Block1 - Knowledge Representation

and Search
Chapter 0:
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.
Concepts, fields and applications.

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

Block 1, Chapter 0: Introduction to AI, pp. 1

Concept of agent/intelligent system

Artificial Intelligence line

sensors

high-level reasoning

perceptions

COGNITION

environment

goal-driven
behaviour

actions

actuators

low-level reasoning

agent
AI job:
Implement the agent program
Correspondence between perceptions
and actions
Emulation/Simulation of an intelligent
behaviour

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

ACTION

PERCEPTION

actions upon
the environment

sensoring the
environment

Pattern Recognition line

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Artificial Intelligence
What is intelligence? (A psychological problem)
Capacity to learn relationships among facts, solve a problem by approaching
to a previous problem.
- games (chess, draughts,...)
- theorem-proving
- common-sense reasoning
- perception (vision and speech)
- language understanding
- problem-solving which needs expertise
- learning
- communication and cooperation

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to design intelligent systems, that is systems
which exhibit or emulate characteristics usually associated to human intelligent
behaviour (Handbook81).
The study of how to make computers be able to do what the human mind is able to do
(Minsky).
Computational
Model

Human
intelligence

Hypothesis about the physical symbols system (Newell and Simon, 1976)
Systems of physical symbols provide the necessary means to
achieve intelligent actions
It is possible to create programs to emulate the intelligent activities
performed by the human being
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What is Artificial Intelligence?

AI is concerned with intelligent behaviour in artifacts
(Nilsson, 1998)
Simulate
Design a machine able to
emulate or simulate human
intelligence

Solutions to
problems!
Emulate

Understand the human processing

Simulation: abstract model of human intelligence
Emulation: exact reproduction of behaviour of human intelligence

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More definitions of Artificial Intelligence

The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment,
people are better (Nilsson)
Techniques to design computational process which emulate human
intelligence.
The study of the computation that make it possible to perceive, reason and
act (Winston).
The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people (Kurzweil).
The field of computer science which investigated symbolic processes, nonalgorithmic reasoning and symbolic knowledge representation (Buchanan).
AI is everything which has not been done so far (Tesler).
AI is everything that computers still cannot do (Hofstadter).
AI is much of A and very little of I (Rich).

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Approaches to Artificial Intelligence

MIND

Thinking humanly

Thinking rationally
The laws of thought

The cognitive model

Logic, formal reasoning

Acting humanly

Acting rationally

Turing test

The rational agent

BEHAVIOUR

Human-centered
(empirical science)

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

Rationalism
(mathematics and
engineering)

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Approaches to Artificial Intelligence

Symbolic AI:
Symbols as the basic representation (classic AI).
Cognitive approach: based on rational theories
Knowledge + symbols

Sub-symbolic AI:
Signal Processing (Pattern recognition)
Connectionist approach: Neural networks

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

Block 1, Chapter 0: Introduction to AI, pp. 8

History, evolution, state-of-the-art

Prehistory:
Greek/Jewish tradition. Fables. Wishes.
Symbolic logic (R. Lull, Leibnitz).
Automata
XX century (mathematical-logic theorems, computation, )
Computing age. Scientific works, management, symbolic processing
Gestation and euphoria (1950-1964):
Heuristic search (General Problem Solver).
Formal starting: Darmouth conference (1956).
Languages: IPL, LISP.
Large official projects
Disappointment. APLAC report: Limited processing capabilities. Search.

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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History, evolution, state-of-the-art

Analysis and dose of reality (1965-1980):
Solution: combinatorial + heuristic + domain restriction
Logic formalisms: (Resolution inference rule, 1964)
Knowledge-based systems (KBS) prototypes (Dendral, 1965)
PROLOG (1975).
Expansion (80s-90s):
Fifth generation languages and machines (1981-91).
Evolution in different areas
Hardware evolution (symbolic processing).
Official projects (Esprit, Eureka).
Currently:
Knowledge engineering, Learning, Neural networks, Pattern recognition,
Second generation KBS, Reasoning models (fuzzy, qualitative, ...),
Advanced architectures, Distributed AI, Real-time AI
Collaborative Reasoning, Multi-agent systems .

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

Speech Recognition
Case-based Reasoning
Natural Language Processing
Multi-agent Systems
Decision Support Systems
Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

Case-based Reasoning

Natural Language
Processing

Decision Support
Systems

Recommender Systems
(social networks)

Data Mining

Learning

Fuzzy reasoning

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Intelligent systems for industry

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

Recommender
Systems
Data Mining
Learning
Game theory
Multiagent systems

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Intelligent systems for industry

Pattern Recognition
Vision Systems
Artificial Intelligence in real-time

Manufacturing systems
(intelligent control, supply
chains, activities planning,
etc. )

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

Robotics
Planning
Vision and Environment Recognition

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

Intelligent Systems for Management

Decision Support Systems
Optimization, Resource allocation
Planning and Scheduling

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

Health
Decision support systems,
Diagnosis,
Knowledge retrieval,
Data Mining,
Image recognition,

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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Intelligent systems for industry

E-commerce

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Fields and applications

Natural language processing.
Text understanding: syntax and semantics. Translation.
Intelligent information retrieval
Retrieval of information non-explicitly represented, Deductive data bases.
Inference processes. Common sense. Natural interface.
Knowledge-based systems: Expert Systems.
Knowledge engineering: acquisition, representation, implementation and validation.
Knowledge representation. Reasoning methods. Explanation, justification, learning, etc.
Robotics.
Perception. Locomotive and manipulative capabilities. Reasoning: planning. Learning.
Multi-agent systems
Distribution, Communication, Cooperation, Game Theory.
Combinatory problems and planning
NP problems: domain restrictions, heuristics. Planning, Scheduling.
Optimization, Decision Support Systems.
Perception
Vision and speech. Pattern recognition. Learning.
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Philosophical and practical questions

Key question: Can machines think?
Permanent debate: supporters and detractors
See: http://www.macrovu.com/CCTGeneralInfo.html
Turing test (1950).
Turing thought the right question is not can machines think? but can machines
pass an intelligent test? Turing test
He predicted a probability of 30% that a computer would pass the test for 5
minutes by year 2000
Contrapositionn: Searle test.
More key questions:
Can machines be self-conscious?
Can machines be wrong?
Is the brain a Turing machine?

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Some popular examples:

Deep Blue wins a chess game against Kasparov (1997)
Intelligent filtering to avoid SPAM (Mozilla)
Intelligent search (lexical) on the web
(Google, Lexicon, Scirus , MedSurfer, MetaCrawler), etc...

and challenges

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

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http://www.macrovu.com/CCTGeneralInfo.html

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Bibliography, resources
Basic bibliography:

S. Russell, P. Norvig. Inteligencia Artificial . Un enfoque moderno. Prentice Hall. 2004

Complementary bibliography:
Rich E., Knight K. Inteligencia Artificial. McGraw-Hill, 1994.
Nilsson, N. J. Inteligencia Artificial. Una nueva sntesis", McGraw Hill, 2001
R.O. Duda, D.G.Stork, P.I.Hart. Pattern Classification. Wiley, 2001.
S. Theodoridis, K. Koutroumbas. Pattern Recognition. Elsevier, 2009.
Varios autores. Inteligencia Artificial. Tcnicas, mtodos y aplicaciones. McGraw Hill, 2008.
A. R. Webb, K. D. Copsey. Statistical Pattern Recognition. Wiley, 3 ed., 2011.
Can Computers Think?:

http://www.macrovu.com/CCTGeneralInfo.html

Asociacin Espaola de Inteligencia Artificial:

AI in the news:

http://www.aepia.org/

http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/current.html

Artificial Intelligence Resources:

http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/ailinks.html

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach:

Intelligent Systems. ETSInf, Universitat Politcnica de Valncia, 2014-2015

http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/

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