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Ecuaciones de Euler:
Antes de resolver los problemas tener en cuenta:
En el caso homogneo, de segundo orden, se tiene la ecuacin:
a0 x 2
d2x
dx
a1 x
dy
a2 y 0
dx
(1)
t = ln x.
dy dy dt 1 dy
;
dx dt dx x dt
Entonces:
d2y
Sustituyendo en (1) :
Es decir:
x et
a0
a0
2
dt
d2y
dt
( a 1 a0 )
d 2 y d 2 y 1 dy 1
2 2
dt x 2
dx 2
dt x
dy
dy
a2y 0
a1
dt
dt
dy
a2 y 0
dt
(2)
Problema 1:
3x2 y 4x y + 2y = 0
se hace x = et
dy 1
;
dt x
d2y 1
dt
t = ln x
dy 1
dt x 2
En la ecuacin diferencial :
d 2 x dy
4 dy 2 y 0
3
dt 2
dt
dt
Ecuacin caracterstica:
d2x
dt
dx
2y 0 .
dt
3r2 7 r + 2 = 0
r1 = 2, r2 = 1/3.
Luego
y(x) = C1 x2 + C2 x(1/3)
Por tanto:
Problema 2:
Resolver la ecuacin diferencial:
x2 y + 3 x y + y = 0.
Para x 0
x = et
se hace:
En la ecuacin diferencial :
d 2 y dy
dy
y 0
2
dt
dt
dt
t = lnx.
d2y
dy
2
y 0.
2
dt
dt
y ( x)
1
C1 C 2 ln | x |
x
x 0 .
Problema 3:
x2 y +3 x y + 5 y = 0
x = et
t = lnx.
d 2 y dy
dy
5y 0
2
dt
dt
dt
d2y
dy
2
5y 0
2
dt
dt
r2 + 2 r + 5 = 0 . Races:
Ecuacin caracterstica:
r = -1 2i.
Luego:
Por tanto:
y( x)
1
[C1 cos(2 ln x ) C 2 sen( 2 ln x )
x
( x 0)
Transformada de Laplace:
Problema 4(Pregunta de laplace del examen final ):
Hallar L{senat}
L[ senat ] F ( s )
f (t ) e st dt lim b 00
b
F ( s ) lim b 00 sen(at ) e st dt
0
b
L[sen(at)] =
lim b 00
sen(at)e
-st
dt
b
0
f (t ) e st dt
L[sen(at)] = (1/-s) e
st
sen(at) 0
lim b 00
( s )ae
st
cos(at ) dt
lim b 00
lim (1/-s) e
B
st
sen(at)
= 0
L[sen(at)] = (a/s)
lim b 00
cos(at) e
-st
dt
u = cos (at)
du = -a sen(at) dt
dv = e s t dt
v = (1/-s) e s t
a
st
0 s sen(at )e dt
lim b 00
}
B
lim (1/-s) e
st
cos(at) 0
= 1/s ya que e s t =0
L[sen(at)] = (a/s ) (a /s )
sen(at )e
lim b 00
st
..(2)
dt
Pero sabemos :
b
L[sen(at)] =
sen(at) e
lim b 00
st
dt
Reemplazamos en 2:
b
st
sen(at )e dt
lim b 00
= (a/s ) (a /s )
st
sen(at )e dt[1 (
lim b 00
lim b 00
st
sen(at )e dt
0
L[sen(at)] =
a .
s + a2
2
Problema 5:
Hallar : L[
f (t ) 5e 4t ]
lim b 00
sen(at )e
0
a2
a
)] 2
2
s
s
a
a2
[
1
/
(1
{
}) ]
s2
s2
st
dt
t (4 s )
t (s 4)
F (s) 5e4t e st dt 5e
dt 5e
dt
0
B t (s 4)
1 t (s 4)
lim
lim
F ( s) 5
e
dt 5
e
B 0
B (s 4)
0
5
lim e B(s 4) e 0(s 4)
(s 4) B
F ( s)
F ( s)
5 0 1 5
(s 4)
(s 4)
Problema 6:
Demuestre el teorema de la transformada de Laplace de la derivada de una
funcin :
L[ f ' (t )] SL[ f (t )] f (0)
Si
Prueba:
00
L[ f (t )]
st
f (t ) dt
st
L[ f ' (t )] lim b 00
f ' (t ) dt
..(1)
ue
st
dv f ' (t ) dt
v f (t )
st
du s e dt
L[ f ' (t )]
e
=
st
lim b 00
lim b 00
lim b 00
se
st
st
=s e
0
f ' (t ) dt
st
se
0
f (0)
00
De 1:
f (t ) |
-f(0)
f ' (t ) dt
f ' (t ) dt
n2
Problema 7:
Hallar L[f(t)]
f (t ) e 4t sent
F (s) L[ f (t )]
f (t )e st dt
0
t ((s 4))
ax
e
ax
asenbx b cosbx
e senbxdx
.
dt
a 2 b2
B
t ((s 4))
lim
F (s)
sente
dt
B 0
( 0) f
n 1
( 0)
(s4)t
l
i
m
F s)( (( s4) sentcost)
B (( s4) 212
F ( s)
(s 4) B
lim
(s 4)0
((s 4)) 2 1
(s 4)B
e = 0
e0
((s 4)) 2 12
F (s) 0
F ( s)
1
((s 4)) 2 12
1
(s 4) 2 1
1
(s 4)2 1
Problema 8.
Resolvemos utilizando la transformada de laplace :
sen0
3s + 7
3s + 7
s2 - 2s - 3 (s - 3)(s + 1)
(1)
s-3
s+1
(2)
......(3)
( s 3)( s 1) s 3 s 1 s 3 s 1
L -1
3s + 7
L -1
(s - 3)(s + 1)
L -1
s-3
4 L -1
1
s-3
1
s+1
L -1
1
s+1
f (t) = 4 e 3t - e t
SOLUCIN
Primero resolvemos la ecuacin homognea asociada. La ecuacin
caracterstica ser:
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 4 1 2
1 i xc C1e t cos t C 2 e t sent
2
Solucin General :
x(T ) C 1 e T cos T C 2 e T senT 12 e T TsenT
Problema 11:
1
x 2 x 80 x 2 cos 30 (1)
5
2 2 4 0,2 80
5
0,4
3
B 340
60 A 100 B 0
3
340
sen 30t
Problema 12:
10 y ' '120 y '1000 y 17 sen 2t
1000 Asen 2t 1000 B cos 2t (960 A 240 B ) sen 2t ( 240 A 960 B ) cos 2t
1
A 60
960 A 240 B 17
1
B 240
240 A 960 B 0
17 sen 2t
1
60
1
sen2t 240
cos 2t
1
60
1
sen 2t 240
cos 2t