Major Diagnostic Categories

5. posttraumatic stress disorder

anxiety disorder resulting from a very stressful

I. Anxiety Disorders psychological disorders that

experience; includes nightmares & flashbacks,

include the following main features: motor tension,

distress at exposure to reminders of the event,

hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and

irritability, difficulty in concentrating & a general

thoughts.

unresponsiveness

Types:
1. generalized anxiety disorder

II. Mood Disorders also called affective disorders;

marked by a chronic, high level of anxiety that is

are severe disturbances in emotion

not tied to any specific threat for a marked period of

time sometimes referred to as free floating anxiety

Mania characterized by intense and unrealistic

feelings of excitement and euphoria

2. phobic disorder
marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an

Depression involves feelings of extraordinary

object or situation that presents no realistic danger

sadness and dejection

3. panic disorder and agoraphobia

Types:

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming

1. major depressive disorder

anxiety

and

a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply

unexpectedly (panic attacks), behavioral changes,

unhappy, demoralized and bored, showing changes

and fears as a result of panic; agoraphobia is a fear

in appetite and sleep patterns, decreasing energy,

of going out to public places for fear of having a

feeling of worthlessness, concentration problems,

panic

and guilt feelings and suicidal ideations Individual

that

usually

occurs

suddenly

experiences a major depressive episode and

4.

obsessivecompulsive

disorder

persistent, uncontrollable

marked

by

depressed
characteristics for at least two weeks or longer

intrusions of unwanted thoughts

(obsessions) and urges to engage in

2. bipolar disorder characterized by severe mood

repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to

swings from major depressive episodes to manic

prevent or produce some future

episodes of extreme elation and energy with no

situation (compulsions)

obvious external cues

III. Somatoform Disorders psychological in which

Types:

psychological symptoms take a physical, or

1. dissociative amnesia

somatic, form even though no physical causes can

amnesia in this case occurs in the absence of any

be found; physical ailments with no authentic

organic, clear-cut physical cause appears to stem

organic basis that are due to psychological factors

from the active motivation to forget; after

experiencing some traumatic event, violating their

Types:

own standards, or undergoing intense stress,

1. somatization disorder

individuals sometimes go blank with respect to

marked by a history of diverse physical complaints

these events and cannot recall

that appear to be psychological in origin a

them

psychological condition in which individuals report

physical complaints & symptoms, including aches

2. dissociative fugue

& pains, problems with their digestive systems, and

form of dissociative amnesia in which individuals

sexual problems such as sexual indifference or

forget their identity and virtually all of their past life

irregular menstruation

Individual not only develops amnesia, but also

unexpectedly travels away from home and assumes

2. conversion disorder
psychological

disorder

a new identity
in

which

individuals

experience real motor or sensory symptoms for

3. dissociative identity disorder/multiple personality

which there is no known organic cause common

disorder

symptoms are partial or complete loss of vision,

involves the coexistence in one person of two or

partial or complete loss of hearing, partial paralysis,

more largely complete, and usually very different

severe laryngitis or mutism, loss of feeling or

personalities

function of limbs
V. Schizophrenic Disorder a group of serious
3. hypochondriasis characterized by excessive

psychological disorders characterized by severe

preoccupation with ones health and incessant worry

distortions in thought and language, perceptions,

about developing a physical illness

and emotion; comes from the Latin word skhizein

meaning split and phrenia meaning mind

IV. Dissociative Disorders class of disorders in

characterized by:

which people lose contact with portions of their

consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions

word salad words are totally jumbled; statements

in their sense of identity

are fragmented & disorganized; and ideas are

unconnected & they often create words of their own

delusions irrational but firmly held beliefs about

VI. Personality Disorders extremely rigid,

the world that have no basis in reality; e.g.

maladaptive patterns of behavior that prevent a

delusions of

person

persecution, delusions of grandeur, delusions of

relationships; does not create an extensive break

control

from reality

hallucinations vivid sensory experiences that

Types:

from

normal

social

interactions

and

occur in the absence of any external stimuli

1. Odd or Eccentric Disorders
Types:

a. paranoid chronic and pervasive mis-trust of

1. paranoid schizophrenia

others that is unwarranted

persons in this category have delusions of

b. schizoid impaired social relationships; inability

persecution they see plots to harm them

and lack of desire to form attachments to others

everywhere

c. schizotypal peculiar thought patterns, oddities

of perception and speech

2. catatonic schizophrenia
characterized by bizarre motor behavior, which

2. Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disor-ders

sometimes takes the form of a completely immobile

a. antisocial impulsive, callous behavior based on

stupor or agitation they may alternate between total

disregard for others and lack of respect for social

immobility --they sit for days or even

norms

weeks frozen in a single posture and wild, excited

b. borderline impulsive and unpredictable with

activity

unstable moods and relationships with others

c. histrionic chronic, intense need for attention

3. disorganized schizophrenia

and

approval

sought

by

dramatic

behavior,

an individual has delusions and hallucinations and

seductiveness, and dependence

communication patterns that have little or no

d. narcissistic has an inflated sense of self

recognizable meaning

importance and expect special attention from other

people

4. undifferentiated schizophrenia
a term used when an individuals symptoms either

3. Anxious or Fearful Disorders

dont meet the criteria for the other types or they

a. avoidant shy and inhibited yet desire

meet the criteria for more than one of the types

interpersonal relationships; have low self esteem

and are extremely sensitive to rejection
b. dependent has extremely low self-esteem and
allows other people to make every decision

c. obsessive-compulsive pervasive rigidity in

f. frotteurism involves fantasies & urges focused

activities and relationships, extreme perfectionism

on rubbing or touching against a non-consenting

person

VII. Sexual deviances and Dysfunctions

g. sexual masochism individuals become sexually

aroused by receiving pain or humiliation

Types:

h. sexual sadism individuals become sexually

aroused by inflicting pain or humiliation on others

1. Gender Identity Disorder a psychological

i. zoophilia sexual contact with or fantasies

disorder involving individuals who feel, often from

concerning animals

an early

j. necrophilia sexual arousal to corpses

age that they were born with the wrong sexual

k. telephone scatologia lewdness during phone

identity sex-change operations their sexual organs

conversations

are altered to approximate those of the other sex

2. Paraphilias

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

sexual disorders involving choices of inappropriate

sexual objects, such as young children, or the

I. Psychotherapy a form of therapy in which a

inability to experience arousal except in the

trained professional uses methods based on

presence of specific objects or fantasies

psychological theories to help a per-son with

a.

fetishism

individuals

become

aroused

psychological problems

exclusively by inanimate objects

b. transvestic fetishism intense sexual urges &

I. Psychoanalysis

arousing fantasies involving cross-dressing

a. Free Association - a tool used by Freud in which

c. pedophilia individuals experience sexual urges

the patient is encouraged to talk about whatever

& fantasies involving sexual activity with children,

comes to mind, allowing the contents of the

generally ones younger than thirteen

unconscious mind to slip past the censorship of the

d. exhibitionism sexual urges or arousing fantasies

ego

involving exposure of ones geni-tals to an

b. Dream Interpretation a method developed by

unsuspecting victim

Freud in which the symbols of the manifest content

e. voyeurism recurrent sexual urges or arousing

of dreams that are recalled by the patient are

fantasies involving the act of observing an

interpreted to reveal their latent content

unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or

c. Analysis of resistance - any form of patient

engaging in sexual activity

opposition to the process of psychoanalysis

d. Analysis of transference the phenomenon in
psychoanalysis in which the patient comes to feel

and act to-ward the therapist in ways that resemble

stimuli to eliminate the abnormal habits such as

how he or she feels and acts toward other

alcoholism deviant sexual practices

significant adults
e. Catharsis the release of emotional

4. Cognitive therapy

energy related to unconscious conflicts

a. Cognitive behavior therapy (Aaron Beck)

believes that mental disorders are a product of a

2. Humanistic Psychotherapy

persons illogical think-ing about themselves, the

a. Client-centered psychotherapy - Carl Rogers

world they live in and the future. Its goal is to

approach to humanistic psychotherapy in which the

change their beliefs into hypotheses that they can

therapist creates an atmosphere that encourages the

test through unbiased experiments

client to discover feelings which they are unaware

b. Rational emotive behavior therapy (Albert Ellis) -

of

attempts to change our basic maladaptive beliefs

b. Gestalt psychotherapy - a humanistic therapy in

where emotional responses and behaviors are

which the therapist takes an active role to help the

presumed to depend

client become more aware of his or her feelings

3. Behavior Therapy

II. Medication some symptoms of psychological

a. Systematic Desensitization - a behavior therapy

disorders can be controlled through the use of

method in which the client is taught not to fear

medicine such as anti-depressants and anti-

phobic stimuli by learning to relax in the presence

psychotics

of successively more threatening stimuli

b. Flooding a method of behavior therapy in

III.

which the client is confronted with high levels of

treatment for severe, chronic depression involving

the phobic stimulus until the fear response is

the application of electrical impulses through the

extinguished

brain to produce seizures

c. Aversive conditioning a method of behavior

therapy that involves the use of unpleasant negative

Electroconvulsive

Therapy

biological