SESSION 20142015

AIM : KIRCHOFF LAW

SUBMITTED BY : ARJUN SHAH
GUIDED BY : Mrs. SANDEEP KAUR
CLASS : XII-A
ROLL NO:
BOARD ROLL NO:

PRABHU DAYAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project has been
made by Arjun Shah of class XII-A on the
topic Kirchoff Law under the guidance of
our physics teacher Mrs. Sandeep Kaur and
have been completed it successfully.

Mrs. Sandeep Kaur

index
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Certificate
Aim
Theory
Procedure
Experiment
Result
Precautions
Bibliography

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I take this opportunity to express my
profound gratitude and deep regards to my
guide
{Teacher: MRS.SANDEEP KAUR} for her
Exemplary guidance, monitoring & constant
encouragement throughout the course of
this.
The blessing, help & guidance given by her
time to time shall carry me a long way in
the journey of life on which I am about to
embark

{ARJUN SHAH}

abstract
Kirchhoffs laws are usually
considered as electrical current &
voltage properties. Nevertheless,
they are sometimes applied to
nonelectrical systems. One way to
increase their efficacy and range of
applicability would be to show
Kirchhoffs laws & the properties
deriving from them, as being
independent of any physical system
as far as possible. Some of these
properties, derived exclusively
from Kirchhoffs laws, are identified
in this paper, along with systems
that verify them; these systems are
presented as examples

Theory
Kirchhoffs Laws
Although useful to be able to reduce series and parallel
resistors in a circuit when they occur, circuits in general
are not composed exclusively of such combinations. For
such cases there are a powerful set of relations called
Kirchoffs laws which enable one to analyze arbitrary
circuits. There are two laws:
1 The 1st law or the junction rule: for a given junction
or node in a circuit, the sum of the currents entering
equals the sum of the currents leaving. This law is a
statement of charge conservation.
2 The 2nd law or the loop law: around any closed loop
in a circuit, the sum of the potential differences
across all elemens is zero. This law is a statement of
energy conservation, in that any charge that starts
and ends up at the same point with the same velocity
must have gained as much energy as it lost.
The second law entails certain sign conventions
for potential differences across circuit
elements. For batteries and resistors, thee
conventions are summarized. Note that in these
conventions the current always flows from a
high to a low potential .

ACROSS

S.NO VOLTMETER
.
READING(VOLT
S)

AMMETER
RESISTANCE(OH
RREADING(AM MS)
P)

MEAN RESISTANCE:

% ERROR :

RESULT

The resistance of the combination were found

to be in agreement with the theoretical value
under limit of error.
For the cube of length
c.m.
Body Diagonal
R(theoretical)
R(experimental)
% ERROR
Across Edges
R (theoretical)
R (experimental)
% ERROR
Across Face Diagonal
R (theoretical)
R (experimental)
% ERROR

PRECAUTIONS

1. Draw the circuit and assign labels to the known and unknown
quantities, including currents in each branch. You must assign
directions to currents; dont worry if you guess incorrectly the
direction of a particular unknown current, as the answer resulting
from the analysis in this case will simply come out negative, but
with the right magnitude.
2. Apply the junction rule to as many junctions in the circuit as
possible to obtain the maximum number of independent
relations.
3. Apply the loop rule to as many loops in the circuit as necessary in
order to solve for the unknowns. Note that if one has n unknowns
in a circuit one will need n independent equations. In general
there will be more loops present in a circuit than one needs to
solve for all the unknowns; the relations resulting from these
extra loops can be used as a consistency check on your final
answers.