Chapter 5: STRUGGLE FOR RIGHTS AND FREEDOM

Topics:
THE KATIPUNAN
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION OF 1896
THE RIVALRY IN THE KATIPUNAN
Subject: Soc. Stud. 107 (Contemporary and Modern History of the Philippines)
Time: MWF (2:00 3:00)
Instructor: Ma. Angelica C. Obregon
WHO STARTED IT ALL?
Andres Bonifacio founded the Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house of Deodato Arellano on
Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. As a symbol of the
members loyalty, they performed the solemn rite of Sanduguan (blood
compact),wherein each one signed his name with his ownblood..
Meanings:
TAGALOG: Katastaasang Kagalang- galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan
ENGLISH: Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation
SPANISH: Suprema y Venerable Asociacin de los Hijos del Pueblo
FOUNDING MEMBERS
ANDRES BONIFACIO
TEODORO PLATA (brother-in-law of Bonifacio)
LADISLAO DIWA
VALENTIN DIAZ
DEODATO ARELLANO
AIMS
1.
2.
3.
4.

OF THE KATIPUNAN
to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero
to unite Filipinos into one solid nation
to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution)
to establish a republic after independence

RECRUITMENT SYSTEM
TRIANGLE SYSTEM
Triangle Method an original member
would recruit two members who did not
know each other but only knew the
original member who took them in.
FLAGS OF THE KATIPUNAN
Three flags were used by the Katipunan that was originally sewn by Gregoria
de Jesus (Andys wife) and Benita Rodriguez.
Official flags of Katipunan

Common features: Letter K and blood red background

Andrs Bonifacios personal flag which depicts a white sun with an indefinite
number of rays on a field of red. Below the sun are 3 white Ks lined
horizontally. This flag was used in Cry of Pugadlawin on August 23, 1896
when they tore their cedulas. (Below Left)

The MAGDIWANG COUNCIL of Andres Bonifacio had a sun with 16 rays and
red background. (Above: second from left Right)

The MAGDALO COUNCIL of Emilio Aguinaldo had a sun with 8 rays to

represent the first 8 provinces that pledged to fight with Aguinaldo and a
baybayin symbol for Ka. (above: third from left)
The flag of the Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo: it had the The Sun
of Liberty Approved on March 17, 1897 in Naic, Cavite. (above: first from
right)
The flag of General Mariano Llanera was famously called: "BUNGO NI
LLANERA (LLANERAS SKULL. (below: first from left)

General Pio del Pilars flag was called ANG BANDILA NG MATAGUMPAY or
THE FLAG OF THE VICTORIOUS. (above: second from left)
The flag of General Gregorio del Pilars flag was patterned after Cuba. First
flag to use 3 colors. This flag was used in Tirad Pass. (above: first from right)

Political Structure of the Katipunan

1. Supreme Council
a. Kataas-taasang Sanggunian
b. Composed of the Supremo, Fiscal, Secretary and the Treasurer
2. Provincial Council
a. Sangguniang Bayan located in different provinces
3. Popular Council
a. Sangguniang Balangay
b. Located in various towns
4. Judicial Council
a. Sangguniang Hukuman
b. Held judicial functions
c. Decide on cases of violations
d. In charged of settling disputes among members
The Supremos
1. Deodato Arellano (1892)
2. Roman Basa (1893)
3. Andres Bonifacio (1895)
PROPAGANDA VS. KATIPUNAN
AIM
LEADERS

MEMBERS

ORIGIN
NEWS PAPER
END RESULT

PROPAGANDA
ASSIMILATION
Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del
Pilar,
Graciano
Lopez
Jaena
From
the
upper
and
middle classes, illustrados,
men
1860 1890s
La Solidaridad
FAILED

KATIPUNAN
INDEPENDENCE
Andres Bonifacio,
Aguinaldo, etc.

Emilio

Mostly lower class but

there were middle class,
both men and women
July 7, 1892
Kalayaan
EXPOSED

THE 3 GRADE OF MEMBERS

1ST GRADE KATIPON (MEMBER) wore a BLACK HOOD in meetings Secret
Password: ANAK NG BAYAN Z. Ll. B.
2ND GRADE KAWAL (SOLDIER) wore a GREEN HOOD in meetings Secret
Password: GOMBURZA Z. Ll. B.
3RD GRADE BAYANI (PATRIOT) wore a RED MASK and GREEN SASH Secret
Password RIZAL K K Z.Ll.B.
The very first Supremo: DEODATO ARELLANO
The last Supremo (before being discovered): ANDRES BONIFACIO

Women Section
Must be a wife, sister or daughter of a Katipunan member
Initial members were:
Gregoria de Jesus Lakambini
Josefa Rizal
Trinidad Rizal
Marina Dizon
Benita Rodriguez sew the Katipunan flag
Tasks:
Recruitment
Document keepers
Served as front to mislead guardia civiles
Pillars of KKK
1. Andres Bonifacio
Acquired the title Great Plebian
Minimal formal education but learned through self-education and
reading
Worked in the Fleming Company and the Fressel Company
Married first to Monica who died of leprosy and then to Gregoria de
Jesus
Generally impulsive, brave and a good organizer of the movement
Wrote Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa and Ang dapat mabatid ng mga
Tagalog
Trivia on Bonifacio
The love story of Oriang and Andres
2. Emilio Jacinto
Brains of the Katipunan
He wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan and an essay Liwanag at Dilim
He also served as the editor of Kalayaan, the official organ of the KKK
Commander of the revolutionary forces in Majayjay, Laguna
Rizal and the Katipunan
On June 1896 Bonifacio sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to ask the opinion
of Rizal on the staging of an armed rebellion against Spain especially that the
authorities were already suspicious and the KK was unexpectedly discovered
by the Spanish government
Rizals Opinion
KKK may be a patriotic organization but it
Lack arms
Lack manpower
Lack able leaders
In Valenzuelas 1896 account, he said that Rizal was against the revolution
but later in 1930s he retracted and said that Rizal was not against the
rebellion and even suggested what the revolutionaries should do to win
against the Spaniards. According to Valenzuela Rizal suggested the following:
Get the support of the rich Filipinos or at least request them to
be neutral
Get the service of Gen. Antonio Luna
Collect necessary funds, ammunition and weapons to be used in
fighting
However, in Rizals letter to the Filipino People, he vehemently denied any
involvement with the revolution of 1896 and stated that he believed that
reforms should come from above and not from below, which in a way
underestimated the capacity of the revolting masses to instill reforms and
changes.
Katipunan Literature
Andres Bonifacio
1. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa

2. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog

3. Ang Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
4. Pahimakas
Emilio Jacinto
1. Kartilla ng Katipunan
2. Liwanag at Dilim
3. A La Patria
Pio Valenzuela
1. Katuwiran?
2. Sa mga Kababayan

Preparation for the Revolution

1. KKK to solicit aid and alliance from the Japanese government
2. Manufacture of bolos and daggers
3. Steal firearms from Spanish arsenals
4. Successive secret meetings
Discovery of the Katipunan
Two Katipuneros fought over a P2 increase in salary
Teodoro Patino ended up squealing everything he knew to his sister who in
returned convinced him to tell everything he knew to Fr. Mariano Gil, the
curate of Tondo.
Patino squealed about the lithographic stone hidden in the printing shop of
Diario de Manila together with the document of membership using a
members blood for signing, a picture of Dr. Rizal and receipt pertinent to the
Katipunan
Cry of Pugadlawin
This momentous event took place on 23 August 1896 at Pugadlawin, near
Bahay Toro said to be near Caloocan.
Katipuneros headed by Bonifacio tore their cedulas, a symbolism of freeing
themselves from Spanish oppression
Initial Encounters
1. Pasong Tamo
2. Marikina
3. Pinaglabanan (San Juan)
The Reign of Terror
Gove. Gen. Ramon Blanco declared Martial Law on the eight provinces
serving as hotbeds of revolution:
Cavite
Manila
Laguna
Batangas
Bulacan
Pampanga
Nueva Ecija
Tarlac
Those who surrendered to the government in exchange of amnesty were
arrested instead, tortured and executed while others were sent exile in
colonies such as Marianas and Caroline Islands.
4 Leaders captured in Pinaglabanan were executed through firing squad,
followed by series of executions:
13 martyrs of Cavite
Bicol martyrs
Bagumbayan Martyrs
Rizals Execution 30 December 1896 through Gen. Polaviejas
order.

Katipunan Victories in Cavite

Two factions were created:
Magdalo Founded by Baldomero Aguinaldo
Magdiwang Founded by Mariano Alvarez and was authorized
by the Supremo
Successful battles
Spanish garrison in Kawit Candido Tirona
Battle of Imus Col. Jose Tagle and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Battle of Binakayan Pio del Pilar
Noveleta Candido Tirona
Reason for the success was FACTIONAL FIGTING as a result of competition
MAGDALO VS. MAGDIWANG
MAGDALO FACTION
Baldomero Aguinaldo (cousin of Emilio
Aguinaldo
It was time to replace the Katipunan and
establish New government
Based on Kawit, Cavite

MAGDIWANG FACTION
Mariano Alvarez (uncle of Andres
Bonifacios wife)
Keep the Katipunan Government
Based in Noveleta, Cavite

Bonifacio in Cavite
Invited by Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Alvarez to settle the growing
difference and dispute between Magdiwang and Magdalo
Bonifacio was coldly received by the members of the Magdalo whose loyalty
belonged to Aguinaldo
The Tejeros Convention was held on 22 March 1897 where Severino delas
Alas proposed that a revolutionary government must be established to meet
the demands of the revolutionary cause.
Outcome:
New set of Officers:
PRESIDENT: EMILIO AGUINALDO
SECRETARY OF STATE: MARIANO TRIAS
SECRETARY OF WAR: ARTEMIO RICARTE
SECRETARY OF JUSTICE: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
SECRETARY OF INTERIOR: ANDRES BONIFACIO
SECRETARY OF FINANCE: ENRIQUE PACHECO
Daniel Tirona opposed to Bonifacios election resulting to a violent
confrontation
Bonifacio declared the Tejeros Convention Null and Void, and with his
followers left Tejeros. The next day he issued the Acta de Tejeros signed by
him and his followers.
The following night, Aguinaldo and other elected officers took oath at the San
Francisco de Malabon, while Bonifacio went to Naic and made the Naic
Military pact, an aim to establish a government to challenge the existing
revolutionary government of Aguinaldo.
TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF ANDRES BONIFACIO
Bonifacio was charged of treason and sedition
He was captured in Limbon, Indang together with his wife and brother. He
was said to be stabbed in the larynx by a loyal aide of Aguinaldo named
Ignacio Paua, while his wife was allegedly raped by Agapito Bonzon.
A military court martial headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo was formed and
eventually gave the verdict of death to the two brothers
On May 10, 1897 the Bonifacio brothers were executed in Mount Nagpatong
near Mount Tala and Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite