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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TASK 4
PROVIDED BY
YOUSEF MEHNATISORKHABI
EXAMINER
TIINA HANNELE LAITINEN
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF OULU
serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or
other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics,
which studies these norms.
There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First,
norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For
example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote
the truth and avoid error. Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation
and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical
standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research,
such as guidelines for authorship, copyright and patenting policies, data sharing policies, and
confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests
while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their
contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely. Third, many
of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. For
instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects
protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that researchers who
are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public. Fourth, ethical norms in
research also help to build public support for research. People are more likely to fund research
project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research. Finally, many of the norms of
research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social
responsibility, human rights, and animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and
safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human subject, students, and the
public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill
patients and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation
or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and
students.
3- For which purpose the ethics is needed in the engineering education and in the engineers
career?
Engineers, perhaps more than any other single occupation, are responsible for the artifacts of
the modern world in which many of us live. This constructed world has both benefits and
risks, ranging from obvious safety and health issues to issues of equity and environmental
degradation. A key development here is the increased awareness of the connections between
the individual actions of engineers and the larger world. We now know that the wonderful
technological systems that provide us with our bounty of goods and services have a global
reach and impact. Whats more, todays technology can have a profound impact on future
generations. Engineering is also a profession. As such, engineers have specialized knowledge
and are entrusted to use these skills to serve society. Edwin Layton in The Revolt of the
Engineers goes so far as to say that an engineer is socially responsible for ensuring progress
and the benevolence of technological change. This indeed is quite a task and implies that
engineers must have an understanding of how their activity affects progress, and how to do
that benevolently. Being skilled in using our moral imagination is crucial for engineers. It
enables us to open up a larger realm of possibilities for action and to more thoroughly account
for the moral implications of an action. For example, conventional design recommended a
certain piping size and requisite pump of 95 hp. But by recognizing the assumptions in that
conventional design process and by considering the impact of the conventional design on
energy use and resultant resource use and pollution production, an interface engineer
redesigned the piping system to use only 7 hp, a 92% reduction in energy. This was achieved
in two ways: by using larger diameter pipes and by reducing the pipe length and number of
turns. In conclusion, it is evident that in order to be good engineers, we not only must be
technically competent, but we must also understand how to evaluate the moral implications of
A con-study, which devastated the public view of the subject for decades, was
the study of selling more coke and popcorn by unconscious ads. The researcher said
that he had found great effects from subliminal messages, whilst he had, in fact, never
conducted the experiment.
Not use the position as a peer reviewer to give sham peer reviews to punish or damage
fellow scientists.
Researchers who manipulate their data in ways that deceive others are violating both the basic
values and widely accepted professional standards of science.
In this case of scenario, I did not do experiments on the Formaldehyde or the other derivatives
in a real situation, so I was not able to cover the whole parts as a summary of doing a
research, as a result I used a couple of reliable resources which I mentioned and referenced
though. This kind of activity is acceptable in the way of researching as long as referencing all
the resources which have been used to prevent plagiarism. So the question still remains that is
this article morally accepted? From my point of view I will say:yes.
Reference
Edwin, T., Layton, Jr. (1986) The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the
American Engineering Profession. Michigan: Johns Hopkins Press.
Louden, R. B. (1992) Morality and Moral Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nolan. 1995. Ethics and morality. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.philosophyreligion.org/handouts/pdfs/ch7-ethics.pdf. [Accessed: 08 December 14].