Delhi Public School

Ghaziabad
Project Report
Submitted
On

Transformer

Class XII

Submitted To:
Mr.Vishal Thakur
Dept. of Physics
DPSG

Submitted By:

Pushan Gupta

Class XII

Certificate
This is to certify that Pushan Gupta, student of Class XII, Delhi Public School Ghaziabad
has completed the project titled Transformer during the academic year 2014-2015 towards
fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2014, and submitted
satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Mr.Vishal Thakur
Department of Physics
Delhi Public School Ghaziabad

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Mr.Vishal Gupta , for his
vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the staff of the Department of Physics at
Delhi Public School Ghaziabad for their support during the making of this project.

(Pushan Gupta)

INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a

low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a
high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction

that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced
e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The
varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic
flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

In our project step-down transformer is used:

This transformer converts high voltage at
alternating current into low voltage alternating current. In
step-down transformer the number of turns in primary coil
remains large as compare to secondary coil.

CONSTRUCTION

The transformer consists of two coils. They are

insulated with each other by insulated material and
wound on a common core. For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary. And the

output circuit is called secondary.

THEORY
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary
coil is NP and that in the secondary coil is NS.
The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero.
Let dq/dt be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the
primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary circuit then.

EP = NP

(1)

We suppose that there is no loss of flux between

the primary and secondary coils. Then, the induced
e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be:
ES = NS

(2)

From equations (i) and (ii), we find:

Ns/Np = K is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.
For step up transformer K > 1

For step down transformer K < 1

That is for step-up transformer NS > NP, therefore ES>EP.

For the step down transformer NS < NP therefore ES < EP.

Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary

circuits.

For ideal transformer = 1 = 100%.

Therefore ESIS = EPIP
Or

Therefore, for step up, transformer current

in the secondary is less than in the primary (IS < IP).
And in a step down transformer we have IS > IP.

Energy Losses in Transformer

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy, because energy losses
occur due to a number of reasons as explained below.
1.

Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils

is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by

the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2.

Iron Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,

Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy

current may, however be small. And a part of energy is
lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

3.

Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to

the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the

coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in
the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations
and sound may be produced. It is called humming.
Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming.