested that the
rotates rapidly enough to launch energetic jets

of gas that drive the explosion. Although theres
evidence of jets in Cassiopeia A, NusTArs
observations suggest they did not trigger the blast.
www.nasa.gov/nustar
news in
brief
NASA is asking for help

in fnding embryonic
planetary systems in
observations from the
Wide-feld Infrared
Survey Explorer (WISE)
spacecraft. There may be
thousands lurking in the
data, but they can only be
found through human
inspection, which poses a
huge challenge.
Volunteers will help the
astronomical community
discover new planetary
nurseries that will become
future targets for NASAs
Hubble Space Telescope
and its successor, the
James Webb Space
Telescope, says James
Garvin from NASAs
Goddard Space Flight
Center in Maryland.
www.diskdetective.org
AT lAST: A GlobAl
mAp of GANymede
More than four centuries

after its discovery, the
Solar Systems largest
AT lAST: A GlobAl moon Jupiters
mAp of GANymede Ganymede fnally has
More than four centuries
a global map. Wes
after its discovery, the
Patterson from the Johns
Solar Systems largest
Hopkins University in
moon Jupiters
Maryland and colleagues
Ganymede fnally has
compiled it using images
a global map. Wes
Patterson from the Johns
from NASAs Voyager
Hopkins University in
and Galileo missions.
HoW STARS CARVE STRANGE NEbUlAE
AStrONOmiCO NACiONAL/SPAiN) NASA/huBBLe/StSCi, uSGS
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CXC/SAO, NASA/eSA & VALeNtiN BuJArrABAL (OBSerVAtOriO

NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CXC/SAO,
NASA/eSA &uSGS
VALeNtiN BuJArrABAL
AStrONOmiCO
NACiONAL/SPAiN) NASA/huBBLe/StSCi,
(OBSerVAtOriO
What makes stars explode?
JoiN THe HuNT

foR plANeTARy
SySTemS
Low-mAss sTArs like the sun can end their

lives as double-lobed planetary nebulae if they
have close companions, a new study suggests.
sun-like
stars
eventually
out their
Low-mAss
sTArs
like
the sun canpuff
end their
atmospheres
toplanetary
form a ghostly
cloud
lives
as double-lobed
nebulae ifglowing
they
have
a new
study suggests.
ofclose
gas companions,
a planetary
nebula
while the core
sun-like
stars
eventually
their to be mostly
shrinks.
These
were puff
onceoutthought
atmospheres to form a ghostly glowing cloud
spherical, but some possess bipolar jets.
of gas a planetary nebula while the core
This,
theorises
Blackman
of the University
shrinks.
These
were onceeric
thought
to be mostly
of
rochester
in
New
york,
could
spherical, but some possess bipolar jets. be due to the
This,
theorises eric
Blackmanofofathe
University star or
gravitational
infuence
companion
of rochester in New york, could be due to the
massive planet. The crucial factor is that the pair
gravitational infuence of a companion star or
mustplanet.
be very
together.
massive
Theclose
crucial
factor is that the pair
www.rochester.edu
must
be very close together.
HoW STARS CARVE STRANGE NEbUlAE
www.rochester.edu
Maryland and colleagues

compiled it using images
from NASAs Voyager
and Galileo missions.
imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope, this

pre-planetary
nebulas
imaged by the Hubble
Space Telescope,
this bipolar jets are clear to see
pre-planetary nebulas bipolar jets are clear to see
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whats on april 19
Whats on
yuris Night
seething Observatory, Thwaite st mary, Norfolk,
12 April, 2pm onwards
Norwich Astronomical
Society is just one of
the astronomy groups
in the UK hosting a
Yuris Night party to
celebrate the frst
manned spacefight.
whats on april 19
With solar viewing,
rocket making and
more during the day,
Oyuris
F THNight
E
plus
observing
at
night,
this
is
an
event
for all the family.
Mseething
ONTH
Observatory,Tickets
Thwaitecost
st mary,
Norfolk,
3.50
for adults and 1.50 for children. You
12 April, 2pm onwards
can fnd out more at www.norwichastro.org.uk.
Our pick of the best events from around the UK
AstroCamp 2014
Whats on
Brecon Beacons, Wales, 26-29 April
Our pick of the best events from around the UK
AstroCamp 2014
PICK
OF THE
MONTH
Brecon Beacons, Wales, 26-29 April
Whether you pitch or park, fnding room to
PICK
Norwich Astronomical
Society is just one of
the astronomy groups
in the UK hosting a
Ayton Village
hall, scarborough
Yuris Night party to
celebrate the frst
manned spacefight.
With solar viewing,
rocket making and
more during the day,
plus observing at night, this is an event for all the family.
Tickets cost 3.50 for adults and 1.50 for children. You
can fnd out more at www.norwichastro.org.uk.
Active galactic Nuclei

11 April, 7.30pm
Hear Dr Stuart
Lumsden from
Leeds Universitys
School of Physics
and Astronomy
discussing
supermassive
black holes at
Active galactic Nuclei
Scarborough
Ayton Village hall, scarborough 11 April, 7.30pm
and Ryedale
Hear Dr Stuart
Astronomical
Lumsden from
Society this month.
Discover
how
these
celestial
leviathans
Leeds Universitys
grow and the dramatic
effect
they
have
on
the
galaxies
School of Physics
and Astronomy
around them. Tickets
are free for members, 2 for
non-members. discussing
Visit www.scarborough-ryedale-as.org.uk.
supermassive
black holes at
Scarborough
and Ryedale
Astronomical
pack your own equipment is advised
Society this month. Discover
how these museum
celestial leviathans
The herschel
of Astronomy, Bath,
grow and the dramatic effect they have on the galaxies
16
April
to
18
December
All activities plus a pitcharound
for your
tent
them. Tickets are free for members, 2 for
or caravan are included innon-members.
the price ofVisit
a www.scarborough-ryedale-as.org.uk.
This new exhibition
Being Caroline herschel
astrocamp 2014/flickr, thinkstock, nasa/Jpl-caltech/cornell Univ./arizona state Univ
astrocamp 2014/flickr, thinkstock, nasa/Jpl-caltech/cornell Univ./arizona state Univ
Twice a year, the small village of Cwmdu

in the Brecon Beacons is invaded by
ticket (electricity can be supplied to your
astronomers when AstroCamp rolls into
pitch for an extra cost) but if youre
town. This month, the popular star party
Caroline herschel
planning on taking part in Being
the evening
returns
to
this
beautiful
site
a
designated
Whether you pitch or park, fnding room to pack your own equipment is advised
The
herschel
observing festivities its worth bringingmuseum of Astronomy, Bath,
Dark Sky Reserve.
16 April to 18 December
All
activities
plusown
a pitch
for your tentand remember,
TwiceAs
a year,
the
small
village
of
Cwmdu
your
equipment;
well as observing at night, the
or caravan are included in the price of a
in the Brecon Beacons is invaded by
This new exhibition at
torches should be red light only. Tickets
event will include talks, workshops and
ticket (electricity can be supplied to your
astronomers when AstroCamp rolls into
the Herschel Museum of
start
at
38
per
adult
and
15
for
children.
a
pub
quiz
with
astronomical
prizes
pitch for an extra cost) but if youre
town. This month, the popular star party
Astronomy celebrates the
including
telescopes
to be won.planning on www.astrocamp.org.uk
taking part in the evening
returns
to this beautiful
site a designated
life and work of William
Dark Sky Reserve.
As well as observing at night, the
event will include talks, workshops and
a pub quiz with astronomical prizes
including telescopes to be won.
at
the Herschel Museum of
Astronomy celebrates the
life and work of William
Herschels sister Caroline,
an accomplished musician
and astronomer in her own
right. Admission is included
in the general museum
Herschels sister Caroline, entry fee, which is 6 for
an accomplished musician adults and 3 for children.
and astronomer in her own Find out more at www.
right. Admission is included
herschelmuseum.org.uk.
observing festivities its worth bringing

your own equipment; and remember,
torches should be red light only. Tickets
start at 38 per adult and 15 for children.
www.astrocamp.org.uk
behind the scenes
in the general museum

entry fee, which is 6 for
adults and 3 for children.
Find out more at www.
herschelmuseum.org.uk.
The sky AT NighT iN APriL

Four, 13 April, 10pm (repeated
Four, 17 April, 7.30pm)*
more listings online
behind the scenes

The sky AT NighT iN APriL
Four, 13 April, 10pm (repeated
mArs
visit our website at www.
This month The Sky at Night will
skyatnightmagazine.com/
Four, 17 April, journey
7.30pm)* across the face of our planetary
more
listings
whats-on online
for the full list of
mArs
neighbour Mars. For more than 10
this months events from
visit
our
website
at
www.
This month years
The Skyweve
at Night
hadwill
a continuous
presence
around the country.
skyatnightmagazine.com/
journey across the face of our planetary
whats-on for the full list of
on
Mars,
thanks
to
the
Opportunity,
neighbour Mars. For more than 10
this months events from
Spirit
and Curiosity
Together
to ensure that your talks,
years weve had
a continuous
presencerovers. around
the country.
observing evenings and star
theytohave
changed our understanding
on Mars, thanks
the Opportunity,
Spirit and Curiosity
rovers.
Together
to ensure
of the Red
Planet
and redefned
ourthat your talks,parties are included, please
observing evenings and submit
star
your event by flling
they have changed
searchour
forunderstanding
extraterrestrial life.
parties are included, please
of the Red Planet and redefned our

in the submission form at the
ground-level images taken by the martian *Check www.radiotimes.com as
submit
your event by flling
times
search for extraterrestrial life.
bottom of the page.
in the submission form at the
rovers have
given
usbynew
insights
may vary
ground-level
images
taken
the martian
rovers have given us new insights
*Check www.radiotimes.com as times

may vary
bottom of the page.
A pAssion for spAce april 21
a passion for
A pAssion for spAce april 21
a passion for
with Maggie Aderin-Pocock
Listen carefully: sound could help us solve one

of the enduring mysteries of the Universe
he famous
of modern physics:
tagline used to
gravitational waves.
advertise the
The demise of a star
1979 flm
can leave behind some
Alien was In space no
interesting debris. Some
one can hear you
leave a white dwarf,
scream. Technically,
some collapse to form
thats true. In the
black holes while others
he famous
of modern physics:
vacuum
of
space
sound
turn supernova and can
tagline used to
gravitational waves.
waves are
unable
leave behind a neutron
advertise
the to
The demise of a star
1979 as
flm
can leave behind some
propagate
theres no
star a body the size of
Alien
was
In
space
no
interesting
debris.
Some
medium to carry them.
a city (~10km) with the
one can hear you
leave a white dwarf,
So why are the sounds of
mass a little less than
scream. Technically,
some collapse to form
thetrue.
Universe
thats
In the the subject
black holes while others 1.5 times that of our Sun.
of
Marchs
episode
of
A pulsar is a type of
vacuum of space sound
turn supernova and can
waves
unable
to
leave behind a neutron neutron star that emits a
Theare
Sky
at Night?
Well,
The audible footprint of
propagate
as theres
no has
star a body the size of beam of radiation that
its because
sound
a gravitational wave
medium to carry them.
a city (~10km) with the
helped us discover some
appears to pulsate a bit
could be detected in a
So why are the sounds of
mass a little less than
pulsars
radiation
beam
amazing
things
about
the Universe the subject
1.5 times that of our Sun. like the light from a
bodies
lighthouse due to a
of celestial
Marchs episode
of and may
A pulsar is a type of
The
Sky
at
Night?
Well,
neutron
star
that
emits
a
help us solve one of theThemysteries
that of
misalignment between its rotational and
surface of the Sun. The oscillations were
audible footprint
itscontinues
because sound
has
of radiationaxes.
that If this beam is in the right
to puzzle
us.a gravitational wave
detected by measurements of red or blue beammagnetic
helped us discover some
appears to pulsate a bit
could be detected in a
orientation,
its radio waves can be detected
shifts of small surface patches, which were like the
pulsars radiation beam
amazing things about
light from a
on
Earth
and
able
to
tell
us
if
the
area
being
observed
celestial bodies and may
lighthouse due to a heard as a clicking sound.
help
usfrst
solveencounter
one of the mysteries
that in space
its rotational
andof the clicking can be
surface of thewas
Sun.moving
The oscillations
were
frequency
towards
or awaymisalignment
from us. betweenThe
My
with sounds
continues
to puzzle
magnetic
is in thestable.
right So stable, in fact, that it
detected by measurements
of of
redthe
or blue
incredibly
The source
oscillations
was axes. If this beam
came with
the us.
Cassini-Huygens space
its radio waves can be detected
surface patches, which were
may enable us to detect a gravitational
unknown
at the time and it orientation,
was suggested
probe. After its seven-year journey ofshifts of small
on Earth and heard as a clicking sound.
able to tell us if the area being observed
Good
vibrations
wave, can
as abewaves presence could cause a
that
they
were
due
to
sound
waves
more
than
1.5
billion
km
the
spacecraft
The frequency of the clicking
was moving towards or away from us.
My frst encounter with sounds in space
minuscule
delay
insidewas
the Sun. Observations
arrived
at Cassini-Huygens
Saturn and released
incredibly stable. So stable,
in fact, that
it in the arrival the pulses
The sourcegenerated
of the oscillations
came
with the
space the Huygens
enableofus to detectclicks
a gravitational
unknown at later
the time
and it was this
suggested
probe.
Afterwhich
its seven-year
journey
of
on Earth. If a delay is found in a
confrmed
and themay
science
lander,
tumbled
through
the dense
wave,
could cause
a
due to sound waves
more
than 1.5 billion
km the spacecraft
number
of pulsars
then the passing of a
helioseismology
was born. Just
asas a waves presence
atmosphere
of Saturns
moon Titan.that
It they were
minuscule delay in the arrival the pulses
arrived at Saturn and released the Huygens generated inside the Sun. Observations
gravitational
wave
could
be detected.
seismologists
here
on
Earth
can
use
sent
back
sounds
and
images
as
it
fell,
and
clicks on Earth. If a delay is found in a
later confrmed this and the science of
lander, which tumbled through the dense
Sopassing
even ifofscreaming
is futile, listening is
tectonic
events
planets
I remember
beingmoon
amazed
of pulsars then the
a
was born.
Just to
as probe ournumber
atmosphere
of Saturns
Titan.atIthearinghelioseismology
not,
as
the
detection
of
sound
waves and
interior,
so
similar
techniques
can
be
used
sounds
from
bodies
in
our
Solar
System.
gravitational wave could be detected.
seismologists here on Earth can use
sent back sounds and images as it fell, and
So
even
if
screaming
is
futile,
listening
is
tectonic
events
to
probe
our
planets
I remember
being
amazed
at
hearing
oscillations out there is giving us new
to probe the Sun and reveal structure that
Now were doing more with sound and
not, as the detection of sound waves and
interior, so similar techniques can be used
sounds from bodies in our Solar System.
insight into the Universe around us.
we otherwise could not see.
we dont have to send up a spacecraft to
oscillations out there is giving us new
to probe the Sun and reveal structure that
Now were doing more with sound and
Now
its
hoped
that
oscillations
detect
it,
as
vibrations
emanating
from
a
insight into the Universe around us.
we otherwise could not see.
we dont have to send up a spacecraft to
Maggie Aderin-Pocock is a space scientist
generated
by other objects in space could
body
can
sometimes
be seen.
Now its hoped
that oscillations
detect
it, as
vibrations
emanating
fromIn
a the early
co-presenter
Aderin-Pocockand
is a space
scientist of The Sky at Night S
generated
other
objects
in spaceone
could
body
can sometimes
be seen.
the early over
used
to detect
of the Maggie
true enigmas
1960s
oscillations
wereInobserved
the bybe
with Maggie Aderin-Pocock
Listen carefully: sound could help us solve one

of the enduring mysteries of the Universe
thinkstock
thinkstock
Good vibrations
1960s oscillations were observed over the
be used to detect one of the true enigmas
and co-presenter of The Sky at Night
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exoplanet excursions april 23
jon culshaws
ex planet
excursions
exoplanet excursions april 23
jon fnds himself on a world so steeped in darkness that the stars cast shadows
jon culshaws
a technique called gravitational

Sitting at the controls of the
they cast shadows. its novel to notice that
microlensing
is
used
to
detect
rogue
Cruiser globe, im gripped by an urge
the stars in this rogue planets sky never
planets back on earth, but theres no need move. Very soon its disconcerting, even
to experience the unfathomable infnity
for such methods today as this particular
of the Universe. Such an overused word,
frustrating that the entire night sky here is
rogue planet is right in front of me. i land an unvarying, motionless mural. Due to
awesome: reasonably priced Florida
immediately to experience the feeling of
doughnuts may be described in a twangy
not being in a conventional orbit and
this lonesome world.
Miley Cyrus tone as awesome, but the
because any rotation of this planet on its
the view from the surface is a palette
vastness of the Universe is awesomeness
axis has become so imperceptibly slow, the
of charcoal
grey andthat
opaque
in the
truehimself
sense. i hit
and head
stars in this alien sky wouldnt appear to
jon
fnds
onlaunch
a world
so steeped
in darkness
theblackness,
stars cast shadows
like my grandmothers monochrome
off in a random direction.
change in an entire human lifetime. Sir
a technique called gravitational
Sitting at the controls of the
they cast shadows. its novel to notice that
Pye
tV
with
the
brightness
at
minimum.
Soon
the
Cruiser
globes
scanning
wouldve
microlensing is used to detect rogue
Cruiser globe, im gripped by an urge
the stars in this roguePatrick
planets sky
never had this dark sky entirely
is a rocky
world
interspersed
with
an unknown
observed, sketched
and catalogued in
planets backthis
on earth,
but theres
no need
to systems
experienceindicate
the unfathomable
infnityobject.
move. Very
soon its disconcerting,
even
for such methods
todayresembling
as this particular
of ithe
Universe.
Suchsimilar
an overused
word,
frustrating
night
hereleaving
is
features
massive
lakes ofthat
ice.the entire
feel
a concern
to Captain
under
a sky
week,
him plenty of time
rogue
planet
is
right
in
front
of
me.
i
land
awesome:
reasonably
priced
Florida
an
unvarying,
motionless
mural.
Due
to
if theres radioactive decay happening
Phillips when he spotted the Somali
for cricket and a g&t in the pavilion.
immediately to experience the feeling of
doughnuts may be described in a twangy
being in a conventional orbit and
in the planets core, it mightnot
generate
pirates looming. But drawing closer,
this desolate place conveys a strange
this lonesome world.
Miley Cyrus tone as awesome, but the
because any rotation of this planet on its
enough
heat for
lakes toaxis
be has
liquifed
the great
revealed: this object
feeling of slow,
sadness.
the view from
the surface
is athe
palette
vastness
of themystery
Universe is
is awesomeness
become so imperceptibly
the it seems impossible
deeper
down.
rogue
planet.
a solitary
world of charcoal grey and opaque blackness,
not to project
human emotions onto this
in is
theatrue
sense.
i hit launch
and head
stars in this alien sky wouldnt
appear to
like my grandmothers
monochrome
offdrifting
in a random
direction.
change
lifetime. SirFeeling pity for a planet:
there are
those who believe
itsin an entire human
through
the Universe, devoid
environment.
Pye tV withpossible
the brightness
at minimum. wandering
Soon
the Cruiser
globes scanning
Patrick wouldve had this
dark
sky entirely
for earth-sized
of a parent
star.
what
a bizarre
sensation. i decide to
this is a rocky world interspersed with
systems indicate an unknown object.
observed, sketched and catalogued in
planets
like
this
one
to
retain
an
theres
a
tantalising
blend
of
name
this
lonely
world Obsidiana.
features resembling massive lakes of ice.
i feel a concern similar to Captain
under a week, leaving him plenty of time
atmosphere,
perhaps of thick
fascination
foreboding
in pavilion.
my imagination i hear the piano
if theres radioactive
decay happening
Phillips
when heand
spotted
the Somali on
for hydrogen.
cricket and a g&t in the
Combine
thisgenerate
with enough subterranean
core, it might
pirates
looming. But
drawing
this desolate place conveys
a strange
approaching
this
worldcloser,
that was in the planets
theme from
the Bill Bixby-era Incredible
enough
heat
for
the
lakes
to
be
liquifed
thesomehow
great mystery
is
revealed:
this
object
feeling
of
sadness.
it
seems
impossible
geological activity and there could be
ejected from its system,
Hulk tV show as the rogue planet
deeper down.
is a rogue planet. a solitary world
not to project human emotions onto this
suffcient warmth generated
to support
perhaps by a gravitational encounter
Obsidiana drifts silently through the
there are those who believe its
drifting through the Universe, devoid
environment. Feeling pity for a planet:
thesewandering
disconnected planets
notsensation.
another
Universe
possible for life.
earth-sized
of with
a parent
star. object. its estimated there
what a are
bizarre
i decidein
to her own sweet way.
without
the
most
intriguing
potential.
are
around
two
rogue
planets
for
every
planets like this one to retain an
theres a tantalising blend of
name this lonely world Obsidiana.
of thick
hydrogen.
fascination
andgalaxy.
foreboding
on scientists atmosphere, perhaps
in blackness
my imagination iJon
hearCulshaw
the piano is a comedian, impressionist
this alien
sky
of the deepest
star in the
Some
Combine this
with
enough
subterranean piercing
approaching
thismay
worldbe
that
was more.
theme from
the Bill Bixby-era
Incredible guest on The Sky at Night
and occasional
has
stars
so magnifcently
that
think there
many
ex planet
main illustration by mark garlick, photo: Emma samms
main illustration by mark garlick, photo: Emma samms
excursions
somehow ejected from its system,

perhaps by a gravitational encounter
with another object. its estimated there
are around two rogue planets for every
star in the galaxy. Some scientists
think there may be many more.
geological activity and there could be

suffcient warmth generated to support
life. these disconnected planets are not
without the most intriguing potential.
this alien sky of the deepest blackness
has stars so magnifcently piercing that
Hulk tV show as the rogue planet

Obsidiana drifts silently through the
Universe in her own sweet way.
Jon Culshaw is a comedian, impressionist

and occasional guest on The Sky at Night
Sky at Night
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26
Interactive
Emails lEttErs twEEts FaCEBOOK
this months Email us at inbox@skyatnightmagazine.com

26
top prize: four
Philips books
Interactive
message of the month
The Message of the Month

writer will receive four top
titles courtesy of astronomy
publisher Philips. Heather
The more I see her on TV, the more my admiration
Couper and Nigel
for Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock grows. Her obvious
Henbests Stargazing 2014
is a month-by-month guide
is contagious and engaging she lights
Emailenthusiasm
us at inbox@skyatnightmagazine.com
to the year and youll be
up the screen every time she appears. Something
able to fnd all the best
she seems to share with the late, great Sir Patrick is
sights with Patrick Moores
her ability to speak plain English, even when going
The Night Sky. Stargazing
The Message of the Month
into technical detail.
withwillBinoculars
writer
receive fourby
topRobin
When I heard she was to become a Sky at Night
Scagell
and
David Frydman
titles
courtesy
of astronomy
presenter
in February, I was thrilled. I believe she
publisher
Philips.
Heather and
contains
equipment
The more
I
see
her
on
TV, ambassador
the more my admiration
Couper
and
Nigel
will be a great
for astronomy and a
observing guides, and
for Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock grows. Her obvious
Henbests Stargazing 2014
superb
role
model
for
the
young.
Im looking
youll be viewing planets,
is a month-by-month guide
enthusiasm is contagious and engaging she lights
galaxies
and
more
forward
theshe
next
episode
of The Sky at Night
to the
year and
youll
be
up the screen
everyto
time
appears.
Something
able
to fnd
all the
best
with
Storm
Dunlops
and
wishwith
Maggie
allgreat
the Sir
best.
she seems
to share
the late,
Patrick is
sights
with Patrick
Moores
Practical
Astronomy.
her ability to
speakthanks
plain English,
even when
going Binocular
Also,
for
Stephen
Tonkins
The Night Sky. Stargazing
into technical
detail.
tour, its been a godsend on these stormy nights
with Binoculars by Robin
When I heard she was to become a Sky at Night
Scagell and David Frydman
whenever theres been a brief break in the clouds.
presenter in February, I was thrilled. I believe she
contains equipment and
seem for
to have
beenand
really
will be a The
greatskies
ambassador
astronomy
a clear despite
observing guides, and
superb role
for the
young. Im looking
all model
the foul
weather!
youll be viewing planets,
galaxies and more
forward George
to the next
episode
of The Sky at Night
Futers,
Peebles
with Storm Dunlops
and wish Maggie all the best.
Practical Astronomy.
Also, thanks for Stephen Tonkins Binocular
We agree
George,
dont
forget
to read Maggies
tour, its been
a godsend
on these
stormy
nights
excellent
column
on
page
21.
Ed
whenever theres been a brief break in the clouds.
The skies seem to have been really clear despite
all the foul weather!
Mad about Maggie
Emails lEttErs twEEts FaCEBOOK
this months
top prize: four
Philips books
message of the month
bbc
Mad about Maggie
Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock is skilled at communicating

her knowledge of and enthusiasm for astronomy
Catch them young
bbc
George Futers, Peebles
new uses for old scopes
We agree George, dont forget to read Maggies

Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock is skilled at communicating
Sunday
morning
free of andHow
saddened
I was to learn via Govert Schillings
her knowledge
enthusiasm
for astronomy
excellentOn
column
on page
21. Ed recently I had an hour
before lunch to read BBC Sky at Night Magazine. But article (Observing in an uncertain future, March)
within 10 minutes that idea was shattered, as my
just how many perfectly serviceable and sizeable
daughter
arrived
for a visit, bringing my
seven-uses for
telescopes
in Chile are being mothballed or
Catch
them
young
new
old scopes
month-old
granddaughter
Emily
with
her.
Emily
decommissioned.
What a waste.
On Sunday morning recently I had an hour free
How saddened I was to learn via Govert Schillings
Seven-month-old Emily
to read
BBCcomfortable
Sky at Night Magazine.
But and
article (Observing in an
uncertain future,
made
herself
on my knee
I imagine
Im notMarch)
the only reader to have made a
gets to grips with BBC before
Sky lunch
within 10proceeded
minutes thattoidea
was
shattered,
as my
how many perfectly
serviceablebetween
and sizeable
at Night Magazine
cast
her
eyes over
the pagejust
I was
connection
that and Kieron Allens piece
daughter arrived for a visit, bringing my seven telescopes in Chile are being mothballed or
reading. After a while, she
about robotic scopes (Imaging from afar) later in
month-old granddaughter Emily with her. Emily
decommissioned. What a waste.
Seven-month-old Emily
lost
interest
and
opted
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theonly
same
issue.
Couldnt
made herself comfortable on my knee and
I imagine Im not the
reader
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gets to grips with BBC Sky
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of
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at Night Magazine
proceeded to cast her eyes over the page
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connection
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pieceto those that are already
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she hobbyhorse.
about robotic
scopesremotely
(Imaging from
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in
I did
accessible
to fee-paying
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lost interest and
opted
for
the
same
issue.
Couldnt
some
of
the
Chilean
my best to guide her towards perhaps theres another potential use these
the more interesting task of
observatories be added to those that are already
the astronomy path,
but
telescopes could be put to?
riding the hobbyhorse. I did
remotely accessible to fee-paying users? Although
maybe
it was a bit
too early!
is use
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my best to guide
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perhaps
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potential
these
that
near-Earth
objects
(NEOs) are far more
Geoff
Wadsley,
the astronomy path, but
telescopes could be put to?
maybe it was aWellingborough
bit too early!
There is a growingnumerous
realisation and
acceptance
than previously thought, and that
that near-Earth objects (NEOs) are far more
Geoff Wadsley,
even relatively small ones are capable of doing
numerous than previously thought, and that
Wellingborough
damage
to our planet. Britain has its own
Maybe seven months
is
a
bit
even relatively small extreme
ones are capable
of doing
Spaceguard
Centre
the English-Welsh border
ambitious
but dont
extreme
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has itson
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Maybe seven months
is a bitGeoff,
thethere
English-Welsh
border
ambitious Geoff,
and
are others
scattered around the world
givebutupdont
yet! EdSpaceguard Centre on
give up yet! Ed
and there are others scattered around the world
letters APRIL 27
that report newly identifed NEOs to a centre in

Boston, US.My understanding is that there is a
shortage of telescopes that are large enough to
be able to see these smaller objects dedicated
to this important area of observation. I wonder
if the Chilean ones might be pressed
into service?
David Tart, Walsall
the big
Great idea David, it would be real shame to let these

historic observatories close down altogether. Ed
debate
BBC Sky at Night Magazine is published by Immediate Media

Company Bristol Limited under licence from BBC Worldwide,
who help fund new BBC programmes.
EDITORIAL
Editor Chris Bramley
Art Editor Steve Marsh
Production Editor Kev Lochun
Onlineletters
Editor KieronAPRIL
Allen 27
Staff Writer Elizabeth Pearson
Reviews Editor Paul Money
a successful comeback
that report newly identifed NEOs to a centre in

CONTRIBUTORS
Paul Abel, Sean Blair, Paul F Cockburn, Adam Crute, Maggie
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binoculars
a telescope.
and managed to see the
rings of Jupiter through
@smyth791
a telescope.
UK(aged
Publishing
Coordinator Eva Abramik
This is a picture
I took
with
Alisia
Maldon-Stanley
15),
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Light
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wrapping and dispose of it at your local collection point.
As soon as the clouds

looking at Jupiter and
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looking at Jupiter and
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28
Hotshots
This months pick of your very best astrophotos
28
Hotshots
PHOTO
OF THE
MONTH
This months pick of your very best astrophotos
PHOTO
OF THE
MONTH
The Orion Nebula

ANNA MORRIS, SuFFOLk, 5 DECEMbER 2013
Anna
Thesays:
Orion
Nebula
I like this image as it shows just
BBC Sky at Night Magazine says: The

About Anna: I started astro
amount of detail Anna has been able to
imaging back in 2008. I was
the dynamic range of this nebula and the large
capture in this pristine image of the Orion
living in a light-polluted area
Anna says: I like this image as it shows just
BBC Sky at Night Magazine says: The
About Anna: I started astro
array
of
colours
in
the
region
that
you
dont
see
Nebula
and
its
surroundings
is
amazing.
We
how much dust is around the Orion Complex,
amount of detail Anna has been able to
imaging back in 2008. I was and could not see much
when
viewing
through
It alsoin thisvery
rarely
wide-feld
images of this corner
thewell
dynamic
range
of this nebula
andan
theeyepiece.
large
capture
pristine
imagesee
of the
Orion
living in a light-polluted areathrough the new scope I had
array
of colours
the region
that youeven
dontwith
see modest
Nebula and itsofsurroundings
amazing. We
shows
whatincan
be imaged
space thatismanage,
so expertly, to defne and could not see much
got for Christmas due to all
well
when viewing
through
an patience
eyepiece. Itand
also time.
very rarely see
wide-feld
images
this corner
equipment
given
some
the
intricate
dust of
lanes
on the periphery of thethrough the new scope I had the city lights. Short exposure
shows what can be imaged even with modest
of space that manage, so expertly, to defne
got for Christmas due to all
central nebulous region. From vibrant pinks the cityimages
allowed me to make out more than I could
equipment given some patience and time.
the intricate dust lanes on the periphery of the
lights. Short exposure
Equipment: Nikon D7000 DSLR camera,central
Orionnebulous
andregion.
bluesFrom
to the
pastel,
almost
muddy,
hues
of
through
eyepiece.
I got the bug from those
vibrant pinks
images allowed me to make out morethe
than
I could
EON 80ED
telescope.
thepastel,
dust almost
lanes,muddy,
this is hues
the work
of an expert.
frst
Equipment:
Nikon
D7000 DSLR camera, Orion
and blues to the
of
through
the eyepiece. I got
thephotographs
bug from thoseand have been imaging since.
ANNA
SuFFOLk,
5 DECEMbER
2013 Complex,
howMORRIS,
much dust
is around
the Orion
EON 80ED telescope.
the dust lanes, this is the work of an expert.
frst photographs and have been imaging since.
HOTSHOTS APRIL 29
HOTSHOTS APRIL 29
The leaping puma

in the Rosette Nebula
kFIR SIMON, GAN-YAvNE, ISRAEL
18,30 AND 31 JANuARY 2014
kfr says: I like this image because of all the
dark nebulae in the lower part of the frame,
which
Theresemble
leapingapuma
parade of animals.
inEquipment:
the Rosette
Nebula
SbIG
ST8300M CCD camera, Altair
Astro 8-inch Ritchey-Chrtien astrograph, ASA
kFIR SIMON, GAN-YAvNE, ISRAEL

DDM
6031PRO
direct2014
drive mount.
18,30
AND
JANuARY
kfr says: I like this image because of all the

dark nebulae in the lower part of the frame,
which resemble a parade of animals.
Equipment: SbIG ST8300M CCD camera, Altair
Astro 8-inch Ritchey-Chrtien astrograph, ASA
DDM 60 PRO direct drive mount.
Jupiter and Europa

TOM HOWARD, SuSSEx, 9 DECEMbER 2013
Tom
Jupiter
says: Iand
haveEuropa
never been interested in
theHOWARD,
expenseSuSSEx,
and extra
effort required
TOM
9 DECEMbER
2013
in using
colour
flters
for
imaging.
This
image
showed
Tom says: I have never been interested in
whatand
canextra
be achieved
with
one-shot
theme
expense
effort required
in a
using
colour
flters
for imaging.
This image
showed
colour
planetary
camera
under
excellent
NGC 891
TONY FuNNELL, SuSSEx, NOvEMbER 2013
meseeing
what can
be achieved with a one-shot
conditions.
colour planetary camera under excellent
Tony
says:NOvEMbER
This is a 2013
very popular galaxy that appears as a really dim line visually but develops
SuSSEx,
Equipment:
Celestron Skyris 618C CCD TONY FuNNELL,
seeing
conditions.
great
detail
when
it
is
withasaaCCD
Tony says: This is a very popular galaxyimaged
that appears
reallycamera.
dim line visually but develops
camera, Celestron C11 Schmidt-Cassegrain,
NGC 891
Equipment: Celestron Skyris 618C CCD

Sky-Watcher
EQ6Schmidt-Cassegrain,
mount.
camera,
Celestron C11
Sky-Watcher EQ6 mount.
great detail when

it is imaged
with314
a CCD
camera.
Equipment:
Atik
CCD
camera,
8-inch Ritchey-Chrtien telescope, Sky-Watcher EQ6 mount.
Equipment: Atik 314 CCD camera, 8-inch Ritchey-Chrtien telescope, Sky-Watcher EQ6 mount.
30
30
The Milly Way and Venus

LuIS ARGERICH, ARGENTINA, 3 NOvEMbER 2013
Luis says: Heres a shot of the Milky Way at dusk with venus and the Moon just in the
middle of it. Plenty of frefies decorate the scene. I like how the Milky Way can be seen
though the sky is not fully dark.
Equipment: Canon EOS 6D DSLR camera, 14mm lens.
The Milly Way and Venus
LuIS ARGERICH, ARGENTINA, 3 NOvEMbER 2013

Luis says: Heres a shot of the Milky Way at dusk with venus and the Moon just in the
middle of it. Plenty of frefies decorate the scene. I like how the Milky Way can be seen
though the sky is not fully dark.
Equipment: Canon EOS 6D DSLR camera, 14mm lens.
The Pleiades
TERRY HANCOCk AND RObERT FIELDS, MICHIGAN
13 NOvEMbER AND 28 DECEMbER 2013
The Pleiades
Terry says: Here is a collaborated image of the

known as the Seven
Sisters. While we continue with awful weather here
Terry says: Here is a collaborated image of the
in Michigan it just makes sense to collaborate this
known as the Seven
SARA WAGER, vALENCIA, SPAIN, NOvEMbER 2013 TO JANuARY 2014popular star cluster commonly
timewith
using
different
and cameras, but with
IC 410, IC 405, IC 417 and NGC 1931
Sisters. While we continue
awful
weather telescopes
here
a similar
of view.
Sara says: This mosaic took me two months to complete. It represents a total
of
in Michigan
it just makes
sense to feld
collaborate
this
SARA
vALENCIA,
SPAIN,and
NOvEMbER
2013 TO time
JANuARY
using different telescopes
and cameras,
butmonochrome
with
152WAGER,
30-minute
exposures
an integration
of 762014
hours. The Flamingtime
Star
Equipment:
QHY11S
CCD camera,
a similar
feld of view.
Sara
says: This
mosaic
meshowing
two months
It represents
a total
Nebula,
IC 405,
istook
aptly
astoacomplete.
bright orange
fame.
Theoffour targets
all nestle
STL
11000
monochrome
CCD
camera,
Takahashi
152 30-minute exposures and an integration time of 76 hours. The Flaming Star
Equipment: QHY11S monochrome CCD camera,
neatly in the frame.
Epsilon-180ED telescope, Takahashi FSQ-106 telescope,
IC 410, IC 405, IC 417 and NGC 1931
Nebula, IC 405, is aptly showing as a bright orange fame. The four targets all nestle
neatly
in the frame.
Equipment:
Atik 460ExM CCD camera, Takahashi FSQ85 telescope,
Fast Reverse
equatorial
mount.Takahashi FSQ85 telescope, Avalon Linear
Equipment:
Atik 460ExM
CCD camera,
Fast Reverse equatorial mount.
TERRY HANCOCk ANDpopular

RObERT star
FIELDS,
MICHIGAN
cluster
commonly
13 NOvEMbER AND 28 DECEMbER 2013
STL 11000 monochrome CCD camera, Takahashi
Paramount
GT-1100S
German equatorial mount, AstroAvalon
Linear
Epsilon-180ED
telescope,
Takahashi FSQ-106
telescope,
Physicsequatorial
AP900 German
equatorial mount.
Paramount GT-1100S German
mount, AstroPhysics AP900 German equatorial mount.
HOTSHOTS APRIL 31
Earthshine
RICHARD bAILEY, bRAuNSTON, DECEMbER 2013
Richard says: I managed to capture this image of
earthshine just before the Moon set behind a tree. It
was bright and the earthshine really stood out.
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera, 80ED refractor.
HOTSHOTS APRIL 31
Earthshine
RICHARD bAILEY, bRAuNSTON, DECEMbER 2013
Richard says: I managed to capture this image of
earthshine just before the Moon set behind a tree. It
was bright and the earthshine really stood out.
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera, 80ED refractor.
Sharpless 234 and 237
NGC 6231
DAN CROWSON, MISSOuRI, 4 NOvEMbER 2013

Dan says: Sharpless 234 and 237 are fairly bright emission nebulae located
approximately 6,800 lightyears away in Auriga. Sharpless 234 is the nebula
near the centre of the image; the cluster of stars is designated as Stock 8. Sharpless
237 is the smaller nebula on the left side of the image. It surrounds open cluster
NGC 1931.
HAREL bOREN, NAMIbIA, JuNE 2011
Equipment: Atik 383L+ mono CCD camera, APM 80/470 apo refractor,
Equipment: SbIG ST8300M CCD camera, Newtonian

refector, Astro-Physics 1200GTO mount.
Sky-Watcher
SharplessNEQ6
234 and
237
mount.
DAN CROWSON, MISSOuRI, 4 NOvEMbER 2013
NGC 6231
Harel says: Heres an image, shot from the kalahari

Desert in June 2011, which I have fnally come around to
processing. It captures a colourful star feld comprising
open cluster NGC 6231 through to the Prawn Nebula.
Dan says: Sharpless 234 and 237 are fairly bright emission nebulae located
approximately 6,800 lightyears away in Auriga. Sharpless 234 is the nebula
near the centre of the image; the cluster of stars is designated as Stock 8. Sharpless
237 is the smaller nebula on the left side of the image. It surrounds open cluster
NGC 1931.
HAREL bOREN, NAMIbIA, JuNE 2011
Equipment: Atik 383L+ mono CCD camera, APM 80/470 apo refractor,
Sky-Watcher NEQ6 mount.
Equipment: SbIG ST8300M CCD camera, Newtonian

refector, Astro-Physics 1200GTO mount.
Harel says: Heres an image, shot from the kalahari

Desert in June 2011, which I have fnally come around to
processing. It captures a colourful star feld comprising
open cluster NGC 6231 through to the Prawn Nebula.
32 HOTSHOTS APRIL
The Flame and Horsehead Nebulae
The Iris
Nebula
PAuL GORDON, ESSEx, 5 JANuARY 2014

Paul says: This image is the result of 12 fve-minute
exposures at ISO 800.
MARk GRIFFITH
SWINDON
4 DECEMbER 2013
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera, William

Optics ZS80 telescope.
32 HOTSHOTS APRIL
The Flame and Horsehead Nebulae
The Iris
Nebula
PAuL GORDON, ESSEx, 5 JANuARY 2014

Paul says: This image is the result of 12 fve-minute
exposures at ISO 800.
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera, William
Optics ZS80 telescope.
MARk GRIFFITH
SWINDON
4 DECEMbER 2013
Mark says: This was

one of the frst deep-sky
objects I ever tried to
image with poor results,
far too diffcult for a
beginner! This is my best
image of this nebula yet.
Equipment: Atik 383L+
CCD camera, 8-inch
Ritchey-Chrtien telescope,
Sky-Watcher NEQ6
PRO mount.
Mark says: This was
one of the frst deep-sky

The Andromeda Galaxy
objects I ever tried to
image with poor results,
GARY ANDERSON, GALLOWAY, 1 NOvEMbER
2013
far too diffcult for a
beginner!
This isas
myI always
best
Gary says: This is my best image of M31
to date
fnd processing galaxies
of thisthe
nebula
diffcult. The detail in the dust lanes is image
clear and
coreyet.
is not blown out, giving a nice
Equipment: Atik 383L+
natural look.
CCD camera, 8-inch
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera,

Sky-Watcher
Ritchey-Chrtien
telescope,80ED telescope.
Sky-Watcher NEQ6
PRO mount.
The Andromeda Galaxy

GARY ANDERSON, GALLOWAY, 1 NOvEMbER 2013
Gary says: This is my best image of M31 to date as I always fnd processing galaxies
diffcult. The detail in the dust lanes is clear and the core is not blown out, giving a nice
natural look.
Equipment: Canon EOS 1000D DSLR camera, Sky-Watcher 80ED telescope.
ENTER TO WIN A PRIzE!

teamed up with the Widescreen Centre to offer the winner of next months best
ENTER TO WINWeve
A PRIzE!
Hotshots image a fantastic prize. The winner will receive an Orion StarShoot Solar System
Weve teamed up
with the
Widescreen
Centre todesigned
offer the winner
of next months
Colour
Imager
Iv camera,
for capturing
sharpbest
shots of
Hotshots image a fantastic prize. The winner will receive an Orion StarShoot Solar System
Colour Imager Iv
camera, designed for capturing sharp
shots 7935
of the Moon
020
2580and planets.
WORTH
9
9
99
WORTH
www.widescreen-centre.co.uk 020 7935 2580

Email your pictures
to us at hotshots@skyatnightmagazine.com or enter online.
Email your pictures to us at hotshots@skyatnightmagazine.com or enter online.
the Moon and planets.
Its a planetary murder mystery: how did the once-wet Mars end up the
dusty world it is today Sean Blair asks if were any closer to an answer
Its a planetary murder mystery: how did the once-wet Mars end up the
dusty world it is today Sean Blair asks if were any closer to an answer
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CorNeLL/ArizoNA StAte UNiv, NASA/JPL/texAS A&M/CorNeLL
Scant remains
planet, or three times higher than the

cruising height of a commercial airliner.
If there were suffcient concentrations to
breathe, the air would be poisonous: more
than 95 per cent carbon dioxide, plus
nitrogen, argon and other trace gases.
In 1946, astronomer Gerard Kuiper
identifed carbon dioxide as Marss major
belief in the canals that Percival Lowell

he who founded the Lowell Observatory
in Arizona was believed to have
observed on the planets surface.
Scant remains
Into the 1960s, ground-based spectrographic
observations suggested that the Martian
mission, followed by Mariner 6 and 7

in 1969, charted a cratered Moon-like
world. But a fuller picture was given
in January 1972, from Mariner 9. The
spacecraft actually attained Mars orbit the
previous November, but its observations
were delayed by a planet-wide dust
storm the >
It looks desolate now, but the

It looks desolate now, but theevidence indicates that Mars
was once much more pleasant
evidence indicates that Mars
was once much more pleasant
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CorNeLL/ArizoNA StAte UNiv, NASA/JPL/texAS A&M/CorNeLL
n 8 April, Mars comes to its

closest point to Earth in its
two-year orbit. Observing
that bright red world holds an
added excitement, as we are looking at a
planet we feel we know intimately. For years,
Martian rovers have transmitted back
views of a place remarkably like home, with
morning mists and blue-tinted sunsets.
Its a beguiling illusion. If anyone were
to step onto the surface unprotected, the
thin atmosphere would cause the saliva
n 8 April, Mars comes to its
to boil away
from their lips before they
closest point to Earth in its
blackedtwo-year
out. Even
if they
managed to
orbit.
Observing
Though the blue-tinted
shout for
help,
they
wouldholds
be inaudible
that
bright
red world
an
sunsets look homely,
added
excitement,
as we
looking
from
a distance
ofare
a few
tensatofa metres.
conditions on Mars
planet
we feel
we know
intimately.
For years,
are anything but
Never
forget
Mars
is an alien
world
Martian rovers have transmitted back
its single most alien element being
views of a place remarkably like home, with
atmospheric constituent. Previously it
the ghostly
remnant
of sunsets.
an atmosphere.
atmosphere was extremely scant,
morning
mists and
blue-tinted
was assumed Mars had an Earth-like
airillusion.
pressure
is lesswere
than one
something confrmed by radio science
ItsSurface
a beguiling
If anyone
to hundredth
step onto the surface
the level,
atmosphere, because of the clouds so
that ofunprotected,
Earths at sea
experiments during Mariner 4s twothin atmosphere would cause the saliva
frequently sighted, as well as a stubborn
equivalent to an altitude of 35km on our
day fyby of the planet in July 1965. That
to boil away from their lips before they
belief
in
the
canals
that
Percival
Lowell
planet,
or
three
times
higher
than
the
mission, followed by Mariner 6 and 7
blacked out. Even if they managed to
Though the blue-tinted
he who founded the Lowell Observatory
cruising
height
of a commercial
in 1969, charted a cratered Moon-like
shout
for help,
they would
be inaudible airliner.
sunsets look homely,
from
a distance
of suffcient
a few tens ofconcentrations
metres.
in
Arizona
was
believed
to
have
If there
were
to
world. But a fuller picture was given
conditions on Mars
are
anything
but
Never
forget
Mars
is
an
alien
world
observed on the planets surface.
breathe, the air would be poisonous: more
in January 1972, from Mariner 9. The
its single most alien element being
than 95 per cent carbon dioxide, plus
spacecraft actually attained Mars orbit the
atmospheric constituent. Previously it
the ghostly remnant of an atmosphere.
atmosphere was extremely scant,
nitrogen,
argon and
trace gases.
previous
November, but its observations
was assumed Mars had an Earth-like
Surface
air pressure
is lessother
than one
something confrmed by
radio science
In 1946,
were delayed
theof1960s,
ground-based
spectrographic
atmosphere, Into
because
the clouds
so
hundredth
that astronomer
of Earths at seaGerard
level, Kuiper
experiments
during Mariner
4s two- by a planet-wide dust
frequently sighted,
as well as suggested
a stubborn that day
equivalent
to an
altitudedioxide
of 35km on
of the planet storm
in July 1965.
identifed
carbon
as our
Marss major
theThat
observations
thefyby
Martian
>
36
> true nature of the clouds. Once the dust settled,

images, but calibration checks confrmed airborne
Today we see dried-up
dust actually left it reddish.
Mariner 9 revealed a startlingly Earth-like world,
lakes; 3.5 billion years
ago, we may have seen
Fast forward to today and two new robotic
with layered ice caps, cirrus clouds, and dried-up
something more like this
detectives are en route to join the rovers and
food plains and riverbeds.
orbiters already at Mars. Indias Mangalyaan,
Around four billion years ago, Marss atmosphere
offcially the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), weighs
was still dense enough to sustain liquid water on
in at more than a tonne including fuel, although
the surface the atmosphere was probably denser
only 15kg of that mass is scientifc payload. There
than Earths, because it receives only less than half
> true
images, but calibration
confrmed airborne
the clouds.
Once
dust settled,
arechecks
fve instruments
aboard, including two focused
the nature
energyof from
the Sun
asthe
Earth
does, and the
Sunwe see dried-up
Today
dust
actually
left
it
reddish.
Mariner
9
revealed
a
startlingly
Earth-like
world,
lakes;
3.5
billion
years
on the detection of trace gases deuterium and
shone 30 per cent less brightly at the time. So Mars
ago, we may have seen
Fast forward to today and two new robotic
with layered ice caps, cirrus clouds, and dried-up
methane. But for the new space-faring nation of
exploration
became
a
kind
of
murder
mystery:
why
something more like this
detectives are en route to join the rovers and
food plains and riverbeds.
India,
MOMs
major achievement would simply be
did thisfour
initially
hospitable
planet
perish? How was
orbiters already at Mars.
Indias
Mangalyaan,
Around
billion years
ago, Marss
atmosphere
achieving
Mars
orbital
insertion, which is scheduled
offcially the Mars Orbiter
Mission
(MOM),
weighs
was
dense enough
to sustain
liquid water on
itsstill
atmosphere
stolen
away?
in
at
more
than
a
tonne
including
fuel,
although
the surface
the
atmosphere
was
probably
denser
for September. Any useful science would be a bonus.
The 1976 Viking missions flled in details of
only 15kg of that mass is scientifc payload. There
than Earths, because it receives only less than half
the murder scene including in-situ atmospheric
instruments
aboard, including two focused
the energy from the Sun as Earth does, and the Sun
Mariner 9,arethefvefrst
craft
measurements,
researchers
were
on
the
detection
of
trace
gases deuterium and
shone
30 per cent less though
brightly atViking
the time.
So Mars
to enter Martian orbit,
themselves
beguiled
Marssmystery:
Earth-like
Hopes
are higher
for of
NASAs MAVEN (Mars
methane.
But
for
the
new
space-faring
nation
exploration
became
a kind by
of murder
why appearance.
revealed a slew of EarthMOMs majorAtmosphere
achievement would
be Evolution), also due
didThe
this thin
initially
planetblue
perish?
How waslander
skyhospitable
was graded
in initial
and simply
Volatile
like surface India,
features
achieving Mars orbital
which
scheduled
its atmosphere stolen away?
toinsertion,
reach the
RedisPlanet
in September. This vanfor September. Any useful science would be a bonus.
The 1976 Viking missions flled in details of
sized spacecraft will focus on particles escaping
the murder scene including in-situ atmospheric
Mariner 9, the frst craft

from Mars right now, not just by monitoring
measurements, though Viking researchers were
The plot thickens
to enter Martian orbit,
upper
atmosphere,
but actually descending
themselves beguiled by Marss Earth-like appearance. revealed a slew of EarthHopes are higher forthe
NASAs
MAVEN
(Mars
The thin sky was graded blue in initial lander
Atmosphere
and
Volatile
Evolution),
also
due
into it once per orbit.
like surface features
to reach the Red Planet Were
in September.
This vanapplying
previous experience of
sized spacecraft will focus on particles escaping
aerobraking spacecraft to go down as low as 150km,
from Mars right now, not just by monitoring
which
is below
the altitude that escape occurs, says
the upper atmosphere,
but actually
descending
into it once per orbit.Bruce Javovsky, MAVENs principal investigator.
Were applying previous
of
Thenexperience
well be performing
fve deep dips during
aerobraking spacecraft to go down as low as 150km,
our year-long mission where we go even lower, to
which is below the altitude that escape occurs, says
125km,
to sample
the entire stratifed column of
Bruce Javovsky, MAVENs
principal
investigator.
the upper
atmosphere.
Then well be performing
fve deep
dips duringThe Martian atmosphere
our year-long mission
we go
even lower,
is where
tenuous
enough
thattowe arent in danger, but
125km, to sample thesome
entirehigh-power
stratifed column
of
instruments
will be switched
the upper atmosphere. The Martian atmosphere
off
to
avoid
damage.
Our
gull-design
solar
is tenuous enough that we arent in danger, but
wings
help
ensure aerodynamic stability.
some high-power instruments
will
be switched
The plot thickens
UNiverSitY)/MiKe WoLff (SPACe SCieNCe iNStitUte) ANd NASA, NASA/goddArd
KeeS veeNeNBoS/SCieNCe Photo LiBrArY, NASA/JPL-CALteCh x 3, NASA, NASA/JAMeS BeLL (CorNeLL UNiv.)/MiChAeL WoLff
KeeSiNSt.)
veeNeNBoS/SCieNCe
Photo
LiBrArY,
NASA/JPL-CALteCh
x 3, of
NASA,
NASA/JAMeS
BeLL (CorNeLL UNiv.)/MiChAeL WoLff
(SPACe SCieNCe
ANd the hUBBLe heritAge
teAM
(StSCi/AUrA),
Steve Lee (UNiverSitY
CoLorAdo)/JiM
BeLL (CorNeLL
(SPACeWoLff
SCieNCe
iNSt.)
ANd
the hUBBLe
heritAge
teAM (StSCi/AUrA), Steve Lee (UNiverSitY of CoLorAdo)/JiM BeLL (CorNeLL
UNiverSitY)/MiKe
(SPACe
SCieNCe
iNStitUte)
ANd NASA,
NASA/goddArd
36
off to avoid damage. Our gull-design solar

wings help ensure aerodynamic stability.
marss atmosphere april 37
seasonal Changes
Mars has terrestrial-style seasons, encouraged by its Earth-like axial tilt. Its highly eccentric (very uncircular)
orbit means its distance from the Sun varies over the course of a 687-day Martian year by some 42 million km
shiftinG ice caps
Marss two polar caps undergo dramatic

seasonal shifts. During the darkness of winter
marss atmosphere
april
37 dioxide freezes out of the
atmospheric
carbon
air, falling as snow. The effect is greatest when
Mars is farthest from the Sun; atmospheric
pressure drops by a third. The seasonal
southern cap is larger (extending more than
halfway to the equator) because the Martian
seasons are uneven: the southern winter lasts
Mars has terrestrial-style seasons, encouraged by its Earth-like axial tilt. Its highly eccentric (very uncircular)
longer,km
coinciding with Marss aphelion, its
orbit means its distance fromJUNE
the Sun varies over the course of a 687-day
Martian
year
by
some
42
million
SEptEMbEr
maximum distance from the Sun. The southern
2001
2001
summer is correspondingly short, but also
shiftinG ice caps
warmer,
with 40 per cent more sunlight. This
Marss two polar caps undergo
dramatic
seasonal shifts. During the
darkness
of winter
means
much
of the south poles 1km-thick
atmospheric carbon dioxide freezes out of the
carbon dioxide layer is vaporised, leaving
air, falling as snow. The effect is greatest when
Giant dust storms
3km-thick
pole of water ice behind.
Mars is farthest from theaSun;
atmospheric
It is when Mars draws closest to the Sun that the greatest planetary-scale dustpressure
storms drops
occur.
by a third. The seasonal
Marss wispy atmosphere is unable to transfer heat effciently, causing regional
temperature
southern
cap is larger (extending more than
to the
equator) because the Martian
differences of up to 30C to drive winds above 100km/h, lifting thin dust thathalfway
blankets
whole
seasons
are
uneven:
regions or the entire planet. Summer dust devils are also common. Any astronaut would feel the southern winter lasts
longer, coinciding with Marss aphelion, its
JUNE
SEptEMbEr
only a mild breeze,
although dust storms might also
generate worrying static electric
e-felds.
maximum distance from the Sun. The southern
seasonal Changes
2001
2001
summer is correspondingly short, but also
warmer, with 40 per cent more sunlight. This

equatorial streaks
means much of the south poles 1km-thick
The sharp-eyed Mars Reconnaissance

carbon dioxide layer is vaporised, leaving
Orbiter has spotted surface streaks
Giant dust storms
a 3km-thick pole of water ice behind.
It is when Mars draws closest to the Sun that the greatest planetary-scale
dust stormsterritory.
occur. Extending
around equatorial
Marss wispy atmosphere is unable to transfer heat effciently,downhill,
causing regional
these temperature
dark streaks appear at
differences of up to 30C to drive winds above 100km/h, lifting thin dust that blankets whole
the warmest time of year, fading as the
regions or the entire planet. Summer dust devils are also common. Any astronaut would feel
planet grows
cooler,
only to return the
only a mild breeze, although dust storms might also generate worrying
static electric
e-felds.
following summer. Flowing liquid water
is the most
likely explanation, probably
equatorial
streaks
The sharp-eyed
Mars Reconnaissance
originating
from buried permafrost with
Orbiter has spotted
surface streaks
salt deposits
acting as a kind of
around equatorial territory. Extending
antifreeze.
This
2013 discovery builds
downhill, these dark streaks appear at
on earlier
fnds of
freshly formed
the warmest time
of year, fading
as apparent
the
down
craters
planet grows gullies
cooler, only
to return
the and slopes.
following summer. Flowing liquid water
is the most likely explanation, probably
originating from buried permafrost with
What we want to understand aresalt
thedeposits
processes
acting as a kind of
MAVENs
bird-like gull
antifreeze.
This 2013
builds
occurring in the upper atmosphere today.
What
is discovery
wings
will
help it swoop
earlier fnds of apparent freshly formed
its composition and loss rate? How isonthis
affected
over the Martian surface
gullies down craters and slopes.
low
by incoming solar energy rates?

MAVEN will build on the atmospheric
What we want to understand are the processes
observations of ESAs Mars Express, which has
MAVENs bird-like gull
occurring in the upper atmosphere today. What is
wings will help it swoop low
been
in
orbit
around
Mars
for
a
decade,
sampling
its composition and loss rate? How is this affected
over the Martian surface
by current
incomingatmospheric
solar energy rates?
loss rates. The ESA probe
MAVEN
willMarss
build onunique
the atmospheric
identifed
equatorial aurora, a result
observations of ESAs Mars Express, which has
of solar wind particles encountering the magnetised
been in orbit around Mars for a decade, sampling
remnants
of theloss
planets
now-lost
magnetic feld.
current
atmospheric
rates. The
ESA probe
These Marss
cause unique
ultraviolet
glows
thataare
sadly invisible
identifed
equatorial
aurora,
result
of to
solar
wind particles
human
eyes. encountering the magnetised
remnants
the planets
now-lostfeld
magnetic
The of
missing
magnetic
is thefeld.
frst suspect in
These cause ultraviolet glows that are sadly invisible
the
murder
mystery.
Its
a
symptom
of Marss small
to human eyes.
stature:
only
half Earths
size
and
onlyin11 per cent >
The
missing
magnetic
feld is the
frst
suspect
the murder mystery. Its a symptom of Marss small
stature: only half Earths size and only 11 per cent >
38
> its mass with about 38 per cent terrestrial gravity.

Marss smaller molten core would have cooled
rapidly, shutting down its protective magnetic feld.
At high altitude, gases are split apart by ultraviolet
radiation into electrically charged ions, which are
then accelerated to escape velocity by the solar
wind. Like a slow-motion comet, Marss atmosphere
is being very gradually blown away. The snag is that
Mars Express suggests that escape susceptibility is
38limited to lightweight atoms such as hydrogen or
oxygen ions not heavier carbon dioxide, which has
always formed most of the atmosphere.
> its mass with about 38 per cent terrestrial gravity.
Suspect two is the possibility that early Marss
Marss smaller molten core would have cooled
warmshutting
wetness
sparked
its doom.
Carbon
rapidly,
down
its protective
magnetic
feld. was
extracted
the atmosphere
At steadily
high altitude,
gases arefrom
split apart
by ultraviolet by damp
radiation
electrically
charged
which are Earth is
silicateinto
rocks
to form
solidions,
carbonates.
then
accelerated
to
escape
velocity
by
the
only saved a similar fate by platesolar
tectonics regularly
wind. Like a slow-motion comet, Marss atmosphere
recycling the surface to liberate stored carbon back
is being very gradually blown away. The snag is that
into
the atmosphere
but, susceptibility
again, Marsisis too small
Mars
Express
suggests that escape
Data published in 2009

revealed localised methane,
possibly from an active source
Data published in 2009

revealed localised methane,
possibly from an active source
5 10 15 20 25
Methane concentration
(parts per billion)
30
MEthaNE rElEaSE: NorthErN SUMMEr 2003
limited to lightweight atoms such as hydrogen or

oxygen ions not heavier carbon dioxide, which has
always formed most of the atmosphere.
Suspect two is the possibility that early Marss
warm wetness sparked its doom. Carbon was
steadily extracted from the atmosphere by damp
The methane sensor on Indias Mars
silicate rocks to form solid carbonates. Earth is
Orbiter Mission (MOM) aims to solve
only saved a similar fate by plate tectonics regularly
a decade-long
mystery.
It will
recycling
the surface toscientifc
liberate stored
carbon
back
be
put
into
action
as
MOM
rises
to
its
into the atmosphere but, again, Mars is too small
for plate tectonics to take hold. The problem here

is that the vast amount of carbonate deposits this
implies has still to be found.
Suspect three is suggested by the planets heavily
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
methane originates mainly from
cratered
surface and the event due to happen this
Methane concentration
biological processes, or else volcanoes.
October.
towards us at 56km/s, Comet
(parts perHeading
billion)
But last year NASAs Curiosity rover
C/2013
A1
Siding
Spring
is projected to pass within
MEthaNE
rElEaSE:
NorthErN
SUMMEr 2003
analysed
local
air samples,
failing
41,300km of Mars. Both MAVEN and Mars Express
farthest distance from Mars, around
to fnd any methane at all.
80,000km at this distance MOM will
Had the methane never been
there
have The
their
orbitshere
altered to shelter them behind
for plate tectonics to will
take hold.
problem
move relatively slowly compared to Mars
at all, or is some unknown phenomenon
is that the vast amount
of carbonate
depositsapproach
this
Mars
during closest
fearing cometary
below, allowing for long-exposure
removing it from the atmosphere
impliesat
hasa still to bedust
found.
impacts. They will use their high-gain antennas
searches for the spectral fngerprints
rate hundreds of times faster Suspect
than three is suggested by the planets heavily
The methane sensor on Indias Mars
methane originates mainly from
as
shields
and angle their solar arrays edge-on.
of this colourless, odourless gas.
terrestrial methane? Proposed
cratered surface and the event due to happen this
Orbiter Mission (MOM) aims to solve
biological processes, or else volcanoes.
Such
encounters
In 2004,
Mars mystery.
ExpressIt and
include
October. Heading towards
us close
at 56km/s,
Comet are rare today, but as late
a decade-long
scientifc
will
But last yearmechanisms
NASAs Curiosity
rover dust storm
as
3.8
billion
years
ago
the Solar System remained
C/2013
A1
Siding
Spring
is
projected
to
pass
within
ground-based
observatories
detected
electric
felds,
soil
superoxides
and
be put into action as MOM rises to its
analysed local air samples, failing
41,300km of Mars. Both
MAVEN
and
Mars
Express
farthest
fromof
Mars,
aroundgas on
to fnd any methane
at all.
smalldistance
amounts
methane
methane-eating
bacteria. Hopefully,
a violent neighbourhood. The Martian atmosphere
80,000km
at this distance
Had the methane
been fnd
therethe answer;
will have
altered to shelter them behind
Mars, averaging
10 MOM
parts will
per billion
MOM never
will help
if their orbitsmight
have been expelled to space by repeated
move relatively slowly compared to Mars
at all, or is some unknown phenomenon
Mars
during closest approach fearing cometary
but
rising
as
high
as
30
at
times
(by
not,
Europes
ExoMars
Trace
Gas
below, allowing for long-exposure
removing it from the atmosphere at a
impacts, also triggering catastrophic foods by
impacts.
comparison,
Earthsfngerprints
atmosphere contains
Orbiter
due than
for launch indust
2016
and They will use their high-gain antennas
searches
for the spectral
rate hundreds
of timesfaster
temporarily
melting permafrost.
shields and angle their
solar arrays edge-on.
1,800
parts odourless
per billion).
possessing
parts per trillionassensitivity,
of this
colourless,
gas. It was an
terrestrial methane?
Proposed
The hunT for methane
NASA/JPL-CALteCh, NASA/treNt SChiNdLer, iNdiA SPACe reSeArCh orgANiSAtioN,

NASA/JPL-CALteCh,
NASA/treNt
SChiNdLer,
iNdiA SPACe reSeArCh
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CorNeLL
UNiverSitY,
NASA/JPL/MSSS,
eSAd. dUCroS
orgANiSAtioN,
NASA/JPL-CALteCh/CorNeLL UNiverSitY, NASA/JPL/MSSS, eSAd. dUCroS
The hunT for methane
Inexciting
2004, Mars
Express because
and
mechanisms should
include dust
storm to do so.
discovery
terrestrial
be able
ground-based observatories detected
electric felds, soil superoxides and
small amounts of methane gas on
methane-eating bacteria. Hopefully,
Mars,MOM,
averaging
10 parts in
per billion
MOM will help fnd the answer; if
launched
but rising
as high as2013,
30 at will
timeslook
(by
not, Europes ExoMars Trace Gas
November
comparison, Earths atmosphere contains
Orbiter due for launch in 2016 and
for methane spectrally
1,800 parts per billion). It was an
possessing parts per trillion sensitivity,
exciting discovery because terrestrial
should be able to do so.
MOM, launched in
November 2013, will look
for methane spectrally
Such close encounters are rare today, but as late

as 3.8 billion years ago the Solar System remained
a violent neighbourhood. The Martian atmosphere
How lively is todays Martian atmosphere?
might have been expelled to space by repeated
Memorably,
came up with his
impacts, also triggering
catastrophicJames
foods Lovelock
by
theory after contrasting Earths life-driven
temporarily melting Gaia
permafrost.
The methane mystery
atmosphere with static Mars. But how static is it
The methanereally?
mystery
In 2004 both Mars Express and ground-
How lively is todays Martian atmosphere?

based observatories detected short-lived plumes
Memorably, James Lovelock came up with his
of methane
over
various Martian regions. The
Gaia theory after contrasting
Earths
life-driven
atmosphere with static
Mars. Butremains
how statichugely
is it
discovery
controversial on Earth
really? In 2004 both it
Mars
Express
and groundtakes
hundreds
of years for photochemistry to
based observatories detected short-lived plumes
remove methane from the atmosphere. Then last
of methane over various Martian regions. The
year controversial
NASAs Curiosity
rover failed to detect any
discovery remains hugely
on Earth
Marsfor
methane
whatsoever,
although terrestrial
it takes hundreds of years
photochemistry
to
remove methane from
the atmosphere. monitoring
Then last
spectrographic
goes on.
year NASAs Curiosity rover
failed
to
detect
any
Most of the time we dont detect anything; its
Mars methane whatsoever, although terrestrial
only
released spasmodically, says Michael Mumma
spectrographic monitoring goes on.
Exploration
Division at NASAs
Most of the time of
we the
dontSolar
detectSystem
anything;
its
only released spasmodically, says Michael Mumma
of the Solar System Exploration Division at NASAs
marss atmosphere april 39
water on mars
counterparts confrmed trace levels of
The number of times mainstream headline
atmospheric water vapour. More recently,
writers have hailed the discovery of Water
Mars Express has shown water vapour can
on Mars! must be well into double digits
be supersaturated when Mars is at its coldest,
by now. Weve known Martian water once
making it wetter than previously thought
existed since 1969, when Mariner 9
(although still with 10,000 times
charted drainage channels
less water vapour
than atmosphere
Earth).
apparent evidence of a
marss
april 39
Looking at the ground,
warm, wet early Mars.
radar instruments proved
The mystery of these
that the Martian poles
features is that they
Haematite blueberries could only have
contain enough water
appear quite
formed in water, providing more evidence
ice to food the entire
abruptly in the
surface to a depth of
landscape, rather
that can only be formed in water, suggesting
counterparts confrmed trace levels of
Thethan
number
times mainstream headline
11m and established
by ofthe
the equatorial Meridian Planum plain was
atmospheric water vapour. More recently,
writers have hailed the discovery of Water
that subsurface ice
gradual
once hot springs or even an acid-tinged
Mars Express has shown water vapour can
on Mars! must be well into double digits
extends down to midof Martian water once
lake. Last year Curiosity went one better,
be supersaturated when Mars is at its coldest,
by accumulation
now. Weve known
riversince
systems.
TheseMariner 9
establishing through streambed clay deposits
making it wetter than previously thought latitudes. This ice has
existed
1969, when
(although still with 10,000 times
charted
drainage
channels
been seen directly by
might
have been
that 3.5 billion years ago Gale Crater housed
less water vapour than Earth).
apparent
evidence of a
the Mars Reconnaissance
comparatively
a lake with water good enough to drink.
Meteorite impacts
Looking at the ground,
warm, wet early Mars.
Orbiter,
following
asteroid
brief-lived
phenomena,
Spare a thought also for the oft-neglected
radar instruments proved
The mystery of these
revealed hidden deposits
impacts
uncovering
the
based
on they
transitory
2008
Phoenix lander. Although it was
that
the
Martian
poles
features
is that
Haematite blueberries couldMars
only have
of water ice
contain enough
water of water
appear
quite from geological
bright-white
which
meltwater
formed ice,
in water,
providing
more evidence
immobile,
its thrusters cleared dust to reveal
iceeventually
to food the fades.
entire Mapping has also
abruptly
in the
activity
or meteorite impacts.
bright water ice beneath, and apparent
surface to a depth of
landscape, rather
thatlowlands
can only beare
formed in water, suggesting
demonstrated Marss northern
The 1970s Viking landers recorded
liquid droplets were recorded fowing along
11m and established
than by the
the equatorial Meridian Planum plain was
suffciently
fat
to
have
formed
a
shallow
ocean.
early
morning
water-ice
mist
and
frost
struts potentially the historic
that subsurface ice
gradual
once hot springs or evenits
anlanding
acid-tinged
NASAsextends
roversdown
havetogathered
in-situ
evidence:
although
frst
detection
midaccumulation
of coatings are only a fraction
lake. Last year Curiosity went one better, of liquid Martian water kept
latitudes.
This ice has
river
These thick while their orbital
establishing
through streambed
clay deposits
Opportunity
discovered
haematite
blueberries
ofsystems.
a millimetre
from freezing
by perchlorate salts.
water on mars
been seen directly by

might have been
the Mars Reconnaissance
comparatively
Meteorite impacts
Orbiter, following asteroid
brief-lived phenomena,
revealed hidden deposits
impacts uncovering the
based on transitory
Goddard Space Flight Center. of
We
have
water
ice
bright-white of water ice, which
meltwater from geological
campaigns
at three
observatories ESOs eventually fades. Mapping has also
activity
or meteorite
impacts.
The 1970s
landers in
recorded
Very
LargeViking
Telescope
Chile, Keck demonstrated Marss northern lowlands are
suffciently fat to have formed a shallow ocean.
early morning water-ice mist and frost
NASAs
Infrared
and
although
coatings
are onlyTelescope,
a fraction both NASAs rovers have gathered in-situ evidence:
of
millimetre Adaptive
thick whileoptics
their orbital
inaHawaii.
provide Opportunity discovered haematite blueberries
that 3.5 billion years ago Gale Crater housed

a lake with water good enough to drink.
Spare a thought also for the oft-neglected
2008 Mars Phoenix
lander.plumes
Althoughcompared
it was
sporadic
to past seasonal
immobile, its thrusters cleared dust to reveal
averages.
And a new ESA mission, the
bright water ice beneath,
and apparent
liquid droplets were recorded
fowingTrace
along Gas Orbiter, joins the
ExoMars
its landing struts potentially the historic
search
2016. It will also measure
frst detection of liquid Martian
waterin
kept
from freezing by perchlorate salts.broader trace gas isotope ratios
high angular resolution no

to gain insight into the
matter the distance. The real
atmospheres past
Goddard Space Flight Center. We have
sporadic plumes compared to past seasonal
issue is at
wethree
require
a large ESOs
rates of change.
campaigns
observatories
averages. And a new ESA mission, the
Doppler
shift
to
take
the
Mars
This 2016 mission
Very Large Telescope in Chile, Keck
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, joins the
and
NASAs Infrared
Telescope,
search in 2016. It will also measure
spectral
lines away
from both
should give us some pretty
in Earths
Hawaii. Adaptive
provide at
broader trace gas isotope ratios defnitive information, says
lines. Sooptics
we observe
high angular resolution no
to gain insight into the
times when Mars has a high
Mumma. What we dont have
matter the distance. The real
atmospheres past
line
of
sight
velocity
relative
to
yet
is an additional destruction
issue is we require a large
rates of change.
Earthshift
intoJanuary
was moving
mechanism for the methane to be
Doppler
take theitMars
This 2016 mission
spectral
lines
away
from
should
give
us
some
pretty
towards Earth at about 17 km/s
disappearing,
but theres much we
Earths
lines.
So
we
observe
at
defnitive
information,
says about Mars and thats
leaving us confdent were not
dont know
times when Mars has a high
Mumma. What we dont have
mistaking terrestrial methane.
why we continue to send spacecraft
line of sight velocity relative to
yet is an additional destruction
Were
also
looking
for
deuterium,
there.
Itstoan
Earth in January it was moving
mechanism for the methane
beexciting time; within a
towards
Earth
at aboutof17water.
km/s If subsurface
disappearing, but
theres we
much
we have an answer. S
a heavy
isotope
decade
should
leaving
us confdent
not seasonally by
dont know about Mars and thats
methane
is beingwere
released
mistaking terrestrial methane.
why we continue to send spacecraft
permafrost melting, then ancient water vapour
Were also looking for deuterium,
there. Its an exciting time; within
a
ABOUT
THE WRITER
might
escape
too. This
would possess a much
a heavy
isotope
of water.
If subsurface
decade we should have an answer. S
Sean Blair is a science and
lowerisdeuterium-water
ratiobythan surface water
methane
being released seasonally
The ExoMars orbiter
technology journalist. A former
permafrost
then ancientescape
water vapour
subject melting,
to atmospheric
of lighter isotopes.
will look for clues on how
ABOUT
THE
WRITER
guinness World records
might
would
possess
a muchthan methane.
fast Marss atmosphere
Andescape
watertoo.
is This
much
easier
to detect
Sean
Blair
is
a
science
and
researcher, he now edits eSAs
lower deuterium-water ratio than surface water
The ExoMars has
orbiter
altered over time
Mars
Express
is
meanwhile
commencing
technology
journalist.
A
former
space engineering website.
subject to atmospheric escape of lighter isotopes.
will look for clues on how
guinness World records
localised
methane
searches
to
try
and
catch
fast Marss atmosphere
And water is much easier to detect than methane.
Mars Express is meanwhile commencing
localised methane searches to try and catch
has altered over time
researcher, he now edits eSAs

space engineering website.
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Mars is an alluring
target because of how
Earth-like many of its
surface features are
Mars is an alluring
target because of how
Earth-like many of its
surface features are
thinkstock
thinkstock
Mars
Mars
at
oPPosition
at oPPosition
Martin Lewis presents the ultimate guide to observing
Martin Lewis presents the ultimate guide to observing
the Red Planet, its top sights, plus his imaging tips
the Red Planet, its top sights, plus his imaging tips
42
ars, that most captivating of planets,

visits our evening sky this spring,
reaching opposition in the constellation
of Virgo on 8 April. The Red Planet is
the only world in the Solar System that readily
reveals details of its rocky surface when viewed
from Earth and this, together with a multitude of
seasonal changes, makes it a fascinating planet to
observe. At opposition, when Mars is at its nearest,
42it will shine as a ruddy beacon beckoning you to
view, but be warned, the Mars observing season is
relatively short. Once April is over, the planet appears
that most captivating of planets,
to shrink ars,
noticeably
from week to week and by midvisits our evening sky this spring,
August it reaching
is all but
lost, low
evening twilight.
opposition
in in
thethe
constellation
Aroundofopposition,
Mars
Virgo on 8 April.
Thewill
Redshine
Planet at
is mag.
the1.5,
only world
in
the
Solar
System
that
readily
making it just as brilliant as the brightest
reveals
its rocky
when viewed
star details
in theofnight
sky.surface
The planets
reddish colour
from Earth and this, together with a multitude of
will be immediately apparent to the naked eye
seasonal changes, makes it a fascinating planet to
and even
more obvious
in binoculars.
Even at
observe.
At opposition,
when Mars
is at its nearest,
opposition,
however,
it beckoning
is unlikely
you
it will
shine as a ruddy
beacon
you
to will see
view,
be warned,
the Mars
observing season
anybut
surface
features
in binoculars:
foristhat you
relatively short. Once April is over, the planet appears
will need a telescope.
to shrink noticeably from week to week and by midWhen
through
the eyepiece
August
it is allyou
but look
lost, low
in the evening
twilight.of your
telescope
what details
onshine
Marsatmight
Around
opposition,
Mars will
mag. you be able to
1.5,
making
it just as brilliant
as the brightest
see?
The answer
to this depends
on the size of your
star
in
the
night
sky.
The
planets
reddish
colour
telescope and how steady your skies are, but also
will be immediately apparent to the naked eye
farthest point from the Sun; at best the planet was
on the planets apparent size and its height above
and even more obvious in binoculars. Even at
only 14 arcseconds across. However, to make up
your horizon.
to Marss
elliptical
opposition,
however,Due
it is unlikely
younoticeably
will see
for its small size, the planet was well north of the
itsfeatures
size atinopposition
canthat
vary
anyorbit,
surface
binoculars: for
youby nearly a
will
need aof
telescope.
celestial equator. This meant it was quite high in
factor
two. At its closest, Mars can be as large
When
you
look
through
the
eyepiece
of
your
our skies, helping us to see good surface details.
as 25 arcseconds across, over half the apparent
telescope what details on Mars might you be able to
During this years opposition it will be larger, at
diameter
of
the
gas
giant
Jupiter.
Unfortunately
for
see? The answer to this depends on the size of your
15.1 arcseconds across, but this will be offset by
northern
hemisphere
these
telescope
and how
steady yourobservers,
skies are, but
also very close
the fact
thatatMars
will
be about
lowerstriking
in thealbedo
farthest
the Sun;
best the
planet
was 15
oppositions
when
is point from
onMars
the planets
apparent always
size and occur
its height
abovethe planet
Marss
features
are
easily
only
14
arcseconds
across.
However,
to
make
up
your
horizon.
Due
to
Marss
noticeably
elliptical
sky with a maximum altitude of only 33. Despite
far south in the sky. Frustratingly for us in the
seen, especially through
for its small size, the planet was well north of the
orbit, its size at opposition can vary by nearly a
this, on nights of steady seeing there
should
UK, this means that it then never gets particularly
a large
telescope
celestial equator. This meant it was quite high in
factor of two. At its closest, Mars can be as large
still
be
plenty
of
details
to
see
on
the
surface
high
in
our
skies.
A
low
altitude
means
the
view
our skies, helping us to see good surface details.
as 25 arcseconds across, over half the apparent
with
your telescope.
is much
more
affected
by Unfortunately
atmosphericforturbulence
During this years
opposition
it will be larger, at
diameter
of the
gas giant
Jupiter.
15.1 arcseconds across, but this will be offset by
northern
hemisphere
very close
and this
softens observers,
the view,these
blurring
fne surface
Mars
oppositions
always occur
when the the
planet
is of the fact that Mars will be about 15 lower in the
detail,
and stopping
us making
most
sky with a maximum altitude of only 33. Despite
far south in the sky. Frustratingly for us in the
these close approaches.
Through a telescope with a 4-inch or smaller
this, on nights of steady seeing there should
UK, this means that it then never gets particularly
The
previous
opposition
in
2012
was
certainly
aperture
with
high magnifcation, you should
still be plenty of
details toand
see on
the surface
high in our skies. A low altitude means the view
not amore
closeaffected
one. Mars
was nearly
at aphelion,with
its your telescope.
see the reddish disc and the small brilliantly white
is much
by atmospheric
turbulence
Marss striking albedo

features are easily
seen, especially through
a large telescope
Scope size matters
damian peach, martin lewis, chart by pete lawrence, steve marsh
damian peach, martin lewis, chart by pete lawrence, steve marsh
and this softens the view, blurring fne surface

detail, and stopping us making the most of
these close approaches.
Eridania
The previous opposition in 2012 was certainly
Ausonia
not a close one. Mars was nearly at aphelion, its
Mare
Cimmerium
Eridania
Scope size matters

Hadriacum
Mare
Hadriacum
Amazonis
Cimmerium
Amazonis
Mare
Serpentis
Mare
Tyrrhenum
Mare
Ausonia
Syrtis
Mare
Minor
Tyrrhenum
Syrtis
Minor
Elysium
Argyre
Through a telescope with a 4-inch or smaller

aperture and with high magnifcation, you should
Maredisc and the small brilliantly white
see the reddish
Sinus
Sinus
Sabaeus
Mare Erythraeum
Meridiani
Mare
Serpentis
Syrtis Sinus
MajorSabaeus
Arabia
Syrtis
Major
Arabia
Solis Lacus
Mare Erythraeum
Argyre
Aurorae
Sinus
Solis Lacus
Aurorae
Sinus
Sinus
Meridiani
Eden
Tharsis
Tharsis
Niliacus Lacus
Eden
Elysium
Utopia
Utopia
N
N
Niliacus Lacus
Mare Acidalium
Baltia
Mare Acidalium
Arcadia
Baltia
Arcadia
mars at opposition april 43
BOTES
Arcturus
VIRGO
SERPENS
CAPUT
Porrima
30 Apr
mars at opposition
april 43
1 Apr
BOTES
CRATER
Mars
Arcturus
Spica
VIRGO
LIBRA
SERPENS
CAPUT
OPHIUCHUS
Porrima
30 Apr
Saturn
1 Apr
CRATER
Mars
CORVUS
HYDRA
Spica
LIBRA
OPHIUCHUS
SE
S
Saturn
CORVUS
Approximate sky
orientation for 1, 15 and 30
April at 01:00 BST, 00:00 BST
and 23:00 BST respectively
north polar ice cap, which is tilted towards us at HYDRA

the moment. You should also see one or two of the
more prominent darker features on the surface such
as the wedge-shaped region known as the Syrtis
SE
S
Major, or the Mare Acidalium, a large shield-shaped
darker region in the northern hemisphere. These
dark
features
generally
north polar
icealbedo
cap, which
is tiltedare
towards
us at areas where the
Approximate sky
Martian
wind
has
swept
away
most
orientation for 1, 15 and 30
the moment. You should also see one or two of
the of the lighter,
April at 01:00 BST, 00:00 BST
more prominent
features
the surfacethe
such
reddish,darker
desert
dust,onrevealing
darker rocky
and 23:00 BST respectively
as the wedge-shaped
region known
as thefeatures
Syrtis change subtly
surface underneath.
Such
Major, or the Mare Acidalium, a large shield-shaped
from season to season as the dust is moved around
darker region in the northern hemisphere. These
Just like the Moon, Mars
butfeatures
it is unlikely
you will
much
dark albedo
are generally
areassee
where
the sign of these
is covered in recognisable
in aaway
small
telescope.
wind has swept
most
of the lighter,
named surface featuresMartian variations
reddish, desert
dust,
revealing
the
darker
Telescopes with 6-inch orrocky
larger apertures
surface underneath.
features
can revealSuch
much
morechange
detailsubtly
on the planet,
from season to season as the dust is moved around
Just like the Moon, Mars
particularly on nights of very good seeing. This
but it is unlikely you will see much sign of these
is covered in recognisable
includes
obvious seasonal effects that stem
variations
in a smallthe
telescope.
Attaching a Wratten #25 red flter to your eyepiece
named surface features Mare
or larger
apertures
fromwith
the6-inch
fact that
Marss
axis is tilted to a similar
SirenumTelescopes
can help to reveal less-obvious dark albedo features
can reveal
much more
detail onMartian
the planet,
degree
to Earths.
seasons are always one
particularly on nights of very good seeing. This
ahead of those on Earth, meaning Marss northern
includes the obvious seasonal effects that stem
Mare
Attaching a Wratten #25 red flter to your eyepiece
areas identifed on the accompanying albedo map,
isaxis
nowis moving
Amazonisfrom thehemisphere
fact that Marss
tilted to a towards
similar mid-summer.
Sirenum
can help to reveal less-obvious dark albedo features
Pavonis
shown left. A red flter (Wratten number #25),
means
thatseasons
the north
polar
cap, which is tilted
degree toThis
Earths.
Martian
are always
one
Lacus
ahead oftowards
those on Earth,
meaning
Marss northern
screwed into the eyepiece or held between your
the Sun
and Earth,
is shrinking. Through
areas
identifed
on
the
accompanying
albedo map,
hemisphere
is
now
moving
towards
mid-summer.
Amazonis
eye
and the eyepiece,
may help you pick out the
your telescope you may be able to see the shape as
Pavonis
shown left. A red flter (Wratten number #25),
This means that the north polar cap, which is tilted
Lacus
more
diffcult
of
these
albedo features. The flter
well
as
the
size
of
the
polar
cap
and
possibly
detect
screwed into the eyepiece or held between your
towards the Sun and Earth, is shrinking. Through
theout
contrast
by darkening the features
a darker
snows
Olympus
eye and the eyepiece,will
may increase
help you pick
the
your telescope
you band
may bewhere
able to the
see the
shapehave
as retreated
relative
to
the
redder
background.
If the seeing
around
the
pole.
more diffcult of these albedo features. The flter
well as the size of the polar cap and possibly detect
Mons
will
increase
the
contrast
by
darkening
the
features
a
darker
band
where
the
snows
have
retreated
Olympus
is good dont be afraid to increase the eyepiece
The dark albedo surface features are also better
relative to the redder background. If the seeing
around the pole.
Mons
magnifcation to pull out more detail. The best
seen in larger telescopes. Depending on which side
is good dont be afraid to increase the eyepiece
The dark albedo surface features are also better
is todetail.
experiment
is
facing
Earth,
exotic
sounding
features
like
the
magnifcation to pullthing
out more
The best youll know that youve
seen in larger telescopes. Depending on which side
gone
tooknow
far when
the detail starts to blur out
Sebaeus,
Utopia
and like
Aurorae
Sinus
may
thing
is tobe
experiment
youll
that youve
is facing Sinus
Earth, exotic
sounding
features
the
Scandia
gone too far when the
detail starts
blur out >
Sinus Sebaeus,
Utopia
Sinus
may beother distinctive
rather
than to
improve.
visible.
You and
mayAurorae
also see
several
Scandia
visible. You may also see several other distinctive
rather than improve. >
44
TOP: In 2005 large orographic white clouds were visible above

prominent features on Mars. Here we see Olympus Mons as a clear white
dot in the upper right quadrant with the clouds hovering over it.
MIDDLE: The 2007 apparition of Mars began with the planet shrouded in
a huge dust storm. This meant surface features were diffcult to resolve.
The dust storm cleared as the planet reached opposition.
BOTTOM: Beautiful wispy white clouds were on show during the 2012
opposition period, particularly over Olympus Mons and the Tharsis
volcano region, which are visible across the centre of the planet.
44
TOP: In 2005 large orographic white clouds were visible above

prominent features on Mars. Here we see Olympus Mons as a clear white
dot in the upper right quadrant with the clouds hovering over it.
MIDDLE: The 2007 apparition of Mars began with the planet shrouded in
a huge dust storm. This meant surface features were diffcult to resolve.
The dust storm cleared as the planet reached opposition.
BOTTOM: Beautiful wispy white clouds were on show during the 2012
opposition period, particularly over Olympus Mons and the Tharsis
volcano region, which are visible across the centre of the planet.
> Local dust storms are
another Martian feature to

look out for in large scopes.
Strong winds whip up the
surface dust and push it into
Marss atmosphere. These
dust storm areas appear
through the telescope as
dust storms
are
> Local
signifcantly
brighter
orangeanother Martian feature to
yellow
areas,
which
change
look out for in large scopes.
between
and the next.
Strong
windsone
whipday
up the
surface
dust
andmay
push mask
it into the normal albedo
The
dust
Marss
atmosphere.
Theseand these storms can
features
in an area
dust storm areas appear
sometimes even go global, turning the planet into
through the telescope as
an almostbrighter
featureless
signifcantly
orange-orange ball. One or two local
dust
events
may
be seen during this opposition,
yellow areas, which change
between
onebigger
day andglobal
the next.
but the
dust storms are not likely;
The
may
mask occur
the normal
albedo and September,
theydust
only
really
in August
features in an area and these storms can
when the planet is closer to the Sun and it receives
sometimes even go global, turning the planet into
extra
heat necessary
toOne
power
these
anthe
almost
featureless
orange ball.
or two
localevents.
dust events may be seen during this opposition,
but the bigger global dust storms are not likely;
they
only really
occur
August andthat
September,
Many
people
areinsurprised
ice clouds or haze
when the planet is closer to the Sun and it receives
sometimes
be seen
on Mars
you can read more
thecan
extra
heat necessary
to power
these events.
been seen
to poke holes
through the cloud
about the Red Planets atmosphere on page 34.
Chasing
clouds
layer. Imaging with a
These features
are seasonally related and again
been seen
Many
people
areimprove
surprisedtheir
that ice
clouds or haze
high frame rate camera
flters
help
contrast.
A blue flter
to poke holes
can sometimes be seen on Mars you can read more
(Wratten number #80A or #38A) is best to use here may be needed to make such
through the cloud
about the Red Planets atmosphere on page 34.
visible, as they will be small
as itfeatures
darkens
red areas
compared
more
Imaging features
with a
These
are the
seasonally
related
and again to thelayer.
this type of imaging allows you to see more on
bluish
cloud tends
appear in
the
high
frame rateand
camera
flters
helpclouds.
improve Hazy
their contrast.
A blue to
flter
to make
such
(Wratten
number #80A
#38A) is best
to so
usewill
here be may
planet
than you can through visual observing
early morning
andorevening,
and
seenbeatneededthe
features
visible,
as
they
will
be Mars,
small right).
as the
it darkens
the
red
areas
compared
to
the
more
(see Imaging
western or eastern edges of the planet. Blue
and this type of imaging allows you to see more on
bluish clouds. Hazy cloud tends to appear in the
A different type of cloud to the morning and
hazy clouds also occur around the polar regions,
so
the planet than you can through visual observing
early morning and evening, and so will be seen at
evening
hazes are the so-called orographic clouds,
entire
edge
of planet.
the planet
andImaging Mars,
right).
theexamine
western orthe
eastern
edges
of the
Blue with (see
which
form
high regions
and are sometimes
without
the
blue
flter
to
see
if
you
can
see
signs
A different type of cloud toover
the morning
and
hazy clouds also occur around the polar regions, so
evening
hazes
are
the
so-called
orographic
clouds,
examine
the
entire
edge
of
the
planet
with
and
seen centred on some of the larger Martian
of these changing atmospheric features.
which form over high regions and are sometimes
without the blue flter to see if you can see signs
volcanoes. During the 2005 opposition Olympus
During the 2012 opposition, an extensive area
seen centred on some of the larger Martian
of these changing atmospheric features.
Mons,
volcano
in the Solar System at
of
whitish
morning
cloud
was
evident
in
the
volcanoes. During
thethe
2005highest
opposition
Olympus
During the 2012 opposition, an extensive area
27km,
hadin
a persistent
orographic
cloud around
Tharsis
of Mars.
is the highest
Mons,
volcano
the Solar System
at
of low-lying
whitish morning
cloudregion
was evident
in theThis region
orographic
around
low-lying
Tharsis
region
of Mars.
This region
it that was
easily cloud
seen as
a small white patch.
home to
several
huge
volcanoes,
andisthese 27km,
have had a persistent
damian peach x 3, martin lewis x 4, dave holt, steve marsh x 3
damian peach x 3, martin lewis x 4, dave holt, steve marsh x 3
Chasing clouds
home to several huge volcanoes, and these have
it that was easily seen as a small white patch.
tHE four faCEs OF MARS
through a telescope, look for marss prominent features to work out which region you are
looking at. these images are from the 2012 apparition with the north pole at the bottom
tHE four faCEs OF MARS
through a telescope, look for marss prominent features to work out which region you are
looking at. these images are from the 2012 apparition with the north pole at the bottom
1 Syrtis Major
2 Mare Cimmerium
3 Eye of Mars
4 Mare Acidalium
(Central longitude: 320)
This is the classic view of Mars,

showing the prominent dark
wedge shape of the Syrtis Major
with the pipe-like Sinus Sabaeus
off to the right.
After 11 days, the Mare Cimmerium

is on view at the top. On the left,
cloud over Olympus Mons shows
up as a white patch. The
Amazonis desert flls the centre.
Ten days later, Solis Lacus, known

as the Eye of Mars, is seen at the
top left and the dark fngers of
Aurorae Sinus are seen upper left.
The Mare Acidalium is lower left.
Another seven days on and the

large shield-shaped Mare
Acidalium sits above the north
polar cap, while the Sinus Sabaeus
reappears on the left-hand side.
iMAging mars
1 Syrtis Major
2 Mare Cimmerium
3 Eye of Mars
4 Mare Acidalium
This is the classic view of Mars,

showing the prominent dark
wedge shape of the Syrtis Major
with the pipe-like Sinus Sabaeus
off to the right.
After 11 days, the Mare Cimmerium

is on view at the top. On the left,
cloud over Olympus Mons shows
up as a white patch. The
Amazonis desert flls the centre.
Ten days later, Solis Lacus, known

Another seven days on and the
as the Eye of Mars, is seen at the
large shield-shaped Mare
best
image
is to sits above the north
top The
left and
theway
darkto
fngers
of planets
Acidalium
Aurorae
Sinus
seenthrough
upper left.
cap, while the Sinus Sabaeus
record
a are
video
yourpolar
telescope
The using
Mare Acidalium
is lower
left.planetary
reappears on the left-hand side.
a high frame
rate
camera and a Barlow lens, then

A 3x Barlow
processing the resulting movie
attached to a high frame
to create a high-resolution still
rate planetary imaging camera
image. The fnal image uses only
the best moments of seeing and
The best way to image planets is to
interesting images through any driven
disregards
the poor ones, and reveals
record a video through
your telescope
telescope, although larger instruments
much
more
surface
detail
than
you
using a high frame rate planetary
will be able to show more detail.
camera and a Barlow
then
couldlens,
hope
to see through the
AMarss
3x Barlow
processing the resulting
movie
high surface brightness allows
eyepiece
of the same scope. For the
attached to a high frame
to create a high-resolution still
you to increase the image scale. For
best
images
you
can
even
try
using
an
rate planetary imaging camera
image. The fnal image uses only
cameras with the popular pixel size of
atmospheric
the best moments
of seeing anddispersion corrector,
5.6m,
try a Barlow lens that gives
interesting
images
through
any driven
which
reduces
the prismatic effect of
disregards the poor
ones,
and reveals
telescope,
although
larger
instruments
much more surface
detail
than
you
effective
focal ratios of f/25 to f/35,
our atmosphere; an important
will be able to show moreordetail.
could hope to see
through
the
even
up
to f/50 on exceptionally
consideration given Marss lower
Marss high surface brightness allows
eyepiece of the same scope. For the
steady
nights.
For cameras with smaller
thisusing
apparition.
you to increase the image scale. For
best images you altitude
can even try
an
pixel
sizes,
drop
these focal ratio
Colour
cameras give
slightly
less
cameras
with
the popular pixel size of
corrector,
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5.6m,
try
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thaneffect
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Planet
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they do dramatically speed up
or even up to f/50 on exceptionally
consideration given Marss lower
in
24
hours
and
37
minutes;
so long
and simplify both the steady
imaging
process
nights. For cameras with smaller
altitude this apparition.
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a
as ratio
you complete your imaging within
and
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follow-up
needed.
pixel sizes,
drop these focal
Colour cameras
give
less processing
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fve
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but they do dramatically
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24 hours and 37 minutes;
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and simplify both
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capture; as long as the atmosphere is
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spend
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steady
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should
be
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anything to paper. This will let you to tune into the
so
draw
50mm
circles
on
good-quality
cartridge
scene allowing details to slowly reveal themselves.
you observe.
Its also
worth using good
Itspaper
a goodbefore
idea to prepare
some blanks
in advance,
quality
HB,
B
and
perhaps
2B
pencils.
so draw 50mm circles on good-quality cartridge You could
paper
before
observe.pencils
Its also to
worth
usingsome
good of the
even
use you
coloured
depict
quality HB, B and perhaps 2B pencils. You could
different hues present if youre feeling ambitious.
even use coloured pencils to depict some of the
Mars
takes
24 ifhours
37ambitious.
minutes to complete
different
hues
present
youreand
feeling
a rotation,
youand
can37take
your
sketching
Stacking single frames from a video (left) creates a high-resolution image (right)
Mars
takes 24so
hours
minutes
to time
complete
a rotation,
so you
canon
take
yourchanges
time sketching
>
before the
face
show
noticeably. The
Stacking
single frames from a video (left) creates a high-resolution image (right)
before the face on show changes noticeably. The >
iMAging mars
46 mars at opposition april
traCking bAckwARdS
The planets orbiting the Sun farther than Earth
generally track slowly eastwards through the
constellations as the months pass. For several
weeks either side of opposition, however, they
appear to change direction and move westward,
before later resuming their eastward track.
The period where they seem to move in reverse
called retrograde
motion. It occurs
because
46ismars
at opposition
april
the faster-moving Earth overtakes a more
distant planet, making it appear to move
East
backwards against the stars. You might

see a similar effect on the motorway
when overtaking a slower moving car it
appears to move backwards against the
more distant scenery. During this apparition,
Mars moves in a retrograde direction from
27 February to 18 May, from six weeks
before opposition to six weeks after
opposition, before recommencing its
eastwards track towards Libra.
traCking bAckwARdS
The planets orbiting the Sun farther than Earth

Porrima
generally track slowly eastwards through the
see a similar effect on the
motorway
constellations as the months pass. For several
when overtaking a slower moving car it
1 Jan
weeks either side of opposition, however, they
appears to move backwards against the
appear to change direction and
move westward,
more distant scenery. During this apparition,
1 May from 1
before later resuming their eastward track.
Mars moves in a retrograde direction
The period where they seem to move in reverse

278February
to 18 May, from six weeks
Apr
is called retrograde motion. It occurs because
before opposition to six weeks after
(Opposition)
the faster-moving Earth overtakes a more
opposition, before recommencing its
distant planet, making it appear to move
eastwards track towards Libra.
East
East
West
Jun
Mars
1 Apr
1 Feb
VIRGO
West
backwards against the stars. You might
VIRGO
East
Porrima
Mars
1 Jul
Sun
Earth
1 Jan
1 Mar
1 May
8 Apr
(Opposition)
1 Jun
Spica
Marss path from

the beginning of year
through to July 2014
As Earth overtakes Mars, the Red Planet

appears to move backwards against the stars
Mars
1 Apr
Mars
the Martian day is about 40 minutes longer

> fact that
Sun
than
ours
on
Earth means that the planet appears to
Earth
rotate slowly backwards as the days pass. This
Marss path from
difference between a Martian day and an Earth day
the 14
beginning
of year This is
a little less than
arcseconds.
As Earth overtakes Mars, the Red Planet
through to July 2014
also backwards
means that
youthe
need
due to Marss elliptical orbit, which causes
appears to move
against
starsto wait about fve weeks for
the same face to come into view again if you observe
the Mars-to-Earth distance to be as little
as 0.37 AU or as much as 0.67 AU.
Mars at its highest each evening. A bit of planning is
> fact that the Martian day is about 40 minutes longer
needed,
if you to
want to see the whole of
than ours on Earth means
thattherefore,
the planet appears
3 Mar 2012
rotate slowly backwards
the days pass.
theasMartian
globeThis
this spring.
13.9 arcseconds
AppARent diamEtEr
1 Feb
1 Jul
1 Mar
Although Mars oppositions occur at

Spica
regular 26-month intervals, the apparent
size of the planet at this time can vary
widely, from just over 25 arcseconds to
Apr 2014
AppARent815.1diamEtEr
arcseconds
Although Mars oppositions occur at
regular 26-month intervals, the apparent
size of the planet at this time can vary
widely, from just over 25 arcseconds to
22 May 2016 8 Apr 2014

15.1 arcseconds
18.4 arcseconds
difference between a Martian day and an Earth day

also means that you need to wait about fve weeks for
same face to come into view again if you observe
Febthe
2027
Mars
will be
more
than 15
Mars
at its highest each
evening.
A bit
of planning
is arcseconds across from
13.8 arcseconds
April
and
the middle
of this period it will
needed, therefore, if 5-23
you want
to see
theinwhole
of
the Martian globe this
spring.
be highest in the sky half an hour after midnight.
a little less than 14 arcseconds. This is

due to Marss elliptical orbit, which causes
the Mars-to-Earth distance to be as little19
as 0.37 AU or as much as 0.67 AU.
3 Mar 2012
13.9 arcseconds
19 Feb 2027
13.8 arcseconds
r cur y
Me
Venus
Ear t h
e r cur y
Venus
M a rs
Ear t h
M a rs
chart by pete lawrence, illustrations by steve marsh
chart by pete lawrence, illustrations by steve marsh
22 May 2016
18.4 arcseconds
Brief opportunity
By the end of May, however, it will have shrunk to

Brief opportunity
less than 12 arcseconds across and will be an hour
Mars will be more than 15 arcseconds across from

its ofhighest
position
and in thepast
middle
this period
it will when it gets dark at 10pm.
165-23
JanApril
2025
be highest in the sky half
an hour
midnight.planet with its albedo features
Mars
is aafter
fascinating
14.5 arcseconds
By the end of May, however,
it will have
to changes, so make the most
and multitude
ofshrunk
seasonal
less than 12 arcseconds across and will be an hour
of April and May to see what you can make out on
past its highest position when it gets dark at 10pm.
16 Jan 2025
the
surface
this kindred
Mars is a fascinating
planet
with of
its albedo
features world. If you are able to,
14.5 arcseconds
makechanges,
some so
record
of the
and multitude of seasonal
make the
mostplanets details this time
of April and May to see
what you
make
outsee
on what changes occur between
around.
Youcan
can
then
the surface of this kindred
world.
If
you
are
able
to, time itll be at its closest. S
now and May 2016, the next
make
some
record
of
the
planets
details
this
time
8 Dec 2022
around. You can then see what changes occur between
17.0 arcseconds
now and May 2016, the next time itll be at its closest. S
8 Dec 2022
17.0 arcseconds
27 Jul 2018
24.2 arcseconds
27 Jul 2018
24.2 arcseconds
ABOUT THE WRITER
martin lewis is a keen astronomer.

as a frequent reviewer for our First
martin lewis is a keen astronomer.
Light section, he has an in-depth
as a frequent reviewer for our First
knowledge of observing the planets
Light section, he has an in-depth
all sorts of equipment.
knowledge of observing thewith
planets
ABOUT THE WRITER
13 Oct 2020
22.4 arcseconds
13 Oct 2020
22.4 arcseconds
with all sorts of equipment.
Dedicated Astronomy section now live on www.morrisphoto.co.uk

SKYWATCHER EXPLORER 130M
Magnifications (with optics supplied): x36,
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VISIONARY MIRA CETI 150 M2 MOTOR

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Dedicated Astronomy section now live on www.morrisphoto.co.uk

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WHERE TO STUDY THE

WHERE TO STUDY THE

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The sky guide APRIL 51
plus
Stephen Tonkins
BINOCULAR TOUR
Turn to page 62 for six
of this months best
binocular sights
plus
Stephen Tonkins
BINOCULAR TOUR
Turn to page 62 for six
of this months best
binocular sights
The
April
April
Sky
Guide
The
pete lawrence
pete lawrence
Sky Guide
Mars reaches opposition this month. At

this time, the planet will appear at its
Mars reachesbrightest
oppositionand
this largest
month. Atfor the current period
this time, the planet will appear at its
of observation. Located in the constellation of
brightest and largest for the current period
Written by Pete Lawrence
Virgo,
a telescope
will reveal
of observation.
Located
in the constellation
of tantalising details
as well as writing The Sky Guide, pete
Written by Pete Lawrence
on thiswillenigmatic
world.details
reveal tantalising
can be seen on The Sky at Night on Virgo,
BBc a telescope
as well as writing The Sky Guide, pete
Four. On page 64, he offers adviceon
on this enigmatic
can be seen on The Sky at Night on BBc
how
to
avoid
motion
blur
when
imaging
Four. On page 64, he offers advice on
with ablur
mono
high
frame rate camera.
how toMars
avoid motion
when
imaging
Mars with a mono high frame rate camera.
world.
52
Highlights
Your guide to the night sky this month
this icon indicates a good photo opportunity
Tuesday
the Moons crescent phase and libration make this a good
time to view crater Humboldt, pictured. See page 63.
52
Highlights
the best periods to take this months Deep-sky tour are from tonight
until the 7th and from the 24th until the 30th. See page 60.
Your guide to the night sky this month

this icon indicates a good photo opportunity
Tuesday
the Moons crescent phase and libration make this a good
time to view crater Humboldt, pictured. See page 63.
the best periods to take this months Deep-sky tour are from tonight
until the 7th and from the 24th until the 30th. See page 60.
sunday
the
waxing
crescent Moon
(45% lit) will lie just 6
south of Jupiter this
evening. at mag. 2.0
the planet
will be obvious
sunday
above the lunar
disc.
the
waxing
crescent Moon
(45% lit) will lie just 6
south of Jupiter this
evening. at mag. 2.0
the planet will be obvious
above the lunar disc.
Tuesday
Mars comes to
opposition in
Virgo. the planet has
an apparent diameter of 15.1
arcseconds and the north polar
cap should be fairly obvious
through a telescope. around
Tuesday
midnight,
the dark
V-shaped
Mars comes
to
feature
known
opposition
in as the Syrtis Major
Virgo.
thecoming
planet has
will be
into view.
10
10
Moon (81% lit) is mag. +1.3 regulus

(alpha (a) leonis). regulus should
arcseconds and the north polar
be easy to spot, but see if you can
cap should be fairly obvious
the fainter stars of the
also pick out
through a telescope. around Thursday
full
Sickle asterism,
which extend above
midnight, the dark V-shaped the almost
in the shape of a
feature known as the Syrtis Major
Moon regulus
(96% lit)
backwards question mark.
will be coming into view.
17
is just 2.5 from

Saturn this morning, low in the
southwest.
Both
objects will be
Thursday
thefrom
almost
full
visible
around
22:30 BSt
Moon
lit) april, with the
(21:30
Ut)(96%
on 16
is just 2.5 from
Moon slowly but surely closing
Saturn this morning, low in the
on the
planet
as dawn breaks.
southwest. Both
objects
will be
17
the dark
Martian
wednesday
feature known
dark
as the Syrtis Majorthe
is centrally
Martian
located on thefeature
planets
disc around
known
midnight.
a
small
telescope
can
as the Syrtis Major is centrally
located
on
the
planets
disc
around
show this V-shaped object well
midnight.
telescope
can with
but, asaissmall
always
the case
show this V-shaped object well
Mars, give your eye time to
but, as is always the case with
become
accustomed
Mars,
give your
eye time to to the view.
pete lawrence x 8
pete lawrence x 8
23
23
visible from around 22:30 BSt

(21:30 Ut) on 16 april, with the
Moon slowly but surely closing
on the
wednesday
planet as dawn breaks.
become accustomed to the view.
14
Thursday
monday
the bright star
tonights
5.5 to the north of
full Moon
the waxing gibbous
lies conveniently
Moon (81% lit) is mag. +1.3 regulus
between Mars and mag. +1.0
(alpha (a) leonis). regulus should
Spica (alpha (a) Virginis). the
be easy to spot, but see if you can
star should stand out despite the
also
pick
out
the
fainter
stars
of
the
Moons glare. Orange-hued
Thursday
monday
Sickle
asterism,
which
extend
above
Mars, shining at mag. 1.5, will
the bright star
tonights
regulus
in
the
shape
of
a
be even more obvious above the
5.5 to the north of
full Moon
the backwards
waxing gibbous
lies
conveniently
question mark.
Moons disc.
14
between Mars and mag. +1.0

Spica (alpha (a) Virginis). the
star should stand out despite the
Moons glare. Orange-hued
Mars, shining at mag. 1.5, will
be even more obvious above the
Moons disc.
19
saTurday
the eta aquariid
meteor shower
becomes active
from now until 28 May. the peak
zenithal hourly rate of this
saTurday
the eta aquariid
shower is typically 45 meteors
meteor shower
per hour. peak activity occurs
becomes active
early next month, on 6 May.
from now until 28 May. the peak
19
zenithal hourly rate of this

shower is typically 45 meteors
per hour. peak activity occurs
early next month, on 6 May.
26
27
26 27
saTurday
sunday
a lovely
the
sight
whirlpool
saTurday
awaits earlysunday
Galaxy, M51,
a lovely
risers:
the waning crescent Moon the is virtually overhead at midnight.
sight
whirlpool
(11% lit)
lies close to brilliant Venus
this is a great opportunity to get
awaits
early
Galaxy, M51,
in the Moon
dawn twilight.
look
for theat midnight.
better acquainted with this
risers: the waning crescent
is virtually
overhead
(11% lit) lies close topair
brilliant
Venus 05:00
this isBSt
a great
opportunity towonderful
get
around
(04:00
object.
in the dawn twilight.Ut);
lookthe
for the
better
acquainted
with
this
Moon will appear to the
pair around 05:00 BSt (04:00
wonderful object.
left of Venus from
the UK.
Ut); the Moon will appear to the
left of Venus from the UK.
what the team will be

observing in april
Pete Lawrence This months highlight has
to be the planet Mars and I intend to
catch it at every opportunity. I cant wait
The
skyoutside
guideand
APRIL
53 some images of
to get
take
this amazing planet.
wednesday
the familiar
plough asterism
is virtually overhead
around midnight. as the Moon is
not around, this is a great time to
investigate some of the deep-sky
objects on offer in this area,
such as the Owl nebula, shown
right, and the lovely galaxy pair
M81 and M82.
Chris Bramley There are two sights I want

to catch
this month. The frst is the Syrtis
what the team will
be
Major on Mars; I'll also have a sunlounger
observing in april
and sleeping bag at the ready on the 22nd,
theThis
April
Lyridhighlight
meteorhas
shower peaks.
Pete when
Lawrence
months
to be the planet Mars and I intend to

catch it at every Paul
opportunity.
I cant
money
Ill wait
be tracking and
to get outside and take some images of
photographing the motion of Ceres
this amazing planet.
wednesday
the familiar
plough asterism
Thursday
is virtually overhead
waxing
around midnight. as the the
Moon
is
crescent
not around, this is a great
time to Moon
investigate some of
the deep-sky
(18%
lit) lies close to the
objectsHyades
on offer open
in this area,
cluster in taurus this
such as the Owl nebula, shown
evening. look out for them around
right, and the lovely galaxy pair
21:30
M81 and
M82.BSt (20:30 Ut). the Moon
and
Vesta as they come to opposition this
Chris Bramley There
arein
two
sights not
I want
month
Virgo,
far from Mars.
to catch this month. The frst is the Syrtis

Major on Mars; I'll also have a sunlounger
and sleeping bag at the ready on the 22nd,
when the April Lyrid meteor shower peaks.
should also be showing earthshine,

which causes its dark portion to
become dimly visible.
Thursday
the waxing
crescent Moon
(18% lit) lies close to the
Hyades open cluster in taurus this
evening. look out for them around
21:30 BSt (20:30 Ut). the Moon
should also be showing earthshine,
which causes its dark portion to
become dimly visible.
need to know
Paul money Ill be tracking and

photographing the motion of Ceres and
Vesta
as they
come
to opposition
The
terms
and
symbolsthisused
month in Virgo, not far from Mars.
15
Tuesday
Dwarf planet
ceres and
minor planet
Vesta both come to opposition in
Virgo. See page 54.
15
in The Sky Guide
univeRSaL Time (uT) and BRiTiSH SummeR Time (BST)

Universal Time (UT) is the standard time used by astronomers around
the world. British Summer Time (BST) is one hour ahead of UT.
(RiGHT aSCenSion) and deC. (deCLinaTion)

need toRa
know
These coordinates are the night skys equivalent of longitude and
symbols used in The Sky Guide

You may
be able to seeThe
the terms
start of and
latitude, describing where an object lies on the celestial globe.
Tuesday
the penumbral
a total lunar Time (uT) and BRiTiSH SummeR Time (BST)
Dwarf phase
planet ofuniveRSaL
eclipse asceres
the Moon
sets
at 06:00
and
Universal
Time (UT) is the standard time used by astronomers around
HoW
To
TeLL
WHaT
equiPmenT
youLL need
minor planet
the world.
Time
(BST)
is one
hour ahead
of UT.
BSt (05:00
Ut). See page
55. British Summer
21
Vesta both come to opposition in

Virgo. See page 54.
22
Ra (RiGHT aSCenSion)naKed
and deC.
(deCLinaTion)
eye
These coordinates are the night
skys20
equivalent
offor
longitude
and to become dark-adapted
Allow
minutes
your eyes
Tuesday
mondayYou may be able to see the start of latitude, describing where an object lies on the celestial globe.
the enigmatically
tonight is
the penumbral phase of a total lunar
BinoCuLaRS
eclipse as the Moon sets at 06:00
named realm
the peak
HoW To TeLL WHaT equiPmenT
youLL need
10x50 recommended
of GalaxiesBSt
is (05:00 Ut). See page 55. of the annual
due south at 23:30 BSt (22:30
lyrid meteor shower, which is active
naKed eye
your eyes tooPPoRTuniTy
become dark-adapted
Ut). locatedmonday
within the asterism
from 16-26
april. the normal Allow
peak 20 minutes for PHoTo
Tuesday
the
enigmatically
tonight
is
known as the Bowl of Virgo, this
zenithal hourly rate for this shower
Use a CCD, planetary camera or standard DSLR
named
realmin faint
the peak
area of the sky
is rich
is 10 meteors
per hour, but BinoCuLaRS
10x50 recommended
of Galaxies is
of the annual
galaxies, many of which canlyrid
be meteorinfrequent
outbursts have been
due south at 23:30 BSt (22:30
shower, which is active
SmaLL/medium SCoPe
withwithin
a small
telescope. from 16-26recorded.
See page
Ut).seen
located
the asterism
april. the normal
peak 55.
PHoTo oPPoRTuniTy
Reflector/SCT under 6 inches, refractor under 4 inches
21
known as the Bowl of Virgo, this

area of the sky is rich in faint
galaxies, many of which can be
seen with a small telescope.
22
zenithal hourly rate for this shower

Use a CCD, planetary camera or standard DSLR
is 10 meteors per hour, but
infrequent outbursts have been
LaRGe SCoPe
SmaLL/medium SCoPe
recorded. See page 55.
wednesday
Reflector/SCT under Reflector/SCT
6 inches, refractorover
under64inches,
inches
30
30
refractor over 4 inches

Keep an
LaRGe SCoPe
eye out
Reflector/SCT over 6 inches, refractor over 4 inches
wednesdayfor a slender
an
and rather Keep
beautiful
waning
eye out
crescent
just after sunset.
forMoon
a slender
Once
the
Sun
has
dipped below
and rather beautiful waning
If youre new to astronomy, youll find two
crescent Moon
just
after
sunset.
the horizon, keep an eye out for
Once the Sun
has
dipped
below
essential reads on our website. Visit http://
mag. 1.7 Mercury very low
If youre new to astronomy, youll find two
the horizon, keep an eye out for
bit.ly/10_lessons for our 10-step guide to
down in the west-northwest.
essential reads on our website. Visit http://
mag. 1.7 Mercury very low
getting
started
bit.ly/10_lessons for our 10-step
guide
to and http://bit.ly/First_tel
down in the west-northwest.
for advice on choosing your first scope.
getting started and http://bit.ly/First_tel
Getting started
in astronomy
Getting started
in astronomy
for advice on choosing your first scope.
54
donT
miss
54
3 top sights
Ceres and Vesta at opposition
WHen: all month
donT
miss
mag. +5.9, increases to mag.

+5.8 around opposition before
falling back to mag. +5.9 again.
This places Vesta just within
the bounds of naked-eye
visibility under dark skies. Like
Ceres, Vesta is also in Virgo
b
Auva
and appears to be travelling
WHen: all month
along the same part of the sky.
1 May 78
1 May
At the start of the month, it
mag. +5.9, increases to mag.
21 Apr
Ceres
can be found just to the west of
21 Apr
+5.8 around opposition before
84
11 Apr
falling back to mag. +5.9 Tau
again.Virginis. it then heads on a
This
places
Vesta
just
within
similar
path to Ceres towards
11 Apr
Vesta
1 Apr
the bounds of naked-eye 78 Virginis, which it lies close
VIRGO
visibility under dark skies. Like
to by the end of April.
1 Apr
Ceres, Vesta is also in Virgo
CU
b
c
Auva
t
and appears to be travellingif you have clear skies and
92
DSLR, these close encounters
along the same part of thea sky.
Heze
1 May 78
1 May
At the start of the month,will
it give you a great opportunity
21 Apr
Ceres
can be found just to the west
of
21
Apr
to record
the journeys. A 100mm
84
Tau Virginis. it then heads on a
11 Apr
lens
will
produce
an image
similar path
to Ceres towards
11 Apr
Vesta
15 Apr
Mars
1 Apr
frame 12 across. Centre on

78 Virginis, which it lies close
to by the end of April. 84 Virginis and take as many
1 Apr
CU
c
t
shots as you can over the
eif you have clear skies and
92
a
DSLR, these close encounters
Heze
course of the month. Load them
will give you a great opportunity
1 Apr
into a layer-based image editor
to record the journeys. A 100mm
such as Photoshop or GimP as
lens will
produce an image
Ceres and vesta both pass 84 virginis during april, the star acting as a reference15point
to their
progress
Apr
Mars
frame 12 across. Centre separate

on
layers, then align
84 Virginisasand
common stars between frames.
of Ceres and classifed
a take as many
back in 2006, at the same time
NASAS DAwN miSSioN is
shots as you can over the
Finally, set the blend mode of
Despite
being
the international Astronomical e minor planet. course
approaching its second phase,
of the month. Load them
all images, except the lowest
smaller
than
Ceres,
Vesta
is
defnitions
of
with the spacecraft getting ever Union refned the
1 Apr
into a layer-based image editor
one,
brighter; in fact
theasbrightest
what makes a planet a planet.
closer to dwarf planet Ceres.
such
Photoshopof
or GimP
as to Lighten. This should
Ceres and vesta both pass 84 virginis during april, the star acting as a reference point to their progress
separate
layers,
then
align
reveal
the passage of Ceres and
all the minor planets. During
Dawn is due to reach Ceres
Both Ceres and minor planet
common
stars
between
frames.
of
Ceres
and
classifed
as
a
back
in
2006,
at
the
same
time
NASAS
DAwN
miSSioN
is
Vesta across the night sky.
April its magnitude starts at
in spring 2015, so we should
Vesta Dawns previous stop
Finally, set the blend mode of
the international Astronomical minor planet. Despite being
approaching its second phase,
know
lot moreofabout
thisthan Ceres, Vesta is
are
in the same
partever
of theUnion
sky refned
all images, except the lowest
smaller
theadefnitions
with
the spacecraft
getting
amazing
world
next
year.
and
enter
opposition
on
the
15th.
brighter; in fact the brightest of one, to Lighten. This should
what makes a planet a planet.
closer to dwarf planet Ceres.
reveal the passage of Ceres and
all the at
minor planets. During
to reachstarts
Ceres the month
Both Ceres
Ceres and
wasminor
onceplanet
the king Dawn
of is due Ceres
Vesta across the night sky.
its magnitude starts at
we should
Vesta
Dawns planets.
previous stop
mag.so+7.1,
making itApril
an easy
theminor
with a in spring 2015,
are in the same part of the sky know a lot more about this
diameter of just under 1,000km, binocular target. it brightens
and enter opposition on the 15th. amazing world next year.
by athe
tiny
amount
to mag. +7.0
its a was
body
massive
for
Ceres starts
month
at
Ceres
once
the kingenough
of
on 15 April,
to mould
mag.a+7.1,around
making itopposition
an easy
thegravity
minor planets.
withitsa shape into
binocular before
target. itdropping
brightens back to mag.
diameter
just under 1,000km,
sphere.ofUltimately
this led to
by a tiny amount
to mag.
itsCeres
a bodybeing
massivepromoted
enough for from
+7.1 again
by+7.0
the end of the
gravity to mould its shape into a around opposition on 15 April,
month.
Throughout
April it
minor
planet
to
dwarf
planet
before dropping back to mag.
sphere. Ultimately this led to
from
just north of mag.
+7.1 againmoves
by the end
of the
Ceres being promoted from
+4.2
Tau
(t)
Virginis to a
minor planet to dwarf planet
need To know month. Throughout April it
moves from
just
north
of
mag. mag. +5.4
position between
an objects brightness is+4.2 Tau (t) Virginis to a
need To know
84 Virginis and ffth-magnitude
given
by its magnitude. the position between
mag. +5.4
an objects
brightnessthe
is brighter
variable
star 78 Virginis.
lower
the number,
84
Virginis
and
ffth-magnitude
given by its magnitude. the
the
object:
with
the
naked
eye
is Vesta, a body with
variable star Nearby
78 Virginis.
lower the number, the brighter
can
see
the you
object:
with
thedown
naked to
eyemag. +6.0.
Nearby ais mean
Vesta, adiameter
body with just half that
at mag. +5.9 for much of the month, vesta is near naked-eye visibility
3 top sightsVIRGO
pete lawrence x 4
pete lawrence x 4
Ceres and Vesta at opposition
you can see down to mag. +6.0.
a mean diameter just half that
at mag. +5.9 for much of the month, vesta is near naked-eye visibility
April Lyrid meteor shower

WHen: 16-26 april; peak occurs on the 22nd
HERCULES
Total lunar eclipse
15 Apr
April Lyrids
Radiant
Vega
April Lyrid meteor shower
20 Apr
22 Apr
Deneb
Summer
Triangle
25 Apr
CYGNUS
LYRA
HERCULES
VULPECULA
Keyston
15 Apr
April Lyrids
Radiant
Vega
SAGITTA
20 Apr
22 Apr
gle
AQUILA
25 Apr
Trian
Summer
CYGNUS
ta
Al
DELPHINUS
ir
LYRA
VULPECULA
The shower radiant lies between the Summer Triangle and Keystone asterisms
SAGITTA
lyrids
occur roughly every 60
years, with 700 meteors
per hour
AQUILA
recorded in 1803. sadly, the
DELPHINUS
last one was in 1982, so were

not expecting to see anything
out of the ordinary this time.
ta
ir
Thatcher. its meteors appear

from the evening sky on the
to emanate from a location
22nd; it rises at around 03:15
slightly off to the west of mag.
BsT (02:15 UT) on the 23rd,
0.0 Vega (Alpha (a) lyrae),
when it will show a waning
with an average trail
crescent (41% lit) phase.
brightness of mag. +2.0.
The April lyrids typically
WHen:
05:30
uT) from
on 15theapril
Outbursts
April
show
a peakFrom
of around
10 BST (04:30
Keyston
Al
meteors per hour. This is the

The April lyrids are one
zenithal hourly rate the
of the regular annual meteor
value that indicates the
showers and a welcome break
from the relatively sparse period number of meteors youd see
if the shower radiant, where
of meteor activity that occurs
the meteors appear to emanate
at the start of the year. The
from, were directly overhead.
shower is active from 16-26
The zenithal hourly rate
April, peaking on the 22nd.
fgure is only a guide, however,
The Moon is going to
WHen:
16-26
april;
peak
occurs
on
the
22nd
as it assumes perfect skies and
interfere at the start of this
period, being fractionally past the fact that you can see the
meteors per hour. This is the
The April lyrids are one
entire sky in one go which
full on the night of the 16th,
zenithal hourly rate the
of the regular annual meteor
you cant!
rising
at
21:50
BsT
(20:50
UT).
value thatunfortunately
indicates the
showers and a welcome break
however,
oversparse
the next
days ofConsequently,
meteors youd seethe visually
from
the relatively
periodfewnumber
if the shower
radiant,rate
where
of the
meteor
activity
that occurs
observed
will be lower.
Moons
decrease
in phase,
the meteors appear
to
emanate
at the
start
of
the
year.
The
The April lyrids are a result
coupled with it slipping
from, were directly overhead.
shower is active from 16-26
of
earth
passing
the
farther
to
the
south
and
east
Deneb
The zenithal
hourly
rate through
April, peaking on the 22nd.
dust
stream
spread along the
in the
sky,
will aid
a guide,
however,
The
Moon
is going
to meteorfgure is only
as it assumes
perfect
skies and
interfere
at theThe
startMoon
of this is absent
orbit
of comet
C/1861 G1
visibility.
the
fact
that
you
can
see
the
period,
being
fractionally
past
Thatcher. its meteors appear
from the evening sky on the
entire sky in one go which
full on the night of the 16th,
to emanate from a location
22nd; it rises at around 03:15
rising at 21:50 BsT (20:50 UT). unfortunately you cant!
slightly
off to the west of mag.
BsT (02:15
UT)
Consequently,
the visually
however,
over the
nexton
fewthe
days23rd,
0.0
Vega
it decrease
will show
a waning
observed rate will be(Alpha
lower. (a) lyrae),
thewhen
Moons
in phase,
lyrids
a resulttrail
coupled
with(41%
it slipping
with
an are
average
crescent
lit) phase. The April
of
earth
passing
through
farther
to
the
south
and
east
brightness ofthe
mag. +2.0.
The April lyrids typically
dust stream spread along the
in the sky, will aid meteor
Outbursts
from
the April
show
a
peak
of
around
10
orbit of comet C/1861 G1
visibility. The Moon is absent
The shower radiant lies between the Summer Triangle and Keystone asterisms
lyrids occur roughly every 60

years, with 700 meteors per hour
recorded in 1803. sadly, the
last one was in 1982, so were

not expecting to see anything
out of the ordinary this time.
hint of shading from the

A ToTAL LUNAR eclipse
penumbral part of the eclipse
takes place on 15 April.
cant be predicted with
Unfortunately the main part
certainty, but its always worth
occurs after the moon has set
going out to have a look.
for observers in the UK, but
WHen: From 05:30 BST (04:30 uT) on 15 april
hint
of
shading
from
the
A ToTAL LUNAR
eclipse
Locate the full moon at
you may be able to catch the
penumbral
takes place on 15 beginning
April.
05:30 BST (04:30 UT) and you
of the
event. part of the eclipse
cant be predicted with
Unfortunately the main part
The
partbut
of its
thealways should
certainty,
worth see bright mars off to
occurs after the moon
hasmain,
set dark
the
right and fainter, mag.
shadow,
known
as
the
umbra,
going out to have a look.
for observers in the UK, but
Locate
the full
you may be able to
catch the
begins
to cross the
lunar
discmoon at+1.0 Spica (Alpha (a)
05:30 BST
(04:30
you
beginning of the at
event.
Virginis),
just 1 from the
06:58 BST (05:58
UT),
by UT) and
should see bright mars off to
The main, dark part of the
moons centre, off to the lower
which point the moon will be
the right and fainter, mag.
shadow, known as the umbra,
no
longer
visible
from
the
UK.
+1.0 Spica (Alpha (a) left. As the moon gets closer
begins to cross the lunar disc
to the horizon it will be nicely
But
webyshouldVirginis),
be able just
to see
1 from the
at 06:58 BST (05:58
UT),
moons
lower in the Belt of Venus
which point the moon
will be outer
the fainter,
partcentre,
of off to thelocated
left.
As
the
moon
gets
closer
no longer visible from
the
UK.
the projection of the closer
Earths shadow, known as the
to the horizon it will be nicely
But we should be able to see
part of Earths shadow in the
penumbra,
begin
to
encroach
located in the Belt of Venus
the fainter, outer part of
atmosphere.
on theaslunar
the projection of the closer
Earths shadow, known
the disc.
The
penumbra
frst
starts
part of Earths shadow in the
penumbra, begin to encroach
need To know
atmosphere.
on the lunar disc.to cross the edge
of the moon
the planets of the Solar
The penumbra frst starts
at 05:53 BST (04:53need
UT), To
when
know
System occupy similar orbital
to
cross
the
edge
of
the
moon
The orionids peak on 21
planetsthe
of the Solar planes; it is this co-planar nature
the moon is still 2the
above
at 05:53
System occupy similar orbital
october,
but youll
haveBST
to (04:53 UT), when
that allows us to see conjunctions
The orionids peak on 21
west-southwest
the moon is still UKs
2 above
the
planes; ithorizon.
is this co-planar nature
with
october, butcontend
youll have
to a bright moon
from our perspective on earth.
us to see conjunctions
west-southwest
horizon.we getthat
whether
toallows
see any
mag. +1.0 Spica sits below and leftcontend
of the with
moon
as the
eclipse UKs
begins
a bright
moon
Total lunar eclipse
mag. +1.0 Spica sits below and left of the moon as the eclipse begins
whether we get to see any
from our perspective on earth.
56
BOTES
The planets
Arcturus
a
Vindemiatrix
Pick of The monTh
56
MARs
BeST Time in aPRiL:

8 April, 01:22 BST (00:22 UT)
aLTiTude: 31
LoCaTion: Virgo
diReCTion: South
ReCommended equiPmenT:
Pick
of
Thetelescope
monTh
6-inch or
larger
FeaTuReS oF inTeReST:
MARs
Polar caps, dark markings,
BeST
Time in
aPRiL:
clouds
and
dust storms.
The planets
g
c
BOTES
Arcturus
LEO30th
Mars
1st
a
VIRGO
d
Porrima
Heze
Vindemiatrix
Zavijava
VIRGO
8 April, 01:22 BST (00:22 UT)

mARS REAChES
oPPoSiTioN on
aLTiTude:
31
8 April and
is visible all night long. on
LoCaTion:
Virgo
diReCTion:
South
this date the
planet will be in the opposite
ReCommended
part of the skyequiPmenT:
to the Sun and appear
6-inch
larger telescope
at itsorbrightest
for the current
FeaTuReS
oFobservation
inTeReST:
period of
Polar caps, dark markings,
at mag. 1.5.
clouds and dust storms.
Zavijava
Spica
b
g
CORVUS
Porrima
30th
Heze throughout april; it wont be hard to find, blazing away at a brilliant mag. 1.5
mars stays in virgo
Mars
the martian equivalent of the Greenwich

V points north. weve
indicated a
1st
meridian on the martian globe. Another
couple of times to look out for
(this time bright) feature that should be
the Syrtis
in this
Spica
a major
fairly easy to spot with a small telescope is
months highlights
CORVUS the planets north polar cap.
calendar on pages
mars continues to get closer to Earth
52-53. it is just one
mars stays in virgo throughout april; it wont be hard to find, blazing away at a brilliant mag. 1.5
and so appear larger through a telescope
of several features
about
a week following opposition. on
appear
dark
martian
equivalentfor
of the
Greenwich
V points north. weve indicated a that the
meridian
on the martian
theglobe.
15th Another
the planet achieves an apparent
couple of times to look out for
against
marss
(thisdeserts.
time bright) feature
that should
be arcseconds. Though this
the Syrtis major in this lighter
diameter
of 15.2
fairly easy to spot with a small telescope is
months highlights
is not much more than that shown on the
Roughly four
the planets north polar cap.
calendar on pages
8th,
where
mars is concerned every little
hours
mars
continues to get
closer
to Earth
52-53. it is just oneand a half
bit
is
most
welcome.
after
the
Syrtis
major
and so appear larger through a telescope
of several features
about a week
onthe month, mars is mag.
that appear dark
Atopposition.
the end of
is on thefor
centreline
of following
15thathe planet achieves
against marss
1.2, an
hasapparent
the planetsthe
disc,
diameter of 15.2 arcseconds. Though this
lighter deserts.
arcseconds and sits 1.5 from mag. +3.4
smaller two-pronged
feature
is not much more than that shown on the
Roughly four
Porrima
(Gamma
(g) Virginis). For more
comes
into
view;
one
of
the
8th, where mars is concerned every
little
marss north polar and a half hours
prongs
is known
Sinus
bitthe
is most
welcome. tips on observing mars at opposition, turn
the Syrtis
major as
cap should be after
At
the
end
of the month,
mars
is mag. feature on page 41.
is
on
the
centreline
of
to our
in-depth
an easy spot
meridiani. This feature marks
At the start of
mARS
REAChES
oPPoSiTioN on
the month
mars
8 April and is visible all night long. on
appears to be 14.7
this date the planet will be in the opposite
arcseconds
part
of the sky toacross
the Sun and appear
at its
brightest
for the current
when
viewed
period
of observation
through
a
at mag. 1.5.
telescope. At this
At the start of
small scope
thescale,
montha mars
should
be
capable of
appears to be 14.7
arcseconds
across
revealing
the main
when
viewed on the planet,
markings
through a
such as the V-shaped Syrtis
telescope. At this
major.
The
V description only
scale,
a small
scope
really
should
be works
capable in
of an inverted
revealing
the
main
telescopic view as the tip of the
1.2, has an apparent diameter of 14.6
markings on the planet,
the planets disc, a
arcseconds and sits 1.5 from mag. +3.4
such as the V-shaped Syrtis
smaller two-pronged feature
Porrima
(Gamma (g) Virginis). For more
major. The V description only
comes
into
view;
one
of
the
marss north polar
tips on observing mars at opposition, turn
really works in an inverted
prongs is known as the Sinus
cap should be
to our in-depth feature on page 41.
an easy spot
telescopic view as the tip of the
meridiani. This feature marks
The phase, tilt and relative sizes of the planets in April. Each planet is shown with south at the top, to show what it looks like through a telescope
pete lawrence x 2
pete lawrence x 2
LEO
How the planets will appear this month
venuS
maRS
JuPiTeR
How the planets
will
appear
this
month
15 apr
15 apr
15 apr
SaTuRn
15 apr
The phase, tilt and relative sizes of the planets in April. Each planet is shown with south at the top, to show what it looks like through a telescope
meRCuRy
1 apr
venuS
15 apr
maRS
15 apr
JuPiTeR
15 apr
SaTuRn
15 apr
meRCuRy
1 aprmeRCuRy
uRanuS
15 apr
nePTune
15 apr
noT viSiBLe
noT viSiBLe
uRanuS
15 apr
nePTune
15 apr
noT viSiBLe
noT viSiBLe
15 apr
meRCuRy
15 apr
meRCuRy
30 apr
meRCuRy
30 apr
0
0
10
20 30 40
aRCSeCondS
10
50
20 30 40
aRCSeCondS
50
MeRCURy
up in the southwest as the

sky darkens. At the start of
BeST Time in aPRiL:
April the planet shows a
30 April, 21:00 BST
38-arcsecond disc when
(20:00 UT)
viewed through a telescope,
aLTiTude: 1 (low)
plenty big enough to show
LoCaTion: Aries
some great detail even with
diReCTion: West-northwest
small instruments. on the
mercury spends most of the
6th, the waxing crescent
month poorly placed in the
Using a small scope youll be able to spot Saturns biggest moons.
morning sky, with both planet moon (45% lit) lies 6 below
their
positions change dramatically during the month, as shown on
and Sun rising at approximately the planet. By the end of the
the diagram. the line by each date on the left represents midnight.
month, the distance between
the same time. Superior
up in the southwest as the
MeRCURy
us and Jupiter will have
conjunction occurs on the sky
26th
DATE
WEST
EAST
darkens. At the start of
BeST Time in aPRiL:
increased,
in the
the21:00
prospects
April the planet
shows resulting
a
30and
April,
BST for spotting
1
slightly
mercury
are planet
38-arcsecond
disc appearing
when
(20:00
UT) in the evening sky
2 nS mo onS
viewed through
a telescope,
smaller
at 35 arcseconds S a T u R
aLTiTude:
1 (low)
much better.
See if you can catch
enough to
show
LoCaTion:
Aries
and
slightly fainter at
a glimpse
of the mag. 1.7plenty bigacross,
3
some great detail even with
diReCTion: West-northwest
mag.
1.9.
The
planet
remains
planet
very
low
on
the
westsmall instruments. on the
mercury spends most of the
4
in Gemini
all month.
northwest
horizon
shortly after
6th, the waxing
crescent
month
poorly placed
in the
Using a small scope youll be able to spot Saturns biggest moons.
moon (45% lit) lies 6 below
sunsetsky,
at the
the month.
morning
withend
bothof
planet
5
S aT u R n S m o o n S
April
April
and Sun rising at approximately the planet. By the end of the

month, the distance between
the same time. Superior
VeNUs
sATURN
conjunction occurs on the 26th us and Jupiter will have
BeST
Time
in
aPRiL:
Time
in aPRiL:
increased,BeST
resulting
in the
and the prospects for spotting
25 and
26evening
April,sky
05:20
BST appearing
30 April,
02:00 BST
slightly
mercury
in the
are planet
35 arcseconds
much
better. See
(04:20
UT)if you can catch smaller at(01:00
UT)
across, and
slightly fainter
a glimpse
of the5
mag.
1.7
aLTiTude:
(low)
aLTiTude:
21at
mag. 1.9. The planet remains
planet very low on the westLoCaTion: Aquarius
LoCaTion: Libra
northwest horizon shortly after in Gemini all month.
diReCTion:
East
diReCTion: South
sunset
at the end of
the month.
their positions change dramatically during the month, as shown on

the diagram. the line by each date on the left represents midnight.
DATE
10
NOT VISIBLE THIS MONTH

URANUs, NepTUNe
feld of view calculator on our website at:

http://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/astronomy-tools
http://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/astronomy-tools
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
3
See what the planets look like through your telescope with the
3
feld of
calculator
on our website
See what the planets
lookview
like through
your telescope
with the at:
Tethys
EAST
11
Venus is a morning object that Sitting in the constellation

6
VeNUs
shines brighter than mag. sATURN
4.0 of Libra, Saturn doesnt get
BeST
in aPRiL:
BeST Timevery
in aPRiL:
7
allTime
month.
Despite this, the
high above the UKs
25 and 26 April, 05:20 BST 30 April, 02:00 BST
planets aspect as seen from
southern horizon, even 8when
(04:20 UT)
(01:00 UT)
the UK5is (low)
worsening; its quite
aLTiTude:
aLTiTude:due
21 south. Dont let that9deter
LoCaTion:
Aquarius
LoCaTion:
Libra
low in the
dawn twilight prior
you
though. if you have
10a
diReCTion:
East
diReCTion:
South
to sunrise. A telescope will
telescope, its defnitely worth
11
Venus is a morning object that Sitting in the constellation
now show its disc to have a
trying to get a view of this
shines brighter than mag. 4.0 of Libra, Saturn doesnt get
12
phase.this,
At the
the startvery high beautiful
planet.
allgibbous
month. Despite
above the UKs
of April,
tosouthern
be
At theeven
start
of April, 13
Saturn
planets
aspectVenus
as seenappears
from
horizon,
when
the22
UK
is worsening;across
its quite
that deter
arcseconds
with due
a south.isDont
mag.let+0.6
and its disc
14
lowphase
in the of
dawn
twilight
prior end,
you though.
if you have
a 18 arcseconds
54%.
By month
appears
to be
15
to sunrise. A telescope will
telescope, its defnitely worth
this
will
have
changed
to
across.
it
rises
at
22:30
BST
now show its disc to have a
trying to get a view of this
16
17
arcseconds
and
a
phase
of
(21:30
UT)
on
the
1st
and
gibbous phase. At the start
beautiful planet.
17
Look appears
out fortoattractive
manages
toSaturn
reach its highest
of 66%.
April, Venus
be
At the start
of April,
22conjunctions
arcseconds across
with a Venus
is mag. +0.6
and in
its disc
between
point
the sky, 21 up18
and
phase
of
54%.
By
month
end,
appears
to
be
18
arcseconds
and the waning crescent moon due south, in darkness.19The
this will have changed to
across. it rises at 22:30 BST
the east-southeast
sky UT)almost
fulland
moon lies just
20
17 in
arcseconds
and a phase ofdawn(21:30
on the 1st
on
the
25th
and
26th.
2
from
Saturn
in
the
early
66%. Look out for attractive
manages to reach its highest
21
conjunctions between Venus
point in the
sky, 21
hours
of up
17 and
April. Look out
22
and
the waning crescent moon due south,for
in darkness.
the pair The
low in the
JUpITeR
in the east-southeast dawn sky almost full moon lies just
23
southwest at around 05:30
BeST Time in aPRiL:
on the 25th and 26th.
2 from Saturn in the early
BST
(04:30
end
1 April, 21:30 BST
hours of 17
April.
LookUT).
out At the 24
oflow
theinmonth,
Saturn is25
(20:30 UT)
for the pair
the
JUpITeR
southwestvisible
at around
BeST
Time in aPRiL:
all05:30
night long and
aLTiTude:
52
26
BST (04:30this
UT).isAtthe
the best
end time to try
1 April,
21:30 BST
LoCaTion:
Gemini
27
of the month, Saturn is
(20:30 UT)
get a view of it.
diReCTion: Southwest visible all and
night long and
aLTiTude: 52
28
Jupiter isGemini
best seen at the start
this is the best time to try
LoCaTion:
29
of April,Southwest
when its impressive
NOTof VISIBLE
THIS MONTH
and get a view
it.
diReCTion:
Jupiter
is
best
seen
at
the
start
mag. 1.2 dot can be seen 52

URANUs, NepTUNe
30
of April, when its impressive
mag. 1.2 dot can be seen 52
WEST
Tethys
Dione
Rhea
2
0
arcminutes
Dione
Titan
1
1
2 arcminutes
3
Rhea
Iapetus
Titan
Saturn
Iapetus
Saturn
58
The Northern Hemisphere

WHen to use this chart
RT
O
N
Ve
g
19
19
26
Ve
g
D
to eep
ur, -sk
p5 y
7
D
to eep
ur, -sk
p5 y
7
13
27
26
LIBRA
20
20
25
27
NA S
RO ALI
COORE
B
et
rcl
e
y
sto
ne
Ci
eb
Den
13
13
18
rcl
et
39
92
Ci
M5
16th
rn
Satu
rn
Satu
LIBRA
S
EA
30
R
LY
12
17 12
sunday
11
Op
24
25
Sum
ES
UL
RC
11
saturday
P
CA
M5
H
UT
SO
new moon
new moon
NA S
RO ALI
COORE
B
10
18
24
30
thi
ton
e
29
13
friday
23
29
ge
RasKael
ys
23
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21 apr 2014, 01:54 Bst
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05
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01 may 2014
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17 apr 2014, 23:02 Bst
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2014, 07:23
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21 apr 2014
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11 apr 2014
MILKY WAY
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*times correct for the centre of the uK
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& FAINTER
FIELD OF VIEW
MILKY WAY
gu
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ha
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05:35 Bst
Ra
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01 may 2014
05 apr 2014, 09:58 Bst

21 apr 2014, 01:54 Bst
monday
tuesday wednesday thursday
friday
09 apr 2014, 13:51 Bst
25 apr 2014, 04:05 Bst
1
2
3
4
13 apr 2014, 18:17 Bst
29 apr 2014, 05:52 Bst
MAG. +3
W COMPASS AND
FIELD OF VIEW
21 apr 2014
20:03 Bst
*times
correct
theBst
centre17ofapr
the2014,
uK 23:02 Bst
01 apr
2014, for
07:23
MAG. +3
06:20 Bst
moonrise times
MAG. 0
& BRIGHTER
11 apr 2014
09 apr 2014, 13:51 Bst
MAG. +1
STAR BRIGHTNESS:
MAG. +2
19:45 Bst
THe MOOn in13aPril*

apr 2014, 18:17 Bst
QUASAR
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01 apr 2014
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01 apr 2014
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CONSTELLATION
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60
Deep-sky tour
Theres much more to see in the skies around Libra than the ringed wonder of Saturn
Tick the box when youve seen each one
60
If you have a large scope,
look for the strings of stars
streaming from M5s core
Deep-sky tour
Theres much more to see in the skies around Libra than the

If you have a large scope,
look for the strings of stars
streaming from M5s core
Continue south from Palomar 5 and youll

reach the constellation of Libra and our next
target mag. +2.6 Zubeneschamali (Beta () Librae).
This star is distinct because of reports that it appears
to have a green tint. If true, this makes it the only
greenish star in the sky visible to the naked eye.
A star with peak output in the green part of the
ringed wonder of spectrum
Saturn also emits blue and red light. Consequently,
our eyes fail to see just green. So does Zubeneschamali
actually look green? The only way to tell is to take a
look yourself. SEEN IT
ZubENESchaMalI
CHArT And PHOTO: PeTe LAWrenCe
CHArT And PHOTO: PeTe LAWrenCe
M5
Our first port of call this month is the rather

wonderful globular cluster known as M5.
Located within the constellation of Serpens Caput,
quite close to the border with Virgo, M5s appearance
an eyepiece is on a par with better-known
M5 through
M13
in
Hercules.
A small scope shows M5 to be
Our first port of call this month is the rather
condensed,
withcluster
a hint
of star
resolution at the edges.
wonderful
globular
known
as M5.
LocatedAwithin
the telescope
constellationatof200x
Serpens
Caput,
6-inch
magnification
should be
quite close
to the border
with Virgo,
appearance
capable
of resolving
the M5s
cluster
to the core, revealing
through an eyepiece is on a par with better-known
many distinctive strings of stars. This is one of the oldest
M13 in Hercules. A small scope shows M5 to be
globular
known
withatan
age of
condensed,
with aclusters
hint of star
resolution
the estimated
edges.
SEEN IT should be
13telescope
billion years.
A 6-inch
at 200x
magnification
capable of resolving the cluster to the core, revealing

many distinctive strings of stars. This is one of the oldest
globular clusters known with an estimated age of
13 billion years. SEEN IT
PaloMar 5
Our next target is also a globular cluster, but

this one is at the other end of the brightness
PaloMar
5 as Palomar 5, this globular appears
scale. Known
Our
next
target
also aaglobular
cluster,
but and as such
as little moreisthan
smudge
of light,
this one is at the other end of the brightness
is bestasseen
with5,large
aperture
scopes or via imaging.
scale. Known
Palomar
this globular
appears
hasthan
magnitude
butasissuch
spread out, so its
as littleItmore
a smudgeof
of +11.8
light, and
is best seen
with brightness
large aperture
or viait imaging.
surface
is scopes
low. Find
2.3 to the southwest
It has magnitude
of +11.8
but is
is spread
so its by the gravitation
of M5. The
cluster
being out,
disrupted
surface brightness is low. Find it 2.3 to the southwest
of the Milky Way and there is evidence of streams of
of M5. The cluster is being disrupted by the gravitation
starsWay
leaving
it. For
a while of
it streams
was thought
to be a
of the Milky
and there
is evidence
of
dwarfit.galaxy.
it SEEN
IT to be a
stars leaving
For a while
was thought
dwarf galaxy. SEEN IT
ZubENESchaMalI
Continue south from Palomar 5 and youll

reach the constellation of Libra and our next
target mag. +2.6 Zubeneschamali (Beta () Librae).
This star is distinct because of reports
that
it appears
One of
the
few deep-sky objects in the heart
to have a green tint. If true, this makes it the only
of
Libra
is
globular
cluster nGC 5897 look
greenish star in the sky visible to the naked eye.
it 1.5
A star with peak output for
in the
greensoutheast
part of the of mag. +4.5 Iota () Librae.
spectrum also emits bluenGC
and red
light.isConsequently,
5897
a broad, diffuse globular that can
our eyes fail to see just green.
Zubeneschamali
only So
be does
partially
resolved, but at mag. +8.6 is
actually look green? The only way to tell is to take a
considerably easier to identify than Palomar 5.
look yourself. SEEN IT
NGc 5897
The core looks quite uniform in brightness with no

obvious central condensation. Brighter core stars
NGc 5897 can be made out individually, but the many fainter
One of the few deep-sky objects in the heart
members merge together like a nebulous haze.
of Libra is globular cluster nGC 5897 look
There
is a
notable
triple pattern of mag. +11.5 to
for it 1.5 southeast of mag.
+4.5
Iota
() Librae.
mag. +13.5
located north-northwest of the
nGC 5897 is a broad, diffuse
globularstars
that can
only be partially resolved,
but at mag.
+8.6
is SEEN IT
clusters
centre.
considerably easier to identify than Palomar 5.

The core looks quite uniform in brightness with no
obvious central condensation. Brighter core stars
can be made out individually, but
the many
fainterchallenging object located
Theres
another
members merge together like a nebulous haze.
3 to the southeast of nGC 5897, a mag. +11.6
There is a notable triple pattern of mag. +11.5 to
nebula
known as Merrill 2-1. This is a
mag. +13.5 stars locatedplanetary
north-northwest
of the
spot: the nebula is relatively faint, quite small
clusters centre. SEENtricky
IT
MErrIll 2-1
and located extremely close to a mag. +11.2 star.

Theres a mag. +9.9 star designated SAO 183407
Theres another challenging
object located
50 arcseconds
to the west that serves as a good
3 to the southeast of nGC 5897, a mag. +11.6
pointer to the area. Once youve found the nebula
planetary nebula known as Merrill 2-1. This is a
its close
+11.2 star, dont be afraid to
tricky spot: the nebula isand
relatively
faint,mag.
quite small
pile to
ona the
At 150x magnification the
and located extremely close
mag.magnification.
+11.2 star.
Theres a mag. +9.9 starnebula
designated
willSAO
start183407
to look like a slightly blurred star.
50 arcseconds to the west
as ascope
good at 200x magnification is needed
A that
6- toserves
8-inch
pointer to the area. Once youve found the nebula
to show it convincingly. SEEN IT
MErrIll 2-1
and its close mag. +11.2 star, dont be afraid to

pile on the magnification. At 150x magnification the
nebula will start to look like a slightly blurred star.
A 6- to 8-inch scope at 200x magnification is needed
to show it convincingly. SEEN
IT final object is double
Our
18 lIbraE
star 18 Librae.
The primary star is a mag. +5.9 orange
giant that lies 316 lightyears from the Sun. It is
18 lIbraE
to Librae.
locate, being the third point in a
Our final object isfairly
doubleeasy
star 18
The primary star issquat
a mag.
+5.9 orange
isosceles
triangle that also includes
giant that lies 316 lightyears from the Sun. It is
Zubeneschamali (our third stop) and mag. +2.8
fairly easy to locate, being the third point in a
Zubenelgenubi
squat isosceles triangle that
also includes (Alpha () Librae); the slightly
brighter
mag.
Zubeneschamali (our third stop) and
mag.+5.8
+2.8 Xi1 (1) and mag. +5.5 Xi2 (2)
Zubenelgenubi (Alpha ()
Librae);
thepoint
slightlytoward it. A small scope will reveal
Librae
also
+5.5 Xi
brighter mag. +5.8 Xi1 (
1) and
2 (2 ) has a yellow, mag. +9.9
that
themag.
orange
giant
Librae also point toward it. A small scope will reveal
-20look out
companion 19.7 arcseconds away. Also
that the orange giant has a yellow, mag. +9.9
for
a
third,
mag.
+11.5
star
162
arcseconds
to the
companion 19.7 arcseconds away. Also look out
northeast
of
the
primary.
SEEN
IT
for a third, mag. +11.5 star 162 arcseconds to the
northeast of the primary. SEEN IT
M5
15h
NGC 5813
or
quat
ial E
st
Cele
NGC 5846
VIRGO
2
0
M5
Palomar 5
15h
NGC 5813
ial E
NGC 5846
2.5
st
Cele
NGC 5634
or
quat
VIRGO
2 EPalomar 5
SERPENS
CAPUT
2.5
SERPENS
CAPUT
NGC 5634
Zubeneschamali
16h
LIBRA
2
18
-10
-10
-10
Zubeneschamali
2
18
1
Zubenelgenubi
16h
LIBRA
-10
Saturn
Zubenelgenubi
Saturn
ti
lip
Ec
2 c
1 clipti
E
-20
4NGC 5897
-20
4NGC 5897
IC 4592
-20
-20
IC 4592
SCORPIUS
SCORPIUS
5 Merrill 2-1
5 Merrill 2-1
16h
16h
15h
15h
DRACO
Seginus
BOTES
Nekkar
RV
Muphrid
Rastaban
M92
HERCULES
M13
Keystone
HERCULES
Kornephoros
Binocular tour
SERPENS
CAPUT
mag.SERPENS
+5.6 stars at each end of the chain are a
CAPUT
deeper
yellow than the others, while the star next
to the eastern end is almost white by comparison.

You should find that the mag. +7.4 central star
easily resolves into a triple star under dark skies
or with larger binoculars. SEEN IT
Explore the forgotten cousin of a famous

mag. +5.6 stars at each end
of the chainboTIS
are a
5 DElTa
globular, a pair of giants and a starry chain
deeper yellow than the others, while the star next
With
Stephen Tonkin
1 M92
Binocular tour
3
Our penultimate stop is another double
x by comparison.
to the eastern end is almost10
white
50+7.4
star,
mag.
You should find that the mag.
central
star+3.5 delta () Botis. The
primary
is dark
a deep
easily resolves into a triple
star under
skiesyellow giant star nearly 60
or with larger binoculars.times
SEEN
IT luminous than the Sun. Its yellowmore
Explore the forgotten cousin of aNu

famous
coroNaE borEalIS
white, mag. +7.8 companion appears to be 105
5 DElTa
boTIS arcseconds away. delta Botis is 117 lightyears
Our
tour
starts
with
M92,
a
fine
globular
Line-of-sight
double star nu
()
globular,
a
pair
of
giants
and
a
starry
chain
15 x
10 x
Ourinpenultimate stop is another double
With70 cluster that suffers from its proximity to a
10 xsplit
away, and its components are moving through
50 Coronae Borealis is an easy
star, mag. +3.5 delta () Botis. The
Stephen
Tonkin
Tick
the box
when
youve
seen each one small binoculars, its distinct deep50
far more
illustrious
one.
Start
at the
northwest
yellow
together.
primary is a deep yellow space
giant star
nearly 60This confirms that they are a
corner of the Keystone asterism in Hercules and
components appearing a wide 6
arcminutes
system: they have a separation of
times
more luminous thanbinary
the Sun.star
Its yellow1 imagine
M92 a line heading northeast to mag.3 +3.8
Nu coroNaE
white, mag.
appears
be 105
apart. TheborEalIS
pair are remarkably similar,
both+7.8 companion
at least
0.6tolightyears
and an orbital period
starts with
a fine
Line-of-sight
double
star nu giants
()
arcseconds
is 117 lightyears
15Iota
x Our
() tour
Herculis.
TwoM92,
thirds
of globular
the way along
being
advanced
with masses
aboutaway.
2.5 delta Botis
10 x this
of
at
least
120,000
years.
SEEN IT
70 cluster that suffers from its proximity to a
away, and its components are moving through
50 Coronae Borealis is an easy split in
line,
M92
shines
at
mag.
+6.4;
it
has
an
times
that
of
the
Sun.
The
more
northerly
star,
,
1
far more illustrious one. Start at the northwest
small binoculars, its distinct deep yellow
space together. This confirms that they are a
apparent
diameter
about
fifthand
that ofcomponents
the
sits at 555
lightyears,
just 10 lightyears
corner
of the Keystone
asterism
in one
Hercules
appearing
a wide
6 arcminutes
binary starfarther
system: they haverV
a separation
of
boTIS
imagine
a line
heading
to mag.be
+3.8
apart.
The pairaway
are remarkably
both
Moon.
When
younortheast
find it, youll
looking
at the
than 2.similar,
It is also
a fractionatbrighter,
shining and an orbital
least 0.6 lightyears
period
The
last
stop
on this months tour is
Iotalight
() Herculis.
Two of
thirds
of the way
along
masses
2.5
of at least than
120,000
xSEEN IT
of a third
a million
stars.
thisSEENbeing
IT advanced
at giants
mag.with
+5.2,
0.2 about
magnitudes
brighter
2 years. 15
rV
Botis
(also
designated HIP 71644),
70
line, M92 shines at mag. +6.4; it has an
times that of the Sun. The more northerly star, 1,
a result of being about 750 million years
which
you
can
fnd
2.6
northeast of mag.
apparent diameter about one fifth that of the
sits at 555 lightyears, just 10 lightyears farther
6and
rVtherefore
boTIS
in its evolution
Moon.M13
When you find it, youll be looking at the
away than 2. more
It is alsoadvanced
a fraction brighter,
shining
+3.6
rho
()
Botis.
rV
is
nearly midway
last stop on this months tour is
15 x The
and more
luminous.
IT
light of a third
of a million stars. SEEN IT
at mag. +5.2, larger
0.2 magnitudes
brighter
than 2 SEEN
between
mag. +6.3 stars, the brightest
HIPtwo
71644),
70 rV Botis (also designated
10 x M92s more renowned neighbour isaM13,
result of being about 750 million years
which you can fnd 2.6 northeast
mag.
50 which is called the Great Cluster for good
stars in ofthe
feld of view of 15x70 binoculars.
advanced inTau
its evolution
and therefore
2 reason.
M13 Situated a third of the way downmore
coroNaE
+3.6 rho () Botis. rV is nearly midway
the
It
is
a
semi-regular
variable with a period
larger and more luminous. SEEN IT
more renowned neighbour is M13,
between two mag. +6.3 stars, the brightest
10western
x M92s side
of
the
Keystone
asterism,
it
is
visible
borEalIS
GrouP
between
137
and
144
days, which changes
50 which is called the Great Cluster for good
stars in the feld of view of 15x70 binoculars.
4 Tau
to theSituated
nakeda eye
evencoroNaE
Move
4
to
the
northwest
of
nu
Coranae
in
brightness
from
mag.
+7.2 to mag. +9.8
reason.
third in
of a
thereasonably
way down thedark sky.
It is a semi-regular variable with a period
10 x
western
of the
Keystone asterism,
it is +5.8
visible globular
borEalIS GrouP
50 Borealis and youll come between
with side
small
binoculars,
this mag.
to mag.137
+4.7
and 144 days,
which changes
although
recently it has only been falling to
to the
eye inina urban
reasonably
dark
sky. even not 10
to the
nu Coranae
in brightness
mag. +7.2
to mag.
cannaked
be seen
skies,
although
nearly
x Move 4Tau
()northwest
Coronaeof Borealis,
the brightest
in afrom
very
mag.
+8.8,+9.8
so it remains well within reach of
50 Borealis and youll come to mag. +4.7
with small binoculars, this mag. +5.8 globular
although recently it has only been falling to
as splendidly as it appears in darker conditions.
pretty straight chain (2.5 long)of
five stars
binoculars.
rV
Botis is a red star, in the latter
can be seen in urban skies, although not nearly
Tau () Coronae Borealis, the brightest in a very
mag. +8.8, so it remains well within reach of
In
10x50s,
it
brightens
towards
the
centre.
M13
running
east
to
west.
All
but
the
central
star
stage
of
evolution,
as splendidly as it appears in darker conditions.
pretty straight chain (2.5 long) of five stars
binoculars. rV Botis is a red star, in the latter on the giant branch of the
contains
over a million
stars.
M13
SEEN IT running east toshine
mag.
notice
that the on the Hertzsprung-russell
diagram. SEEN IT
In 10x50s,
it brightens
towards the
centre.
west. brighter
All but thethan
central
star +6.0. stage
of evolution,
giant branch of the
contains over a million stars. SEEN IT
shine brighter than mag. +6.0. notice that the
Hertzsprung-russell diagram. SEEN IT
CHArTS And PICTureS: PeTe LAWrenCe
CHArTS And PICTureS: PeTe LAWrenCe
N
E
Kornephoros
CORONA
BOREALIS

Gemma
Arcturus
1
2
CORONA
BOREALIS
Kite
Gemma
Izar
Muphrid
RV
Keystone
BOTES
1
2
M13
Rastaban
Seginus
Nekkar
M92
Kite
Arcturus
DRACO
Izar
STATISTICS
Moonwatch
TyPE: Crater
SIZE: 213km wide
aGE: 3.2 to 3.8 billion years old
locaTIoN: Latitude 27.2S,
longitude 80.0E
bEST TIME To obSErVE:
Two days after new Moon
The
sky
guide APRIL 63
or one day
after
full Moon
(1 and 2 April from 20:00
BST; 30 April and 1 May
from 21:00 BST)
N
MINIMuM EquIPMENT:
10x binoculars
Humboldt
STATISTICS
Moonwatch
Humboldt
TyPE: Crater
SIZE: 213km wide
aGE: 3.2 to 3.8 billion years old
locaTIoN: Latitude 27.2S,
longitude 80.0E
bEST TIME To obSErVE:
huMbolDTTwo
N days after new Moon
or one day after full Moon
(1 and 2 April from 20:00
BST; 30 April and 1 May
from 21:00 BST)
MINIMuM EquIPMENT:
10x binoculars
To give you a sense

of
E
scale, Humboldt covers
an area of 35,000 square
km, which is about 1.5
To give
you a the
sense
of of Wales
times
size
huMbolDT
huMbolDT N
huMbolDT
scale, Humboldt covers

about 5km deep. Under
seen from above by orbiting
an areabeing
of
35,000
square
good seeing conditions and the spacecraft, Humboldt displays
right illumination these cliffs
a delicate pattern of radial
km, which
is
about
1.5
can be most impressive. The
fractures that resembles a
craters
foor
is
largely
fat,
but
spiders web. These cracks are
times the
size
of
Wales
shows a variety of different
very diffcult to see visually
tones and textures. To give
from earth, but present a
being about 5km deep. Under

seen from above by orbiting
you aand
sense
scale, Humboldt
good challenge if youre into
good seeing conditions
the of spacecraft,
Humboldt displays
covers
an
area
of
35,000
high-resolution imaging.
right illumination these cliffs
a delicate pattern of radial
can be most impressive.
fractures
that resembles
a Foreshortened regions of
squareThe
km, which
is about
1.5
craters foor is largely
aremoon can be very diffcult
timesfat,
thebut
size ofspiders
Wales.web. These cracks
the
shows a variety of different
very diffcult to see visually
There is a central
mountain
to decode. between Petavius
tones and textures. To give
from earth, but present a
complex
and
a
curious
curve
and Humboldt lies 82km-wide
you a sense of scale, Humboldt good challenge if youre into
smaller mountains
and hills
covers an area of of
35,000
high-resolution
imaging.crater Legendre; many of the
square km, whicharcing
is aboutoff
1.5 to theForeshortened
of
northeast. Aregionssmaller
craters between it and
times the size of Wales.
the
moon
can
be
very
diffcult
smaller, 15km-diameter crater Humboldt are catalogued as
There is a central mountain
to decode. between Petavius
known as Humboldt
N canlies
be82km-wide
being part of the Legendre
complex
and Humboldt
a number of easily identifable features sit within humboldts rim
theseand a curious curve
seen
to
the
west,
in
the
one notable exception
of smaller
the
include a central peak complex, a mountain range and smaller
craters mountains and hills crater Legendre; many offamily.
arcing off to the northeast.
A ofsmaller
craters between itisand
foreground,
this curving
the tormented 128km-wide
Humboldt
are catalogued
as
range.crater
This crater
and the
crater
Philips, which sidles up
grips with. in order smaller,
to see it15km-diameter
CrATer HUmboLdT is
known
as
Humboldt
N
can
be
being
part
of
the
Legendre
a number
of easily
identifable
sit within humboldts
rim these
mountain range provide the
to the west rim of Humboldt.
convincingly
the moons
located
in the
zone offeatures
libration
seen to the west, in the
family. one notable exception
include a central peak complex, a mountain range and smaller craters
most
obvious
visual
features
if the conditions are really
right, as of this
close to the eastern limb of the phase has to be just foreground,
curving
is the tormented 128km-wide
rim. which sidles
good,
the to
libration.
As
the This craterwithin
moon.HUmboLdT
The easiestisway to fnd
range.
and the Humboldts
crater Philips,
up see if you can fnd the
grips with.does
in order
see it
CrATer
mountain
range provide
to the
west
Humboldt.
convincingly
the moons
located
in the
zone
of libration
Lookthe
carefully
and
it rim
mayofbe
104km-wide crater barnard,
crater
is so close to the
edge of
it is to
frst
identify
the more
featuresto make
if the
conditions
phase has the
to bemoon,
just right,
close
to the eastern
limb of the182kmpossible
out
that theare really
which sits against the southeast
ouras view most
of it obvious
from visual
favourably
positioned,
within Humboldts rim.
good, see if you can fnd the
does the libration. As the
moon. The easiest way to fnd
foor
of
the
crater
isnt
evenly
rampart of Humboldt even
earth
foreshortens
it
into
an
wide
crater
Petavius.
Look carefully and it may be 104km-wide crater barnard,
crater is so close to the edge of
it is to frst identify the more
are
pyroclastic
nearer to the moons edge.
be challenging
Petavius
lies 500km
possible to make toned.
out that There
the
which
sits against the southeast
the moon,ellipse.
our viewitofcan
it from
favourably
positioned,
182km-to the
patches
dark
deposits
left
to
pull
the
crater
out
from
the
west
of
Humboldt,
a
distance
foor of the crater isnt evenly
rampart of Humboldt evenover the coming months
earth foreshortens it into an
wide crater Petavius.
toned.
There
are
pyroclastic
nearer activity
to the moons edge.
ellipse.
it
can
be
challenging
Petavius
lies
500km
to
the
over from volcanic
Humboldts position will get
surrounding landscape, but
that looks much smaller due
patches dark deposits left
over the coming months
to pull the crater out from the
west of Humboldt, a distance
visible in certain parts of
less favourable at the same
vigilance reaps rewards.
to foreshortening at the
over from volcanic activity
Humboldts position will get
surrounding landscape, but
that looks much smaller due
the
foor,
most
notably
in
the
lunar phase, so make the most
The
craters
rim
is
well
moons
edge.
even
knowing
visible in certain parts of
less favourable at the same
vigilance reaps rewards.
to foreshortening at the
southwest
tophase,
the west,
the conditions during April
defned
some
this fact,
foor, most notably
in the round
lunar
so make theof
most
rim isand
welllined bythe
moons
edge. Humboldt
even knowingcan stillThe craters
southwest round to
thein
west,
of the conditions duringto
April
lined steep
by some
this
Humboldt
can still
and
the northeast.
see this amazing crater.
rather
cliffs, Humboldt
befact,
a tricky
feature
to get todefned and
and in the northeast.
to see this amazing crater.
rather steep cliffs, Humboldt
be a tricky feature to get to
64
Astrophotography
Imaging Mars at opposition
64
ReCommended equIPmenT
need to try and complete the entire

capture sequence in less than fve minutes.
8-inch or larger scope, Barlow lens, monochrome high frame rate camera,
For a colour camera this isnt too hard,
RGB imaging flters mounted in a flter wheel
but when trying to capture images using
several flters it is more of a concern.
Advanced processing techniques such as
your fnal image
derotation can be used to address motion
will reveal the red
blur, but theres an easier solution that
Planets large albedo
hinges around the lack of signifcant detail
surface features
visible in the green flter simply abstain
from
need to try and complete
the taking
entire a green-fltered image in the
ReCommended equIPmenT
capture sequence in less
than
fve minutes.
frst
place.
it may sound crazy, but the green
8-inch or larger scope, Barlow lens, monochrome high frame rate camera,
For a colour camera this
isnt
too
hard,
image can be artifcially synthesised from
RGB imaging flters mounted in a flter wheel
but when trying to capture images using
and blue results. The fnal colour
several flters it is morethe
of ared
concern.
will such
lookasalmost identical to what
Advanced processingimage
techniques
your fnal image
derotation can be usedyou
to address
motion
would
have achieved using a full set of
will reveal the red
blur,
but
theres
an
easier
solution
that
rGb images, but youll reduce the time it
Planets large albedo
hinges around the lack of signifcant detail
surface features
needed for your capture sequence by a third.
visible in the green flter simply abstain
Generating
from taking a green-fltered
image in thea synthetic green image also
frst place. it may soundstreamlines
crazy, but the the
greencapture process, allowing
image can be artifcially
synthesised
froma smooth sequence of
you
to generate
the red and blue results.
The fnal
colour
mars
images
for animation purposes. For
image will look almost identical to what
example,
a
run
of rbrbrb captures would
you would have achieved using a full set of
to create
an r(G)b result using
rGb images, but youllallow
reduceyou
the time
it
needed for your capturethe
sequence
by a pair
third. the parentheses indicate
frst rb
Generating a synthetic
green
that
theimage
greenalso
is synthetic then
streamlines the capture process, allowing
a second b(G)r result using the frst br
you to generate a smooth sequence of
pair.purposes.
A third For
r(G)b result would be created
mars images for animation
using
the
second
example, a run of rbrbrb captures would rb pair, and so on. With
you to create
result
using
relief features, these wouldallow
normally
be an r(G)b
a fairly
short
time gap between r(G)b
mArs is A bit of a tease as far as practical
the frstcauses
rb pair the parentheses
indicate
revealed because height variation
results, these
can be animated together
astronomy is concerned. After lurking in
that the green is synthetic then
them to cast shadows, just like
elevated
to produce a smooth fowing rotation
tricky parts of the sky and looking rather
a second b(G)r result using the frst br
structures close to the terminator
do
sequence
this fascinating world.
diminutive for many months, it bursts
pair. A third r(G)b result
would beofcreated
martian
back onto the scene for a short period, before on the moon. From earth, the
using
the second rb pair, and so on. With
relief
features,
these
would
normally
be
a
fairly
mArs
is
A
bit
of
a
tease
as
far
as
practical
shadows are tiny and hard to pick short
out, time gap between r(G)b
fading into the background once again.
revealed
because
height
variation
causes
results,
astronomy
is
concerned.
After
lurking
in
marscan be animated together
This month it reaches opposition, so this so the main features of interest forthese
them to cast shadows, just like elevated
to produce a smooth fowing rotation
tricky parts of the sky and looking rather
imagers
are albedodobased rather
thanofrelief.
is the best
to bothitobserve
image close
to the terminator
sequence
this fascinating world.
diminutive
for time
many months,
bursts and structures
SyNThETIc colourS
Using
a
mono
high
frame
rate
camera
it.
Here,
well
look
at
how
to
do
the
latter
back onto the scene for a short period, before on the moon. From earth, the martian
Although colour cameras are catching
tiny and
hard
to pickmarss
out, refectivity
fading
the background
oncerate
again.
rGb
flters,
withinto
a mono
high frame
camerashadows
and are and
up, mono cameras still have the edge
so
the
main
features
of
interest
for
mars
This
month
it
reaches
opposition,
so
this
becomes quite interesting the
reasonTeChnIque
for
a set of rGb imaging flters.
Key
when it comes to planetary imaging.
imagers are albedo based rather than relief.
is the best time to both observe and image
this is that the information that
passes colourS
mars is a captivating astrophotography
For a full-colour result from a mono
SyNThETIc
Using a mono high frame rate camera
it. Here, well look at how to do the latter
through
green flter gives very
littlecolour cameras camera
target
because
it is rate
thecamera
closestand
world and
we can
Although
are catching
you need red, green and blue
rGb flters,
marssarefectivity
with
a mono
high frame
up,
mono
cameras
still
have
the edge
extra
imagedetail
than
seeofthat
reasonable
earth, quite
imaging
filters; this significantly reduces
interesting
the reason
forcan be obtained
a set
rGb has
imaging
flters. similarity to becomes
when it comes to planetary imaging.
colour-related
problems such as chromatic
is that the
information
that passes
mars
is aitcaptivating
astrophotography
with
red and blue
flters alone.ForThis
in that
shows both
surface featuresthis
and
a full-colour result from a mono
through
a
green
flter
gives
very
little
target
because
it
is
the
closest
world
we
can
aberration
and
atmospheric dispersion.
camera
you
need
red,
green
and
blue
surprising fact can be used to help
weather. From earth we can see brighter
see that has reasonable similarity to earth, extra image detail than can be obtained
imaging filters; this significantly
reduces filtered sequences take
Unfortunately,
overcome one of the main issues
when
deserts, darker rock and gleaming polar
colour-related problems such
as chromatic
with red and blue flters alone. This
in that it shows both surface features and
longer
to complete and overly long
rGb
imaging
a
relatively
fast
rotating
aberration
and
atmospheric
dispersion.
caps.
These
are
albedo
features;
they
are
surprising fact can be used to help
weather. From earth we can see brighter
capture may result in motion blur but
Unfortunately, filtered sequences take
planet
as mars:
too long
visible
because
they
have notably
different
overcome one
of the such
main issues
whenif you take
deserts,
darker
rock and
gleaming
polar
usinglong
a synthetic green capture can
longer to complete and overly
rGb
imaging
a
relatively
fast
rotating
caps.
These
are
albedo
features;
they
are
to collect an image set, the fnal
rGb
may
refectivity (albedo) to adjacent areas.
help.
capture
may
result in motion
blurFind
butout how in the step-by-step.
mars:motion
if you take
tooFor
longthis reason,
visible because they have notably different planet such as
using
a
synthetic
green
capture
can
show
blur.
you
Features such as craters, mountains and
to collect an image set, the fnal rGb may
refectivity (albedo) to adjacent areas.
help. Find out how in the step-by-step.
valleys
are much
harder
to image
show motion blur. For this reason, you
Features such
as craters,
mountains
and from
earth
of their
small
apparent size
valleys
arebecause
much harder
to image
from
Send your image to: hotshots@skyatnightmagazine.com
earth
because
of their
small
apparentKnown
size
at the
planets
vast
distance.
as Send your image to: hotshots@skyatnightmagazine.com
Astrophotography
Imaging Mars at opposition
ALL PICTureS: PeTe LAWrenCe
ALL PICTureS: PeTe LAWrenCe
Key TeChnIque
at the planets vast distance. Known as
STeP-By-STeP GuIde
STeP-By-STeP GuIde
sTep 1 Mars has an apparent diameter of 15 arcseconds at
opposition, so youll need a decent image scale to show much detail.
as a guide, aim for a focal ratio of between f/15 and f/45, adjusted
by using optical amplifers such as a barlow lens. only use a high
image scale if the seeing is good.
sTep 1 Mars has an apparent diameter of 15 arcseconds at

opposition, so youll need a decent image scale to show much detail.
as a guide, aim for a focal ratio of between f/15 and f/45, adjusted
by using optical amplifers such as a barlow lens. only use a high
image scale if the seeing is good.
sTep 2 With Mars on chip, select the red flter and focus as quickly
and accurately as possible. aim to collect 2,000-3,000 frames, although
try to avoid imaging for more than 90 seconds per flter. adjust the
camera gain and frame rate if necessary to maximise the saturation
level for each flter to around 80-90 per cent.
sTep 3 Switch to your blue flter, quickly re-focus and capture the
blue image. repeat the rb sequence as many times as required. When
done, load each capture into a stacking program, such as the freeware
regiStax, and process each through to wavelet sharpening. apply a
subtle amount of wavelet sharpening to the end result as required.
sTep 3 Switch to your blue flter, quickly re-focus and capture the
blue image. repeat the rb sequence as many times as required. When
done, load each capture into a stacking program, such as the freeware
regiStax, and process each through to wavelet sharpening. apply a
subtle amount of wavelet sharpening to the end result as required.
sTep 2 With Mars on chip, select the red flter and focus as quickly
and accurately as possible. aim to collect 2,000-3,000 frames, although
try to avoid imaging for more than 90 seconds per flter. adjust the
camera gain and frame rate if necessary to maximise the saturation
level for each flter to around 80-90 per cent.
sTep 4 load an rb pair into a layer-based editor as separate layers.

adjust the upper image so that it is aligned with the lower one. crop to
remove any whites edges this creates. Duplicate the r and b layers and
move to the top of layer stack. Make top layer 50 per cent transparent
and merge with the one below this creates the synthetic green.
sTep 4 load an rb pair into a layer-based editor as separate layers.

adjust the upper image so that it is aligned with the lower one. crop to
remove any whites edges this creates. Duplicate the r and b layers and
move to the top of layer stack. Make top layer 50 per cent transparent
and merge with the one below this creates the synthetic green.
sTep 5 create a blank rGb image with the same dimensions as the
sTep 6 Switch to the layers list and duplicate the base r(G)b layer to
image you were working on in step 4. copy the r image layer to the red
make your fnal tweaks. If the colour looks off or subdued, try using
sTep
5 create
image with the same dimensions as the
sTep 6
Switch to the layers list and duplicate the base r(G)b layer to
channel
in thea blank
blankrGb
image.
repeat for the (G) and b layers, pasting
them
the programs auto-colour function; if the colours look too strong after
image you were working on in step 4. copy the r image layer to the red
make your fnal tweaks. If the colour looks off or subdued, try using
into
their
respective
green
and
blue
channels.
The
result
should
be
a
full
this, tryfunction;
fadingifthe
back
a bit.
adjust the fnal levels, contrast
channel in the blank image. repeat for the (G) and b layers, pasting them
the programs auto-colour
the auto-colour
colours look too
strong
after
colour
r(G)b
image
showing
the
distinctive
colours
of
Mars.
and
brightness
to
taste.
apply
sharpening
into their respective green and blue channels. The result should be a full
this, try fading the auto-colour back a bit. adjust the fnal levels, contrastsparingly.
colour r(G)b image showing the distinctive colours of Mars.
and brightness to taste. apply sharpening sparingly.
Dark skies
RECOGNISED
Dark skies
As two more sites in northern England and Scotland earn Dark
Sky status, Paul F Cockburn hears how they achieved the award
RECOGNISED
L
Island of Sark and Exmoor National

and affect human health. One ongoing
ight pollution has been a
Park followed suit in 2011, then Brecon
response has been the identifcation,
growing problem for the past
Beacons National Park in early 2013.
recognition and protection of areas
century, which has seen our
December 2013 saw two more, bringing
around the world that are still largely
view of the night sky obscured
the UKs total to six: Northumberland
free of signifcant light pollution.
by the glow of artifcial lighting.
National Park joined with neighbouring
It started in 2006, when the US-based
Since 2003, the annual International
Kielder Water and Forest Park to create
International Dark Sky Association
Dark Sky Week this years is 20-26
established a programme to classify Dark a single Dark Sky Park, and the Island
April has become an umbrella for
Island of Sark and Exmoor
National
and
affect human
health. Reserves
One ongoing
pollution
been a not just of
of Coll
in Scotland became a Dark
Sky Parks,
and Communities.
eventsight
that
remindhas
people
the
Park
followed
suit
in
2011,
then
Brecon
response
has
been
the
identifcation,
growing
problem
for
the
past
Sky Community.
We spoke to some
Galloway Forest Park in Scotland was
wonder and beauty above their heads,
Beacons National Park in early 2013.
recognition and protection of areas
century, which has seen our
of
the
people
who
made these latest
the
frst
area
in
the
UK
to
ft
the
bill,
but also
how
light
pollution
can
disrupt
December 2013 saw two more, bringing
around the world that are still largely
view of the night sky obscured
designations possible.
attaining
Dark Sky status in
2009;
the to six: Northumberland
natural
environment,
the
UKs total
free of signifcant
light pollution.
bythe
the glow
of artifcial
lighting. waste energy
KILEDER WATER AND FOREST PARK
KILEDER WATER AND FOREST PARK
As two more sites in northern England and Scotland earn Dark

Sky status, Paul F Cockburn hears how they achieved the award
Since 2003, the annual International

Dark Sky Week this years is 20-26
April has become an umbrella for
events that remind people not just of the
wonder and beauty above their heads,
but also how light pollution can disrupt
the natural environment, waste energy
It started in 2006, when the US-based

International Dark Sky Association
established a programme to classify Dark
Sky Parks, Reserves and Communities.
Galloway Forest Park in Scotland was
the frst area in the UK to ft the bill,
attaining Dark Sky status in 2009; the
National Park joined with neighbouring

Kielder Water and Forest Park to create
a single Dark Sky Park, and the Island
of Coll in Scotland became a Dark
Sky Community. We spoke to some
of the people who made these latest
designations possible.
The success of Kielder

Observatory made applying for
Dark Sky status a natural step
The success of Kielder

Observatory made applying for
Dark Sky status a natural step
ABOUT THE WRITER

ABOUT THE WRITER
Paul F Cockburn is
a freelance journalist
who has been writing
about science and
technology past and
future since 1996.
Paul F Cockburn is
a freelance journalist
who has been writing
about science and
technology past and
future since 1996.
68
Northumberland National Park

TONY GATES
Chief executive
Comet Hale-Bopp shines

bright in the darkness of
Tranquility has been

recognised as one of the
main special qualities
68of Northumberland National Park,
says chief executive Tony Gates. That
sense of the unspoilt, which is
something that we know residents
and visitors really value, we felt also
extended to
the skies.
TONY
GATES
So, whenChief
applying
for Dark Sky Park
executive
status, Gates believes they started from
Tranquility has been
a very goodrecognised
base. We
needed to change
as one of the
very little really,
he
says.
The survey
main special qualities
our existing National
skies, which
of of
Northumberland
Park, was part of
says
chief
executive Tony
Gates. we
That
the
application,
showed
already had
sense of the unspoilt, which is
a very high level of darkness, which led
something that we know residents
tovisitors
us being
designated
and
really
value, we feltgold
also status.
Our
extended
to intention
the skies. was always to ensure
So,
applying
Dark Sky
Park skies
we when
protected
theforlevels
of dark
status,
Gates
believes
they
started
from
and, where there were opportunities
a very good base. We needed to change
to enhance them, that we did, Gates
very little really, he says. The survey
What
weve
found
through
this
of adds.
our existing
skies,
which
was part
of
is that
people
have really
theprocess
application,
showed
we already
had come
a very
high levelits
of really
darkness,
which into
led just
on board:
tapped
ALAMY, KILEDER WATER AND FOREST PARK, WILL GATER, ALEx SPEED
ALAMY, KILEDER WATER AND FOREST PARK, WILL GATER, ALEx SPEED
to us being designated gold status.

Our intention was always to ensure
we protected the levels of dark skies
and, where there were opportunities
to enhance them, that we did, Gates
adds. What weve found through this
process is that people have really come
on board: its really tapped into just
Comet Hale-Bopp shines

bright in the darkness of
how much they value the dark skies.

We had people voluntarily adjusting
the angles of outdoor spotlights,
adjusting the fttings.
Adding weight to Northumberland
National Parks application was the
fact that it was jointly made with
neighbouring Kielder Water and Forest
how much they value the dark skies.

We had people voluntarily adjusting
the angles of outdoor spotlights,
adjusting the fttings.
Adding weight to Northumberland
National Parks application was the
fact that it was jointly made with
neighbouring Kielder Water and Forest
Park. In their case the application was

largely driven by the popularity of the
Kiedler Observatory and the sudden
realisation that the dark skies were really
widely valued, says Gates. It just so
happened that the two parks were working
on this idea at the same time, so we
decided to put our lot together.
Park. In their case the application was

largely driven by the popularity of the
Kiedler Observatory and the sudden
realisation that the dark skies were really
widely valued, says Gates. It just so
happened that the two parks were working
on this idea at the same time, so we
decided to put our lot together.
Kielder Water and Forest Park
Kielder Water and Forest Park

A sycamore stands
alone against the starry
skyscape over Kielder
HEIDI MOTTRAM
Chairperson
A sycamore stands
The initial
development in the area, as a

minor a large part of the
park
Quite early on, the trust
alone
against the starry
way of helping ensure it remains
is uninhabited anyway. skyscape over Kielder
linked up with the application
a vibrant, living community.
She adds that the engagement
being made by neighbouring
Dark Sky status
The
idea as
really
came
from
ofoflocal
communities
been
The initial
development in
the area,
a
minor
a large part
the park
Quitehas
early
on, the trust Northumberland National
was simple, way of helping
the Kielder
and
great. At one primary
Park. In many respects, that
inspiration
ensure it Observatory
remains
is uninhabited
anyway.
linked up school,
with the application
behindaccording
attaining toa vibrant, living
community.
SheThe
adds that thethe
engagement
being
made
just grew,
says Mottram.
children really
got
intobyitneighbouring
and
way of working is embedded
Dark Sky
status
really
came from became
of local
communities
has been coversNorthumberland
National here, Mottram says.
chair
of the The idealocal
community
quite
designed
for the schools
was simple,
the Kielder Observatory and
great. At one primary school,
Park. In many respects, that
Kielder Water
and Forest
Park
aboutThe
it. At one
unshielded
says. is embedded People in these communities
according
to
just grew, excited
says Mottram.
thelevel
children really got
into it andlights,
wayshe
of working
Development
Trust,
Heidi
I thinkbecame
we already
that covers forThey
really embraced
the whole
recognise that because theyre
chair
of the
local community
quite knew
designed
the schools
here, Mottram
says.
Kielder
Waterand
Forestthe
Park
At one
says.One of the People
these communities
Mottram
it was
success excited about
theit.sky
waslevel
stunning, unshielded
that we lights, she
thing.
villagesin has
so small on their own, its
Development
Trust, Heidi
knew that asset, They
recognisewith
that because
of the Kielder
Observatory, I think we already
had a fabulous
that itreally embraced
hadthe
itswhole
lights replaced
LED theyre
often diffcult to do anything.
Mottram it was the success
the sky was stunning, that we
thing. One of the villages has
so small on their own, its
opened in 2008.
was pretty dark and that
the
units there have
been some
The two parks are side by side;
of the Kielder Observatory,
had a fabulous asset, that it
had its lights replaced with LED
often diffcult to do anything.
The
trust
has
long
been
looking
changes
required
by
the
changes,
but
nothing
I
would
it was obvious we should
opened in 2008.
was pretty dark and that the
units there have been some
The two parks are side by side;
for trust
newhas
ways
promote
lighting
were generally
describe
The
longtobeen
lookingeconomic
changes required
by audits
the
changes, but nothing
I would as massive.
it was obvious we should work together.
HEIDI MOTTRAMinspiration
Chairperson
behind attaining
for new ways to promote economic
lighting audits were generally
describe as massive.
work together.
dark sky sites april 69
Galloway was the frst

Dark Sky place in the UK,
earning its award in 2009
Galloway was the frst

Dark Sky place in the UK,
earning its award in 2009
they did not ft in anything except

Community because they were protected
by natural boundaries; they didnt
really have a buffer zone to make either
a Reserve.
Some areas that arent surrounded
by water have that same issue, he adds.
If they are surrounded by public land,
they sometimes cant really incorporate
dark sky sites
april
69
that into
the equation
as a buffer zone
because there isnt a township or local
authority in the area thats able to
they did not ft in anything except
sign a declaration of intent to abide
Community because they were protected
our
guidelines.
by natural boundaries;by
they
didnt
really have a buffer zone to make either
a Reserve.
Some areas that arent
surrounded
We
dont look for quantities of
by water have that same issue, he adds.
designation; were not looking to have
If they are surrounded by public land,
hundreds
of these, Parks insists.
they sometimes cant really
incorporate
Any
decision
that into the equation as
a buffer
zone is based on the merits
because there isnt a township
or local
of the application.
What we look for
authority in the area thats able to
is extraordinary dedication to the
sign a declaration of intent to abide
preservation of that area in the future.
by our guidelines.
Its not all about darkness
It doesnt matter whether the area is
Its not all about

darkness
as dark
as it possibly can be; what
International Dark
Skies Association
We dont look for quantities

of
were looking
for is a community thats
designation; were not looking to have
willing to make the changes and have
hundreds of these, Parks insists.
dedication
to try to preserve that
Any decision is based the
on the
merits
forwethe
next
of the application. What
look
for generation.
is extraordinary dedication
to the applications take a long
These
preservation of that area
in the
time
to future.
prepare: theyre not easy,
It doesnt matter whether the area is
he
adds.
Some people get into them
as dark as it possibly can be; what
The association is also introducing
and then thats
fnd out pretty quickly that
were looking for is a community
BOB PARKS
a category called Development
of to make the changes
willing
theseand
arehave
not a quick path to fame
Executive director
dedication
preserve
that Different countries now
Distinction. Thats one stepthe
down
the to try toand
fortune.
for the next generation.
chain for residential developments that
want to have their own Dark Sky
We stared out with
These applications take a long
may not be a town or city, but
have
an theyreParks,
but the level of cooperation
just two designations
time
to prepare:
not easy,
interest in protecting the development.
and
collaboration
required to get
Reserve and Park,
he adds. Some people get into them
The association
also introducing
then fnd out pretty
that
Wereisactually
looking now and
at another
allquickly
the different
parties to agree to
says Bob Parks,
executive director of the
BOB PARKS
a category called
Development
ofmodifying current
these are not a quick path
to fame is diffcult. It takes a
designation,
or
something
International
Dark
Skies
Association.
Executive director
Distinction. Thats one step down the
and fortune. Different countries now
ones. For example, two islands are part
sustained effort by a community over
Then we added
Community. The system
chain for residential developments that
want to have their own Dark Sky
We stared out with
of
the
programme,
and
in
both
cases
a long period of time.
evolves over
time
to
take
account
of
may not be a town or city, but have an
Parks, but the level of cooperation
just two designations
the types of
areas where
people are interest in protecting the development.
and collaboration required to get
Reserve
and Park,
Were
actually
looking
now
at
another
all the different parties to agree to
says
Bob
Parks,
executive
director
of
the
interested; were fnding, as we continue
The UK now boasts six Dark
designation,
or
modifying
current
something is diffcult. It takes a Sky places, the others being Sark,
International
Dark
Skies
Association.
to expand the programme, that one
ones. For example, two islands are part
sustained effort by a community overExmoor and shown here the
Then we added Community. The system
size defnitely doesnt ft all, so wereof the programme, and in both cases
a long period of time.
evolves over time to take account of
Brecon Beacons
make
adjustments.
thetrying
types oftoareas
where
people are
interested;
wereare
fnding,
as we continue
So what
the current
technical
The UK now boasts six Dark
Sky places, the others being Sark,
to distinctions
expand the programme,
betweenthat
theone
different kinds
Exmoor and shown here the
size defnitely doesnt ft all, so were
of Dark Sky places? Starting at the
Brecon Beacons
trying to make adjustments.
larger
end
of
the
spectrum,
a
Reserve
So what are the current technical
is not required
protected
distinctions
between to
thebe
different
kindsby a
of government
Dark Sky places?
Starting
at thesays. You can
entity,
Parks
larger
end ofathe
spectrum,
a Reserve
develop
Reserve
around
any property
is not required to be protected by a
that
the
community
and
residents
government entity, Parks says. You can
are interested
in protecting.
A Park
develop
a Reserve around
any property
specifcally
has
to
have
public
protection,
that the community and residents
arewhich
interested
in
protecting.
A
Park
also ensures its not private
specifcally has to have public protection,
ESAs JUICE mission, due to
land. On the municipal end of the
which also ensures its not private
launch in 2022, will study
spectrum,
Community
ESAs JUICE mission, due to
land.
On the municipal
end of theis for
the Galilean moons in greater
launch in 2022, will study
townships
and cities,
places that
spectrum,
Community
is for
detail than ever before
the Galilean moons in greater
townships
and cities, places
that
are incorporated
entities.
detail than ever before
are incorporated entities.
International Dark
Skies Association
70 dark sky sites april
Isle of Coll
Coll is Britains
second Dark
Sky Community
OLvIN SMITH
Amateur astronomer
An International Dark
Sky Community is a
town, city, municipality,
70ordark
sky sites
april
other legally
organised
community
that shows what the International Dark
Sky Association describes as exceptional
Coll is Britains
dedication to preserving the night sky,
second Dark
explains amateur astronomer Olvin Smith,
Sky Community
who lives on
the
Inner
Hebridean
island
OLvIN SMITH
of Coll since
December
2013 the second
Amateur
astronomer
Dark Sky Community in Britain.
An International Dark
It started
around two years ago when
Sky Community is a
fellow astronomer
Oliver saw that Sark
town, city,Tony
municipality,
status and thought
or had
otherbeen
legallyawarded
organisedthe
community
that
shows
the International
DarkSmith says.
that
wewhat
should
get it as well,
Sky Association describes as exceptional
commitment from some people to change
around the island. On several sites I got
This led to a meeting which ended up
dedication to preserving the night sky,
their outside lights to correct type, Smith
readings
of
21.9
[magnitudes
per
square
with
a
core
group
of
four
myself,
Tony,
explains amateur astronomer Olvin Smith,
notes. We also needed to get the council
hotel
JulieHebridean
Oliphantisland
and guest house arcsecond], which make our skies some of
who
livesowner
on the Inner
of owner
Coll since
December
2013taking
the second
to endorse our lighting plan.
Paula
Smalley
it forward. We the darkest in Europe, he says. Once we
Dark
Sky
Community
in
Britain.
Its been very much a ground up
got in touch with the association, and had a had all the data, and with the help of a dark
It started around two years ago when
affair, Smith insists. The community
couple of phone calls with chief executive Bob skies consultant, Tony put together our
fellow astronomer Tony Oliver saw that Sark
has done all the work without any outside
application, which was fnished last May.
Parks,
who talked
us through
the process.
had
been awarded
the status
and thought
funding; the money and work came
We
had
to
alter
some
of
the
lights
to
Having
a Unihedron
that we
shouldpurchased
get it as well,
Smith says. [sky quality]
commitment
people
change
around the island.
several
sites
I got
This
led toSmith
a meeting
which ended
up survey
from
thetoislanders.
makeOn
them
point
straight
down
and getfrom some
meter,
completed
a light
COLL DARK SKY GROUP
COLL DARK SKY GROUP
Isle of Coll
with a core group of four myself, Tony,

hotel owner Julie Oliphant and guest house
owner Paula Smalley taking it forward. We
got in touch with the association, and had a
couple of phone calls with chief executive Bob
Parks, who talked us through the process.
Having purchased a Unihedron [sky quality]
meter, Smith completed a light survey
readings of 21.9 [magnitudes per square

arcsecond], which make our skies some of
the darkest in Europe, he says. Once we
had all the data, and with the help of a dark
skies consultant, Tony put together our
application, which was fnished last May.
We had to alter some of the lights to
make them point straight down and get
Visiting the UKs

Dark Sky sites
their outside lights to correct type, Smith

notes. We also needed to get the council
to endorse our lighting plan.
Its been very much a ground up
affair, Smith insists. The community
has done all the work without any outside
funding; the money and work came
from the islanders.
Visiting the UKs

Dark Sky sites
1 Brecon Beacons National Park

Arinagour, Isle of Coll, PA78 6SZ
International Dark Sky Reserve
01879 230334
National Park Visitor Centre
info@collhotel.com
Libanus, Brecon, Powys, LD3 8ER
http://darkskies.visitcoll.co.uk
01874 623366
www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/contact-us
5 Northumberland National Park
1 Brecon Beacons National Park
Arinagour, Isle of Coll, PA78 6SZ
www.beacons-npa.gov.uk
and Kielder Water and Forest4Park
International Dark Sky Reserve
01879 230334
International Dark Sky Park
National Park Visitor Centre
info@collhotel.com
2 Exmoor
Park
Once Brewed Visitor Centre
Libanus,
Brecon,National
Powys, LD3
8ER
http://darkskies.visitcoll.co.uk
01874
623366
International
Dark Sky Reserve
Military Road, Bardon Mill, Hexham, NE47 7AN
www.beacons-npa.gov.uk/contact-us
5 Northumberland
Park
Dulverton National Park Centre
01434National
344396
www.beacons-npa.gov.uk
and Kielder Water and Forest Park
7-9 Fore Street, Dulverton, TA22 9EXInternationaltic.oncebrewed@nnpa.org.uk
Dark Sky Park
3
01398 National
323841Park
2 Exmoor
Once Brewedwww.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk
Visitor Centre
NPCDulverton@exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk
International
Dark Sky Reserve
Military Road, Bardon Mill, Hexham, NE47 7AN
Dulverton
National Park Centre
01434 344396
www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk
Kielder Observatory
7-9 Fore Street, Dulverton, TA22 9EX
tic.oncebrewed@nnpa.org.uk
Black Fell, Off Shilling Pot, Kielder, NE48 1EJ
01398 323841
www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk
3
Galloway
Forest
Park
07805 638469
NPCDulverton@exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk
International
Dark
Sky
Park
gary@kielderobservatory.org
www.exmoor-nationalpark.gov.uk
Kielder Observatory
Black Fell, Offwww.kielderobservatory.org
Shilling Pot, Kielder, NE48 1EJ
Galloway Astronomy Centre
3 Galloway
Forestmiles
Park east of Monreith 07805 638469
A747, three
International Dark Sky Park
gary@kielderobservatory.org
01988 500594
6 Isle of Sark
Galloway Astronomy Centre
www.kielderobservatory.org
1
International Dark Sky Community
A747, three miles east of Monreith
01988
500594
6 Isle of Sarkwww.sark.co.uk
International Sark
Dark Sky
Community
Tourist
Offce
2
www.sark.co.uk
4 Isle of Coll
The Avenue, Sark Island, GY10 1SA
Sark Tourist Offce
International Dark Sky Community The Avenue, 01481
832345
4 Isle of Coll
Sark Island, GY10 1SA
c/o
The
Coll
Hotel
offce@sark.co.uk
International Dark Sky Community
01481 832345
c/o The Coll Hotel
offce@sark.co.uk
3
5
1
2
SP
ED EC
IT IA
IO L
N
SP
ED EC
IT IA
IO L
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Two centuries after Fraunhofer

Two
centuries after
discovered
darkFraunhofer
lines in the Suns
discovered
lines
in the looks
Suns at the
spectrum,dark
Will
Gater
spectrum, Will Gater looks at the
next generation of spectroscopes
next generation of spectroscopes
this light can tell them, astronomers must turn >
thinkstock, alamy
The SecreTS oF
thinkstock, alamy
unlocking E
The
SecreTS
oF
unlocking E
very day, as Earths terminator sweeps

around the globe, the Sun sets in some
part of the world and the blue sky
deepens. On mountaintops and high
desert plateaus, domes open and motors whirr
very day, as
terminator
asEarths
various
kinds ofsweeps
astronomical machinery
around the
globe,
the
Sun
sets in some heaves into life.
housed in observatories
part of the world and the blue sky
Like the coral polyps that emerge at night to
deepens. On mountaintops and high
feed,
the
telescopes
inside these observatories
desert plateaus, domes open
and
motors whirr
as various kinds of astronomical
machinery
are on the hunt
for passing quarry. Yet they seek
housed in observatories
heaves into
something
farlife.
more exotic than even the most
Like the coral polyps that emerge at night to
unusual plankton: photons of celestial light.
feed, the telescopes inside these observatories
Photons
thatYet
may
have
are on the hunt for passing
quarry.
they
seekbeen travelling for billions
years
across
unimaginably
vast stretches of
something far moreof
exotic
than
even the
most
unusual plankton: photons
celestialthat,
light. crucially, can reveal the
space. of
Photons
Photons that may have
been travelling
for billions
secrets
of the objects
theyve come from.
of years across unimaginably vast stretches of
As
they
peer
out
into
space, the huge mirrors
space. Photons that, crucially, can reveal the
the worlds
professional telescopes catch some
secrets of the objectsoftheyve
come from.
of
these
precious
photons. Sensitive cameras can
As they peer out into space, the huge mirrors
of the worlds professional
telescopes
catch
somebe, producing pictures
record the light if need
of these precious photons. Sensitive cameras can
of stars, nebulae and galaxies that enable
record the light if need be, producing pictures
to piece together the story of their
of stars, nebulae andastronomers
galaxies that enable
But
to delve deeper into what
astronomers to piecedistant
togethersubjects.
the story of
their
distant subjects. Butthis
to delve
deeper
what astronomers must turn >
light
can into
tell them,
74
Joseph von
Fraunhofer, left,
demonstrates his
spectrocope in
Munich in 1814
74
Joseph von
Fraunhofer, left,
demonstrates his
spectrocope in
Munich in 1814
> to another, less celebrated, tool of astronomical
discovery the spectrograph.

The realisation that light could harbour
information about celestial objects came thanks
to the work of the German glass-maker Joseph von
Fraunhofer. In 1814 he dispersed the Suns light
into a rainbow of colours known as a spectrum
> to another, less celebrated, tool of astronomical
discovering
numerous dark absorption lines (see
discovery
the spectrograph.
The
Science
of
that were later found
The realisation thatSpectra,
light couldright)
harbour
information
celestial objectsof
came
to betrayabout
the composition
ourthanks
star. With the
to subsequent
the work of thedevelopment
German glass-maker
Joseph von to view
of spectroscopes
Fraunhofer. In 1814 he dispersed the Suns light
and spectrographs to record celestial spectra and
into a rainbow of colours known as a spectrum
the lines they
contained,
astronomers
had a means
discovering
numerous
dark absorption
lines (see
to Science
examine
the make-up
of were
stars.
The
of Spectra,
right) that
later found
alamy x 3, n.a.sharp/noao/nso/kitt peak Fts/aUra/nsF, eads astriUm, thinkstock
alamy x 3, n.a.sharp/noao/nso/kitt peak Fts/aUra/nsF, eads astriUm, thinkstock
to betray the composition of our star. With the

subsequent development of spectroscopes to view
and spectrographs to record celestial spectra and
those early
days, spectroscopy
theEver
linessince
they contained,
astronomers
had a means and
the
spectrograph
have
been
an
integral part of
to examine the make-up of stars.
The next generation
Lines in the Suns

mirror segments sit protected within huge polished
spectrum
show
which
metal containers. Gradually, the components
astronomical research, giving astronomers insights
wavelengths of light
The
generation
are being meticulously tested and, eventually,
intonext
not just
the composition of faraway bodies
have been absorbed by
Ever since those early days, spectroscopy and
integrated into the telescopes skeleton, ahead of
but also their temperature, distance and even
its atmosphere
Lines in the Suns
mirror segments sit protected within huge polished
the spectrograph have been an integral part of
its planned
launch in 2018.
movements.
Now,
two
centuries
after
Fraunhofers
spectrum show which
metal containers. Gradually,
the components
astronomical research, giving astronomers insights
wavelengths
of
light
in eventually,
its own corner of the Goddard clean
studies,
readying
a new generation
are being meticulously Sitting
tested and,
into
not just astronomers
the compositionare
of faraway
bodies
have been absorbed by
integrated into the telescopes
skeleton, ahead
butofalso
their temperature,
distance the
and even
room,
NIRSpec
theofNear-Infrared Spectrograph
spectrographs
to explore
Universe, theitslikes
atmosphere
its
planned
launch
in
2018.
movements.
Now,
two
centuries
after
Fraunhofers
is just one of the four instruments that will
of which have never been seen before.
Sitting in its own corner of the Goddard clean
studies, astronomers are readying a new generation
fy on James Webb. As with all of the telescopes
Under
the
bright
lights
of
the
cavernous
High
Bay
room, NIRSpec the Near-Infrared Spectrograph
of spectrographs to explore the Universe, the likes
instruments,
it will
room
at NASAs
is just one of the four
instruments that
willfocus on observing the Universe
of clean
which have
never
been seenGoddard
before. Space Flight Center
at
infrared
wavelengths.
in
Maryland,
the
James
Webb
Space
Telescope
is
fy on James Webb. As with all of the telescopes To understand why, you
Under the bright lights of the cavernous High Bay
instruments, it will focus
observing
theat
Universe
clean
room
at
NASAs
Goddard
Space
Flight
Center
onlyon
need
to look
the work of James Webbs
slowly taking shape. Yellow scissor fences carefully
at infrared wavelengths. To understand why, you
in Maryland, the James Webb Space Telescope is
forebear, the Hubble Space Telescope.
partition off areas of the immaculate, white-foored
only need to look at the work of James Webbs
slowly taking shape. Yellow scissor fences carefully
Hubble
has excelled at studying faraway galaxies
room
where
instruments
and
other
structures
rest
forebear, the Hubble Space
Telescope.
partition off areas of the immaculate, white-foored
asatwell
as extrasolar
planets and how they form
on where
substantial
support
stands.
High rest
above, on an
Hubble has excelled
studying
faraway galaxies
room
instruments
and other
structures
as well as extrasolar planets
how
they form
onenormous
substantial support
on an 18 primary
withinand
vast
clouds
of dust and gas. But to peer
gantry,stands.
each High
of theabove,
telescopes
within vast clouds of dust and gas. But to peer
enormous gantry, each of the telescopes 18 primary
stellar spectroscopy april 75
The science of spectra

Key to understanding why spectroscopy is
colours from violet at one end to red at the
In emission lines you see the opposite. For
such a formidable tool for astronomers is
other. Yet when we look at stars within this
example, photons from a bright star may be
knowing what creates the features of a
continuum we see dark lines, like those that
causing a nearby nebula to glow. When this
spectrum. You can think of the lines in
Fraunhofer saw in the spectrum of the Sun.
happens, the photons from the star give
astronomical spectra as celestial fngerprints,
These are absorption lines. Theyre made
energy to, or excite, the electrons in the
in that they can help scientists work out what
when photons of light passing through the
nebulas gases. Those electrons will eventually
atoms and molecules created them.
stars atmosphere interact with electrons in
settle down and they do this by releasing
stellar spectroscopy
april 75
These fngerprints come in two forms,
the gases there. These electrons can absorb
energy in the form of a photon of light. The
absorption lines and emission lines. Lets look
the photons energy, removing certain
wavelengths of the photons emitted are
at absorption lines frst. Objects such as stars
wavelengths from the continuum. Which ones
indicative of the atom or molecule that is
create what are known as continuum spectra.
are removed depends on the atoms or
glowing. If you could observe the light from
If we think about just the visible-light portion
molecules present. By identifying the dark
the nebula with a spectroscope, youd see a
of the electromagnetic spectrum, a continuum
lines in a spectrum astronomers can determine
series of thin, bright lines of different colours
Keyspectrum
to understanding
why an
spectroscopy
is rainbow
colours
at one end to red
at the
In emission lines you see
the opposite.
For
looks like
unbroken
of from violet
the composition
of the
stars atmosphere.
these
are emission
lines.
The science of spectra

such a formidable tool for astronomers is
knowing what creates the features of a
spectrum. You can think of the lines in
astronomical spectra as celestial fngerprints,
in that they can help scientists work out what
atoms and molecules created them.
These fngerprints come in two forms,
absorption lines and emission lines. Lets look
at absorption lines frst. Objects such as stars
create what are known as continuum spectra.
If we think about just the visible-light portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum, a continuum
spectrum looks like an unbroken rainbow of
other. Yet when we look at stars within this

continuum we see dark lines, like those that
Fraunhofer saw in the spectrum of the Sun.
These are absorption lines. Theyre made
when photons of light passing through the
stars atmosphere interact with electrons in
the gases there. These electrons can absorb
the photons energy, removing certain
wavelengths from the continuum.
Which ones
Stars
are removed depends on theatmosphere
atoms or
molecules present. By identifying the dark
lines in a spectrum astronomers can determine
the composition of the stars atmosphere.
example, photons from a bright star may be

causing a nearby nebula to glow. When this
happens, the photons from the star give
energy to, or excite, the electrons in the
nebulas gases. Those electrons will eventually
settle down and they do this by releasing
energy in the form of a photon of light. The
wavelengths of the photons emitted are
indicative of the atom or molecule that is
glowing. If you could observe the light from
the nebula with a spectroscope, youd see a
series of thin, bright lines of different colours
these are emission lines.
Hot bright stars
NEBULA
STAR
Hot bright stars
Stars
atmosphere
NEBULA
STAR
ABSORPTION LINES
EMISSION LINES
further out into the Universe and deeper into

nebulae you need to see the cosmos at much longer
ABSORPTION LINES
wavelengths, says NIRSpec instrument scientist
James Muzerolle. Near-infrared and mid-infrared
further
out into theallow
Universe
andpenetrate
deeper intothe dusty
observations
us to
nebulae
you need to that
see the
cosmos
much longer
environments
are
very at
important
for studying
wavelengths, says NIRSpec instrument scientist
star and planet formation, he says.
James Muzerolle. Near-infrared and mid-infrared
Using NIRSpec,
astronomers
will also be able to
observations
allow us to penetrate
the dusty
study lightthat
from
some
of the most
distant, and thus
environments
are very
important
for studying
star
and planet
formation,
he says.
earliest,
galaxies.
Light
that has been stretched as it
Using
NIRSpec,
astronomers
will alsoUniverse.
be able to The light
travelled
across
the expanding
study light from some of the most distant, and thus
that well measure at our telescope will be light that
earliest, galaxies. Light that has been stretched as it
was originally
mostly inUniverse.
the ultraviolet
travelled
across the expanding
The light[section of
the
spectrum]
thats
been
redshifted
that well measure at our telescope will be light into
that the nearwas
originally
mostly
in
the
ultraviolet
[section
of to be able
infrared, explains Muzerolle. You have
the spectrum] thats been redshifted into the nearto look at longer wavelengths in the near-infrared
infrared, explains Muzerolle. You have to be able
in order
to detect
galaxies] at all.
to [region]
look at longer
wavelengths
in the[the
near-infrared
Like
spectrographs,
NIRSpec
will break
[region]
in all
order
to detect [the galaxies]
at all.
Like
all the
spectrographs,
NIRSpecobjects
will break
down
light of celestial
into spectra >
down the light of celestial objects into spectra >
EMISSION LINES
NIRSpecs flter carousel sits in the centre of the device and holds eight light flters
NIRSpecs flter carousel sits in the centre of the device and holds eight light flters
76
76
The JWST will see the
a spectrum, it will frst encounter the array. Here a

Universe in infrared,
panel of roughly a quarter of a million microscopic
tell astronomers much about what theyre looking
allowing it to look back
doors, or shutters, can be programmed to remain
at. But NIRSpecs great strength will be its ability to
at
the
earliest
galaxies
either open or closed while the instrument is
carry out what is known as multi-object spectroscopy.
making its observations. The result being that light
With a traditional spectrograph you have one slit
will only be let through from a select few parts
that, generally speaking, is only big enough to put
a spectrum, it will frst encounter the array. Here a
> whose features, such as dark absorption lines, can
The JWST will see the
of theofinstruments
feld of view the parts that
onto
one
object,
like
one
star.
You
have
to
go
one
at
Universe in infrared,
panel of roughly a quarter
a million microscopic
tell astronomers much about what theyre looking
time
to build
upstrength
a largewill be its ability to allowing it to look back
doors, or shutters, can be programmed to remain contain the objects the
at.aBut
NIRSpecs
great
at the earliest galaxies
either open or closed while the instrument is
carry
out
what
is
known
as
multi-object
spectroscopy.
astronomers specifcally
sample of spectroscopy of
making its observations. The result being that light want spectra of.
With
a
traditional
spectrograph
you
have
one
slit
many different stars,
will only be let through from a select few parts
that, generally speaking, is only big enough to put
For example if you
explains Muzerolle.
of the instruments feld of view the parts that
onto one object, like one star. You have to go one at
want
to take spectroscopy
NIRSpec
will
be
able
to
contain the objects the
a time to build up a large
astronomers specifcally of stars in a cluster you
sample
of spectroscopy
of of
capture
the spectra
want spectra of.
many
different
stars, celestial
point the telescope at the
around
a hundred
For example if you
explains Muzerolle.
cluster and then open the shutters at the positions
objects, such as stars or faint galaxies, in one shot.
want to take spectroscopy
NIRSpec will be able to
of the
starsinthat
youre
Its
able
to
do
this
thanks
to
an
advanced
piece
of
of stars
a cluster
youinterested in, explains
capture the spectra of
Muzerolle.
of the
rest of the shutters [would
technology
known
point theAll
telescope
at the
around
a hundred
celestialas a micro-shutter array.
cluster and then open
theclosed
shuttersso
at that
the positions
objects, such as stars or faint galaxies, in one shot.
be]
you dont get any background or
of the stars that youre
interested
in, explains light getting through.
Its able to do this thanks to an advanced piece of
other
contaminating
Muzerolle. All of the rest of the shutters [would
technology known as a micro-shutter array.
The light going through the open shutters
Even on the ground there are not a lot of
be] closed so that you dont get any background or
the chosen
targets will then fall onto one of
instruments
that
have used this kind of
other contaminatingfrom
light getting
through.
Shut
out the
light
NIRSpecs
gratings,
technology,
says
Muzerolle.
In
essence,
the
microThe light going through the open shutters which will produce spectra
Even on the ground there are not a lot of
from
the chosen targets
then
onto one
instruments
that
have
used
this
kind
of
thatwill
can
befall
imaged
byofthe instruments extremely
shutter arrays role is to purposely block out large
NIRSpecs gratings, which will produce spectra
technology, says Muzerolle. In essence, the microsensitive camera chips. This image, of up to a
parts of NIRSpecs feld of view. Light from the
that can be imaged by the instruments extremely
shutter arrays role is to purposely block out large
hundred
tinyofinfrared
JWSTs
6.5m
mirror
will
be
fed
into
NIRSpec
via
a
sensitive camera chips.
This image,
up to a rainbows, will then be
parts of NIRSpecs feld of view. Light from the
beamed
back
Earth
complex
systemwill
of be
optics.
But
beforeviait areaches the
hundred tiny infrared
rainbows,
willtothen
be where it can be analysed
JWSTs
6.5m mirror
fed into
NIRSpec
beamed back to Earth
it can be analysed
complex
system of grating,
optics. Butwhich
before spreads
it reaches the
the light into
bywhere
astronomers
on the ground. >
instruments
NIRSpec will be able to capture

the spectra of around a hundred
NIRSpec
will beobjects
able to capture
celestial
in one shot
the spectra of around a hundred
celestial objects in one shot
eso/l. calada, nasa/Jpl-caltech/ssi
nasa, thinkstock, nasa/esa, nasa/Jpl-caltech/malin space science systems,

nasa,
thinkstock,
nasa/esa, nasa/Jpl-caltech/malin space
eso/l.
calada,
nasa/Jpl-caltech/ssi
science systems,
> whose features, such as dark absorption lines, can
Shut out the light
instruments grating, which spreads the light into
by astronomers on the ground. >
stellar spectroscopy april 77
insTrumenTs of discovery
a number of missions have used spectroscopy to deliver insights into the workings of the Universe
ChemCam
insTrumenTs of discovery
NASAs Curiosity rover certainly lives up to its original name the

Mars Science Laboratory. It is covered with cameras and scientifc
instruments, including the ChemCam spectrometer. ChemCam works by
zapping a target, such as an interesting rock, with a powerful laser.
stellar
spectroscopy
april
The plasma
released is then analysed
to 77
see what the target is made
of. The range of the laser is such that the instrument can study features
that are 7m away from the rover.
a number of missions have used spectroscopy to deliver insights into the workings of the Universe
ChemCam
NASAs Curiosity rover certainly lives up to its original name the
Mars Science Laboratory. It is covered with cameras and scientifc
instruments, including the ChemCam spectrometer. ChemCam works by
zapping a target, such as an interesting rock, with a powerful laser.
The plasma released is then analysed to see what the target is made
of. The range of the laser is such that the instrument can study features
that are 7m away from the rover.
The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) sits inside the Hubble Space
Telescope. It was ftted to the orbiting observatory in 2009, when
Hubble was visited by astronauts on Space Shuttle Atlantis. As its
name suggests, the instrument is used to explore how various objects
in the Universe, including galaxies and stars, came into being. In
particular, COS has been used to examine the large-scale network of
galaxies and gas present in space, known as the cosmic web.
The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) sits inside the Hubble Space
Telescope. It was ftted to the orbiting observatory in 2009, when
Hubble was visited by astronauts on Space Shuttle Atlantis. As its
name suggests, the instrument is used to explore how various objects
in the Universe, including galaxies and stars, came into being. In
particular, COS has been used to examine the large-scale network of
galaxies and gas present in space, known as the cosmic web.
VIMS
The Cassini mission to Saturn has been exploring the ringed planet and
its moons since 2004. On board the spacecraft are cameras,
spectrometers and other scientifc instruments that have given us
incredible insights into this remarkable planetary system. The Visible
and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) has studied the icy jets
coming from Saturns moon Enceladus, the hydrocarbon lakes on the
VIMS
Titan
weather
in the gas giants atmosphere.
The Cassini missionplanets
to Saturn largest
has beenmoon
exploring
theand
ringed
planet and
its moons since 2004. On board the spacecraft are cameras,
spectrometers and other scientifc instruments that have given us
incredible insights into this remarkable planetary system. The Visible
and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) has studied the icy jets
coming from Saturns moon Enceladus, the hydrocarbon lakes on the
planets largest moon Titan and weather in the gas giants atmosphere.
HARPS
The High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) is
mounted
HARPSon the ESO 3.6m Telescope at the La Silla Observatory
TheinHigh
Accuracy
Velocity Planet site,
Searcher
is skies, HARPS is
Chile.
FromRadial
this mountaintop
with(HARPS)
pristine
mounted
on hunt
the ESO
Telescope
at thearound
La Silla Observatory
used to
for3.6m
planets
orbiting
distant stars. By looking
in Chile. From this mountaintop site, with pristine skies, HARPS is
for tell-tale movements of the lines in the spectra of these faraway
used to hunt for planets orbiting around distant stars. By looking
are
to in
use
instrument
to infer the presence
forstars,
tell-talescientists
movements
of able
the lines
thethe
spectra
of these faraway
of extrasolar
stars,
scientists are worlds.
able to use the instrument to infer the presence
of extrasolar worlds.
78 stellar spectroscopy april
78 stellar spectroscopy april
> In capturing spectra of many stars at once,
the furthest reaches of the observable Universe,

MIRI will be used to
see whats inside the dust
says Sarah Kendrew, one of the astronomers who
NIRSpec will allow astronomers to gather large
clouds
around
newly
worked on MIRI. It is particularly sensitive to
samples of data that should shine a light on the
formed stars
colder, dustier environments, the sort that we
processes at work in star and planet formation.
currently struggle to observe with the Hubble Space
From a statistical standpoint, this will really
Telescope. Discs of dust around newly formed stars,
advance the feld by a considerable amount, says
fortheexample,
be excellent targets for MIRI. As
Muzerolle.
Whenofthe
instrument
surveys the
most
> In
the furthest reaches of
observablewill
Universe,
capturing spectra
many
stars at once,
MIRI will be used to
those
are
the
birthplaces
distant
realms
of
the
Universe
it
should
also
tell
us
see whats inside the dust
says Sarah Kendrew, one of the astronomers who of planets, thats a
NIRSpec will allow astronomers to gather large
clouds
around
newly
worked on MIRI. Itparticularly
is particularly exciting
sensitive toarea of research.
samples
data that
should
a light
on galaxies
the
moreofabout
how
someshine
of the
frst
were born
formed stars
colder, dustier environments, the sort that we
processes
at work
star and planet formation.
Spectrographs have
and how
theyinevolved.
currently struggle to observe with the Hubble Space
From a statistical standpoint, this will really
been at the very heart
In doing so it will give
Telescope. Discs of dust around newly formed stars,
advance the feld by a considerable amount, says
astronomers
a
glimpse
for example, will be excellent targets for MIRI. As of astronomy for two
Muzerolle. When the instrument surveys the most
centuries. And one can
of the
Universe
as it wasit should also tell us
those are the birthplaces of planets, thats a
distant
realms
of the Universe
particularly
exciting
area
of
research.
more
about
how
some
of
the
frst
galaxies
were
born
only imagine the awe
a few hundred million
Spectrographs have
and
how they
with which Fraunhofer
years
afterevolved.
the Big Bang,
been at the very heart
In doing so it will give
might regard modern
says Muzerolle. We
of astronomy for two
astronomers a glimpse
hope
that
well
be
able
centuries. And one can instruments, like MIRI
of the Universe as it was
only imagine the awe
a to
fewsee
hundred
and NIRSpec, if he could
manymillion
galaxies
with which Fraunhofer see them in their clean
years
after
that
arethe
inBig
theBang,
process
regard modern
says Muzerolle. We
roommight
today.
Two hundred years ago his pioneering
of forming, of collecting their initial material, he
instruments, like MIRI
hope that well be able
work
revolutionised
understanding of the
adds.
NIRSpec
isnt
the
only
spectrograph
that
will
and NIRSpec, if heour
could
to see many galaxies
Universe.
Now
the legacy
beare
operating
on James Webb though.
see them
in their
clean of that work is preparing
that
in the process
room today. Two hundred
years ago
pioneering
of forming, of collecting their initial material, he
to launch
intohisspace
to start a new, and equally
work revolutionised ground-breaking,
our understanding of the
adds. NIRSpec isnt the only spectrograph that will
revolution of its own. S
Universe. Now the legacy of that work is preparing
be operating on James Webb though.
MIRI, the Mid-Infrared Instrument, will study
to launch into space to start a new, and equally
of thepair
objects
NIRSpec will. But
ground-breaking, revolution of its own. S
Amany
second
ofthat
eyes
ABOUT THE WRITER
because
it observesInstrument,
in the longer
wavelength,
MIRI,
the Mid-Infrared
will study
Will Gater is an astronomy writer
many
of the objectsregion
that NIRSpec
But
mid-infrared
of thewill.
electromagnetic
ABOUT THE WRITER
and journalist. the author of several
because it observes in the longer wavelength,
spectrum it will also be able to examine some
Will Gater is an astronomy astronomy
writer
mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic
books, he regularly
phenomena
thatbeNIRSpec
cant.some
With MIRI
and journalist. the author of several
spectrum
it will also
able to examine
appears tV and radio. Find him
astronomy books, he regularly
well be that
ableNIRSpec
to studycant.
a whole
phenomena
Withrange
MIRI of astronomical
appears tV and radio. Findon
himtwitter: @willgater
well
be ablefrom
to study
a whole
astronomical
objects
inside
ourrange
ownofSolar
System to
on twitter: @willgater
MIRI will be able to study a

range of objects from inside our
own Solar
System
to the
MIRI
will be able
to study
a furthest
range ofreaches
objects from
inside
our
of the
Universe
own Solar System to the furthest

reaches of the Universe
alamy
alamy
A second pair of eyes
objects from inside our own Solar System to
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mosaicing
THE
MOON
mosaicing
Pete Lawrence reveals his secrets to creating a frst-class

lunar mosaic from capturing the raw data to completion
THET MOON
known as mosaicing. This is the process of taking

he Moon is a fascinating object to
a number of zoomed-in shots and joining them
both observe and image. The evertogether. The ultimate goal is to produce a highchanging shadows crossing the
resolution image of the whole lunar disc. Over
lunar surface make each and every
the next few pages, we take you through all the
Moon session unique and interesting.
steps necessary to produce one from scratch.
At roughly 0.5 across, it is relatively easy to
photograph the entire lunar disc in one go with
a DSLR camera, but this wont bring out any
ABOUT THE WRITER
intricate
A telescope
ftted with
a high
known
as mosaicing. This is the process of taking
he Moondetail.
is a fascinating
object to
Pete Lawrence is an
number of zoomed-in shots and joining them
both observe
and image.
Theyou
ever-to get acloser,
frame
rate camera
allows
together. The ultimate goal is to produce a highchanging shadows crossing the
expert imager. Each
especially at high magnifcation. This typically
resolution image of the whole lunar disc. Over
lunar surface make each and every
month, he tells us about
results in an image that shows morethe
detail
but
next few pages, we take you through all the
Moon session unique and interesting.
a new lunar target in our
covers
smaller
of the
Moon.
steps necessary to produce one from scratch.
At roughly
0.5a across,
it isarea
relatively
easy
to
Moonwatch column fnd
photographIfthe
entire
lunar
disc indetailed
one go with
you
want
highly
images of the
it in the Sky Guide.
a DSLR camera,
but
this
wont
bring
out
any
entire lunar disc, you need to use a technique
ABOUT THE WRITER
Pete Lawrence reveals his secrets to creating a frst-class

lunar mosaic from capturing the raw data to completion
intricate detail. A telescope ftted with a high

frame rate camera allows you to get closer,
especially at high magnifcation. This typically
results in an image that shows more detail but
covers a smaller area of the Moon.
If you want highly detailed images of the
entire lunar disc, you need to use a technique
Pete Lawrence is an
expert imager. Each
month, he tells us about
a new lunar target in our
Moonwatch column fnd
it in the Sky Guide.
If youre inspired by Petes effort, or think you could do the better,

why not enter 2014s Astronomy Photographer of the Year
competition? Among the seven categories and prizes being
If youre inspired
by Petes
effort,
or think
you could
the better,
contested
is Our
Solar
System,
fordo
which
the judges are looking
why not enter
2014s Astronomy
thecosmic
Year backyard. For full
for images
that showPhotographer
the best of ofour
competition? Among the seven categories and prizes being
details on how to sign up, the rules and how to submit your images,
contested is Our Solar System, for which the judges are looking
visit
competition
website.
www.rmg.co.uk/astrophoto
for images
thatthe
show
the best of our
cosmic backyard.
For full
details on how to sign up, the rules and how to submit your images,
visit the competition website. www.rmg.co.uk/astrophoto
up of a staggering 213 panes
PEtE LawrEncE
PEtE LawrEncE
The authors own mosaic of the

waxing
The authors own mosaic of the gibbous Moon; it is made
up of a staggering 213 panes
waxing gibbous Moon; it is made
Use features at the

leading edge of the
frame as a guide
for the next frame
Start
Use the features at

the bottom of the
frst row of frames
as a guide for lining
up the next row
Use features at the

leading edge of the
frame as a guide
for the next frame
Start
Use the features at

the bottom of the
frst row of frames
as a guide for lining
up the next row
High frame rate
cameras are the

best choice for
lunar mosaicing
High frame rate
overlap
11
overlap
Area of Moon
visible (pane)
Finish
cameras are the

best choice for
lunar mosaicing
overlap
overlap
Area of Moon
Finish
Follow
the surface horizontally;
higher magnifcation increases the number of panes but the method stays the same
visible (pane)
caPTURing THE MOON
Follow the surface horizontally; higher magnifcation increases the number of panes but the method stays the same
caPTURing THE MOON
Before you can create a mosaic, you

the magnifcation you use, for instance, the in right ascension and rotating the camera
need detailed pictures. a mono high frame easier it is to get lost and miss a bit out; this so that features move parallel to the bottom
Remembering
few tool
simple
rules
will help
you to capture
a lunar
mosaic
without
gaps
edge
of the frame. finally, focus your setup.
rate camera
is really thea best
for the
job,
is a common
frustration
when
starting
out. any
allowing
tocreate
record
a shortyou
video of
It pays
to be
termsinof
image
scale.and rotating the camera
right
ascension
Before
youyou
can
a mosaic,
theeach
magnifcation
you use,
forrealistic
instance,inthe
that features
to the bottom
need
detailed
pictures.ofathe
mono
highsurface)
frame easier
getyoure
lost andexperimenting
miss a bit out; thiswithsomosaics
pane
(segment
lunar
as anit is to If
formove parallel
An equatorial
setup
edge
of
the
frame.
finally,
focus
your useful
setup.
rate
camera
is
really
the
best
tool
for
the
job,
is
a
common
frustration
when
starting
out.
is the most
aVI fle, the individual frames of which can the frst time, capture a small number of
allowing you to record a short video of each
It pays to be realistic in terms of image scale.
mount for mosaicing
be stacked into a still image later. If your
panes to start with so you can get a feel of
pane (segment of the lunar surface) as an
If youre experimenting with mosaics for
An equatorial setup
camera
have
anofinfrared-blocking
Image
scale
betheadjusted
most useful
aVI
fle, the doesnt
individual
frames
which can the frst time,whats
capturewhat.
a small
number
of can is
mount
for mosaicing
flter
built-in,
consider
attaching
an
infraredusing
optical
amplifers
such
as
Barlow
be stacked into a still image later. If your
panes to start with so you can get a feel of
camera
doesnt
have
an
infrared-blocking
whats
what.
Image
scale
can
be
adjusted
pass flter. Doing so can reduce the effects
lenses, but aim to keep your scopes overall
flter built-in, consider attaching an infraredusing optical amplifers such as Barlow
of poor seeing. alternatively, try a red flter. focal ratio somewhere between f/15 and f/45.
pass flter. Doing so can reduce the effects
lenses, but aim to keep your scopes overall
Moving
across the lunar
surface
only gobetween
higherf/15
if the
of poor
seeing. alternatively,
try a red
flter. infocal ratio somewhere
andseeing
f/45. gets really good.
overlapping
issurface
something
that sounds
driven,
equatorially
Moving
across panels
the lunar
in
only go higher ifathe
seeing gets
really good.mounted scope is
overlapping
panels
something
sounds
a driven, equatorially
mounted
scope
is
easy to do,
butis there
are that
pitfalls.
The higher
ideal. check
camera
alignment
by slewing
PEtE LawrEncE x 4, stEvE marsh
PEtE LawrEncE x 4, stEvE marsh
Remembering a few simple rules will help you to capture a lunar mosaic without any gaps
easy to do, but there are pitfalls. The higher
ideal. check camera alignment by slewing
making a lunar mosaic april 83
Single pane at f/15
lunar mosaic april 83

Lining up your panes with a generous overlap will lessen the chancesmaking
of missing aapiece
Single pane at f/45
point your scope at the brightest part of

There are various ways to move across
Single pane at f/15
the Moon and adjust the cameras
gain and
the Moon, but imaging in horizontal
exposure
so
peak
saturation
is
around
90
strips with lots of overlap is best. a good
per cent. you should be able to leave this
overlap is typically 20-25 per cent. When
alone. of course, you can adjust the exposure
lining up your frst pane, make a note of
levels for each frame if you want, but this
features close to the corners of the frame
is more time consuming and requires
and use these as guides when positioning
greater effort when it comes to stitching
for the next one.
together;
Itsupgood
practice
image overlap
the strips
in the your
Lining
your panes
with to
a generous
will lessen
chancespanes
of missing
a piece the advantage is less
pane at f/45 Youll need fewer panes to complete your
noise in dark regions and extraSingle
navigational
the same direction, moving back to the
mosaic at f/15, but at f/45 youll get more detail
point your scope at the brightest part of
There are various ways to move across
detail when crossing seemingly featureless
same starting side of the Moon between
the Moon and adjust the cameras gain and
the Moon, but imaging in horizontal
long runs. Two fnal tips: mosaic captures
areassaturation
such as isthe
lunar90seas.
strips.
features
the frst
strip ofexposure
panes so peak
around
strips
withuse
lots of
overlap in
is best.
a good
typically take up lots of computer hard
Whatbeyou
need
to make
sure your
adjustment
per cent. you should
ablewill
to leave
thisto do during a long
overlap
is typically
20-25 vertical
per cent. When
alone.
you can adjust
exposure often. This is
lining
upplenty
your frst
makeaa note
of sketch
disk space, so make sure you have plenty
mosaicing
run the
is refocus
gives
ofpane,
overlap.
rough
of of course,
levels
for
each
frame
if
you
want,
but
this
features
close
to
the
corners
of
the
frame
free; and plan ahead to make sure the
essential to prevent defocusing caused by
the feature in each frame can help. If you
is more time consuming and requires
and use these as guides when positioning
Moon doesnt disappear behind by a
temperature variations. a 12V camping
lose track, wind back to the last place you
greater effort when it comes to stitching
for the next one.
neighbouring tree or rooftop part-way
hairdryer
also invaluable
for removing
know
defnitely
imaged.
yourtopanes together;
the is
advantage
is less
Its
goodyou
practice
to image
the stripsIts
in better
Youll
need fewer panes to complete your
your imaging session.
moisture
from
dewed-up
optics
during
thanback
a gap!
noise in dark regions and extra navigational mosaic at f/15, but at f/45through
therisk
sameduplication
direction, moving
to the
youll get more detail
2
2
same starting side of the Moon between

strips. use features in the frst strip of panes
to make sure your vertical adjustment
gives plenty of overlap. a rough sketch of
the feature in each frame can help. If you
lose track, wind back to the last place you
know you defnitely imaged. Its better to
risk duplication than a gap!
detail when crossing seemingly featureless

areas such as the lunar seas.
What you will need to do during a long
mosaicing run is refocus often. This is
essential to prevent defocusing caused by
temperature variations. a 12V camping
hairdryer is also invaluable for removing
moisture from dewed-up optics during
long runs. Two fnal tips: mosaic captures

typically take up lots of computer hard
disk space, so make sure you have plenty
free; and plan ahead to make sure the
Moon doesnt disappear behind by a
neighbouring tree or rooftop part-way
through your imaging session.
PRocessing THE MOON

Now that youve captured your panes as movie fles its time to turn them into high-resolution images
PRocessing THE MOON
stacked (averaged) to produce

The nexT sTep is to process each aVI
a fnal image.
fle to produce one still image, ready
The higher the quality
for assembly into the fnal mosaic.
threshold, the fewer frames
for a large mosaic containing many
Now that youve captured your panes as movie fles its time to turn them into high-resolution images
will ultimately go into the
individual panes this can be a daunting
stack. This
will result in the
and
tedious
but there
to produce
The
nexT
sTeptask,
is to process
eachare
aVIways stacked (averaged)
a
fnal
image.
fleto
tospeed
produce
one
still
image,
ready
sharpest
output,
but with less
things up.
The
higher
the
quality
for assembly
into
the
fnal
mosaic.
frames to average, noise is
The frst processing step is to analyse,
threshold, the fewer frames
for a large mosaic containing many
more
noticeable. set the quality
register and stack the frames in eachwill ultimately
go into the
individual panes this can be a daunting
threshold
lower and there will
aVI
fle.
There
are
various
good
(not
to
stack. This will result in the
and tedious task, but there are ways
sharpest output,
but with
less to average,
to mention,
speed thingsfree)
up. computer programs that
be more
frames
frames to average,
noisein
is a smoother, less
The
stepautomatically,
is to analyse,
resulting
canfrst
do processing
this for you
among
set the quality
register and stack the frames in each
noisy
result. however, using
them registax, autostakkert! and more noticeable.
threshold lower and there will
aVI fle. There are various good (not to
lower
quality frames reduces
avistack.
for
this
project
well
be
using
be more frames to average,
mention, free) computer programs that
image
take
care of theamong
bulk of the
resulting in aoverall
smoother,
less sharpness.
canavistack
do this fortoyou
automatically,
usingidea to perform
them
registax, autostakkert!
and
Its a good
processing
and registax
to perform noisy result. however,
reduces
avistack.
this project well
be using
number
of test runs using
waveletforsharpening
on the
results. lower qualityaframes
overall image sharpness.
avistack to take care of the bulk of the
avistack
if
youre not familiar
The
analysis
step
determines
the
Its a good idea to perform
processing and registax to perform
theusing
program. There are a
quality
of eachonstill
Quality analysis determines which frames
test runs
wavelet
sharpening
the frame
results. and then a number of with
will
give you the best results for each pane
lot
of
parameters
and
settings
ranks
them
in
order
of
how
good
they
avistack
if
youre
not
familiar
The analysis step determines the
with
the
program.
There
are
a
quality
of
each
still
frame
and
then
Quality analysis determines which frames
that can be confgured; these are
are. a user-set quality threshold then
will give you the best results for each pane
lot of parameters and settings
ranks them in order of how good they
shown
in
a
separate
window
and
can
determines how many of the frames
up a control window allowing you to
that can be confgured; these are
are. a user-set quality threshold then
be
viewed
by
expanding
the
tree
list.
are
used.
The
frames
that
are
above
adjust the
settings for that section. you
shown in a separate window and can
determines how many of the frames
up a control window allowing
you to
clicking
threshold
are
registered
cansection.
toggle you
between automatic and
be viewed byDouble
expanding
the tree on
list.a parameter
arethe
used.
The frames
that
are above (aligned)
adjustsection,
the settings for that
Double clicking
a parameter
section,
thetothreshold
are registered
canwill
toggle
between automatic
and
for on
example
frame
selection,
bring
one another.
These (aligned)
are then
manual
processing by clicking on >
to one another. These are then
for example frame selection, will bring
manual processing by clicking on >
84
blurred, so to address this well apply the

useful if youre not initially sure what
excellent wavelet sharpening function
youre doing.
within registax.
avistack has a great batch-processing
sharpening lunar images is something
mode that can work on large numbers
that needs to be done with great care.
of aVI fles unattended. The end result
once you start to apply sharpening to an
is a single distilled image for each aVI
image, its easy to get carried away and
capture. Various output formats are
push it just that little bit too far.
available but we recommend pnG as
If in doubt, its a good idea to leave
this is a lossless format that many
84
the
image up on your computer screen
editing
programs
and
fle
viewers
can
AVIs can be batch
processed manually
and walk away from it for a while. When
easily display. other lossless fles can also
or automatically
you come back, your initial reaction
be used, but how easy they are to view
blurred, so to address this well apply the
useful if youre not initially sure what
will be a good indicator as to whether
and manipulate may vary. avoid lossy
excellent wavelet sharpening function
youre doing.
youve taken things too far. If youre
> the gear wheel icon below the
formats
as JpeG.
within registax.
avistack has
a great such
batch-processing
creating
your mosaic at low magnifcation,
following
step-by-step guide
below,
section header. setting the toggle mode that can work
sharpening
lunar images
is something
on largethe
numbers
that
needs
to
be
done
with
great
care.
of
aVI
fles
unattended.
The
end
result
a gentle tweak on the frst slider is all thats
the initial process delivers results with
to automatic processing lets avistack
oncewill
you start
sharpeningrequired.
to an
image for each
no sharpening.
ToaVI
the eye these
lookto applynormally
make decisions for you, which can beis a single distilled
capture. Various output formats are
available but we recommend pnG as
this is a lossless format that many
editing programs and fle viewers can
easily display. other lossless fles can also
be used, but how easy they are to view
and manipulate may vary. avoid lossy
formats such as JpeG.
Click on Process
following the step-by-step guide below,
fle. When
Save
the initial process
deliversthe
results
with
stacked
image
no sharpening. To the eye these will look
image, its easy to get carried away and

push it just that little bit too far.
If in doubt, its a good idea to leave
the image up on your computer screen
and walk away from it for a while. When
you come back, your initial reaction
will be a good indicatorAdd
as toMovies
whether
youve taken things too(fle
far.open)
If youre
creating your mosaic at low magnifcation,
a gentle tweak on the frst slider is all thats
normally required.
prOcEssiNg sTEp by sTEp
STEP 1
AVIs can be batch

processed manually
or automatically
> the gear wheel icon below the
STEP 2
Load a single AVI

section header. setting the toggle
AviStack
for
to into
automatic
processing
lets avistack
processing.
If
make decisions for you, which can be
youre technically
window appears
minded, choose
see right select
Settings,
PNG as the fle type
Batch
Processing, All
and defne the save
processing
manual from the
folder. Make sure
Add Movies
main window
Save parameters is
(fle open)
Load
a single
AVI select
Click on Process
menu.
If not,
ticked before you
into AviStack for
fle. When the Save
All automatic.
click on Save. Press
processing. If
stacked image
Expand
the Save
Cancel when the
Thats your frst processed fle complete. The
youre
technically
window appears
stacked
image
Post processing
minded,
choose
see right select
settings for this fle will be automatically used
Settings,
PNG as the fle
type
section and make
window
appears.
for the batch processing run. Click Add movies
Batch
Processing,
All
and defne theTest
savethe suitability of
sure Manual
processing
and select all of the fles to be processed, then
manual from the
folder. Make sure
processing
is
set;
click
on
Automatic
the
result
for
wavelet
click Open. Finally, click Batch processing
main window
Save parameters is
processing
see
and let the program run through each fle in
menu.
If not, selectif shown. Expand Post processing
ticked before sharpening
you
select Manual processing. The fourclick on Save.step
5. If it is not,
Alland
automatic.
Press
turn, saving the results according to the settings
Expand
the Save
the
Thats your
frst processedyou
fle chose
complete.
options
below this should be deselected,Cancel whenrepeat
and adjust parameter settings
during
in The
the save stacked image box in
stacked image
Post processing
settingsto
forassist.
this fle will be automatically used
as shown above.
a manual run using the help options
the
previous
step.
section and make
window appears.
prOcEssiNg sTEp by sTEp
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 3
sure Manual
processing is set; click on Automatic
processing if shown. Expand Post processing
and select Manual processing. The four
options below this should be deselected,
as shown above.
STEP 4
for the batch processing run. Click Add movies

and select all of the fles to be processed, then
click Open. Finally, click Batch processing
and let the program run through each fle in
turn, saving the results according to the settings
you chose in the save stacked image box in
the previous step.
STEP 5
STEP 6
Run RegiStax and click Select. Change Files

Wavelet sharpen all of the images, saving
Once you have all the AviStack-processed
of type to match the format of the processed
each when done. Next, load the frst image
PNG results, copy them all to a new folder,
images
(in
our
example,
PNG).
Load
the
frst
into
a layer-based
editing program such as
named
something
like
Wavelet-sharpened.
Run RegiStax and click Select. Change Files
Wavelet sharpen all of the
images,
saving
Once you have all the AviStack-processed
image.
Withofthe
Photoshop
or GIMP and crop off any unwanted
These
arecopy
the them
fles all
well
RegiStax; of
leaving
type to match
the format
the Wavelet
processed tab selected,
each whenclick
done. Next, load
the frst image
PNG
results,
to aedit
newin
folder,
example,
PNG). Load
the frst
into aoflayer-based
editingedge
program
such as Estimate and adjust the canvas
the preview
buttons
to the right
the sliders
artefacts.
named
something untouched
like Wavelet-sharpened.
the originals
means you can images
rework(in ouron
image.
Wavelet
tab details
selected,will
clickchange.
Photoshop
These
areat
theafles
well
edit in
RegiStax;
leaving
to see
which
Use theor GIMP and crop
size off
soany
thatunwanted
it will hold all of the panes; dont
them
later
date
say
if new
software
or With the
on the preview buttons to the right of the sliders
edge artefacts. Estimate and adjust the canvas
the originals untouched means you can rework
slider that shows the fnest detail
that isnt
worry too much if you get the size wrong as it
more advanced techniques become available.
to see which details will change. Use the
size so that it will hold all of the panes; dont
them at a later date say if new software or
justthe
noise
Adjust
to sharpen
Select a black background
Once
you have
your become
fnal results,
the originals
slider that shows
fnestgrain.
detail that
isnt the slider
worry
too much if you getcan
the be
sizeadjusted
wrong as later.
it
more
advanced
techniques
available.
theAdjust
image
taste.
forathe
new
canvas area before you do this.
canyou
behave
discarded
you need
the disk space.
just noise grain.
the to
slider
to sharpen
can be adjusted later. Select
black
background
Once
your fnalifresults,
the originals
STEP 5
STEP 6
the image to taste.
for the new canvas area before you do this.
PEtE LawrEncE x 10
STEP 4
PEtE LawrEncE x 10
Test the suitability of

the result for wavelet
sharpening see
step 5. If it is not,
repeat and adjust parameter settings during
a manual run using the help options to assist.
can be discarded if you need the disk space.
making a lunar mosaic april 85
sTiTching THE MOON
All the hard work youve put in up to this point is about to pay off with the best part, assembling the mosaic
The excITInG parT of mosaicing is

Whether a full disc or a
building the fnal image. There are free
crescent, a lunar mosaic is
programs that can do this automatically,
one of the most rewarding
making a lunar mosaic april 85 images you can produce
including Microsofts excellent Image
composite editor (Ice). Building the
mosaic manually is a more time-consuming
process, but ultimately a rewarding
experience. Doing it yourself can also help
to avoid the errors that sometimes occur
usingwork
automated
Allwhen
the hard
youveprograms.
put in up to this point is about to pay off with the best part, assembling the mosaic
If you followed our step-by-step guide
The excITInG parT of mosaicing is
Whether a full disc or a
on the previous page, your base image
building the fnal image. There are free
crescent, a lunar mosaic is
will
contain
a
single
fnished
pane
and
programs that can do this automatically,
one of the most rewarding
your canvas
willexcellent
be of suffcient
size to
including
Microsofts
Image
images you can produce
composite
take theeditor
rest. (Ice). Building the
mosaic manually is a more time-consuming
Load the next frame in the sequence
process, but ultimately a rewarding
and
draw
a selection
experience.
Doing
it yourselfbox
can slightly
also help smaller
theerrors
frame
edge
withinoccur
it. apply a
to than
avoid the
that
sometimes
when
using
automated
5-10
pixel
featherprograms.
to the selection.
If you
followed
our step-by-step
guide it into
copy
the selection
and paste
on the previous page, your base image
the base image. use the arrow keys to
will contain a single fnished pane and
nudge
the
alignment
your
canvas
willpane
be ofinto
suffcient
size to with
the
take
thelower
rest. image. Toggling the visibility
Load
thenudged
next frame
in the
of the
layer
onsequence
and off will help
and
draw
a
selection
box
slightly
smaller
you to line it up accurately.
than the frame edge within it. apply a
small variations in tone between the
5-10 pixel feather to the selection.
pasted
baseand
images
can
copy
theand
selection
paste it
intonormally be
with by
tweaking
thedealt
base image.
usegently
the arrow
keys to the curves
nudge
paneshould
into alignment
toolthe
you
apply with
the adjustment
the lower image. Toggling the visibility
to the centre of the curve. for larger
of the nudged layer on and off will help
variations,
or drop the brightness
you
to line it up raise
accurately.
of
the
image
frst
to between
get it closer
small variations in tone
the to where
sTiTching THE MOON
pasted and base images can normally be

dealt with by gently tweaking the curves
tool you should apply the adjustment
to the centre of the curve. for larger
variations, raise or drop the brightness
of the image frst to get it closer to where
similar stage as before, save as mosaic-002

you want it, then use the curves tool to
and fatten. repeat until the whole mosaic
carry out fne adjustments.
Align your panes by zooming in and
is complete. This technique means you
The
feathered
edges
of
the
pasted
nudging them into place with the arrow keys
back and address any major
image
should
anysimilar
straight
stage as before,can
save go
as mosaic-002
you want it, then
usepane
the curves
toolmake
to
and
fatten.
repeat until
the wholefound
mosaic at the end.
carry out fneedges
adjustments.
problems
hard
to
see.
If
some
are
still
obvious,
Align your panes by zooming in and
is
complete.
This
technique
means
you
The
feathered
edges
of
the
pasted
nudging them into place with the arrow keys
When done, fatten the image and save
set the eraser tool to 10 per cent strength
can go back and address any major
image pane should make any straight
to
a fle name of your choice. a gentle
and
gently
rub
it
over
any
visible
joins;
problems found at the end.
edges hard to see. If some are still obvious,
tweak
ofand
brightness
or contrast, or a small
them.
When done, fatten the
image
save
set the eraserthis
toolshould
to 10 perhide
cent strength
adjustment
using
the
Levels and curves
for
very
large
mosaics
that
stretch
to
a
fle
name
of
your
choice.
a
gentle
and gently rub it over any visible joins;
tweak
of
brightness
or
contrast,
or
a
small
this should hide
them.
tools, can help to fnish off your masterpiece.
your computers memory, assemble a
adjustment using the Levels and curves
for very large mosaics that stretch
It takes a bit of work to build such a mosaic
batch of panes and then save the layered
tools, can help to fnish off your masterpiece.
your computers memory, assemble a
once its done, the feeling of
image
to asave
flethe
called
mosaic-001.
It takes aflatten
bit of work tomanually
build such abut
mosaic
batch of panes
and then
layered
will
the
image
and continue
withbut
the
manually
once its satisfaction
done, the feeling
of be immense; that is unless
image to a fle
called
mosaic-001.
flatten loading
You may need to adjust brightness and
satisfaction
will
be
immense;
that
is
unless
the
image
and
continue
loading
with
the
youve
missed
a bit of course! S
next
set
of
frames.
When
you
get
to
a
contrast
to
blend
adjacent
panes
together
You may need to adjust brightness and
contrast to blend adjacent panes together
next set of frames. When you get to a
youve missed a bit of course! S
UK
Retailer Guide
UK
Find the right one for you: buy your

telescope from a specialist retailer
Retailer Guide
I
t is quite easy to become daunted by the vast array

of equipment that is available to todays amateur
astronomers. Different makes, different models, different
sizes and optical arrangements if youre new to the
hobby, how do you make sense of all these details and fnd the
telescope that will show you the Universe?
The answer lies in buying from a specialist retailer
somewhere that really knows what theyre talking about. Like
quite easy
become
daunted
by have
the vast
array
thet isretailers
intothis
guide,
theyll
the
practical knowledge
of equipment that is available to todays amateur
that will guide you towards the scope that wont end up
astronomers. Different makes, different models, different
gathering
dust in a cupboard.
sizes and optical arrangements if youre new to the
Today
there
are over
models
ofand
telescope
hobby,
how do
you make
sense1,000
of all these
details
fnd the to choose
telescope
that will showand
yourefectors,
the Universe?
from refractors
Dobsonians and Newtonians,
The answer
lies Maksutov-Cassegrains.
in buying from a specialist retailer
Schmidtand
And just as important as
somewhere that really knows what theyre talking about. Like
the telescope is the mount it sits on; but do you go for equatorial
the retailers in this guide, theyll have the practical knowledge
orwill
altazimuth,
manualthe
orscope
Go-To?
about accessories
that
guide you towards
thatAnd
wontwhat
end up
like eyepieces
and fnderscopes?
gathering
dust in a cupboard.
Today
there
are over 1,000
models
of telescope
to making
choose a decision,
Thats
certainly
a lot to
consider
before
from
refractors
and
refectors,
Dobsonians
and
Newtonians,
but a specialist retailer will help you make that decision, taking
Schmidt- and Maksutov-Cassegrains. And just as important as
important considerations like portability, construction and price
the telescope is the mount it sits on; but do you go for equatorial
account.
orinto
altazimuth,
manual or Go-To? And what about accessories
So if youand
need
friendly, face-to-face advice and excellent
like eyepieces
fnderscopes?
Thats
certainly
a
lot
consider
making
a decision,
aftersales service,tofree
frombefore
biased
opinions,
specialist
but a specialist retailer will help you make that decision, taking
telescope retailers are the place to go for a helping hand
important considerations like portability, construction and price
through
into
account.the technical literature and tables of fgures. Theyll
help
youneed
fndfriendly,
a scope
that combines
quality
and convenience at
So if you
face-to-face
advice and
excellent
aftersales
free from biased opinions, specialist
a priceservice,
thats right.
Find the right one for you: buy your

telescope from a specialist retailer
telescope retailers are the place to go for a helping hand

through the technical literature and tables of fgures. Theyll
help you fnd a scope that combines quality and convenience at
a price thats right.
TRinG AsTRonomy
cenTRe
Telescope House
Founded in 1785, Telescope House has
been responsible for supplying many
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Telescope
House
Founded
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Telescope
Whether
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onHouse
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frst telescope,
been
responsible
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many
to setting
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well-known Astronomers with telescopes
systems, the staff at Telescope House have a
and equipment. The late Sir Patrick Moore
wealth
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bought
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Whether its advice on your frst telescope,
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setting up advanced
Astrophotography
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we at Sherwoods are one of the
wealth of experience and instant access to
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At Tring Astronomy Centre we know that

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88
Skills
Brush up on your astronomy prowess

with our team of experts
Contents
88
The guide
How to
Sketching
Scope doctor
88
90
93
95
An introduction
to the Milky Ways
neighbouring galaxies
Get steadier binocular

views with a pair of
stabilising techniques
Skills
SKILLS
Contents
The guide
88
An introduction
to the Milky Ways
neighbouring galaxies
SKILLS
With
Elizabeth Pearson
Discover how to
sketch Mars, which
reaches opposition this month
Brush up on your astronomy prowess

with our team of experts
The guide
How to
Sketching
Scope doctor
90
93
95
Get steadier binocular

views with a pair of
stabilising techniques
Discover how to
sketch Mars, which
reaches opposition this month
The Local Group
Steve Richards
answers your
astro equipment queries
Steve Richards
answers your
astro equipment queries
The Milky Way is one of the mainstays in this galactic family
The guide
With
Elizabeth Pearson
The Local Group
Andromeda
Galaxy, M31
The Milky Way is one of the mainstays in thisThegalactic
family
The Milky Way
M33
The Triangulum Galaxy, M33
MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY, THINKSTOCK x 3, NOAO/AURA/NSF
MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY, THINKSTOCK x 3, NOAO/AURA/NSF
The Milky Way
The
Andromeda
Galaxy,
M31
The
Triangulum
Galaxy,
The Local Group of galaxies only

contains three spirals, our own
Milky Way, M31 and M33
The Local Group of galaxies only
contains three spirals, our own
Way,Milky
M31 and
M33that
Way
make Milkythe
T
T
they must be affected

he Milky Way is not alone in
Magellanic Clouds. Together, they
by its gravitational pull. By that time it
the Universe. Our Galaxy
up the Local Group.
the introduced
Milky Way that they
must
be affected
he Milky
is not alone in spiral,
Magellanic
they make
was
already
known that most galaxies
and Way
its neighbouring
the Clouds.
TheTogether,
term Local
Group was
by its gravitational pull. By that time it
the Universe. Our Galaxy
up the Local Group.
are found in either groups or their larger
Andromeda Galaxy, are locked
by Edwin Hubble in 1936 while he was
was already known that most galaxies
and its neighbouring spiral, the
The term Local Group was introduced
cousins,
together
by
gravity.
Caught
along
with
measuring
the
distances
to
extragalactic
are found in either groups
or theirclusters,
larger and so Hubble suggested
Andromeda Galaxy, are locked
by Edwin Hubble in 1936 while he was
that
these
objects were all part of our
them by
aregravity.
a hostCaught
of 30-50
galaxies,
objects.
Hubble
realised thatcousins,
severalclusters,
of theand so
Hubble
suggested
together
alongsmaller
with
measuring the
distances
to extragalactic
that so
these
objects
all part of our
them
are a host
of 30-50
galaxies, and
objects.
realised
of the were
own group.
among
them
M33 smaller
in Triangulum
the Hubble
objects
hethat
hadseveral
catalogued
close
to wereGalaxys
among them M33 in Triangulum and the
objects he had catalogued were so close to
Galaxys own group.
skiLLs APRIL 89
Observing the LocaL Group

A few objects in the Local Group are prime
targets for observing and imaging. That said,
the light from these galaxies is spread out and
diffuse, meaning they can be a challenge to

fnd and picking out detail is very tricky. As
with most deep-sky objects, its critical to
observe from a very dark site from good

locations you may be able to see some of
these four with the naked eye.
skiLLs APRIL 89
Observing the LocaL Group

A few objects in the Local Group are prime
targets for observing and imaging. That said,
the light from these galaxies is spread out and
diffuse, meaning they can be a challenge to

fnd and picking out detail is very tricky. As
with most deep-sky objects, its critical to
observe from a very dark site from good

locations you may be able to see some of
these four with the naked eye.
ThE AndroMEdA GALAXY, M31
ThE MILKY WAY
Equipment: naked eye, binoculars, telescope

Constellation: Andromeda
At mag. +3.5, M31 is the brightest galaxy visible from the northern
hemisphere; also look out for its satellite galaxies above and below
it, designated M32 and M110 youll need at least binoculars for these.
Equipment: naked eye

The Milky Way appears as a band of stars across the sky as
we look out through the plane of our Galaxy. The exact position
of the band on the sky changes throughout the year, showing us
different parts of the Galaxy.
ThE AndroMEdA GALAXY, M31
ThE MILKY WAY

Constellation: Andromeda
At mag. +3.5, M31 is the brightest galaxy visible from the northern
hemisphere; also look out for its satellite galaxies above and below
it, designated M32 and M110 youll need at least binoculars for these.
Equipment: naked eye

The Milky Way appears as a band of stars across the sky as
we look out through the plane of our Galaxy. The exact position
of the band on the sky changes throughout the year, showing us
different parts of the Galaxy.
ThE LArGE And SMALL MAGELLAnIC CLoudS (LMC And SMC)
ThE TrIAnGuLuM GALAXY, M33

Constellation: dorado/Mensa (LMC); Tucana (SMC)
This duo are only visible from the southern hemisphere. The LMC is an
irregular galaxy, though a strong bar-like structure near the centre
suggests it may once have been a spiral; the SMC is an irregular dwarf.
Equipment: Binoculars, telescope

Constellation: Triangulum
In April, the mag. +5.7 Triangulum Galaxy will appear low on the
horizon in the early hours of the morning. It is most easily spotted
with binoculars due to its low surface brightness.
ThE LArGE And SMALL MAGELLAnIC CLoudS (LMC And SMC)
ThE TrIAnGuLuM GALAXY, M33

Equipment: Binoculars, telescope
Constellation:
dorado/Mensa
(LMC); Tucana
(SMC)
Triangulum
infuence.Constellation:
Calculating
distances on these
Over the
years astronomers
have
found
about four billion years. While this will be
This duo are only visible from the southern hemisphere. The LMC is an
In April, the mag. +5.7 Triangulum Galaxy will appear low on the
huge scales
is extremely diffcult using the
more nearby dwarf galaxies, upping the
the most spectacular crash these two spirals
irregular galaxy, though a strong bar-like structure near the centre
horizon in the early hours of the morning. It is most easily spotted
of resolving
individual
number
inonce
the have
Local
Group
to the
several
suggests
it may
been
a spiral;
SMC isdozen.
an irregularusual
dwarf. techniques
with binoculars
due to its low
surface brightness. have encountered, it wont be the frst. The
stars visually and calculating redshift with remains of dwarf galaxies that have been
The exact population is still a matter of
spectroscopy.
In on
several
a galaxy
has years.
some
contention:
in
order
to
be
part
of
the
subsumed
can be seen in
infuence. Calculating
distances
these cases
Over the years astronomers have found
about
four billion
While this by
willAndromeda
be
huge scales isatextremely
diffcult to
using
more
nearby
dwarf galaxies,
the
most
spectacular crash
two spirals
frst appeared
be the
part ofthethe
Local
group,
a galaxy
needs upping
to be gravitationally
ourthese
galactic
companion, while a structure
usual techniques
of resolving
individual
number
in the
Groupmembers,
to several dozen.
havedistance
encountered, it wont
be the
TheStellar Stream is believed
Group,
only for
a more precise
bound
to Local
the other
something
called
thefrst.
Virgo
stars visually and calculating redshift with remains of dwarf galaxies that have been
The exact population is still a matter of
measurement to place it in a nearby group; to be whats left of a dwarf that is currently
that can be hard to work out.
spectroscopy. In several cases a galaxy has
some contention: in order to be part of the
subsumed by Andromeda can be seen in
thistohappened
with
irregularour
galaxy
merging
with the Milky Way. When the
at frst appeared
be part of the
Local
group, a galaxy needs to be gravitationally
galactic companion,
while a structure
86.
Oncedistance
proposed tocalled
be part
of the
Group, only UGCA
for a more
precise
bound to the other members, something
the Virgo
Stellarlargest
Stream members
is believed of the Local Group merge,
measurementLocal
to place
it in a nearby
that
can be
work out.
be whats
left of a dwarf
is currently
Group,
recentgroup;
studies to
have
placed
theythat
will
form a massive elliptical galaxy.
Most
ofhard
the to
galaxies
in the Local Group
this
happened
with
irregular
galaxy
merging
with
the
Milky
Way.
When
What willthe
happen to the smaller
are satellites of either the Milky Way or the it in the IC 342/Maffei Group, an adjacent
UGCA 86. Once proposed to be part of the largest members of the Local Group merge,
Gravitational
grasp
congregation
of
galaxies
within
10
million
galaxies
is
a
little
more uncertain. Some
Andromeda
Galaxy.
There
are
a
few
Local Group, recent studies have placed
they will form a massive elliptical galaxy.
Most of the galaxies in the Local Group
lightyearsGroup,
of our
get consumed in the merger, others
that
are not,
such Way
as the
Aquarius
it in the IC 342/Maffei
an own.
adjacent
What will happen towill
the smaller
areothers
satellites
of either
the Milky
or the
Telling
which
galaxies
are
part
of
the
Local
will
continue
and
Phoenix
Dwarf
Galaxies,
but
we
know
congregation of galaxies within 10 million
galaxies is a little more uncertain.
Someto orbit as satellite galaxies
Andromeda Galaxy. There are a few
lightyears
of
our
own.
will
get
consumed
in
the
merger,
others
others
that
are
not,
such
as
the
Aquarius
Group will be a lot easier in a few billion
and some may be thrown out of the
that they must be part of the group as they
Telling which galaxies are part of the Local will continue to orbit as satellite galaxies
and Phoenix Dwarf Galaxies, but we know
years, however, as they are slowly being
system entirely. S
are too close not to be affected by the
Group will be a lot easier in a few billion
and some may be thrown out of the
that they must be part of the group as they
pulled
together.
The
largest
two
members
combined
gravity
of
the
two
large
spirals.
years, however, as they are slowly being
system entirely. S
are too close not to be affected by the
of the
The gravity
problem
comes
for galaxies
aretogether.
Elizabeth Pearson is BBC Sky at Night
pulled
Thegroup,
largest Andromeda
two members and the Milky Way,
combined
of the
two large
spirals. that
of the group, are
Andromeda
andtowards
the MilkyaWay,
The
problem
galaxies gravitational
that are
Elizabeth
Pearson
Sky at Night
Magazines
staff writer
heading
massive
collision
in is BBC
on the
edgecomes
of theforgroups
Gravitational grasp
on the edge of the groups gravitational
are heading towards a massive collision in
Magazines staff writer
90
SKILLS
How to
Get steadier binocular views
90
With Stephen Tonkin
SKILLS
Two techniques to help you split tricky double stars in no time

Even heavy binoculars can
be held steady if your arms
arent taking the weight
How to
Get steadier binocular views

With Stephen Tonkin
Two techniques to help you split tricky double stars in no time

Even heavy binoculars can
be held steady if your arms
arent taking the weight
he grab and go nature of

high altitudes. In order to improve things,
and neck: as you lean further back to
small or medium binoculars
we need to apply some ergonomics.
observe higher targets, more and more of
makes them very attractive
Lets assume you hold your binoculars
the weight of the binoculars rests on your
astronomical instruments.
as described previously. When looking
head and less is borne by your arms,
Soonerheorgrab
later,
however,
you
will
fnd
that
through
them
horizontally,
all
the
weight
making
them
and go nature of
high altitudes. In order to improve things,
and neck: as you lean further
back
to less liable to shake. And this
small
medium
binoculars
we need to apply
someby
ergonomics.
higher targets,ismore
you need
toorsteady
them
a bit more in
is borne
your arms, which observe
are cantilevered
notand
themore
onlyofbeneft.
makes
them
very attractive
binoculars
weight of
the binoculars
your
order to
make
a critical
observation. Lets assume
outyou
in hold
frontyour
of you;
the strain the
is mostly
taken
As rests
any on
structural
engineer will tell you,
astronomical instruments.
as described previously. When looking
head and less is borne by your arms,
One solution is to mount them, but a
by the deltoid muscles in your shoulder.
the triangle is the simplest and most stable
Sooner or later, however, you will fnd that
through them horizontally, all the weight
making them less liable to shake. And this
mount
immediately
compromises
their
As
you
observe
higher
targets,
your
you need to steady them a bit more in
is borne by your arms, which are cantilevered is not the only beneft. mechanical structure. By holding your
portability
adds
a layer of complexity.
becomes
more
horizontal
binoculars
this position, you create two
order
to make a and
critical
observation.
out in front offorearm
you; the strain
is mostly
taken
As anyand
structural engineer
will tellinyou,
One
is to mount
but a viewsby the deltoidyour
muscles
in your
shoulder.
triangle is the simplest
and most
stable
Yousolution
can, however,
getthem,
steadier
triceps
take
more of thethestrain.
triangles
with
your arms these triangles
mount
immediately
compromises
their
As
you
observe
higher
targets,
your
mechanical
structure.
By
holding
your
simply by changing the way you hold your
Additionally, when you observe objects at
share a common side comprised of your head
portability and adds a layer of complexity.
forearm becomes more horizontal and
binoculars in this position, you create two
binoculars,
which
is
what
we
are
going
high
altitude
your
arms
are
much
higher
and neck. The result is an immediately
You can, however, get steadier views
your triceps take more of the strain.
triangles with your arms these triangles
to explain
thisthe
month.
heart,objects
reducing
blood
fow side comprised
noticeable
improvement
in stability. This
simply
by changing
way you hold your
Additionally,than
whenyour
you observe
at the
share
a common
of your
head
Most
of
us
instinctively
hold
Porroto
your
arm
muscles.
This
means
they
are
improvement
is
even
more
marked if you
binoculars, which is what we are going
high altitude your arms are much higher
and neck. The result is an immediately
to prism
explain binoculars
this month. by the prism housings
than your heart,
reducing
the
blood
fow
noticeable
improvement
in
stability.
This
more likely to tire and start shaking. What take up a position where your head is also
Most of us instinctively hold Porroto your arm muscles. This means they are
improvement is even more marked if you
and roof-prism binoculars about midway
we need is a way of transferring
the strain.
supported, such as lying on a sunlounger.
prism binoculars by the prism housings
more likely to tire and start shaking. What take up a position where your head is also
along
their
length.
This
is
tolerable
for
One
way
to
do
this
is
called
the
If the
binoculars have a suffciently long
and roof-prism binoculars about midway
we need is a way of transferring the strain.
supported, such as lying on
a sunlounger.
terrestrial
targets,
can quickly
become
armthebrace, in which
you
strap,
we canlong
steady the view even more by
along
their length.
This isbut
tolerable
for
One way totriangular
do this is called
If the
binoculars have
a suffciently
terrestrial
targets,you
but can
become
triangular
arm
brace,some
in which
strap,
we head
can steady theusing
view even
more by
tiring when
are quickly
observing
objects
at
transfer
of you
the weight to
your
a second
technique similar that used
all pictures: stephen tonkin
all pictures: stephen tonkin
tiring when you are observing objects at
transfer some of the weight to your head
using a second technique similar that used
SKILLS april 91
STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
TOOLS AND
MATERIALS
if you need a new strap for
the rife sling method
Finish
use a soldering iron to heat seal cut

ends to prevent them fraying.
SKILLS april 91
Materials
approximately 1.7m of nylon webbing

STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
TOOLS
AND
to suit the strap-lugs on your binoculars,
which are usually about 8mm wide, and
MATERIALS
a pair of 3-bar slide buckles to ft the
if you need a new strap for

you may be able to reuse the
thewebbing;
rife sling method
ones on your existing strap.
Finish
usetools
a soldering iron to heat seal cut
ends to prevent them fraying.
scissors, craft knife or hot cutter, tape

measure, ruler.
Materials
STEP 1
To fnd the correct position for your hands,

cup them and hold them to your face so
that the top knuckle of your thumb rests
securely in the indent of your eye socket;
the lower bone of your thumb should rest
comfortably on your cheekbone.
approximately 1.7m of nylon webbing

to suit the strap-lugs on your binoculars,
which are usually about 8mm wide, and
marksmen
tobuckles
steadytoaftrife.
abypair
of 3-bar slide
the For this
webbing;
you
may
be
able
to
reuse
the method.
reason, we call it the rife sling
To fnd the correct position for your hands,
ones on your existing strap.
STEP 1
It works by creating tension between your

cup them and hold them to your face so
that the top knuckle of your thumb rests
arms
and
the
binoculars;
the
tension
reduces
tools
securely in the indent of your eye socket;
scissors,
craft of
knife
or binoculars
hot cutter, tapeto shake. the lower bone of your thumb should rest
the ability
the
measure, ruler.
comfortably on your cheekbone.
STEP 2
With the same cupped-hand position, hold

the prism housings of the binoculars with your
third and fourth fngers. Your forefnger will
rest lightly on the eyepiece barrel and your
middle fnger on the eyepiece bridge. Your
palms will take the weight of the binoculars.
STEP 2
With the same cupped-hand position, hold

the prism housings of the binoculars with your
third and fourth fngers. Your forefnger will
rest lightly on the eyepiece barrel and your
middle fnger on the eyepiece bridge. Your
palms will take the weight of the binoculars.
Armed and ready?
This technique can be slightly awkward
by marksmen to steady a rife. For this

untilweyou
used
it, but
get it right
reason,
callget
it the
rifeto
sling
method.
It works
tension betweenThe
yourrife sling
and itbyiscreating
quite comfortable.
arms
and
the
binoculars;
the
tension
reduces
method doesnt quite have the stability of
the ability of the binoculars to shake.
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
mounted binoculars, but its not a long way

off for a pair
10x50s. You should certainly
Raise the binoculars to your eyes and re-settle
For the ultra-stable rife sling hold, you may
Armed
andofready?
fnd
that
double
stars that
used to be tricky
your thumbs into their original positions resting
need a longer strap. Cut a 1.7m length of
This technique can be slightly
awkward
until
used to it, seem
but getmuch
it righteasier.
on your cheekbones. If you have centre-focus
nylon webbing and attach it to the strap
to you
splitgetsuddenly
and itEven
is quite
The rife sling
binoculars, use your middle or ring fnger to
lugs of your binoculars. Secure the strap
oncomfortable.
larger binoculars
that shouldnt
method doesnt quite have the stability of
adjust
the
focus
wheel.
If
you
have
individual
with the 3-bar buckles, with the free ends
really be hand-held 15x70s for example
mounted binoculars, but its not a long way
eyepiece focusing, use your STEP
forefngers.4
trapped against the buckles.
STEP
3
the
difference
rife sling
offfor
a pair
of 10x50s.between
You shouldthe
certainly
Raise the binoculars to your eyes and re-settle
For the ultra-stable rife sling hold, you may
approach
and
the
normal
of holding
fnd
that double
stars
that
used to way
be tricky
your thumbs into their original positions resting
need a longer strap. Cut a 1.7m length of
on
your
cheekbones.
If
you
have
centre-focus
nylon webbing and attach it to the strap
to them
split suddenly
seem
much
easier.
is quite marked. Not only will you
binoculars, use your middle or ring fnger to
lugs of your binoculars. Secure the strap
Even
on
larger
binoculars
that
shouldnt
fnd that more detail becomes visible in
adjust
the
focus
wheel.
If
you
have
individual
with the 3-bar buckles, with the free ends
really be hand-held 15x70s for example
eyepiece focusing, use your forefngers.
trapped against the buckles.
large
fuzzy
blobs
like
the
Orion
Nebula
the difference between the rife sling
and the
Andromeda
Galaxy,
but also some
approach
and
the normal way
of holding
them
is quitewill
marked.
Not more
only will
you and seem
clusters
resolve
easily
fnd
more
detail
becomes
visible
tothat
have
more
stars.
It can
alsoinhelp
large fuzzy blobs like the Orion Nebula
distinguish between stars and those very
and the Andromeda Galaxy, but also some
smallwill
objects
at low
clusters
resolvethat
morelook
easilystellar
and seem
as help
active galaxy M77
to magnifcation,
have more stars. Itsuch
can also
distinguish
those very
in Cetusbetween
or the stars
Ringand
Nebula,
M57, in Lyra.
smallAn
objects
that
look
stellar
at
low
added bonus to the improved
magnifcation, such as active galaxy M77
stability
is that holding your binoculars
in Cetus or the Ring Nebula, M57, in Lyra.
likeadded
this bonus
also has
the
advantage of
An
to the
improved
Hold the binoculars in front of you so the
Raise the binoculars to your eyes as before
considerably
reducing
arm fatigue, so your
stability is that holding your binoculars
strap is looped down and, one
at a time,
put
and tension the strap by pushing your
STEP
5
STEP
6
likebinocular
this also has
the
advantage
of
observing sessions can become
Hold the binoculars
frontthrough
of you so the
the strap Raise
the binoculars
to your
eyes as
beforeYou should feel the binoculars
your in
arms
and adjust
its
elbows
apart.
considerably reducing arm fatigue, so your
longer and much more productive. S strap is loopedposition
down and,
time, putto just
andabove
tension your
the strap by pushing
pushing your
soone
thatatita comes
down on your hands and the
binocular observing sessions can become
longer and much more productive. S
your arms through the strap and adjust its

apart. You should feel the binoculars
elbows. Hold the binocularselbows
the same
way
whole system of arms,
position so that it comes to just above your
pushing down on your hands and the
Stephen Tonkin writes our Binocular elbows.
tour Hold the
as binoculars
you did before.
becoming
very rigid.
the same way
whole system of arms, head
and straps
Stephen
ouritBinocular
tourGuide
each Tonkin
monthwrites
fnd
in the Sky
as you did before.
becoming very rigid.
head and straps
each month fnd it in the Sky Guide
Black Holes Explained

Taught by Professor Alex Filippenko
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
E R BY 1 8 M
TIME O
F
R
FE
55%
RD
off
AY
LIM
off
E R BY 1 8 M
A General Introduction to Black Holes
2. The Violent Deaths of Massive Stars

3. Gamma-Ray BurstsThe Birth of Black Holes
4. Searching for Stellar-Mass Black Holes
Monster of the Milky Way and Other Galaxies
Black Holes5. Explained
6. QuasarsFeasting Supermassive Black Holes
AY
55%
RD
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LECTURE TITLES
Taught by Professor Alex Filippenko

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
BERKELEY
7. Gravitational
LECTURE TITLES 8.
1.
WavesRipples in Space-Time
The Wildest Ride in the Universe
A General Introduction to Black Holes
9. Shortcuts through the Universe and Beyond?
2. The Violent Deaths of Massive Stars
10. Stephen Hawking and Black Hole Evaporation
3. Gamma-Ray BurstsThe Birth of Black Holes
11. BlackBlack
Holes
and
4. Searching for Stellar-Mass
Holes
the Holographic Universe
5. Monster of the Milky

Way and
Otherand
Galaxies
12. Black
Holes
the Large
Hadron Collider
6. QuasarsFeasting Supermassive Black Holes

7.
Gravitational WavesRipples in Space-Time
8. The Wildest Ride in the Universe

9. Shortcuts through the Universe and Beyond?
10. Stephen Hawking and Black Hole Evaporation
11. Black Holes and the Holographic Universe
12. Black Holes and the Large Hadron Collider
Make Sense of Black Holes

Black holes. They are one of the most exotic, mind-boggling, and
Course no. 1841 | 12 lectures (30 minutes/lecture)
profound subjects in astrophysics. Not only are they at the heart
of some of the most intriguing phenomena in the cosmos, theyre
the gateway to fundamental and cutting-edge concepts like general
relativity
and are
wormholes.
Black
holes. They
one of the most exotic, mind-boggling, and
Course no. 1841 | 12 lectures (30 minutes/lecture)
Make Sense of Black Holes
profound subjects in astrophysics. Not only are they at the heart

has heard
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SKILLS APRIL 93
SKILLS
Sketching
Mars
SKILLS APRIL 93
With Carol Lakomiak
SKILLS
Need TO KNOW
Name: Mars
Sketching
North
polar cap
Mars
coNSteLLatIoN:
Virgo
Arabia
WithRa:
Carol
Lakomiak
13h
22m to 12h 43m
dec: 05 51 to 02 57
North
polar cap
Mare
AcidaliumSinus
beSt tIme to SKetch:

1-30 April, 11pm-2am BST
dec: 05 51 to 02 57
(10pm-1am UT)
Aeria
Moab
Meridiani
Arabia
Virgo
Ra: 13h 22m to 12h 43m
Eden
Need TO KNOW
equIpmeNt:
6-inch
refector (or
Name: Mars
larger);
B pencil; blending
type
of object:
Planet
stump; soft and hard
coNSteLLatIoN:
art erasers
Utopia
Mare
Acidalium
type of object:
Planet
Step 1
Make a swatch of B graphite on a small piece
of paper. Then use your fngertip to evenly
P
smudge the graphite
over your entire sketching
circle. Next, use the fat side of the pencils
graphite to lightly and evenly shade any dark
features you see.
Utopia
Sinus
Sabaeus
Eden
Step 1
SyrtisMake a swatch of B graphite on a small piece

Majorof paper. Then use your fngertip to evenly
smudge the graphite over your entire sketching

circle. Next, use the fat side of the pencils
Mare
graphite to lightly and evenly shade any dark
Tyrrhenum
features you see.
Iapygia
Viridis
equIpmeNt:
Aeria
Hellas
fIeLd
of(orVIew ShowN:
6-inch
refector
Moab
Syrtis
Major
15 arcminutes;
400x magnifcation
larger);
B pencil; blending
Sinus
stump; soft and hard
Meridiani
Sinus
Mare
art erasers
Sabaeus
Tyrrhenum
beSt tIme to SKetch:
ike all of the naked-eye
northIapygia
or south and F or P for following
1-30 April, 11pm-2am BST
Viridis
planets in our Solar System,
or preceding). Following and preceding
(10pm-1am UT)
MarsShowN:
has been known to
fIeLd of VIew
since ancient times
15 arcminutes;mankind
400x magnifcation
Step 2
Soften the dark features with a blending stump
(small, circular motions work best). To complete
the shading process, youll need to darken
some areas. Do this by rubbing the blending
stump on the graphite swatch, and using it like
a pencil to bring out the darker areas.
areHellas
used instead of east and west to avoid
confusion, because when Mars is viewed
Egyptian astronomers knew of its
from the UK, its eastern limb faces
retrograde
motion by 1534 BC. When
towards the western horizon.
ike all of the naked-eye
north or south and F or P for following Step 2
Galileo
viewed
it
through
his
telescope
Colour flters
are useful for
viewing
Soften
the dark features with a blending stump
planets in our Solar System,
or preceding). Following
and preceding
N
(small,
over 3,000
years
wetofnally hadarea used instead
Mars.
Casual
observers
a fewmotions
of work best). To complete
Mars has
beenlater,
known
of east
and west
to avoid often usecircular
the shading process, youll need to darken
since ancient
times been confusion, because
when
Mars is contrast
viewed and enhance
closermankind
look at Mars
and weve
them to
increase
some areas. Do this by rubbing the blending
Egyptian
astronomers
knew
of
its
from
the
UK,
its
eastern
limb
faces
stump onMars
the graphite swatch, and using it like
studying it ever since.
clouds or dust storms. Advanced
retrograde motion by 1534 BC. When
towards the western horizon.
a pencil to bring out the darker areas.
This
month,
Marss
observers
use
wider variety of flters to
Galileo
viewed
it through
his opposition
telescope
Colour flters
are useful
foraviewing
N
occurs
at
20:57
UT
on
the
8th;
the
planet
help
them
detect
over 3,000 years later, we fnally had a
Mars. Casual observers often use details
a few of of the features
closer
lookits
at Mars
andapproach
weve been to Earth,them
contrast
and enhance
makes
closest
at a to increase
theyre
studying.
If you dont have any
studying
it ever
clouds
storms.
Advanced
P
distance
of since.
92,386,484km, on the 14th
at or dust
flters,
dont
worryMars
just take your time
This month, Marss opposition
observers use a wider variety of flters to
12:54 UT. Marss size and magnitude will
and sketch what you see.
occurs at 20:57 UT on the 8th; the planet
help them detect details of the features
fuctuate
during
the
month,
but
not
Usually
we include
makes its closest approach to Earth, at a
theyre studying.
If you dont
have any everything in the
enough
to affect your
when
sketching, but use
P
distance
of 92,386,484km,
onchoice
the 14thof
at sketching
flters, dont eyepieces
worry justview
take your
time
12:54
UT. Different
Marss size and
magnitude
and sketch what
see. circle to represent Mars this
dates.
features
will will
come into
youryou
entire
fuctuate
during thesomonth,
Usually weway,
include
everything
theft in all the details
view though,
what but
younot
see might not
youll
be ableinto
enough to affect your choice of sketching
eyepieces view when sketching, but use
be the same as whats shown here. your entire circle
you see.
If you want your sketch to look
dates. Different features will come into
to represent Mars this
here
way
more
like
what
you
see in the eyepiece,
view Mars
though,issoshown
what you
see the
might
notit appears
way, youll be
able to
ft in
all the
details
Step 3
to
the
naked-eye
at
culmination:
north
is
blacken
the
background
be the same as whats shown here.
you see. If you want your sketch to look sky. Do this with
Indicate Marss bright areas by removing the
Mars
is
shown
here
the
way
it
appears
more
like
what
you
see
in
the
eyepiece,
up and surface features rotate from left to a 9B pencil, black permanent marker or a
background shading. For bright areas with a
to the naked-eye at culmination: north is
blacken the background sky. Do this with Step 3
right (from the following limb towards
photo-editing program. Indicate Marss bright areas
by removing
the
diffuse
edge, round
the tip of a soft eraser and
up and surface features rotate from left to a 9B pencil, black permanent marker or a
background shading. For bright areas with a
the
preceding
limb).
Different
telescopes
dab the graphite away. For bright areas with
right (from the following limb towards
photo-editing program.
edge, round the tip of a soft eraser and
different
views telescopes
though, so be sure Carol Lakomiak is BBC Skydiffuse
at Night
thepresent
preceding
limb). Different
distinct
edge,with
cut the end of a hard eraser so
dab the graphite away.aFor
bright areas
present
different
though,
be sure
Carol Lakomiak
is BBC Skysketching
at Night expert
it is
and
use so
it to carve the graphite away.
to mark
yourviews
sketch
withsoN
or S for
Magazines
a distinct edge, cut the end
of fat
a hard
eraser
all pictures: carol lakomiak
all pictures: carol lakomiak
to mark your sketch with N or S for
Magazines sketching expert
it is fat and use it to carve the graphite away.
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skills APRIL 95
SKILLS
Scope
With Steve Richards
dOctOr
StEVES TOP TIP
for
the best way to store my telescope
Whats
skills APRIL
95
long periods of time?
scope is
careful long-term storage of a tele
in good
important to ensure that it remains
moisture
condition and ready for use. dust and
choose
uld
sho
are the greatest concerns, so you
ted but not
somewhere that is dry, well-ventila
s to keep
too warm and then take precaution
tube is fully
ser
dust at bay. ensure that the focu
and that
retracted and ftted with a dust cap
scope is also ftted with a
telefor
the front of thecope
Whats the best way to store my teles
inal cap,
dust cap. if you dont have the orig
long periods of time?
.
can
hat
is often be used instead
cope
DaviD Frampton
a teles
of wer
long-term storaagesho
SKILLS
Our resident equipment specialist cures your
Scope
optical ailments and technical maladies
Which eyepieces are suitable for

StEVES TOP TIP
Maksutov-Cassegrains and how can
I ensure the widest feld of view?
With Steve Richards
careful
dOctOr
in good
important to ensure that it remains
moisture
and
dust
use.
for
y
read
and
ition
be used to observe globularcond
clusters
choose
ld
shou
you
are the greatest concerns, so
not
and many galaxies but the som
high
but
d
tilate
-ven
well
ewhere that is dry,
keep
to
ns
autio
prec
take
Will
the
Orion
Mini-Guider
be enough
magnifcation Maksutov-Cassegrains
then
too warm and
tube is fully
ser
focu
the
that
re
ensu
bay.
at
are capable of can result in dust
quite a
guide my Celestron
VX8 or do I need
and that
retracted and ftted with a dust cap
narrow feld of view.
something bigger?
with a Keith moore
the front of the telescope is also ftted
cap,
inal
orig
the
Some of the latest Maksutovhave
t
don
dust cap. if you
ad.
inste
used
be
often
can
hat
er
Cassegrain
telescopes can physically
DaviD Frampton
Finder-guiders like the Orion
a show
to
within a short optical tube by using a
folded light path. The design requires
Which
eyepieces are suitable for
a meniscus correcting lens at the front
Maksutov-Cassegrains
and how can
of the instrument. These can be quite
thick and heavy,
so tend to feld
limit the
I ensure
the widest
of view?
maximum aperture size of amateur
take wide-feld 2-inch eyepieces. But
Mini-Guider, Altair Astro 60mm
Maksutov-Cassegrain
telescopes
are
be
used
to
observe
globular
clusters
instruments to less than 8 inches.
its worth bearing in mind that if the
Miniguider or Altair Astro
designed to give a long focal length
and many galaxies but the high
Typical
focal
ratios
are
in
the
region
telescopes
rear
aperture
is
narrower
Finderscope
(pictured
Will the Orion Mini-Guider
be enough
to right)
within a short optical tube by using a
magnifcation Maksutov-Cassegrains
of f/12
f/15,
sodesign
a typical
5-inchare capable than
eyepieces
that
have
been
modifed
folded
lightto
path.
The
requires
of canthe
result
in quite a feld stop,
guideyou
my Celestron
VX8
or do
I need
a meniscus
correcting
lens atathe
frontlength
narrow feldmay
of view.
telescope
would have
focal
not achieve a fully illuminated
something bigger?with
Keithspecial
mooreadaptor rings
of of
thearound
instrument.
These canwhile
be quite
Some of the
latest
1,500mm,
an
feld
of Maksutovview.
are becoming very popular
thick and heavy, so tend to limit the
Cassegrain telescopes can physically
Finder-guiders like the Orion
8-inch version would have a focal
Ideal eyepieces would be
either the
for autoguiding mounts
maximum aperture size of amateur
take wide-feld 2-inch eyepieces. But
Mini-Guider, Altair Astro 60mm
length around
2,700mm.
1.25-inch
24mm
Panopticor Altairwhen
instruments
to less than
8 inches.Focal its worth bearing
in mind
that ifTele
the VueMiniguider
Astro imaging deep-sky objects.
lengths
of
this
size
give
quite
high
or
the
Baader
Hyperion
24mm,
both
Their
Typical focal ratios are in the region telescopes rear aperture is narrower
Finderscope (pictured
right)lightness and compact
of magnifcation
f/12 to f/15, so a typical
than the eyepieces
feldhave
stop,ayou
that have
with 5-inch
a given eyepiece
of which
68 apparent
feldbeen
of modifed
dimensions, combined with close coupling
telescope
would
have a focal length
may not achieve
with special
adaptor to
rings
making
view.a fully
The illuminated
use of a focal reducer
with
the imaging telescope, which reduces the risk of
of around 1,500mm, while an
feld of view.
are becoming very popular
most suitable for Solar System
this design is not recommended.
fexure,
makes them a compelling purchase. The
8-inch version would have a focal
Ideal eyepieces would be either the
for autoguiding mounts
observing.
However,
they
can
also
wide
feld of view afforded by these diminutive
length around 2,700mm. Focal
1.25-inch 24mm Tele Vue Panoptic
when imaging deep-sky
objects.
lengths of this size give quite
high
or
the
Baader
Hyperion
24mm,
both
Their
lightness
and
compact
guide
telescopes also makes the task of locating
Primary mirror
magnifcation with a given eyepiece
of which have a 68 apparent feld of
dimensions,
combined
with
coupling
Starlight
suitableclose
guide
stars easy.
making
view. The use of a focal reducer with
Eyepiece
to the imaging telescope, which reduces the risk of
With the sub-pixel guiding accuracy provided
most suitable for Solar System
this design is not recommended.
fexure, makes them a compelling purchase. The
by
modern
Meniscus
lens
observing. However, they can also
wide feld of view afforded
by theseautoguiding
diminutive software, even the short
of locating
these mini-guiders can be used
guide telescopes alsofocal
makeslengths
the task of
Primary mirror
Starlight
suitable guide stars easy.
to guide imaging telescopes with focal lengths
Eyepiece
Coated
With
the spot
sub-pixelof
guiding
accuracy provided
over 1,200mm.
Meniscus lens by modern autoguiding software, even the short
The Celestron VX8 is available as either an 8-inch
focal lengths of these mini-guiders can be used
Newtonian
Refector
to guide imaging telescopes
with focal
lengths with a focal length of
Coated spot
1,000mm
or
an
8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain with a
of over 1,200mm.
Starlight
The Celestron VX8focal
is available
as
either
an 8-inchThese mini-guiders would
length of 2,032mm.
Newtonian Refectorbe
with
a
focal
length
of
suitable for the Newtonian but for the Schmidt1,000mm or an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain with a
Starlight
Cassegrain,
an 80mm refractor or off-axis guider
focal length of 2,032mm. These mini-guiders would
would bebutrequired
for guiding.
be suitable for the Newtonian
for the Schmidt-
maksutov cassegrain illustration by paul wootton, paul whitfield
maksutov cassegrain illustration by paul wootton, paul whitfield
Our
resident equipment
cures your
Maksutov-Cassegrain
telescopes specialist
are
designedailments
to give a longand
focal technical
length
optical
maladies
Cassegrain, an 80mm refractor or off-axis guider

would be required for
guiding.
Steve
richards is a keen
Maksutov-Cassegrains fold the light path to increase the scopes focal length
Maksutov-Cassegrains fold the light path to increase the scopes focal length
astro imager
and an astronomy equipment expert
Steve richards is a keen astro imager

and an astronomy equipment expert
Email your queries to scopedoctor@skyatnightmagazine.com
Email your queries to scopedoctor@skyatnightmagazine.com
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REVIEWS APRIL 97
Reviews
Bringing you
each month,
HOW WE RATE
Each category is given a mark
out of fve stars according to how
well it performs. The ratings are:
Outstanding
Very good
Good
the best in equipment and accessoriesREVIEWS APRIL
Average
97
Poor/Avoid
as reviewed by our team of astro experts
Reviews
SEE INTERACTIVE 360 MODELS OF
Bringing
youLIGHT
the REVIEWS
best inATequipment and accessories
ALL OUR FIRST
WWW.SKYATNIGHTMAGAZINE.COM
each
month, as reviewed by our team of astro experts
HOW WE RATE
Each category is given a mark
out of fve stars according to how
well it performs. The ratings are:
Outstanding
Very good
Good
Average
Poor/Avoid
This months
reviews
SEE INTERACTIVE 360 MODELS OF
light
ALLFirst
OUR FIRST LIGHT
REVIEWS AT
WWW.SKYATNIGHTMAGAZINE.COM
98
Meade
LX600-ACF
12-inch SchmidtThis monthsCassegrain
reviews
First light
102
William
Optics
GTF
102 fveMeade
LX600-ACF
element
astrograph
98
12-inch SchmidtCassegrain
Tried & tested

William
102
Optics
QSI 683
GTF 102 fveelement astrographWSG-8
106
CCD camera with

in-built flter wheel
Tried & tested
98
683
Books106 QSI
WSG-8
CCD camera with

in-built flter wheelWe
Books
Gear
WWW.ThESECrETSTuDIO.nET X 4
WWW.ThESECrETSTuDIO.nET X 4
Gear
110
rate
four of the latest
astronomy titles
110
We
rate
four of the latest
astronomy titles
98
Find out how the

huge Meade
LX600 improves
on its forebears
Find out how the

huge Meade
LX600 improves
on its forebears
112
Including
this
Baader
Classic
Including
Q-Eyepiece
Set
this
112
Baader Classic
Q-Eyepiece Set
Find out more about how we review equipment at:
Find
out more about how we review equipment at:
www.skyatnightmagazine.com/scoring-categories
www.skyatnightmagazine.com/scoring-categories
98
first light
see an interactive 360 model of this scope at

www.skyatnightmagazine.com/meadelx600
Meade LX600-ACF 12-inch
98
Schmidt-Cassegrain
first light
see an interactive 360 model of this scope at
www.skyatnightmagazine.com/meadelx600
smart upgrades and refnements characterise this huge telescope
words: pete lawrence
Meade
LX600-ACF 12-inch
ViTAl STATS
Sky SAyS
he Meade LX600 is, in the
A bridge connection, via a pair of
manufacturers words, a giant
nine-pin D-plug leads, is required to
The Meade
leap forward in telescope
allow the Go-To computer at the base
LX600 is a
Price 5,760 with
design, creating a portable,
of the forks to communicate with the
formidable
X-Wedge, 5,280
highly transportable and easy to set up
declination drives across the fork
without
imaging
platform
platform for observation
and
breaks. Another eight fddly thumb
305mm
smart
upgrades
and refnements
characterise
this hugedespite
telescope
Aperture
its fddly
astrophotography.
We
put
that
to
the
test
screws need to be tightened to ensure
(12 inches)
words: pete lawrence
set-up
process
in this review of the 12-inch variant.
a good connection.
Focal length
In
this
style
of
telescope,
the
tube
is
Our test setup included a sturdy
2,438mm (f/8)
Sky SAyS
he Meade LX600 is, in the
A bridge connection, via a pair of
Internal dual
incorporated
heavy-duty
feld
tripod,towhich is included, and an
ViTAl
STATS
Focuser
manufacturerswithin
words, aagiant
nine-pin D-plug leads,
is required
The fork
Meade
speed 7:1 Crayford-style
mounting
assembly.
A Go-To computer
is ftted allow the
optional
Meade X-Wedge.
leap forward
in telescope
Go-To computer
at the base This is a satisfyingly solid,
LX600 is a
5,760
with Field tripod
Price
Giant
Mount
design,
creating
a portable,
of
the
forks
to
communicate
with
in
the
base
of
the
mount.
Lifting
this
arrangement
angled
platform
used
tothe
convert the LX600s altaz fork
formidable
X-Wedge, 5,280
Controller Autostar II highly transportable and easy to set up
declination
drives
across
the
fork
onto a tripod or equatorial wedge

is notplatform
for the
mount to equatorial mode for long-exposure imaging.
without
imaging
for observation and
breaks. Another eight fddly thumb
Additional
305mmfeatures platformfainthearted,
Aperture
although
the
design
of
the
LX600
despite its fddly
screws need to be tightened to ensure
(12GPS,
inches)True Level and astrophotography. We put that to the test
does
include
a
means
to
split
the
fork
arms,
so
set-up
process
in
this
review
of
the
12-inch
variant.
a good connection.
length
Focal
North
sensors, time chip,
In
this
style
of
telescope,
the
tube
is
OurThe
test setup
included
a sturdy
reducing
the
component
lifting
weight.
LX600
includes
a new feature known as
2,438mm
(f/8)
planetarium software
incorporated
within
a
heavy-duty
fork
feld
tripod,
which
is
included,
and
an high-precision pointing
Focuser Internal dual
There are two arm stubs fxed to the optical
StarLock, which enables
Telescope tube
Weight
speed
7:1 Crayford-style
mounting assembly. A Go-To computer is ftted
optional Meade X-Wedge. This is a satisfyingly solid,
tube these connect to the main forks via two
accuracy and autoguiding functionality. For
16.3kg,
drive
base
Giant Field
tripod
Mount
in the base of the mount. Lifting this arrangement
angled platform used to convert the LX600s altaz fork
with fork
armsII 22.7kg,
bolted
plates. Awedge
locating
for each
Autostar
StarLock
to work correctly,
Controller
onto a tripod
or equatorial
is notpin
for is
theprovidedmount
to equatorial mode
for long-exposure
imaging. the telescope tube must
Additional
tripod features
22.7kg
plate.
One
arm
stub
cant
be
locked
and
swings
be
well
balanced.
Rail-mounted
counterweights
fainthearted, although the design of the LX600
GPS, True Level and
Supplier Telescope House
does include
a means
to split
the fork it
arms,
pointing
freely,
making
locating
thatsobit harderHigh-precision
to ft.
are provided
to achieve this, but they require a
North sensors, time chip,
reducingOnce
the component
weight.
The LX600 includes ahex
newkey
feature
known their
as
www.telescopehouse.
planetarium
software
in placelifting
we found
it fddly and timeto adjust
position thumb screws
There are two arm stubs fxed to the optical
StarLock, which enables high-precision pointing
comTelescope tube
Weight
consuming to ft all eight of the locking hex bolts
would have been better. We also found that we
accuracy and autoguiding functionality. For
16.3kg,
drive base
837610 tube these connect to the main forks via two
Tel 01342
and
washers
in
place,
and
far
too
easy
to
drop
had tothe
adjust
ourtube
guide
rate to fairly low to stop
with fork arms 22.7kg,
bolted plates. A locating pin is provided for each
StarLock to work correctly,
telescope
must
tripod 22.7kg
them.
In the
this and
wasswings
frustrating. be well balanced. Rail-mounted
the StarLock
from overcompensating. >
plate. One
arm stub
cantdark
be locked
counterweights
T
Schmidt-Cassegrain
T
www.thesecretstudio.net x 3
www.thesecretstudio.net x 3
High-precision pointing
Supplier Telescope House

www.telescopehouse.
com
Tel 01342 837610
freely, making locating it that bit harder to ft.

Once in place we found it fddly and timeconsuming to ft all eight of the locking hex bolts
and washers in place, and far too easy to drop
them. In the dark this was frustrating.
are provided to achieve this, but they require a

hex key to adjust their position thumb screws
would have been better. We also found that we
had to adjust our guide rate to fairly low to stop
the StarLock from overcompensating. >
stellar starlock
The most innovative aspect of the LX600 system is StarLock. This comprises
a wide-feld, 14.7 by 11.8 camera for general pointing and a 3-inch f/5
telescope, giving a 57.2 arcminute by 45.8 arcminute autoguiding setup.
stellar starlock
The StarLock assembly unobtrusively locks onto the main telescope tube
The most innovative
aspect
of the LX600
is StarLock.
This comprises
and
is connected
tosystem
the main
computer
via a supplied cable.
a wide-feld, 14.7 by 11.8 camera for general pointing and a 3-inch f/5
Upon activating the Go-To, the wide-feld camera automatically locates
telescope, giving a 57.2 arcminute by 45.8 arcminute autoguiding setup.
a nearby
bright locks
star, onto
which
initially
centred.
The StarLock assembly
unobtrusively
the is
main
telescope
tube The scope then slews to the
selected
object,
at
which
point
the
autoguider
locks on. The whole process
and is connected to the main computer via a supplied cable.
Upon activating
the Go-To,
the wide-feld
automatically
takes
a bit longer
than camera
a direct
Go-To, butlocates
the accuracy is better as a result.
a nearby bright star,
which isisinitially
centred.
scope thenarcsecond
slews to the guiding accuracy, although
StarLock
described
asThe
producing
selected object, at which point the autoguider locks on. The whole process
conditions and set-up precision may affect this.
takes a bit longer than a direct Go-To, but the accuracy is better as a result.
systems arcsecond
activity isguiding
indicated
by aalthough
rather comforting red LED. Once
StarLock is describedThe
as producing
accuracy,
wed
balanced
the
optical
tube
and
set
the
guide rate, the system did the
conditions and set-up precision may affect this.
The systems activity
is
indicated
by
a
rather
comforting
red
LED.
Once
rest. Thanks to StarLock, the LX600 range offers large aperture telescopes
wed balanced thewith
optical
tube and set the guide
rate,capability
the system did
theautoguiding for long-exposure
camera-enhanced
Go-To
and
rest. Thanks to StarLock, the LX600 range offers large aperture telescopes
astrophotography. Thats a pretty exciting prospect.
with camera-enhanced Go-To capability and autoguiding for long-exposure
astrophotography. Thats a pretty exciting prospect.
first light april 99
Zero-SHiFT FoCuSer
SpLiT-Fork
deSign
Like the LX200 range
before it, LX600 telescopes
are heavy. Meade has
engineered a clever way to
separate the optical tube
from the main forks, allowing
the 12-inch LX600 to be just
about assembled by one
person. However, certain
SpLiT-Fork
design aspects make the
deSign
process of putting the scope
together
Likeback
the LX200
rangea bit fddly.
Meade has redesigned its old

LX-range focuser to produce a new
mechanism that keeps the target
frmly in view while focus is adjusted.
This overcomes a shortcoming of
previous designs where the image
could shift out of view as the focus
was adjusted. The new design offers
coarse
first light april
99 and fne (7:1) focus options.
Zero-SHiFT FoCuSer
Meade has redesigned its old
LX-range focuser to produce a new
mechanism that keeps the target
frmly in view while focus is adjusted.
This overcomes a shortcoming of
previous designs where the image
could shift out of view as the focus
was adjusted. The new design offers
coarse and fne (7:1) focus options.
before it, LX600 telescopes

are heavy. Meade has
engineered a clever way to
separate the optical tube
from the main forks, allowing
the 12-inch LX600 to be just
about assembled by one
person. However, certain
design aspects make the
process of putting the scope
back together a bit fddly.
X-Wedge
Meades newest equatorial
wedge, this heavy-duty
platform tilts the base of
the LX600 forks so that the
RA axis points at the north
celestial pole. Fine adjustment
X-Wedge
is made through altitude
Meades newest equatorial
and azimuth knobs.
wedge, this heavy-duty
platform tilts the base of
the LX600 forks so that the
RA axis points at the north
celestial pole. Fine adjustment
is made through altitude
and azimuth knobs.
AuToSTAr ii CoMpuTeriSed go-To

As with earlier models, the LX600 is equipped with the Meade Autostar II
AuToSTAr
ii CoMpuTeriSed go-To
computerised controller. This system gives you telescope set-up and
which
As with
earlier models,
the LX600
equipped
with the Meade
Autostar IIobjects,
confguration
options,
asiswell
as a database
of 145,000
computerised controller. This system gives you telescope set-up and
can be centred on at the touch of a few buttons.
confguration options, as well as a database of 145,000 objects, which
can be centred on at the touch of a few buttons.
100 first light april
first light
F/8 opTiCS
Another departure from earlier LX200 models is the use of
f/8 rather than f/10 optics. This delivers a wider and brighter
feld of view, allowing the scope to produce decent images of
deep-sky objects as well as still keeping a good image scale
for Solar System imaging and viewing.
100 first light april
> The Advanced Coma-Free (ACF) optics are a
first light
delight to use. A view of the Orion Nebula gave lots

of beautiful detail in the swirling gas cloud, while
theopTiCS
tight trapezium star cluster took the guise of
F/8
diamonds scattered in cotton wool. Dark mottles
Another departure from earlier LX200 models is the use of
edges
of the
nebula
stooda out
in the
f/8and
rather
than f/10
optics.
This delivers
widersuperbly
and brighter
feld
of view, allowingview
the scope
decent
high-contrast
andtoitproduce
was easy
to images
get lostof in the
deep-sky objects as well as still keeping a good image scale
sumptuous detail. Planetary imaging with the LX600
for Solar System imaging and viewing.
is really good, as StarLock helps to keep your target
centred in the feld of view. This would be a dream
> The Advanced Coma-Free (ACF) optics are a
system for taking planetary timelapse sequences.
delight to use. A view of the Orion Nebula gave lots
A major
criticism
of previous
LX
models was the
of beautiful
detail
in the swirling
gas cloud,
while
shift caused
by thetook
focuser.
This
theimage
tight trapezium
star cluster
the guise
of has been fxed
diamonds
cotton
wool. has
Darkbeen
mottles
for thescattered
LX600 in
the
focuser
revamped
and
edges
of
the
nebula
stood
out
superbly
in
the
completely and we didnt experience any image shift
high-contrast view and it was easy to get lost in the
whatsoever. The focus knob is a little stiff though,
sumptuous detail. Planetary imaging with the LX600
so forgood,
accurate
high-magnifcation
focusing wed
is really
as StarLock
helps to keep your target
recommend
inwould
an in-line
electric focuser.
centred
in the feldinvesting
of view. This
be a dream
system for taking planetary timelapse sequences.
A major criticism of previous LX models was the
image shift caused by the focuser. This has been fxed
The mount drives use large, 5.75-inch gears to help
for the LX600 the focuser has been revamped
maintain
accuracy
provide
movements
completely
and
we didntand
experience
anysmooth
image shift
whatsoever.
focusperiodic
knob is a little
stiff
though, great feature
without The
serious
error.
Another
so of
forthis
accurate
high-magnifcation
wed designed to
setup
is the way thatfocusing
it has been
recommend investing in an in-line electric focuser.
work from horizon-to-horizon without the need for

a meridianimprovements
fip as the scope passes through the
Further
north-south
something
thattosome
The mount drives plane,
use large,
5.75-inch gears
help much more
maintain
accuracy
and continue
provide smooth
movements
expensive
setups
to experience.
without
serious
periodic LX
error.
Another greatdesigns,
feature the LX600
Unlike
previous
folded-optic
of this setup is the way that it has been designed to
is f/8 rather than f/10. This gives a bigger, brighter
work from horizon-to-horizon without the need for
image and
a wider
natural
of view.
a meridian
fip as
the scope
passes feld
through
the It also reduces
the tolerance
north-south
plane, required
something to
thatmaintain
some muchgood
morepointing
expensive
setups
continue
to
experience.
accuracy for long exposures. If youre a planetary or
Unlike
the LX600
lunar previous
imager,LX
thefolded-optic
generousdesigns,
2.4m focal
length will still
Sky SAyS
is f/8 rather than f/10. This gives a bigger, brighter
offer
good
image
scale
without
an
optical
amplifer.
image and a wider natural feld of view. It also reduces
Now add these:
The Meade
LX600
is a formidable
astro-imaging
the tolerance
required
to maintain
good pointing
1. Meade zero
accuracy
for long
exposures.
If youre
a planetary
platform
despite
its set-up
process
beingorawkward
lunar
imager,
the
generous
2.4m
focal
length
will
still
Sky SAySimage shift
and a little fddly. Counterweight thumb screws
offer good image scale without an optical amplifer.
Now add these:
Starlock-guided M82 plus the January 2014 supernova
instead of hex bolts and a better split-fork coupling
microfocuser
The Meade LX600 is a formidable astro-imaging
would
really
help
the
system
achieve
its
goal
as
a
1. Meade zero
platform despite its set-up process being awkward
2. Explore
S
portable
system.
and
a little fddly.
Counterweight
thumb screws
image shift
Starlock-guided
instead of hex bolts and a better split-fork coupling
3-inch M82 plus the January 2014 supernova
microfocuserScientifc
would really help the system achieve its goal as a
2. Explore 0.7x reducerportable
system. S
Verdict
Scientifc 3-inch
corrector
Build And deSign

0.7x reducer3. Revelation
Verdict
corrector
eASe OF uSe
Quartz 2-inch
Build And deSign
FeATuReS
3. Revelation
eASe OF uSe
dielectric diagonal
Quartz 2-inch
gO-TO/TRACking ACCuRACy
FeATuReS
dielectric diagonal
OPTiCS

gO-TO/TRACking
ACCuRACy

OPTiCS
OVeRAll
Our composite shot of M42 turned out beautifully
www.thesecretstudio.net, pete lawrence x 2
www.thesecretstudio.net, pete lawrence x 2
Further improvements
OVeRAll
Our composite shot of M42 turned out beautifully
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A custom
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102
first light
see an interactive 360 model of this telescope at

www.skyatnightmagazine.com/wogtf102
William Optics GTF 102
fve-element astrograph
102
first light
see an interactive 360 model of this telescope at
An excitingwww.skyatnightmagazine.com/wogtf102
imaging scope that performs just as well visually
ViTAL STATS
words: steve richards
W astrograph
fve-element
Price 1,669
Optics FPL53 triplet
illiam Optics produces two versions
image shift when we tightened up the locking bolt
with rear two-element
of its 4-inch apo refractor: one a
once we had achieved focus.
feld fattener
conventional triplet lens and the
The telescope produced a feld of view 1 and 54
Aperture 102mm
other a fve-element astrograph its arcminutes wide by 1 and 16 arcminutes deep with
(4 inches)
the
latter
were
reviewing
here. The word astrograph
our test camera, a one-shot-colour CCD with an
Focal length
indicates that the telescope is designed with
APS-C sensor. This area is just large enough to
703mm (f/6.9)
astrophotography
in
mind.
capture the Rosette Nebula and some surrounding
786mm with
LengthSTATS
ViTAL
It arrived
in a standard cardboard box, but on
stars. With a focal ratio of f/6.9, this telescope is
dew shield extended,words: steve
richards
1,669 with dew
659mm
Price
opening that up we were greeted by a beautifully
relatively slow compared to many astrographs,
FPL53
triplet
Optics
illiam
Optics
produces
two
versions
image
shift
when
we
tightened
up thehave
locking
bolt advantages chromatic
shield
retracted
made and sturdy case with ample padding to protect
but
this does
some
with rear two-element
of
its
4-inch
apo
refractor:
one
a
once
we
had
achieved
focus.
2.5-inch
Focuser
the telescope in transit. The instrument itself is
aberration and feld curvature are slightly easier
feld
fattener
conventional triplet lens and the
The telescope produced a feld of view 1 and 54
dual-speed
10:1
Aperture 102mm
strikingly
fnished
in an
toand
control
with longer
focal length lenses.
otherattractive,
a fve-element
astrograph
itsoff-white
arcminutes wide by 1
16 arcminutes
deep with
rack and pinion
(4 inches)
coat
contrasting
the latterstippled-powder
were reviewing here.
Thewith
word three
astrograph
our testcerise
camera, a one-shot-colour CCD with an
lengthTube rings
Focal
Extras
indicatesbands
that theoftelescope
is designed
with
APS-C sensor. This area is just large enough to
anodised
aluminium.
703mm (f/6.9)
Weight 5kg excludingastrophotography in mind.
some
surrounding
Length 786mm with
William Optics has recently changedcapture
from the Rosette Nebula
As theand
CCD
camera
we used for this review had an
tube rings
It arrived in a standard cardboard box, but on
stars. With a focal ratio of f/6.9, this telescope is
dew shield extended,
using
Crayford
focusers
to
rack
and
pinion
APS-C
sensor,
the
star
shapes in our images are a
The
Supplier
659mm
with dew
opening that up we were greeted by a beautifully
relatively slow compared to many astrographs,
alternatives,
andample
the padding
2.5-inchtounit
supplied
good
indicator
for what to expect with a typical
shield
retracted Centre made and
Widescreen
sturdy case with
protect
but this does have some
advantages
chromatic
2.5-inch
Focuser
the telescope
transit.
The telescope
instrument worked
itself is smoothly
aberration and feld curvature
are slightly
easierhas a very similarly sized
withinthe
review
DSLR camera,
which
www.widescreendual-speed 10:1
strikinglyand
attractive,
fnished
in
an
off-white
to
control
with
longer
focal
length
lenses.
centre.co.uk
fawlessly. With a maximum extension
sensor. We were very pleasantly surprised by the
rack and pinion
stippled-powder coat with three contrasting cerise
Tel
020
7935
2580
of
80mm
there
is
plenty
of
focus
travel,
but
shape of the stars across the feld of view
Extras
Tube
rings
bands of anodised aluminium.

Shapely
stars
Weight 5kg excluding
notOptics
knowing
exactly
where
the sensor would
and
right
intoreview
the corners.
William
has recently
changed
from
As the CCD camera we
used
for this
had an The
tube rings
be
when
we
achieved
focus
we
inserted
a
50.8mm
two-element
internal
using Crayford focusers to rack and pinion
APS-C sensor, the star shapes in our images arefeld
a
Supplier The
alternatives,
and the 2.5-inch
supplied
goodoff-axis
indicator for what
to expect
with
a typical
extension
tube in unit
front
of our camera and
fattener
was
certainly
Widescreen Centre
with the guider.
review telescope
workedout
smoothly
DSLRguess
camera, whichdoing
has a very
similarly
www.widescreenThis turned
to be a pretty good
its job
> sized
centre.co.uk
and fawlessly. With a maximum extension
sensor. We were very pleasantly surprised by the
we achieved crisp focus at an extension of just
Tel 020 7935 2580
of 80mm there is plenty of focus travel, but
shape of the stars across the feld of view
18mm,
which
of the focus tube
not knowing
exactly
whereleft
theplenty
sensor would
andwithin
right into the corners. The
focuserfocus
for stability.
be when the
we achieved
we inserted a 50.8mm
two-element internal feld
extension tube
front of our
camera
and off-axis
Theinfocuser
easily
handled
the weightfattener
of ourwas certainly
guider. This
turned
out
to
be
a
pretty
good
guess
doing
its job
>
imaging system using both the coarse and fne
focus
we achieved crisp focus at an extension of just
knobs, and there was only the smallest amount of
18mm, which left plenty of the focus tube within
the focuser for stability.
The focuser easily handled the weight of our
imaging system using both the coarse and fne focus
knobs, and there was only the smallest amount of
William Optics GTF 102
all photos: www.thesecretstudio.net
all photos: www.thesecretstudio.net
An exciting imaging scope that performs just as well visually
Shapely stars
quintet of quality
The GTF 102 astrograph has an unusual optical system, comprising fve elements arranged
in two groups. The primary lens is an air-spaced triplet that uses FPL53 extra-low dispersion
quintet
quality
glass to bringof
all the
colours of light to the same focus point. This is important to avoid
chromatic
aberration,
which
results
in system,
unwanted
coloured
halos around
The GTF 102 astrograph has an
unusual
optical
comprising
fve elements
arrangedbright objects. The
in two
groups.
primaryare
lenshoused
is an air-spaced
triplet
that uses FPL53
extra-low dispersion
three
lens The
elements
in a fully
adjustable,
CNC-machined
lens cell.
glass The
to bring
all thegroup
coloursis
of made
light to up
the of
same
focus
This is important
to avoid
second
two
lenspoint.
elements
(also made
from extra-low dispersion
chromatic aberration, which results in unwanted coloured halos around bright objects. The
glass), which are set inside the telescope tube. They act as a feld fattener to combat the
three lens elements are housed in a fully adjustable, CNC-machined lens cell.
feldsecond
curvature
is normally
present
in a(also
refractor.
Field
curvature
causes stars at the edges
The
group that
is made
up of two lens
elements
made from
extra-low
dispersion
of the
feld
appear
elongated,
which
a particular
problem
glass),
which
areofsetview
insidetothe
telescope
tube. They act
as a is
feld
fattener to combat
the in deep-sky imaging.
feld curvature
that
is normally
present
in a refractor.
Field curvature
causes
starstransmission
at the edges and reduce
All of the
lens
surfaces
are fully
multicoated
to increase
light
of unwanted
the feld of view
to
appear
elongated,
which
is
a
particular
problem
in
deep-sky
refections. Since the feld fattener is built in, there is no imaging.
critical spacing issue
All of the lens surfaces are fully multicoated to increase light transmission and reduce
when
using
a
camera,
so
installing
a
flter
wheel
and
an
off-axis
guider
is straightforward.
unwanted refections. Since the feld fattener is built in, there is no critical spacing issue
when using a camera, so installing a flter wheel and an off-axis guider is straightforward.
first light APRIL 103
TeleScOPe Tube
The construction of the telescope
tube, which is machined from
aluminium, underpins the optical
systems stability the whole
telescope felt very solid indeed.
Internally the tube is fnished in
matt black and has three knife-edge
baffes, which together help to
reduce
first light APRIL
103internal refections and
increase the contrast of the view.
TeleScOPe Tube
Tube RinGS
The 105mm diameter, CNC-machined tube rings
have a crisp, black crackle fnish. With a choice
of mounting holes in both upper and lower
mountings, they accommodate various types of
dovetail bar and accessories. Nylon spacers on
the locking bolts help to protect the clamp surfaces.
The construction of the telescope

tube, which is machined from
aluminium, underpins the optical
systems stability the whole
telescope felt very solid indeed.
Internally the tube is fnished in
matt black and has three knife-edge
baffes, which together help to
reduce internal refections and
increase the contrast of the view.
Tube RinGS
The 105mm diameter, CNC-machined tube rings
have a crisp, black crackle fnish. With a choice
of mounting holes in both upper and lower
mountings, they accommodate various types of
dovetail bar and accessories. Nylon spacers on
the locking bolts help to protect the clamp surfaces.
Rack and PiniOn

FOcuSeR
The 2.5-inch rack and pinion
focuser has anti-marring brass
compression rings, can be
rotated
Rack and PiniOn through 360 and is very
smooth in operation, with minimal
FOcuSeR
image shift when applying the
The 2.5-inch rack and pinion
focuser has anti-marringsimple
brass lock mechanism. The 10:1
mechanism handled
compression rings, cantwo-speed
be
rotated through 360 and is very the weight of our imaging
smooth in operation, with minimal
camera, off-axis guider and
image shift when applying the
guide camera with ease.
simple lock mechanism. The 10:1
two-speed mechanism handled
the weight of our imaging
camera, off-axis guider and
guide camera with ease.
Sky SAyS
All of the lens
surfaces are fully
multicoated to
increase light
transmission and
reduce unwanted
refections
Sky SAyS
All of the lens
surfaces are fully
multicoated to
increase light
ReTRacTable deW Shield
transmission and
The 127mm-long
dew
shield does an excellent job of defecting extraneous
ReTRacTable
deW
Shield
reducelight
unwanted
and keeping the dew at bay. The front is capped with an aluminium dust cover
The 127mm-long dew shield does an excellent job of defecting extraneous light
refections
thatthe
simply
slips
on and
off.
convenient
thumbscrew
and keeping
dew atand
bay.safely
The front
is capped
with
anA
aluminium
dust cover
inand
its extended
position.
that simply
safely slips on
and off. A convenient thumbscrew locks the shield
in its extended position.
locks the shield
104 first light APRIL
first light
104 first light APRIL
first light
The GTF 102 is supplied

> and so too was the triplet lens, as chromatic
with a high-quality soft
aberration was also well controlled. There was
padded case. It is very
some vignetting, which caused the edges of the
substantial and protects
feld of view to be darker than the centre, but this
the telescope in transit
was easily corrected by calibrating the images
very well indeed. With
SOFT caSe
with suitable fat frames. One problem that can
both carry handles and a
multi-element
designs like this is
Theshoulder
GTF 102 strap,
is supplied
> and so occur
too waswith
the triplet
lens, as chromatic
transporting
with a high-quality soft
aberration
wasofalso
well shift
controlled.
was
that
focus
withThere
temperature
change.
the scope is easy.
padded case. It is very
some vignetting,
which
caused
the
edges
of the
However,
we
didnt
fnd
it
necessary
to adjust
substantial and protects
feld of view to be darker than the centre, but this
focus during our 4.5-hour imaging session
the telescope in transit
was easily corrected by calibrating the images
very well indeed. With
despite
a thickOne
frost
forming
on the inside of
with suitable
fat frames.
problem
that can
both carry handles and a
ourmulti-element
domed observatory.
occur with
designs like this is
shoulder strap, transporting
that
of
focus
shift
with
temperature
change.
Although the GTF 102
is designed as an
the scope is easy.
However,astrograph,
we didnt fndwe
it necessary
adjustusing it for some
couldnttoresist
focus during our 4.5-hour imaging session
observing and we werent disappointed.
thick frost forming on the inside of
Sky SAyS despite asimple
Using
our
own 2-inch dielectric diagonal and
our domed observatory.
Now add these:
Although
the GTFwe
102enjoyed
is designed
as anglorious views of
eyepieces
some
astrograph,
we couldnt
resist
using it Moon.
for some
Jupiter
and the
gibbous
1. William
simple observing and we werent disappointed.
Sky
SAyS50mm
The lack of false colour in our imaging tests was
Optics
Using our own 2-inch dielectric diagonal and
Now add these:
corroborated
through
Confrmed too
eyepieces we enjoyed some
glorious the
viewseyepiece.
of
Our image of the rosette nebula in monoceros
guidescope with
were
star shapes right out to the edge of
Jupiter and
theexcellent
gibbous Moon.
1. William
exhibits clean star shapes right to the edges of the feld
mounting bracketThe lack
false colour
in our
tests
was the presence
theoffeld
of view.
Weimaging
couldnt
ignore
Optics 50mm
corroborated
through
the
eyepiece.
Confrmed
tooswathe
of the Orion Nebula and the large
of image of the rosette nebula in monoceros
Our
guidescope
with
2. Atik 383L+
were excellent star shapes right out to the edge of
exhibits
clean star shapes right to the edges of the feld
nebulosity
observed
through
our
17mm
eyepiece
mounting
bracket the feld of view. We couldnt ignore the presence
CCD camera
wasNebula
particularly
of the Orion
and the memorable,
large swathe of as was the crisp,
BuiLd And dESign
2. Atik 383L+
3. Sky-Watcher nebulosity
Verdict
sparkly
view
of
the
Pleiades
star
cluster.
observed through our 17mm eyepiece
CCD camera
EASE OF uSE
memorable, asenjoyed
was the crisp,
AZ-EQ6 GT was particularly

We thoroughly
our experiences
with
thedESign
BuiLd
And
FEATurES
3. Sky-Watcher
sparkly view of the Pleiades star cluster.
EASE OFtouSE
GTF 102 and would recommend the telescope
mount
and
tripod
AZ-EQ6 GT
We thoroughly enjoyed our experiences with the
imAging QuALiTy
any
astrophotographer
searching
for an FEATurES
imaging
GTF
102
and
would
recommend
the
telescope
to
mount and tripod
imAging
QuALiTy OPTicS
instrument that
removes
pain of achieving
a fat
any astrophotographer
searching
for anthe
imaging
OVErALL
instrument
that
removes
pain
of achieving
fat S OPTicS
feld
with
starsthepin
sharp
to the aedge.
OVErALL
feld with stars pin sharp to the edge. S
www.thesecretstudio.net, steve richards
www.thesecretstudio.net, steve richards
SOFT caSe
Verdict
f1telescopes
Sussex Astronomy Centre

Meade Advanced Product Dealer
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out ourand
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www.sussex-astronomy-centre.co.uk
visit our shop at:
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me10 3tB. 01795 432702
check out our website:
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Meade main stockist for Sussex

Beginners most welcome!
home obseRvatoRy uk
A large range of telescopes and accessories from the worlds leading suppliers.
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www.sussex-astronomy-centre.co.uk
01953 423111 / 07967 376336
Astronomy
Astronomy
specialists in the construction and installation

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piers for the home astronomer.
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of rolling roof observatories and telescope
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www.green-witch.com
www.green-witch.com
106
Tried & tested
We review well-established equipment thats stood the test of time
QSI 683
ViTal STaTS
106
see an interactive
360 model of this camera at
www.skyatnightmagazine.com/
qsi683
WSG-8
Price 3,149
Size 141x149x84mm
Sensor Truesense
see an interactive
Imaging KAF-8300
360 model of this camera at
Sensor size
www.skyatnightmagazine.com/
We17.96x13.52mm,
review well-established equipment thats stood the test of time
qsi683
22.5mm diagonal
Pixels 3326 x 2504
Back focus 50.2mm
words: steve richards
Weight
1.66kg
ViTal STaTS
strophotography has rightly become
along with an ASCOM driver and a full set
Extras Peli case,
3,149
Price
AC
mains power
a very important and enjoyable aspect
of well-written and comprehensive manuals.
141x149x84mm
Sizesupply,
USB cable,
of astronomy: it is only through
Plug-ins for other image capture programs are
Sensor Truesense
ST4
cable,
Allen
keys,
the
capture
of
long-exposure
images
available for download from the QSI website
Imaging KAF-8300
2-inch
nosepiece
Sensor
size
that the true colourful beauty and detail of

(www.QSimaging.com).
17.96x13.52mm,
adaptor, CD
deep-sky
objects
can
be
appreciated.
Modern
22.5mm
diagonal
Ian King
Supplier
DSLR cameras can capture this detail and much
3326 x 2504
Pixels
Imaging
Back focus 50.2mm
words:
richards
ofsteve
the colour
of these objects, but dedicated
At 1.66kg, the camera feels very substantially built
www.iankingimaging.
1.66kg
Weight
astronomical
CCDs
the QSI 683along
WSG-8
and
closer
confrms the quality of the
comPeli case,
strophotography
has such
rightlyas
become
with an ASCOM
driver
andinspection
a full set
Extras
cana do
much better.
This isaspect
because they
have
manufacturing.
Great attention to detail has been
AC
mains
power212356
veryitimportant
and enjoyable
of well-written
and comprehensive
manuals.
01580
Tel
supply, USB cable,
of astronomy:
is only
through
capture on
programs
are external case and the
built-in
coolingit to
reduce
thermal noisePlug-ins
from for
theother image
expended
both the
ST4 cable, Allen keys,
the
capture
of
long-exposure
images
available
for
download
from
the
QSI
website
sensor and are not hampered by infrared flters
internal components, and we couldnt help but
2-inch nosepiece
that the true colourful beauty and detail of
(www.QSimaging.com).
designed
for
daytime
use.
be impressed with how it all ftted together. The
adaptor, CD
deep-sky objects can be appreciated. Modern
Supplier Ian King
Thecan
QSI
683 WSG-8
camera, frst
releasedmanufacturing
built-in flter wheel possesses eight slots, which we
DSLR cameras
capture
this detailCCD
and much
Quality
Imaging
of
the
colour
of
these
objects,
but
dedicated
in
2012,
is
designed
to
overcome
several
of
the
At
1.66kg,
the
camera
feels very substantially
built flters: luminance, red,
populated
with our own
www.iankingimaging.
Sky SayS astronomical
CCDs
such
as
the
QSI
683
WSG-8
and
closer
inspection
confrms
the
quality
of
the
issues that cause the most angst among astro
green, blue, hydrogen-alpha, oxygen III, sulphur II
com
much better. This is because they have
attention to detail has been
a can do itimagers.
01580 imaged
212356
TelWe
The inclusion of an integratedmanufacturing.
flter wheel Greatand
hydrogen-beta. Having such a variety of flters
built-in cooling to reduce thermal noise from the
expended on both the external case and the
range of objects
and
guider
withflters
enough space
to use
at onehelp
time
sensor and
arean
notoff-axis
hampered
by infrared
internal
components,available
and we couldnt
butmakes for very fexible
and were very designedwith
a
standard
coma
corrector,
feld
fattener
or
imaging
as
it
is
easy
to choose the right flter for
for daytime use.
be impressed with how it all ftted together. The
683 reducer
WSG-8 CCD
camera,
frst released
eight slots,
which
we
focal
is one
of these
good ideas.built-in flter wheel possesses
the celestial
object
at hand.
impressed with The QSI
in 2012, is designed
to overcome
several in
of the
populated
with our ownDeep-sky
flters: luminance,
red,
The
camera
is
supplied
a
high-quality
Peli
imaging
requires
long exposures, so
Sky
theSayS
sensitivity issues that cause the most angst among astro
green, blue, hydrogen-alpha, oxygen III, sulphur II
1400 case, giving the contents excellent protection.
it is imperative to ensure that your mount tracks
We
imaged
and
lackaof
imagers. The inclusion of an integrated flter wheel
and hydrogen-beta. Having such a variety of flters
Included
in
the
case
is
an
AC
mains
power
supply,
if you want to avoid stars trails. The
range of objects
and an off-axis guider with enough space to use
available at one timevery
makesaccurately
for very fexible
thermal
noise
USB cable,
cable,
a set
of Allen
a 2-inch
Gchoose
in WSG
stands
and were very
with a standard
coma ST4
corrector,
feld
fattener
or keys,
imaging
as it is easy to
the right
flterfor
forguider the camera has a
focal reducer
is
one
of
these
good
ideas.
the
celestial
object
at
hand.
impressed with
nosepiece adaptor and a CD. Plug-ins for MaxIm DL, built-in off-axis guider installed in front of the flter
The camera
is supplied
in a high-quality
Peli
Deep-sky
requiresThis
long exposures,
so
the sensitivity
CCDSoft
and AstroArt
are included
on the
CD, imagingwheel.
very convenient
arrangement ensures >
1400
case,
giving
the
contents
excellent
protection.
it
is
imperative
to
ensure
that
your
mount
tracks
and lack of
Included in the case is an AC mains power supply,
very accurately if you want to avoid stars trails. The
thermal noise
USB cable, ST4 cable, a set of Allen keys, a 2-inch
G in WSG stands for guider the camera has a
nosepiece adaptor and a CD. Plug-ins for MaxIm DL, built-in off-axis guider installed in front of the flter
CCDSoft and AstroArt are included on the CD,
wheel. This very convenient arrangement ensures >
CCD camera
Tried & tested
A built-in filter wheel and off-axis guider make for a neat package
QSI 683
WSG-8
A
CCD camera
A built-in filter wheel and off-axis guider make for

a neat manufacturing
package
Quality
www.thesecretstudio.net x 4, steve richards x 2
www.thesecretstudio.net x 4, steve richards x 2
owners observations
than my colour camera and this mismatch

Name Steve Richards
reduced the size of my fnished images too
location Nr Wiston, West Sussex
much. The larger sensor in the QSI 683
Equipment QSI 683 WSG-8
WSG-8 (17.96x13.52mm) allows me to
Owner since June 2013
than my colour camera and this mismatch
Name Steve Richards
captureimages
muchtoo
better matched images at
reduced the size of my fnished
location Nr Wiston, West Sussex
a
far
higher
resolution.
I
bought
the
QSI
683
WSG-8
mono
CCD
much. The larger sensor in the QSI 683
Equipment QSI 683 WSG-8
WSG-8
me to
Owner since camera
June 2013specifcally for use on my
Even though
the QSI 683 WSG-8s
dual(17.96x13.52mm) allows
capture
much
better
matched
images
at
KAF-8300 sensor was much larger, I was still
imaging system. I use a mono CCD camera
a far higher resolution.
I bought the QSI 683 WSG-8 mono CCD
able to use my existing set of 1.25-inch flters,
on
one
telescope
and
a
one-shot
colour
Even though the QSI 683 WSG-8s
camera specifcally for use on my dual
which
wasI was
a real
CCD
camera
a second
KAF-8300 sensor was much
larger,
still advantage in terms of cost.
imaging system.
I use
a monoon
CCD
camera telescope,
use my existing set
of 1.25-inch
on one telescope
andallows
a one-shot
Such
was theflters,
quality of the data captured by
which
me colour
to capture twoable
setstoof
which was a real advantage
in terms
of cost.that it wasnt long before
CCD cameradata
on a second
telescope, that I can combine
the new
camera
simultaneously
Such was the quality of the data captured by
which allows me to capture two sets of
I started concentrating on using just this
later on. My original mono CCD camera
the new camera that it wasnt long before
data simultaneously that I can combine
camera
forthis
most of my imaging.
had
a
much
smaller
sensor
(8.98x6.71mm)
I started concentrating on
using just
later on. My original mono CCD camera
owners observations
had a much smaller sensor (8.98x6.71mm)
camera for most of my imaging.
tried & tested april 107
tried & tested april 107
KAF-8300 SenSor
The KAF-8300 sensor conveniently bridges
the gap between the typically affordable but
smaller Sony sensors and their larger and
much more expensive APS C or large format
counterparts. With 8.3 megapixels across its
surface and generous size (5.4m) pixels, you
can capture wide high-resolution images
without sacrifcing sensitivity.
KAF-8300 SenSor
BuIlT-In oFF-AxIS GuIDer
TWo-STAGe PelTIer CoolInG

The camera uses a two-stage Peltier thermoelectric cooling
system with two internal fans and set point cooling to reduce
image noise caused by heat from the sensor during long
exposures. This system is capable of cooling the sensor down
to 45C below the ambient temperature.
TWo-STAGe
PelTIer CoolInG
SmAll DePTh
The camera uses a two-stage Peltier thermoelectric cooling

Although
the camera
incorporates
both
flter
system
with two internal
fans and
set point cooling
to a
reduce
wheel
and anbyoff-axis
guider,
its total
image
noise caused
heat from
the sensor
duringdepth
long
exposures.
This front
systemmounting
is capable plate
of cooling
the sensor
sensor down
from the
to the
to 45C below the ambient temperature.
The KAF-8300 sensor conveniently bridges

the gap between the typically affordable but
An autoguiding system is vital for accurate tracking
smaller Sony sensors and their larger and
during
long-exposure
imaging;
much more
expensive
APS C or large
formatthe most accurate way
to do this
with
an off-axis
guider
and guide camera.
counterparts.
Withis8.3
megapixels
across
its
surface The
and generous
size
(5.4m)
pixels,
you
QSI 683 WSG-8 has a neatly installed off-axis
can capture wide high-resolution images
guider in front of the flter wheel, ensuring that only
without sacrifcing sensitivity.
unfltered light reaches the guide camera.
BuIlT-In oFF-AxIS GuIDer

An autoguiding system is vital for accurate tracking
during long-exposure imaging; the most accurate way
to do this is with an off-axis guider and guide camera.
The QSI 683 WSG-8 has a neatly installed off-axis
guider in front of the flter wheel, ensuring that only
unfltered light reaches the guide camera.
is only 50.2mm. This means that a simple

6mm T-extension tube will make the camera
SmAll
DePTh
compatible with the industry standard sensor to
Although the camera incorporates both a flter
focal reducer-feld fattener distance of 56mm.
wheel and an off-axis guider, its total depth
from the front mounting plate to the sensor
is only 50.2mm. This means that a simple
6mm T-extension tube will make the camera
compatible with the industry standard sensor to
focal reducer-feld fattener distance of 56mm.
108 tried & tested april
Tried & tested

BuIlT-In FIlTer Wheel
Despite the cameras relatively large sensor, it only
requires 1.25-inch flters. Up to eight of these can be
installed in the built-in flter wheel at a time. Because
the flter wheel is integrated into the camera, only one
108 tried & tested april
power cable and one USB cable are required, which
cuts down on the usual tangle of wires.
Tried
& tested
Sky SayS
> that the use of flters
Now add
these:
has no effect on the light
BuIlT-In
FIlTer
Wheel
1. Starlight
Xpress Lodestar
autoguider
falling on the guide
Despite the cameras relatively large sensor, it only

ensuring
requires 1.25-inch flters. Up to eight ofcamera,
these can thus
be
installed in the built-in flter wheel at a the
time.greatest
Because chance of
the flter wheel is integrated into the camera, only one
fndingwhich
a suitable guide
power cable and one USB cable are required,
cuts down on the usual tangle of wires.star even with very short
2. QSI EOS lens

adaptor
exposures. An off-axis
guider uses a small
3. SayS
QSI C mount> that thepick-off
Sky
prism, placed
use of flters
Now
add
these:
has
no
effect
on
the
light
just
outside
the cone
lens adaptor
falling
on
the
guide
of light falling on the
1. Starlight
camera, thus ensuring
imaging sensor, to
Xpress Lodestar
the greatest chance of
autoguider
fnding adivert
suitablelight
guidefrom a
test
star
to the
camera
for very
analysis
even with
short of
2.
QSI
EOS
lensguidestar
exposures.
An off-axismount
unwanted
movement
and
subsequent
adaptor
guider uses
a smallThis provides
correction under software
control.
3. QSI C mount
pick-off prism, placed
a very accurate method
of autoguiding.
just outside the cone
lens adaptor
The short turret on
top of
the on
cameras
casing
of light
falling
the
imaging
sensor, to making it
is machined with a male
C-thread,
divertguide
light from
a
compatible with various
cameras.
Adjustment
test star to the guide camera for analysis of
of the guide cameras focus was very simply
unwanted movement and subsequent mount
carriedunder
out by
slackening
single
grub screw
correction
software
control.a This
provides
using
one
of
the
supplied
Allen
keys
and rotating
a very accurate method of autoguiding.
The
top of the
the short
focusturret
ringon
around
itscameras
thread.casing
is machined
with a malesensor
C-thread,
it
The KAF-8300
is amaking
full frame
chip,
compatible with various guide cameras. Adjustment
which means that unlike many sensors used
of the guide cameras focus was very simply
in astronomical
CCD
cameras
it requires a
carried
out by slackening
a single
grub screw
mechanical
shutter,Allen
andkeys
the and
onerotating
used in the
using
one of the supplied
theQSI
focus
ring
around
its
thread.
683 WSG-8 operates quietly and smoothly.
The
a full
frame
chip,the camera and
We KAF-8300
imaged asensor
rangeisof
objects
with
which means that unlike many sensors used
were very impressed with its sensitivity and lack
in astronomical CCD cameras it requires a
of thermal
noise
mechanical
shutter,
andduring
the oneexposures
used in the of up to
QSI
WSG-8 operates
quietly
and smoothly.
20683
minutes.
We would
thoroughly
recommend
Wethe
imaged
range
of objects
the camera and
QSIa683
WSG-8
to with
intermediate
or advanced
were very impressed with its sensitivity and lack
astrophotographers looking to upgrade to an
of thermal noise during exposures of up to
camera, flter
wheel and
20all-in-one
minutes. Wemono
would thoroughly
recommend
S
guidertoimaging
solution.
theoff-axis
QSI 683 WSG-8
intermediate
or advanced
astrophotographers looking to upgrade to an
all-in-one mono camera, flter wheel and
off-axis guider imaging solution. S
Verdict
Build aNd dESigN
Build aNd dESigN

EaSE Of uSE
CONNECTiViTy
fEaTurES
EaSE
Of uSE
imagiNg QualiTy
fEaTurES
imagiNg
QualiTy
OVErall
OVErall
steve richards x 3
steve richards x 3
Verdict
CONNECTiViTy
Our composite shot of

NgC 6888, comprised of
seven 600-second frames:
fve in Ha and two in Oiii
Our composite shot of

NgC 6888, comprised of
seven 600-second frames:
fve in Ha and two in Oiii
The Cygnus loop in Ha; the

large flter wheel makes
it easy to pick the right
wavelength for the job
The Cygnus loop in Ha; the
large flter wheel makes
it easy to pick the right
wavelength for the job
110
Books
110
New astronomy and space titles reviewed
Books
Lucky Planet
David Waltham
Icon
14.99 PB
New
astronomy and space titles reviewed
Earth is exceptional. It is a planet that has
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Two minuTes
wiTh DaviD
walTham
What inspired you to
You can order these books from our write the book?
shop by calling 01803 865913
Ten years ago it occurred
to me that the simple question Is Earth an

endured around four billion years of good
unusual planet? brought my passions of
weather, purely by chance the luckiest
astronomy and geology together. We
planet in the visible Universe.
Twocant
minuTes
understand Earth properly without
This is the argument of Lucky Planet,
wiTh DaviD
answering this question and we cant do
David
Waltham
written
by University of London geophysicist
walTham
that without looking at how our world fts
Icon
David Waltham. Many scientists dismiss
What inspired you to
14.99 PB
intobook?
the wider Universe.
the idea that Earth is special; they favour
write the
Ten years ago it occurred
suggestions
ourIthome
is actually
Earth
is exceptional.
is a planet
that has mediocre
to
me
that
the
simple
question
Earth life
an has evolved elsewhere?
Do youIsthink
endured
around
billion years of
good
on climatology and ice ages, and then
and that
lifefour
is widespread
throughout
unusual
planet?
brought
my
passions
of
weather,
purely by chance
the luckiest
Defnitely. The basic idea behind Lucky
moves abruptly on to the idea
of music,
the Universe.
As thetitle
suggests,
astronomy
and geology together. We
planet in the visible Universe.
is without
that the Universe is so large that
later linking this with planetary
orbits. EarthPlanet
Waltham disagrees, detailing the many
cant understand
properly
This is the argument of Lucky Planet,
even
very
odd
answeringbe
thisbest
question and we cant
doplaces like Earth are
Some of the chapters could perhaps
waysbyinUniversity
which Earth
hasgeophysicist
just been very
written
of London
without looking atinevitable.
how our world
fts Earth is so rare that were
I think
expressed via a timeline, that
as embedding
David
Waltham.
Many scientists dismiss
fortunate
indeed.
into the wider Universe.
the idea
that
Earth
is
special;
they
favour
unlikely
to
ever
fnd another world with a
copious details about
It is a refreshing angle amid
suggestions our home is actually mediocre
biosphere as complex as ours; the fip side
atmosphere, temperature
numerous similar titles
Do you think life has evolved elsewhere?
on climatology and ice ages, and then
and that life is widespread throughout
of this
argument
and feedback
processes
Defnitely.
The basic idea
behind
Lucky is that there are probably
moves abruptly on to the idea of music,
thetouting
Universe.the
As opposing
the title suggests,
many
such
places
at
various
stages
in
Planet
is
that
the
Universe
is
so
large
that scattered across the
view.
Waltham
explores
later linking this with planetary orbits.
Waltham disagrees, detailing the many
even
very
odd
places
like
Earth
are
Some of the chapters could perhaps beEarths
best
ways
which Earth
has just been very
Universe. Its just that they are so far apart
history into
theinvarious
properties
I think Earththey
is so are
rare that
wereisolated from each other.
expressed via a timeline, as embedding
fortunate
indeed.
forever
dense inevitable.
paragraphs
our planet
possesses
unlikely to ever fnd another world with a
copious details about
It is a refreshing angle amid
of textbiosphere
is quite as complex as ours; the fip side
that have led to
atmosphere, temperature
numerous similar titles
diffcult
to argument
digest. is thatWhat
its
habitability,
makes
a planet lucky?
of this
there are
probably
and feedback processes
touting the opposing
Lucky
covering
astronomy,
many such
places scattered
Its notacross
that the
any single property is rare; its
at various stages in Although
view.
Waltham
explores
Universe.
Its
just
that
they
are
so
far
apart of many slightly unusual
Earths
history
into
thebiology,
various properties
Planet
contains
cosmology,
the combination
they
are
forever
isolated
from
each
other.
dense paragraphs
ourclimatology,
planet possesses
several brilliant
properties. If one in 10 planets are the
of text is quite
that have led to
analogiesWhat
and makes a planetright
and geology.
size and one in 10 planets orbit at
diffcult to digest.
its habitability,
lucky?
explanations,
at
times
it
The
most
interesting
the
right
Although Lucky
covering astronomy,
Its not that any single property isdistance
rare; its and one in 10 planets
Planet contains
biology,
cosmology, consideration
is obvious thatthe
Waltham
is of many
and important
combination
slightly
unusual
have
the right
amount of water you can
several
brilliant
climatology,
properties.
If
one
in
10
planets
are
the
a
scientist
frst
and
an
author
is that in order for Earth to be
Minute changes could
see where Im going with this.
analogies and
and geology.
size and one
have rendered Earth
second, as there isright
a tendency
to in 10 planets orbit at
how it is now, our planet must
explanations, at times it
The most interesting
the right distance and one in 10 planets
a very different place
cram
in technical
information
have
been potentially
What do you think about the latest
is obvious that
Waltham
is
and
important
consideration habitable
have the right amount of water you can
the expense
However,
for ainvery
portion
history.
exoplanet
searches?
scientist
frst and of
an readability.
author
is that
orderlarge
for Earth
to be of its
Minute
changes could a at
see
where Imifgoing with
this.
have it
rendered
Earth
second,
as there
is a tendency
how
it is now,
planet
must
you wish
to learn
abouttothe climatology of
While
thisour
may
seem
obvious,
is actually
Despite all Ive said, Im a huge supporter
a very different place
cram
technical
information
have
beenan
potentially
habitable
do present
you think about
theongoing
latest
our in
planet
from
its formationWhat
to the
quite
intriguing
perspective if the
of the
hunt for exoplanets. I think
at the expense of readability. However, if
for a very large portion of its history.
exoplanet searches?
day,
it
serves
as
a
comprehensive
overview.
Earth
had
had
slightly
more
changeable
the data we have at present points to
While this may seem obvious, it is actually you wish to learn about the climatology of
Despite all Ive said, Im a huge supporter
weather
or
a
marginally
different
habitable
our planet from its formation to the present of the ongoing hunt for
quite an intriguing perspective if the
exoplanets.worlds
I think being rare, but thats
atmospheric
composition
at
any
one
day,
it
serves
as
a
comprehensive
overview.
Earth had had slightly more changeable
the data we have at present
to little data. What we need
basedpoints
on very
weather
marginally
NICkY GUTTrIDGE is a science
habitable
worlds beingis rare,
butinformation,
thats
point,orita would
be different
an entirely different
journalist
more
which will hopefully
atmospheric composition at any one
based
on
very
little
data.
What
we
need
planet today.
and Hubble public information offcer
prove my pessimism to be misplaced.
point, it would be an entirely different
NICkY GUTTrIDGE is a science journalist
is more information, which will hopefully
When
it
comes
to
structure,
however,
planet today.
and Hubble public information offcer
prove my pessimism to be misplaced.
Dr DavID WalTham is a lecturer in
the book
is atolittle
unusual.
For example,
When
it comes
structure,
however,
reader price 13.99, subscriber price 12.99
Dr DavID WalThammathematical
is a lecturer in geology at Royal Holloway
theWaltham
book is a little
unusual.
focuses
for For
an example,
oddly long time
P&P 1.99
Code:
S0414/2
reader price 13.99,
subscriber
price
12.99
Lucky Planet
Waltham focuses for an oddly long time
P&P 1.99 Code: S0414/2
mathematical geology at Royal Holloway
books APRIL 111
Observing
by Hand
19th century, images were produced by hand,

requiring artistic skill, an understanding
of the heavens and an ability to record
detail accurately and quickly. The style of
Sketching the Nebulae
The Terrestrial Life
writing refects the content, being careful
and
meticulous,
just
as
the
observers
were
in the 19th Century
and Times of Sir
who produced the images discussed.
Bernard Lovell
Each chapter focuses on different
Omar W Nasim
oF The
astronomers and how their approach to
Chicago
John Bromley-Davenport
m
on T h
APRIL 111
drawing nebulae adds to the bigger story. books
31.50 hB
Bene Factum
Publishing
Through the work of Lord Rosse and his
20 hB
assistants John Herschel, EP Mason, William
As befts its subject
19th century, images were produced by hand,
Lassell and Wilhelm Tempel, we see the
Sir Bernard lovell was
matter, Observing
by
requiring artistic skill, an understanding
range
of
techniques
used,
and
the
factors
Hand looks beautiful.
one of the most eminent
of the heavens and an ability to record
Space
thatand
shaped
them.
In doing
so,
Nasim Has No Frontier British scientists of the
It deals with the
detail accurately
quickly.
The style
of
Sketching the Nebulae
TheinTerrestrial
Life
the content,
careful played
shows
us the being
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112 GEAR APRIL
Gear
112 GEAR APRIL
Elizabeth Pearson rounds up the latest astronomical accessories
Gear
1
1 Orion Newtonian Visual

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Elizabeth Pearson rounds up the latest astronomical accessories
2 BaaderVisual
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with
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well Baaders Q-Turret, which
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slots
into
a
telescope
and allows you to switch
target visually through its built-in eyepiece,
between
all
four
with
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114 EXPERT inTERviEw APRIL
WHAT I REALLY WANT TO KNOW IS

ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli served as a fight engineer
aboard the ISS from December 2010 to May 2011
114 EXPERT inTERviEw APRIL
interviewed by eLiZAbetH PeArSOn
you, a terrestrial
human being,TO KNOW IS
space a place where there is no weight!
WHAT I hen
REALLY
WANT
go into space, you are faced with
At 8pm we usually had a debriefng where we
the fact you are in a new

could talk about what happened during the
environment. Youre
day and get feedback. After that we had
there to work, and you want to work,
an hour and a half before we went to
ESA
astronaut
Paolo
Nespoli
served
as
a
fight
engineer
but frst of all you need to adapt
sleep at 10pm, and could do
yourself. You fnd yourself
whatever we wanted.
aboard
the
ISS
from
December
2010
to
May
2011
in a new place where there is
I spent most of my time
interviewed
no gravity, and
you havebytoeLiZAbetH PeArSOn
going through emails and
learn everything from
talking with my family.
hen you, a terrestrial human being,
space a place where there is no weight!
scratch. Yougoneed
to
into space, you are faced with
At 8pm we usually had a debriefng where we The International Space
become an the fact you are in a new
could talk about what happened during the Station is a confned,
environment.
day and get feedback. After that we had isolated place and I was
extraterrestrial
person.Youre
there
to
work,
and
you
want
to
work,
an hour and a half before we went to grateful that there was
It can be extremely
but frst of all you need to adapt
sleep at 10pm, and could do
frustrating, but it is
a way to communicate.
yourself. You fnd yourself
whatever we wanted.
bit is
Ground control realises
in also
a newvery
placenice,
whereathere
I spent most of my time
being
little
that you are a human
nolike
gravity,
andayou
havekid
to
going through emails and
learn
everything from
talking with my family.
discovering
new things.
being, not a machine,
scratch.
Youdays
need to
The International Space and they come up with all
Most
followed the
become an
Station is a confned,
same routine. At 6am you
sorts of tricks to make it
extraterrestrial person.
isolated place and I was
wake
up, have breakfast,
It can
be extremely
grateful that there wasmore bearable. One of them
frustrating,
it isdo whatever you
a way to communicate.
clean upbut
and
is to make sure each
also
very
nice,
a
bit
Ground
control
realises
need to be ready to start work
of the astronauts has their own
like being a little kid
that you are a human
at 7.30am.
phone. You need to pay attention
discovering new things.
being, not a machine,
Wedays
spent
about
and
check
Most
followed
theeight hours doing
and they come
up with
all the availability of the
scheduled
work.
If
we
had
a
shuttle
satellite
it
transmits
through, but once
same routine. At 6am you
sorts of tricks to make it
wake
up, haveorbreakfast,
more bearable.
One
of them
arriving
a space walk to complete there
you learn
how
to use it its just like any other
clean
up and
whatever
isphone.
to makeIsure
eachcall people to say hello and
would
bedo
a lot
to doyou
to prepare, but most of that
would
need to be ready to start work
of the astronauts has their own
time we were taking care of the station or carrying
I talked to my wife every day to let her know what
Nepsoli, right, was a
at 7.30am.
phone. You need to pay attention
out
scientifc
experiments.
was going
on up there.
prolifc photographer,
We spent about eight hours doing
and check
the availability
of the
taking 26,000 images satellite it transmits
One of through,
things Ibut
would
scheduled work. If we had a shuttle
once do every day was go
arriving or a space walk to complete there
you learn howinto
to use
it
its
just
like
any
other
the cupola, a room
with 360 views out into
would
be
a
lot
to
do
to
prepare,
but
most
of
that
phone.
I
would
call
people
to
say
hello
and
space, and just look at Earth as we passed by.
Running experiments could be psychologically
time we were taking care of the station or carrying
I talked to my wife every day to let her know what
Nepsoli, right, was a
I took something like 26,000 pictures while I was
had to train for so many things that
we
outtaxing.
scientifcWe
experiments.
was going on up there.
prolifc photographer,
in space.
Atday
frst
might have learnt how to carry out a particular
taking 26,000 images
One of things I would
do every
wasits
go not easy; in the beginning
into the cupola, a room
withseen
360 from
views out
intois just this blue ball. But
Aexperiment
lot of hard
work
Earth
space
a year
beforehand. A couple of times
space, and just look at
as we passed
Running
could be and
psychologically
asEarth
you become
anby.
extraterrestrial person, you
I wentexperiments
to do something
I had no idea I had
I took something like 26,000 pictures while I was
taxing. We had to train for so many things that we
develop this eye. You can just glimpse down
even trained for that experiment. Some were very
in space. At frst its not easy; in the beginning
might have learnt how to carry out a particular
and
youthis
know
where
repetitive
and
I
was
always
sleep
deprived,
so
Earth seen from space
is just
blue ball.
Butyou are.
experiment a year beforehand. A couple of times
I hope this
experience
is something that
sometimes
I fell asleep!
The
as you become an extraterrestrial
person,
you
I went
to do something
and I had
no scientists
idea I had were
develop this eye. Youmany
can just
glimpsewill
down
even
trained for my
that response
experiment.
Someinwere
very
people
be able to do in the future.
measuring
time
milliseconds,
but
and you know whereYou
you are.
repetitive
and I was always
so Id feel stupid.
learn a lot about yourself, about other
I was napping.
Whensleep
thatdeprived,
happened,
I hope this experience is something that
sometimes I fell asleep! The scientists were
people
and about Earth. Seeing our planet
One
thing
that
helped
was
doing
exercise
I
could
many people will be able to do in the future.
measuring my response time in milliseconds, but
upabout
thereother
gives you a perspective and
switch
off When
and think
about other
things.
You learn a lot aboutfrom
yourself,
I was
napping.
that happened,
Id feel
stupid. It is very
About
PAoLo
NESPoLI
understanding
that is very different from
important
to
keep
your
body
up
to
par
and
lower
people and about Earth. Seeing our planet
One thing that helped was doing exercise I could
Paolo
Nespoli
served
as
a
from
up
there
gives
you
a
perspective
and
switch
off
and
think
about
other
things.
It
is
very
any you can get from the ground I wish everybody
the negative effects of microgravity, but exercising
About PAoLofight
NESPoLI
engineer
aboard thethat is very different from
understanding
important to keep your body up to par and lower
could share that. Now that Im back down on
was also very relaxing. Two hours every dayPaolo
wereNespoli served as a
ISS as part of
anyExpeditions
you can get from the ground I wish everybody
the negative effects of microgravity, but exercising
fight engineer aboard the
the
planet,
though,
spent
on physical
ftness.
is awere
special treadmill
26 and 27. He
frstshare
travelled
could
that. Now
that
Im back
down onI like to say that I am still
was
also very
relaxing. Two
hoursThere
every day
ISS as part of Expeditions
guyI that
grew up in a small town in
as well
as a machine
called
the Advanced
the planet,
though, Ithe
like same
to say that
am still
spent
on physical
ftness. There
is a special
treadmill Resistive
to travelled
space aboard
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as Exercise
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MAG. +1
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BRIGHTNESS:
MAG. 0
T
& BRIGHTER
M2
METEOR
MAG. 0
RADIANT
& BRIGHTER
SERPE
NS CA
P
CHU
S
UM
UT
STAR
BRIGHTNESS:
OPH
IU
SC
PLANET
S
EA
COMET TRACK
M22
QUASAR
COMET TRACK
Teapot
H
UT
SO
VARIABLE STAR
METEOR
STAR
RADIANT
RIU
ITTA
DOUBLE STAR
VARIABLE
M17
th
M
M28
SAG
DOUBLE
NEBULOSITY
ASTEROID
STARTRACK
RC
IS
10
M16
DA
Pe
ASTEROID
TRACK
DIFFUSE
NEBULOSITY
Berenices is best seen with

binoculars. This scattered
group of 5th- to 8th-magnitude
stars is around 2 in diameter.
th
20
M2
UM
Berenices is best seen with

Open cluster
Melotte This scattered
binoculars.
111 (RA group
12h 25.1m,
of 5th- to 8th-magnitude
dec. +26 06) in Coma
stars is around 2 in diameter.
OPEN CLUSTER DIFFUSE

GALAXY
M17
UT
SC
cHartGALAXY
key
M16
M86. Journeying another 22 arcminutes

takes you to galaxy pair NGC 4435/4438.
Open cluster Melotte
The chain continues northeast
111 (RA 12h 25.1m,
with the fainter NGC 4461,
dec.
NGC 4473 and NGC
4477.+26 06) in Coma
cHart key
NEBULA
PLANETARY
NEBULA
SC
AU
20
UD
with the fainter NGC 4461,

NGC 4473 and NGC 4477.
53), pictured. It has a

3-arcminute circular core,
brighter but smaller than the
next member 16 arcminutes east,
GLOBULAR
CLUSTER
PLANETARY
EN
12
EAST
seven galaxies arranged in an

deeP-Sky
objectS
arc 1.5 long
and visible in
6-inch
scopes.
Thetime
western
Autumn
is a great
to observe
galaxies,
one
particularly
end is marked by mag. remarkable
collection being Markarians Chain:
+9.1 elliptical galaxy M84
seven galaxies arranged in an
12hand
25.0m,
arc(RA
1.5 long
visibledec.
in +12
53),scopes.
pictured.
It has a
6-inch
The western
end3-arcminute
is marked by mag.
circular core,
+9.1
ellipticalbut
galaxy
M84 than the
brighter
smaller
(RA 12h 25.0m, dec. +12
next member 16 arcminutes east,
CLUSTER
RP
Mars transits the meridian around

setting around 23:00 EST. The evenings also
deeP-Sky
midnight and is objectS
visible the entire night. offer Saturn, which arrives just after twilight
Being at opposition, it reaches its brightest
and is due north in the early morning. Venus
Autumn is a great time to observe
M86. Journeying another 22 arcminutes
(mag. 1.5) and maximum angular size
dominates the morning sky, rising around
galaxies,
onethe
particularly
remarkable
you
to galaxy
pairinNGC 4435/4438. SER
(15.2 arcseconds)
during
month. Brilliant
3:00 EST, withtakes
Mercury
briefy
visible low
PE
NS
collection
being
Markarians
Chain:
The
chain
continues
northeast
Jupiter is in the northwest evening sky,
the eastern dawn sky for the frst week of April.
CA
GLOBULAR
OPEN
CLUSTER
SE
tHe PlanetS
the eastern dawn sky for the frst week of April.
ULE
S
A
B
O
RE
AL
H
ERC
ULE
S
EAST
PHIU
CHU
S
Jupiter is in the northwest evening sky,
RO
CO
H
E
AS
T
twilight: a good time to observe would be just under the Lion sits low in the north, but upside
before totality ends at 18:24 EST. From central down. Its head and shoulders are referred to
Australia
ends before moonrise, with as the Sickle, with its top member Leos
tHetotality
PlanetS
Western Australia missing all of the eclipse. brightest star, mag. +1.4 Regulus (Alpha ()
Mars transits the meridian around
setting around 23:00 EST. The evenings also
The afternoon of 29 April brings an annular Leonis). To the east lie its hindquarters,
midnight
and
is
visible
the
entire
night.
Saturn,triangle
which of
arrives
eclipse of the Sun with partial phases visible consisting ofoffer
a conspicuous
stars. just after twilight
Being
at opposition,
reaches
is due
the early morning. Venus
across
Australia.
Maximumiteclipse
is its brightest
This groups and
brightest
starnorth
is mag.in+2.1
around
ESTand
from
the eastern angular
states
Denebola (Beta
() Leonis):the
its name
is short
(mag.17:00
1.5)
maximum
size
dominates
morning
sky, rising around
and 15:00 EST from Western Australia.
for
an
Arabic
phrase
meaning
tail
of
the
Lion.
(15.2 arcseconds) during the month. Brilliant 3:00 EST, with Mercury briefy visible low in
aPril HigHligHtS
I
IND
SoUtHern HeMiSPHere
NORTH
URSA
MAJOR
M5
M10
Melo
N
MO
M47
WEST
WEST
S
O
ER
C
O
M48
M93
OR
SM
AJ
NI
CA
AJ
SM
NI
EN
SA
CA
PUPPIS
Acr
ES
T
ES
T
DO
UT
HW
UT
HW
RA
SA
EN
ula
h
Ac
SOUTH
MBA
DO
eb
la
DO
RA
DO
bu
Ne
OR
41
41
N
MO
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ux
Bo
Ha
el
S
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E
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da
u
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el
Jew
CER
CAN
M4P8YXIS
LIA
ANT
PYXIS
CORVUS
Jew
CE
CAN
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ica
Bo
ANT
st
Mars 1
RA
HYD
ru
ctu
Ce
ar
Sp
Ce
AlmacN
h
bola
Dene
6
M8
M84
6
M8
M84
CR
AT
E
ph
Al
Ar
M60
M8
30th
st
Cele
ial E
qua
to
CORVUS
da
Procyon
M8
Dene
bola
s
arian
Markin
Cha
Ha
64
A
li
ica
Sp
Leo Triplet
Regulus
Siriu
s
COLU
aN
la
ntu
TUCANA
CUL
RETI
TUCANA
CA
IS
EclipticRA
ro
st
Mars 1
IN
HYD
tul
ra
Ta
47 Tu
lE
RA
TE
an
195
Siriu
r
Ta
C3
Cele
stia
LEO
M44 ar
ph
Al
94
195
C3
NG
NG
qua
tor
TES
63
Ca
Cor
Ce
kle
BO
MA
US
Procyon
1
tte 11
Melo30th
Sic
OR
MA S
CO NICE
RE
BE
LEO MIN
LA
VE
IS
s
CANES
arian
Markin VENATICI
Cha
NOR
IUS
RP
IND
AN
M5
Leo Triplet
er
Regulus
ack
oal S
LYNX
ru
M10
6
Ce
RT
HW
ctu
Ecliptic
pit
False
CRUX
Cross
MUSCA
Sack
b
M
l
R
CH
igel
ARA
Coa
U
AM
Kent
UL LE
AEL
CARINA
G
CIR
A
EO
N TR
CIN
CO
N
A
I S
PIUM
R
US TR
AU
e

FVals
A
ross
O
C
P
N
MUSCA
S
LA
A
Canopus
M
CH
b
N
A
U
R
L
A
S
MA
U LE
ASRINA
C
E
G
LESOo
N RA
CO
uth
N
IA ST
PIUM
TR AU
Cel
PICTOR
co
e
s
VO tia
APU
N ck S
S
LA l Po
A
Canopus
ta
l
e
N
r
S
S
PA
COLU
VO
So
MBA
uth NS
A
T
Ce
C
M PICTOR
les
co
O
tia
ck
lP
Sta
ole
SM
r
AV
O
S

TAN
H
OC
YDRULSMC
M
U
uc
SM 47 T
CUL
IND
RETI
S
US
M
HYDRUS
Ar
URSA
M44
ES
T
LEO
MAJOR64
M
f Ju
iter
IN
O
tte 11
CRUX
kle
Sic
li
NORTH
M60
OR
Ca
ro
MA S
CO NICE
RE
BE
LEO MIN
GhELA
V ost o
RU
Jup
Winter Triangle
US
of
Winter Triangle
M83
NOR
MA
CIR
11th
8th
LIBRA
4 res
M Anta
IUS
RP
Ke
nt
CIN
US
LUPUS
TA
U
ost
Rigel
CE
Gh
UR
AlmacN
h
Cor
M83
04 TA
th
17
th
1C4E
94
M1
63
GO
LUPUS
8th
04
VIR
LIBRA
4 res
M Anta
M5
r
atu
11th
M1
TES
th
14
RT
HW
BO
ATICI
CANES VEN
VIR
G
th
17
LYNX
M3
M3
M5
ES
T
1
Kite
Kite
tur
Sa
SoUtHern HeMiSPHere
ar
ern
SOUTH
ar
rn
e
ch

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