Piping Theory Syllabus

Piping Basics
Mechanical Equipments
Horizontal

Vertical

Codes & Standards

PFD & P&ID
Supports
Isometric / G. A Drawing
Plot-Plan
Equipment Layout
Piping Layout
Hydraulic calculation
Piping Material specification (PMS)

Pipe: - It is a cylindrical object which is used for the transportation of Fluid, Solid and
Gas etc.

Piping: - The design of pipe within a confined (or) Limited Space is Called Piping.

Pipeline:-The Design of pipe outside the confined (or)

Limited space is called as pipeline.

Different between Pipe & Tube:

PIPE

TUBE

Shape:Ductility:-

Cylindrical
Les

Cylindrical, Square, Rectangular, Circular

More

Length:-

6m (SRL) Single Random Length

12m(DRL) Double Random Length

Any Size

Schedule No:
High pressure / High Temperature.
Low Pressure / Low Temperature.

Screw Gauge
Internal Part of H.E (Heat Exchanger).
Rebuilders & Fridge Etc.

Thickness:Use:-

Pipe Availability As per Length.

6m (SRL) Single Random Length.
12m (DRL) Double Random Length.

Pipe Availability As per Size.

Step of 1/8 = 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2.

Step of 1/4 = 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1.

Step of 1/2 = 1/2, 1, 1, 2, 2 , 3.
Step of 1 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6.
Step of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _72.

Pipe Thickness:-

Schedule No:10

20
20x
20s
20x
s

30

40

60

80

10
0

12
0

Pipe - Representation:IPS (Iron Pipe Size)

NPS (Nominal Pipe Size)
IPS = Represents the Inner Dia.
NPS= Represents the outer Dia.

Pipe Manufacturing Methods:

Seamless
ERW
EFW
Spiral wound weld
Centrifugal force weld

ej=1
ej=.8
ej=.8
ej= .8 to .9
ej= 1

[joint efficiency factor =1]

Seamless: - A hot metal will be pierced in to the billet to firm a seamless pipe.
E R W (Electro resistance weld): - A sheet will be folded & will be joining with the
negative poles to form an ERW.
E F W (Electro Fusion weld): - A Sheet will be folded & fused together to form an
EFW.

S W W Spiral wound weld: - Sheet will be spirally wanted and the edges will be
Folded to form a SWW. It is used for Low pressure lines.
Specially for water pipelines.
C F W Centrifugal force weld: -The Metal will be entered with motor to form a
centrifugal weld.

Pipe Procurement:18
Pipe size

ERW
Manufacturing method

SCH40
Thickness

SRL
Single random length (6m)

18
Pipe size

SMLS
Manufacturing method

SCH80
Thickness

DRL
Double random length(12m)

Pipe Joining:1. But-Weld (2& above 2)

2. Socket Weld. (Less than 2)

3. Threaded Weld

To Change The Direction

Elbow

Bend

MITRE Bend

45

90

180

L R (Long

S R (Short

Radius Elbow)

Radius
Elbow)

45 Elbow: - It is used in Horizontal Offset and Pressure Drop Less.

90 Short Radius Elbow: - It is used where space constraint is there.

90 Long Radius Elbow: - It is used where No space constraint.

Pressure drop is more

180 Elbow: - It is used Near to the Test header to decrease the pressure.
Pressure drop is more.

Bend:PIG (Piping Inspection Gauge)

Bend will be used In between Pig Launcher & Pig Receiver.

PIG:- It Is Used for cleaning the pipeline it has a Magnetic sensor to check the location of PIG
inside the pipeline.

MITRE Bend:-

It is a Fabricated Item which is used in low pressure lines the name or type
is depends upon the no. of welds.
Used in water lines.
FOR BRANCHING LINE

Specia
l Tee

Tee

Olets

Half-Coupling

Stub-In StubOn

Cross

Nippolets
Latrolet
Elbolet
Threodolet
Socketolet
Weldolet

18"X18
"
18"X16
"
18"X14
"
18"X12
"
18"X10
"
18"X8"
18"X6"
18"X4"
18"X3"
18"X2
"
18"X2"

Equal Tee

Reducing
=
Tee

But Weld
(or)
Weldolet

12"X12
"

Equal Tee

12"X10
"
12"X8"
12"X6"

Reducing
Tee

12"X4"
12"X3"
12"X2
"
12"X2"

But Weld
(or)
Weldolet

12"X1
"
12"X1"
12"X"
12"X"

Sockolet
(or)
=
Threadole
t

18"X1
It used in between pig launcher & pig Receiver
Sockolet
" Special Tee:In the branching line to block the pig entering the branch.

Nippolet:-

It is a combination of Olet & Flange,

16"X16
"

16"X14
"
16"X12
"
16"X10
"
16"X8"
16"X6"
16"X4"
16"X3"
16"X2
"
16"X2"
16"X1
"
16"X1"

Equal Tee

Reducing
Tee

But Weld
(or)
Weldolet

Sockolet
(or)
=
Threadole

It is used in instruments like Temperature Gauge, Pressure gauge Etc.

Latrolet:-

It is used in Other than 90

Elbowlet:- It is used in steam lines to drain out the condensate and also used for
temperature gauge for 3size.
[We will not used Temperature gauge (T.G) for less than 2 size because the temperature wire is
of (or) 1]

Temperature gauge is used in 4 line for 3 line Elbowlet will be used & for 2
A Pair of expander & Reducer will be used.

Stub On:Stub In:-

Hole of the pipe is ID of the Branch pipe

Hole of the pipe will be OD of the branch pipe.

Stub in & Stub on are used to save the cost of project (or) [Tee], along with these there is a
arrangement of Reinforcement pad which is readymade fitting or can be fabricated from a sheet.

Cross:-

It is used for four way directions specially used in firefighting system.

Half coupling: - It is used in less than 2 pipe for high pressure lines.

To stop a line

Blind Flange

Cap

Plug

Blind Flange: - it is used to close a line either for maintenance (or) for future expansion.

Cap: - It is used for closing the drain (or) vent pipe, it has female threads.

Plug: - It is used in plumbing service it has male threads.

For complete Isolation

spectacle Blind
Up to 12"

spade / Spacer
14" & above

As per valve manufacturers the complete isolation (or) 100% closer is not possible as 14 drops
per/min leakage will be there.
To get 100% closer we will use spectacle blind (or) Spade.
Spectacle Blind is used up to 12 & Spade is used 14 & above.

Flange

As Per Type
Weld Neck Flange
Orifice Flange
Slip on Flange
Lap Joint
Socket weld Flange
Thread weld Flange

As Per Face
Flat face
Raised Face
Ring type Joint
Male & Female
Tongue & Groove

As Per class
(or) Rating
STEEL
150#
300#
400#
600#
900#
1500#
2500#

C.I
75#
125#
150#

As Per Type: Weld Neck Flange: - It is most preferable for high pressure & high temperature services.
These flanges are subjected to high internal pressure & the hub (or) neck as high vibration
resistance capability.
Hence weld neck flanges are Robest in Design.
It is most preferable for series cyclic condition & high fetic condition. [line subject to dending &
expansion].

Orifice Flange: - These flanges are used mainly for flow measurements.
These flanges are weld neck flanges with tapping specially at the bottom for liquid services
& Top for air (or) gas services. [45 from bottom 45 Top]. Since filtered block taping.
Orifice meter requires a straight pipe of 20D in upstream & 5D in downstream to maintain a level
of flow.

Slip On Flange: - It is used for high pressure lines & it can sustain up to two third

2/3rd of

internal pressure as compare to weld neck flanges.

Hence it is available in 1500# class.
Hence it is not used in several cycling condition because it can sustains upto 1/3rd of epic
condition on compared to weld neck.

Lap Joint (or) Stub Joint (or) Loose Joint: It is used where piping material is very very costlier.

Such as duplex, titanium to save the cost of weld neck flange.

The stub & pipe material will be same & ring can be of carbon steel,
These flanges are not preferred for high pressure & High temperature.

Socket weld flange: It is used for less than 2 pipe for high pressure & Medium temperature applications.

Threaded flange: It is most preferable where welding is not permitted.

It is also used where there is a frequent maintenance.
It is used for high pressure but not preferred for high temperature.

Flow Strainer: It is used in offshore project where upstream & downstream cannot be maintain due to space
constant.

As Per Faces: Flat Face: - It is used for low pressure lines and available in 150m & 350 classes. These
Flanges required full length gaskets & there will be chances of leakage. This is used to 30-50
Bar.

Raised Face: - It is used in high pressure lines and available upto 900 classes. That gasket
width till the raised face. Upto 100 Bar.

Ring Type Face: - Ti is also used for high pressure lines and available upto 1500 classes.
The Gasket is Ring type.100-200 Bar.

Tongue & Groove / Male & Female: - These are used upto 2500 classes for more
than 200 Bar. It is specially used to near to the Christmas tree (or) X-mas Tree & There is no
requirement of a gasket. Since it has interlock system.

Gasket

Non Metallic

Metallic

Gaskets are used to firm a leak proof joint.

Gasket selection depends upon
1) Based on Type of Fluid
2) Base on Type of Temperature & Pressure.
3) Based on Corrosive metallic nature.

Non Metallic Gasket: i.

Vegetable Fiber: - It is used in food industries mainly used in production of vegetable

oil.

The available sizes are: It is used upto 200 Fahrenheit.

1
64"

1
32"

1
16"

3
32"

1
8"

1
4"

ii.
Synthetic Rubber: - It is used mainly in water & compressed air lines.
It is used upto 200 Fahrenheit.
The available sizes are: 1
1
3
1
1
32
16
32
iii.
Solid Teflon (or) Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene [PTFE]:- It 8"
is used in4"Chemical
"
"
"
industries, used upto 500 Fahrenheit.
The available sizes are: 1
1
3
1
32
16
32
iv.
a) CAF Corrugated Asbestos Fiber: - It is used in Hydro carbon 8"
(oil & gas) & Power
"
"
"
industries. And Temperature upto 700 Fahrenheit.
The available sizes are: iv.

1
1
3
1
1
16Fiber:32
b) CNAF Corrugated Non32
Asbestos
- Since8"
Asbestos
4"is band throughout the
"
"
"
world. As prolong exposure of asbestos can cause cancer.

Metallic Gasket: i.

Carbon Steel: - It is used in Hydrocarbon & Power industries.

It is used upto 700 Fahrenheit.
It is used mainly in RTJ (ring type joint) type flange.

ii.

Seminal Steel: - It is used in Hydrocarbon& Power industries.

It is used upto 1200 Fahrenheit.
It is also used mainly in RTJ (ring type joint) type flange.

iii.

Spiral Wound Gasket: - It is used in Hydrocarbon& Power industries.

It is a metallic Gasket with inner & outside ring made-up of either CS (or) SS.
The filler material is based on the temperature of service.
The filler material maybe Mica-800 to 900F
/ Graphite-500F/ PTFE-200F/Ceramic-1900F
The thickness of gasket is 0.125 to 0.175.

Bolts
Studs

Bolts

Valves
Isolation Valves
On / Off
Gate Valves
Butterfly Valves
Ball Valves
Plug Valves

Regulating
Valves
Globe Valves
Needle Valves
Diaphragm

Checking
Lift Type
Swing Type
Wafer Type
Valves
PSV: Pressure Safety
Valve
PRV: Pressure Relief

Safety Valves
PSV
PRV
Control
Valves

Special Valves
SBB
DBB
Breather Valves

SBB: Single Block & Bleed Valve

DBB: Double Block & Bleed Valve

valve
Valves are used for isolation Regulating, checking, safety & special purpose also.

Parts of Valves: DISC: - It is used mainly to control the flow which comes contact with the fluid.

i.

Disc can be Cylindrical, Spherical in shape.

ii.

SEAT: - It is a resting part. Which helps the early movement of disc.

iii.

STEM: - It is the main moving part connecting the handle & then disc,
It converts translator motion into linear motion.
Two types of STEM. 1. Rising stem 2. Non Rising Stem.

Rising Stem: - Valve with rising stem is called as outside screw & Yoke valve.[OSY] Since
stem moves up & down to guide the stem yoke hence it is called OSY
valves.
Non rising stem: - it is also called as in side screw valve, the disc has inside screw which
moves up & down and stem remains constant.
iv.

BONNET: - It is the pressure seating element which prevents the leakage due to
vibration.

Three types of bonnets are there.

1. Screw bonnet: used for low pressure lines.
2. Union Bonnet: Used for medium pressure lines.
3. Flanged Bonnet: used for high pressure lines.

Check valves: It is used for unique directional flow or to prevent the back flow & it is also called as NRV
(non return valve)

Swing type C.V:It is very heavy valve above 14 it is used in vertical & horizontal position.
Sizes available I 2-36
It can be used in viscous fluid.

Wafer type C.V:It is used only in horizontal lines. Sizes available are 2 to 70.
It Is very compact in size & can be used single plate or double plate based on the
requirement available.

Lift Type C.V:There are two types

1. Valve lift valve: it is used in horizontal & vertical lines. Used upto .
2. Piston lift: It is used only in horizontal lines and sizes available are to 24.

Globe Valve:-

It is used mainly in hydro carbon and power

Industries, Mainly for Regulation purpose.
It is used in a Bypass line of a control valve
Assembly as a bypass.
Glob valve has internal distraction for the
Flow and has highest pressure drop occur
In a globe valve.
Since it is slowly operated, water hammer effect is less.
It is used for all services, lines, liquid, and gas and available in all sizes.

Needle Valve:-

It is used in Pharma, food industries and hydrocarbon industries,

It is used in packing station & filling station near to instruments for accurate
measurement of flow. Pressure drop is more, and water hammer effect is less.
It is available upto 4.

Diaphragm:-

it is used in food processing industries.

It is made-up of synthetic material, rubber, Teflon, PTFE [poly tetra fluoro ethylene] or elastic
material which does not contaminate the products
The complete body is coated with anti corrosive fluid.
Which prevents the fluid to come in direct contact with the body
Pressure drop is more & water hammer effect is less and available size upto 12.

Isolation Valves:Gate valve:

It is mainly used in liquid services there are two types of gate valves.
1. Raising stem valve. (OSY) [out side screw and yoke valve]
2. Non raising stem valve [inside screw and yoke valve] (OSY)
Gate valve has less press drop and less water hammer effect.
Upto 16 it is manually operated. And above 16 either electrically, hydraulically or pneumatic.

Butter fly valve:It has a stem anchored at the bottom the plate or disc is connected to the stem with kingpin join.
It is used for vacuumed lines, specially in fire fighting system & gas services.
These valves are usually leaver operated below 12 and above 12 is handwell operated.
Pressure drop less and water hammer effect is more.[less then 12 leaver valve & above 12
hand well valve]

Ball valve: - It is used in gas services compressed air service liquid and slurry service upto 14
it is leaver operated and above 14 it is handwell operated.
It is also used as a regulation purpose. But for a long time pressure drop is less. And water
hammer effect is more.

Plug valve: - It is similar to gate valve. But Robust (toughest) in design specially used for
viscous fluids. Pressure drop & water hammer Effect is less

Safety Valve: 1 PSV pressure Safety valve: - it is very very sensitive and it is used for gas services.
2 PRV pressure relief valve: - it is used in liquid services having low sensity sensitivity.

CODES & STANDARDS:-

Codes: - It is Set of rules & regulation required for the safe a design construction & erruction
of a plant.
The failure of implementation of code can be challenged by the law.

Codes Provides
i.
ii.
iii.

Design calculation such as pipe thickness reinforcement, supports span & allowable
stresses for different material which is required for a safe a plant.
It provides a safer working site for employee.
Application of code which minimizes the shutdown of a plant & hence minimizing the
financial loses.

Standards: - It is also called as dimensional standards used for maintaining dimensional

uniformity throughout the world.

ASME (American Society of Mechanical engineering).

ASME B 31.1
ASME B 31.2
ASME B 31.3
ASME B 31.4
ASME B 31.5
ASME B 31.8
ASME B 31.9
ASME B 31.10
ASME B 31.11G

Power Piping
Fuel Gas Transportation
Process Piping
Liquid Hydro Carbon Transportation
Refrigeration Piping
Gas Piping
Building Services Piping
Slurry transportation services
To determined the remaining life of corroded

pipe

STANDARDS
BIS
BS
AFNOR
JIS
DIN
ASME

Bureau of Indian Standards

British Standards
France
Japanese Industrialization standards
Dutch Institute of Nouns
American Society of Mechanical Engineering

Standards for Flanges

ASME B 16.1
ASME B 16.5
ASME B 16.47
ASME B 16.42

C.I Pipe (Cast Iron Pipe)

Steel Flanges for below 24"
Steel Flanges for above 24"
Duct Line Iron Flanges

Standards for Gaskets

ASME B 16.20
ASME B 16.21

Standards
For

Metallic
Non Metallic

But Welded Fittings

ASME B 16.9

Socket Welded Fittings

ASME B 16.11

Valves
Face to Face, End to End
Dimensions of all Valves
Steel Gate Valves

ASME B 16.10
ASME B 16.34

Pipe
Carbon steel & Alloy Steel Pipe

ASME B 36.10

Stainless Steel Pipe

Line Blank

ASME B 36.19
ASME B 16.48

American
Society of
Mechanical
engineering

Orifice Flange

ASME B 16.36

Olet fitting

MMS SP 97

Swage nipple

MMS SP 95

Centrifugal Pumps

A P I 610

Centrifugal Compressor

A P I 617

Fire Heater

A P I 618

Heat Exchanger

NEMA 23

Manufacturing
Standardization
Society &
Standard Practices

American
Petroleum
Institute
Netherlands
Management
System

PFD & P&ID

Flow Diagram
Process Flow
Diagram (or)
[Mechanical flow
Diagram]

Utility Flow Diagram

Process Flow Diagram: - Preparation of Pfd is the responsibility of process engineer &
Basic Engineer.

The Basic engineering involves development of production capacity storage capacity & utility
facilities, required for the plant.
PFD covers the major process involved in the plant including the production & Storage facilities.

Utility Flow Diagram: - UFD is prepared at a later stage & when the layout is build it
covers major utility of the plant like water, air, steam, drain & nitrogen etc.

P&ID
Piping & Instrumentation Drawing
It is a pictorial representation of piping with valves & instrumentisation & equipments which is
received of for design & construction of a plant.

Other Names Of P&ID

PEFD

Process Engineering Flow Diagram.

ELD

Engineering line Diagram.

MFD

Mechanical Flow Diagram.

EFD

Engineering Flow Diagram.

Uses Of P&ID
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
i.
ii.
iii.

Line list
Hazop
Layout & 3d model of a plant
MTO
Master record
Safe construction / Erection of plant.
P&ID Assigns the line tag, Equipment Tag, Instrumentation Tag, which helps in the
preparation of line list equipment list & helps in the bidding of design.
It is used for indentifying the Hazardous operational area, concern ring the safety of
plant during operation. This is called Hazop.
P&ID helps in the building of layout & 3D model of a plant.

iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

P& ID is used in the extraction of MTO (material take off) which helps in the initial
procurement.
P&ID helps in the monitoring the design progress by maintaining the record that is
Master Copy.
P&ID helps in the safer construction of plant as well as erection of equipment.
P&ID is major process requirements to be maintain by the piping while designing the
layout.