Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CULTS
OF
THE
GREEK
LEWIS
STATES
RICHARD
FELLOW
AND
IN
TUTOR
FARNELL,
OF
EXETER
VOL.
AT
THE
OXFORD
VOLUMES
THREE
WITH
COLLEGE,
M.A.
ILLUSTRATIONS
CLARENDON
1896
PRESS
'1
v.
PRINTED
AT
ItV
HORACE
THE
HART,
CLARENDON
PRINTER
TO
PRESS
THE
UNIVERSITY"
MEMORIAM
IN
FRATRIS
DII.ECT1SSIMI
ET
NUPER
AMISSI
PREFACE
THE
by
ture
and
has
long
certain
recent
of
mythology
Greek
less
thing
in
apparent
the
broken
stimulating
myth
at
is
to
being
and
Until
religion
scholars.
and
this
labour,
of
research,
in
many
in
hope
play
concerning
life
now
many
interest,
new
ritual
Greek
that
one
is
of
work
the
begun,
of
it is still
of
Greek
ancient
book,
was
displayed
effect
has
The
bizarre
apathy
this
quite
confusion
to
even
the
the
of
parts
since
fruitful
edition
every
interesting
away
of
religion
Fortunately,
most
passing
Greek
nearly
forth.
put
years
with
"
apparently
that
"
and
Greek
perhaps
was
litera
public religion,
and
ignored by English
neglect
this
should
that
English
of
importance
deals.
Greek
by
it
prefaced
it
scholarship.
German
contemptuously
cause
of
the
be
cults,
left
in
defective
which
with
popular
the
desideratum
in
years
been
is
of
extent
not
record
the
monuments
need
Greek
of
account
been
and
subject
the
estimate
and
faulty
statement,
for
compendious
analyze
however
or
apology
any
method
in
be
may
work,
present
quarters,
and
especially
Cambridge.
The
signal
comparative
aid
from
the
studv
scir
.,ce
of
of
religion
has
anthropology,
received
to
which
viii
PREFACE,
has
England
supplied
contributed
indeed
not
"
much
so
with
'
key
all the
to
mytho
that
unlocks
logies/ but with one
many
mysteries of myth and reveals some
strange
of early life and
thought. The influence of
work
late Professor
the
as
the Semites
of
has
been
indebtedness
recentlypublishedby
nor
interest
the
can
pioneer-work in
has, however,
tried
I have
dealingwith
reveal
or
complete
the former
and
from
the
Zeus
venient
order
with
and
group
that
Lang's
book
of
these
illustrate
to
seems
and
religion,
only
aimed
names
giving
at
ideas
that
were
consecrated,
were
are
of
side
the
This
now
appearing I
the
Zeus-cult
subordinate
order
seemed
it is natural
to
by side, and
other
appreciate their
to
it
as
Bough
own
any
from
have
of certain
them.
Hera
to
far
account
adopt,because
to
from
treatise
Mr.
ignored. My
my
have
to
the
Aphrodite,and
one
of
to
volumes
of the
associated
of
of the
states
two
examination
importance
of the ceremonies
the Greek
proceeded
and
latter,and
account
In these
Golden
aim
powerful in
very
Frazer, The
so
such
Religion
Mr.
different
the
secrets
the valuable
to
as
of
acknowledge
to
disentanglemyth
to
attached, and
by
glad
am
this field be
a
the
Smith's
will be
and
well
it,as
to
Robertson
been
have
we
reasonable
study the
because
goddesses
traits of
personages
cults of
it is
with
and
affinity
Hera
con
in
points
contrast.
Partlyto
tions
at
avoid
the
awkward
page,
accumulation
of cita
ix
PREFACE.
before
evidence
methodical
cult
each
the eyes
form,
I have
table
of
siderablyswell
think
It is vain
is relevant
and
that
month
brings
research
my
modify
one's
collected
here, and
references
to
been
all that
been
nowhere
inscriptionsthat
I have
that
wasted.
include
has
hitherto
utmost
available
able
been
the
may
exclude
to
As
thing
definite
difficult a
fine
been
in
Europe
have
It has
possibleto
and
coldness
of
because, while
work
tone
and
sane.
An
task
to
con
of which
thus
;
restrict
the
myself
my
far
as
facts, and
not
region of hypothesisand
and
Greek
Greek
picturesque,
In the
collections of
and
of
statement
tried
so
personalknowledge.
object to
my
have
those
museums
any
divinitymy
; I
to
tried
not
comparativelyfew.
part
various
the
too
troversy.
most
this is
types of each
given me
been
them
of selection
for the
the
are
ideal
mainly one
studies
about
these
the
myself
wander
is known
task,as
chapterson
has
are
is irrelevant.
what
to
con
encouraged
important points;
on
these
difficulties,
nearly every
other
hope
can
views
of
am
have
not
light fresh
to
citations
these
fault,for,apart from
at
that
account
Though
of the work
will
sifted and
the
to
Schriftquellenor
labour
hope
to
in
'
'
bulk
the
the
that
appended
classical authors.
and
inscriptions
to
of the student
risk
mythology was
religionwas, on
emotional
is all the
as
to
con
dryness
greater
passionateand
the
exposition of
whole, sober
it may
be
of
PREFACE.
purposes
far
in
possible,
as
In the earliest
ject I
had
that
view
placein
owe
the
first
and
and
that open
the
are
mythologists;
method
even
and
and
but
hostile criti
regret that
take
the
of
their doors
so
prominent
more
because
which
gratitude,
German
warmly
universities,that
importance of
so
sub
prevalent in
now
should
work
recognize the
to
was
point of
book.
acknowledge, to
field,I
distrust
personal debt
in this
studies
the
German
my
facts, as
contemplated writing on
then
of much
cism
scholarship
;
German
the
exhibit
of German
sect
to
were
of my
days
come
to
the
for
but
dry light.
before
time
some
it is best
in the strictest
bred
of literature
were
this
subject
the
foreign
hospitablyto
student.
best thanks
My
who
museums
many
of the
sonal
friends
due
are
have
and
plates,
who
have
of
the
Ramsay
of
Aberdeen,
Mr.
that
hope
to
some
I may
to
that
extent
add
procuring
Macan
Warde
two
tillthe end
rather
word
ample
Professor
Lincoln
of
of
St.
John's
should
it
the
University
Fowler
volumes
in
me
of
Smith
per
many
assisted
index, which
an
atone
one
Mr.
Pogson
these
reserve
the
to
Mr.
to
appeared without
convenient
the
to
more
kindly
in
me
proof-sheets,
especiallyto
College,Oxford,
College, and to
College.
regret
still
of various
Directors
the
readilyaided
revision
to
was
have
thought
table
of
contents
may
on
the
English
PREFACE.
of
spelling
Greek
"againstthe
raised
over-lax
system
by
two
those
tried
possible
of
are
keep
the
the
more
usual
familiar
less
with
OXFORD,
COLLEGE,
December,
1895.
as
names
Greek,
the
against
English
the
the
spelling
while
form.
R.
be
between
occurrence
common
LEWIS
KXETER
well
as
easily
can
compromised
have
for
as
that
to
over-precise
;
adopting
consonant
as
Objections
names.
FARNELL.
for
VOL.
OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
1-12
Object
of
applied
to
the
the
important
as
work,
present
of
study
as
religion,
Greek
record,
literary
the
value
12;
i,
ANICONIC
different
the
of
evidence
2-9;
methods
the
monuments
9-11.
CHAPTER
THE
of
I.
AGE
13-18
.......
The
religion completely
the
whole
13-15
still
aniconic
of
meaning
the
tree
and
(Sownis
the
and
ICONIC
16.
period,
earliest
but
on
cult-objects,
16-18.
REFERENCES,
II.
AGE
Traces
of
'
shrine
of
the
deity,
REFERENCES,
19-21.
'
theriomorphism
19-22
.....
the
Homeric
the
stone
-yAai/Kaiwis,
CHAPTER
THE
the
in
anthropomorphic
doubtful
slight,
and
regarded
as
religion,
Greek
in
idolatry
against
protests
idol
the
22.
CHAPTER
III.
CRONOS
23-34
Cronos
primitive
ful,
cults,
the
Cronos
legend
Greece,
human
23,
be
to
Cronos
the
24
to
sacrifice,
the
explained
of
27-30.
his
of
theory
Cronos
real
conflict
of
of
origin
very
doubt
cult-period
of
older
vegetation
harvest-ritual
REFERENCES,
figure
Phoenician
pre-Olympian
as
divinity
pre-Hellenic
feast
but
supposed,
belongs
probably
under-world,
of
Welcker
as
Titanomachy
25-27;
the
in
religion
25
24,
Greece,
with
abstraction,
no
32-34.
and
connected
associated
in
later
with
CONTENTS.
xiv
CHAPTER
IV.
PAGE
ZEUS
The
of religious ideas, 35 ;
elements
extraneous
36-38
; Elean
of
worship
Sosipolis
to
associated
Zeus
sacrifice at Alus
42 ; human
meaning,
cult
on
of
elsewhere, 42 ; cult-epithets
and
his
42-48;
primitiveHel
40 ; Arcadian
god,
Dionysos,
to
Mount
sacrifice to Zeus
human
Lycaeum,
compared, 38
be
there with
oracular
cult-titles of the
and
akin
of Crete
cult,the Zeus
in the Cretan
35-101
"
.....
physical
scarcely
cult
all with
at
52-56
Qpdrpios,
UoXifvs, ritual
; Zeus
at
of the
Athens, explanations
'ox-
of war,
god
59,
61-63 ; Zeus the god
'E\(v9epios,
IIa.v6\\r]vtos,
of the city,
64-75 ; the cult of
par excellence : titles of moral significance,
ritual and significance,
'laeVio?,
MetAt'x'os,
KaOapaios, 64-67 ;
Tla\ajj.vaios,
kindred
of
of
blood,
primitiveconception
67-69 ; perjury,
sin,shedding
Zeus "O/"/a
conceptionof sin,Zeus in relation to Dike,
os, 69, 70 ; extended
and Philios, 73~75 5 doctrine
71 ; Zeus the god of grace, 72, 73 ; Xenios
of retribution in Greek
religion,75-77 ; protests against the current
belief,77, 78 ; relation of Zeus to Moira, Zeus Motpayerrjs, 78-82 ; ten
towards
dencies
monotheism
in Greek
cult very
slight,but certain
principlesof order and unification in the polytheism: the circle of the
murder,' 56-58,
Soter, 60, 61
Zeus
60;
philosophyon
and
Frazer's
animal
in
Ammon),
the
Zeus
as
IV
The
rites of the
theorydiscussed,88-92
; other
CULT-MONUMENTS
of sacrifice,
101.
V.
ZEUS
OF
Aniconic
103-105;
vios,
"
7"W7?,
Ta^Atos,
Smith's
Diipolia,Robertson
instances of the 'theanthropic'
the
CHAPTER
THE
of Greek
little influence
cult,86, 87.
CHAPTER
TO
as
twelve
APPENDIX
doubtful
112
meaning
116
'Q/Myvpios,
119,
of Dodona
120.
Zeus
of the
; monuments
and
veil,115
of Zeus
Kprjra-
type
of Zeus
Ni/oy^opos,112-114
; Zeus
Aetnaeus,
"Apetosand
Zeus
102-121
109,
; Zeus
no
Uavf
'EkevOepios,
\\rj-
MftAtxtos and
$t'Atos,
117"119
"
CONTENTS.
xv
VI.
CHAPTER
PACK
IDEAL
TYPE
Standing and
seated
(i)THE
types,
Zeus
the
on
REFERENCES
123
of
arrangement
; the
friezes of
the
the
Theseum
ZEUS
OLYMPIUS
CHAPTERS
IV" VI
OF
FOR
CHAPTER
....
128-139
....
140-178
VII.
HERA
180,
throughout Greece,
wife
the
as
181
of Zeus, and
Welcker's
and
as
of any
personification
theory discussed
Euboean
periodHera
earliest
in the
179;
not
cults, Hera
that
the
Hera
was
of
mother
regarded
of
part
nature,
earth-goddess,
Typhoeus, 181-184;
the
Argive
prevalence and meaning of the itpos yapos in Greece,
preted as physicalsymbolism, but as a consecration of
with
179-204
Prevalent
the
127.
STATUE
(ii)THE
122,
relief,on
Bologna
126,
Parthenon,
122-127
.....
pre-Pheidianperiod,124
ment
ZEUS
OF
not
human
inter
marriage,
ritual
survival
be
to
the
goddess
A
APPENDIX
marriage in
Discussion
recognizeZeus
APPENDIX
of
and
The
Greek
cult,195-198.
Corinthian
at
cult of Hera
and
Acraea
the
did not
of Hera
199,
200.
legend of Medea,
200-204.
VIII.
CHAPTER
THE
CULT-MONUMENTS
Ariiconic
HERA
OF
period, type
205-219
in Samos,
205,
206
Hera
TeAe/a
of Praxiteles,
207 ; monuments
of
illustrating
Argive cult, 213-219.
CHAPTER
IDEAL
TYPES
OF
Difficulties in
HERA
220-240
of Hera,
recognizingthe representations
peculiarattribute,220-223;
Hera
in
art, 223,
inspiredby
with
of
224
the Homeric
work,
Polycleitus'
Hera
on
IX.
the Homeric
no
specialand
works, Farnese
fifth-century
at all
nor
conception of Hera Boo/ms
head
; earlier
225-230;
Argive coin,
232,
the work
of Pheidias, 231,
not
connected
232
; head
work
of
xvi
CONTENTS.
REFERENCES
VII-IX
CHAPTERS
FOR
241-257
....
X.
CHAPTER
258-320
ATHENA
The
human
of primitivepractices,
'
and
(Poseidon-Erechtheus)
of cults at Athens
at
Athene
'
physicaltheory of the
possibleexplanationsof the story
Alea, Hellotis,
Amaria, 'O^aA^f-ny, 273-279;
bhih. of Athena
Troezen, 270-273
the
'
improbable, 280-283
of Metis in Hesiod, 283-286 ; Gorgon-myth throws no lighton Athena's
with the Gorgon, 286originalnature, for she has no originalconnexion
288 ; Athena
associated occasionallywith the earth -goddess,*Ay\avpos,
ndvSpoaos, 288-290 ; Athena's sacrificial animals, 290 ; agricultural
',
law, 304,
305
with
connected
; Athena
more
conception of
advanced
character
titles of the
cult-
and
the
goddess
war-goddess, 308-311 ; Athena-Nike, 311-313;
with Hephaestus, 313-316 ; Athena
Hygieia,316Homeric
general character of the worship,318, 319. Note on ritual,
318
reference to the
Panathenaea,320.
CHAPTER
MONUMENTS
The
and
OF
ATHENA-WORSHIP
earliest reveal
the
city,321,322
sea, 322-326; with
world, 326-328; no
with
the
moon
331 ; Athena
of the erect
other
XI.
her
not
nature-goddess,but
Dionysos, the
warlike
type, 33
her connexion
on
with
relief in the
the civic
J of Athena
was
of
and
the
war
the
under
identified
ever
-337 ; the
of
same
type in vogue
Athena-Nike,338-342
state,Parthenon
relief referring
to
Acropolis,
monuments
in many
'Apxvyt",
representations of
Hygieia, 346-348 ;
the Athenian
life,
348-352.
goddess
Poseidon
goddess, 344-346
deities of vegetationand
monumental
Athena
thunder-cloud,
or
as
her with
associating
; monuments
Polias,two
and
as
321-352
the
art-
illustrating
frieze,
mourning
alliances of Athens
Athena
and
to
xvii
CONTENTS.
PACK
XII.
CHAPTER
IDEAL
TYPES
ATHENA
OF
Pre-Pheidian
types, 353-355
works, Athena
'
of
examination
Athena
with
A
; Portici
Promachus,' 356-360 ;
literaryrecords and
Pallas,370-372;
Corinthian
Discussion
Lemnian
353-382
statue
the
Albani
APPENDIX
...
of
; earlier Pheidian
Athena
Parthenos,
Athena,
distinct
371-374;
type of
of Dr.
Furtwangler'stheoryconcerningthe
Athena
REFERENCES
VOL.
I.
Concerning the
FOR
CHAPTERS
Lemnian
X-XII
Athena, 378-38.2.
.
383-423
LIST
xx
PLATE
XVIII.
(a)
Athena
and
Corcyra
(")
Athena
and
Hephaestus
Athena
Hygieia
(":)
Head
XIX.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
Athena
of
(a)
Athena
with
(")
Athena
and
(a)
Athena
from
Bronze
(a)
Bronze
(")
Torso
(a)
Bronze
(b]
Head
of
Head
of
of
Attic
of
Ecole
Athena
Athena
on
St.
Athena
Parthenos
of
in
Athena
Villa
Aegina.
British
des
Arts,
Portici.
Petersburg
in
Museum.
Beaux
from
Parthenos.
Albani.
in
Vienna.
Promachus,
of
relief.
relief.
temple
Athena,
in
Attic
relief.
Attic
of
Vatican.
in
column,
pediment
statuette
Statuette
Athena
before
Samos,
Athena
gem.
gem.
Athena
of
on
Parthenos,
statuette
relief.
Attic
Hygieia
standing
(6)
on
on
Athena
XX.
XXI.
PLATES.
OF
Athens.
medallion.
Paris.
GREEK
THE
OF
CULTS
THE
STATES
INTRODUCTION.
THE
The
origins.
of
question
and
Greek
often
is
country,
of
main
the
from
may
be
fully
and
In
working.
the
of
the
Greek
the
touching
followed
VOL.
out
I.
they
pure
birth
within
with
actual
of
the
actual
the
rather
the
Tor
nation's
of
limits
B
is
this
that
other
unless
fact
dictum
this
method
beliefs
in
only
aspect
of
student
line
can
the
prehistoric
the
the
as
consider
to
religion,
nation's
not
phenomenon
than
the
concerns
simple,
and
facts, the
Again,
arose.
advisable
history,
origins
practical
of
docs
Yet
it.
surely
is
of
one
of
complicated
so
it
that
than
knowledge
directly
that
problem
world
the
have
we
which
from
germ
first
which
of
people,
and
separately
age
dealing
of
religion
ideal
the
more
expresses
of
of
approached
question
true
concep
archaeology
character
present
embryology
the
knows
be
may
the
texts
student
hitherto
The
side.
it
the
know
perfectly
also
of
although
aside,
been
has
subject
the
of
the
historical
different
concerns
student
archaeological
the
put
the
its
not
religious
at
evidently
is
important
most
communities
than
the
although
rather
one
less
no
work
actual
the
express
study
the
our
concerning
present
of
in
neglected
discussion
the
survey
much
so
of
Greek
various
Such
Greece,
but
that
literature
for
scope
origin,
the
epochs.
religion,
mistaken
monuments
tions
of
of
history
of
the
inquiry,
never
literature
be
and
GREEK
such
is
dealing with
an
of which
age
and
there
is
solid
neither
and
religions,
of
parative study
final.
nor
far the
so
Great
results
methods
philology,with new
applied to the explanation of
is
this
result
The
personages.
perhaps due
was
philologist
First, the
has
been
to
three
Greek
meagre
causes.
the Vedic
was
originsand
Aryan peoples.
the
Secondly^
Greek
myth
earliest of them
literature, which
when
it
Vide
Maury, Histoire
antique,vol. i.
dc la Grece
b
Apart
coveries
chief
from
about
the
the
contributions
des
name
not
of Zeus, the
philologyto
ground in
of
our
myths
the
But
and
the
gives
religions
the
unscientific,
then
would
fashion b.
amateur
have
later of
the
and
Saranyus would
which
p. 32.
often
the
was
interpretersof
the
consonants,
the
etymological dis-
of
been
that
religions
of
many
affair of
an
merely skirmishingon
them
a
only
was
development of
religion has
belongingto
changes were
of vowel
laws
philologyof
and
when
is
be
to
com
material, was
new
that
reconstruction
expected
were
and
first
but
To
direct evidence.
no
be
and
inquirer is generally
the
the
reconstruct
can
especialdifficulties attaching to
remote
more
originis probably much
are
inquiry,for the
commonly supposed,
an
than
there
And
monuments.
RELIGION.
have
been
become
atpwivs,
fffpcivvs and
'Epivvs
unaccountablylacks
the rough breathing,and
contains
an
unaccountable
which
in
never
long i,
Greek
takes the place of (i.
And
the
word
of
Saranyus has the appearance
Sanskrit
of specifically
being a word
epfivvs:
derivation, which
from
the
'
has
Ursprache.'
not
Nor
come
down
is there any
foundation
in Greek
and
Sanskrit
publiclyputfor\vardbyKuhn(Z)z"/ifcra"for
identification
"c.
des
2nd
the
Fetters,
ed.
kinift
thology
; for
pp. 6-8),
nnd
are
have
been
condemned
philology
;
the
be
is not
mare
a
mere
in the
Rigveda, and
invention
aetiological
mythe
of
may
of the
INTRODUCTION.
have
themselves
mainly devoted
Thirdly, the philologists
the view that the myths are
maintain
accounts
allegorical
physicalphenomena, and the mythic figuresare the per
to
of
of the elements
sonification
the
and
of nature.
powers
It is
is a new
supposed that this process of interpretation
science of the last generation ; but in
discovery of German
rife
realityit is as old as the sixth century B.c.a, and was
in the fifth-century
philosophy, in the poetry of Euripides
often
of the
theme
comedy, and is a constant
later philosophiesand the earlypatristic
literature. Of course
the modern
writers'1 have dealt far more
seriouslyand fruit
fullywith the theme, and by a comparison of the various
the
and
younger
of national
groups
suggestionshave been
luminous
myths, man)-
made
in which
natural
department
represents some
force in
or
indebted
am
and
Vide
genes
sees
the
to
friend Professor
Schol. Yen.
//.
20.
in the
mistaken
my
67
certain moral
as
; Thea-
elements, and
Kuhn's
and
dcs Fetters,"-"":.,
DerUr
of
battle of the
in the Homeric
In such works
kunft
kindness
Macdonell.
the
Die
ideas.
Herab-
in Schwarz
much
and
etymology
been
sifted,though valuable
and
generalhistoryof folklore
than for the study of Greek
ritual
stillgreater scientificvalue
religion.Of
is Mannhardt's
Wald-
nnd
Feldkultc.
Griechische
Gotterlehre,
Naturgottern
p. 324, says
sincl alle
personlichen Gotter
hervorgegangen: the object of the
historyof Greek religionis,according
of
to him, to discover the nature-origin
the divinity
and to trace it out in the
The
principleis accepted by
myths.
Maury in his Ilistoire des religionsde
la Grcce
antique, though his work
of
is chiefly
occupied with a statement
c
Welcker,
'
i.
Aus
interpretation, subject-matterof
B
has
for the
the formula
material
valuable
gathered
more
and
nature0,
The
method
and
Preller's Griechische
RELIGION.
GREEK
which
they
put forward,
often
for
take
to
of that sphere
personification
it is doubtful
But
department.
deity is
the
granted,is that
least appear
at
or
this formula
whether
is
or
ot
ever
; whether
explainingthe originsof any religion
is a phrase
of a natural phenomenon
personification
avail for
any
'
the
;i
them
gave
when
he
he
he
under
was
chose
the
treading on
not
was
being,and
own
doubtful
illusion
no
the
him
certain
clearlyconceived
mountain.
have
The
held
Mythologie is
Perhaps the
based
best
hurt
on
the
the
idea.
same
exposition
of
found
in
has yet
the
K.
about
O.
appeared,free
origins, is
from
to
Mliller's Hellenische
Mythologie,takes
him
more
Ursprung
correct
and
der
view
this
exhibits
in
than
many
says
in the
writers
fur
unsere
tried
have
may
stones
'
der
supernatural
or
sky
Theophrastus
sacred
he
non-sentient,
believingin
lived
which
of his
to
definite
or
in the
seems
he
to
daily
school,when
alteste Zeit
existirt
ware
/cat
TroXAot
TOIV
ffapPapaiv -rrtvia.
/rai
Te'x^y opt]
airop'iq
teal devdpa dpya
fj.d"ovai
re
But
regarded the
sentient15,
possessedwith
as
be
Stdmnie.
a
natural
have
may
who
natural
man
superstitious
about
the
and
rites,without
person
this view
of his
and
religion,
sentient
human
to
or
living
the
that
another.
Greek
the stone
sky, or
it with
appease
well
person
aboriginalGreek
the
help
to
the
between
The
or
sense
between
distinction
mountain,
power
this
lacked
phenomena.
and
in
It is
tendency or power.
could personifythings thus, for
of the limits of personality,
or
primitivemind
border-line
or
by
form
for purposes
then
personifyit,knowing
to
if the
probably
the
then
flesh of
and
bones
one
thing, the
phenomenon was
at quite the latest epoch of
was
probably a relativelylate mental
it
of the Greek
undoubtedly happened
of the mountain.
of the personification
Ordinarily
case
well enough
knew
walking up Olympos the Greek
in the
that
suggest
like this
imagination. Something
his
words
natural
of certain
aware
was
earliest
the
to
Ai0ou?.
Oeovs
nal
(irovo-
INTRODUCTION.
distinct
with oil.
anointed
stage would
man
Olympos
supposed
it is proper
in
be
to
about
or
is
it,had
first know
we
divinitywho
personal
has
wholly
to
who
those
may
have
personified
has
attained
happen
may
the
action
no
in
of that
the laws
or
Greek
objectof worship
reside
to
is
certain
sphere,but
real
object,and
administer
and
of nature
sphere
which
definite person
the
that
at
the
as
this view
to
that
be
early Greek
the
the object,as
personifies
the Sun or the Moon, or
personified
the
are
'
still remains;
idea
worshipped
tribes
Aryan
fetish
thing, a
or
limited
lived
OvporiWs).
It would
primitiveAryan
that
that
idea
the
"
various
Oceanos
such crude
"
and
But
in
might
sort
that
from
the
mere
are
instances
chief
of
personifications.
Mullet's
Prof. Max
p. 115the Science
of Language, 2.
of the
presence
does
god
of
to
p. 49 T" appears
root
a
dyu
found
the two
in the
tion of the
and
then
meanings
before
divinity
taces.
sure
from
'
root
that
the
be
the
div
'
in
all
us
at
the
original
appliedfirst to
was
sense
spiritual
fused
be
to
answer
tell
not
his
elsewhere?
have
we
called
be
detached
some
say
and
power
personal goclwho
the sky-god (just
be
but that
p.i35.Preller-Robert,6W^/m^A^M0-
view
with
but
divinity,even
logic,i.
personal being
heavens
have
animated
an
physicalinfluences
can
we
of the
names
Gaea
as
primitive
though we may
physicalor derived immediately
idea of
was
physicalworld.
or
the
as
called
could
must
we
questions,before
these
hand
the
who
moral
that
seem
such"
as
therefore
one
as
that
lastlyas
; or
living in
exercise
and
element
but
other
sky
was
divinities
all the
as
sky, and
the
in
sky
clearlydefined,
the
to
the
the
on
anthropomorphicand
functions
philologyprove
does
to
God
the
had
the
in
sky ;
become
separa-
RELIGION.
GREEK
what
in
sky
the
sense
own
the
root
equally well
serve
word
the
Now
certain
much
other
the
Demeter
that
in
such
names
would
tried
goddess by
and
been
and
very
the
the
as
result
; sun,
the
the
substance
of
same
in
equal use
has
writer
the blue
proved
sky
The
and
moon
dawn,
twilight.What
and
Die
not
of this
of the
god
of
M.
Griechischen Kulte
wid
Dial. p. 80.
the
and
of
realm
whole
stars, storm-cloud,
Ploix
that
is most
are
or
the
in
every
and
an
Greek
remarkable
sometimes
Ahrens,Dor.
do
we
writers
found
extra
and
is that
to
be
personage.
a
that
say
myths attachingto
enough,
disheartening
is
Latin
the storm-cloud
an
desperatewith
seems
etymology, the
book
the
if
be
to
Athene.
and
ordinarilywrong
deity is
this
originalmeaning
French
recently a
for
the various
sky,
taken
of Yrj,
religious
ancient
And
case
physical theory.
blue
been
turn
the
the
of
aid
ransacked
the
lightning,
in
fix
to
might discredit
has
ex
translation
right to
no
mother-earth.
of the
And
personage.
nature
have
we
means
analysisof
an
be
to
seem
meaning of Demeter,
as
Apollo, Artemis
have
possible
dialect-form
etymology and
philologyb pronounces
modern
Deprived then
sect
the
explain
to
attempts
with
accord
Demeter
the
know
AT) is
and
goddess,
impossible compound,
name
All
to
to amount
seem
and
earth
belief; but
the
not
with
divinities,
of
'mother-earth'
Demeter
the
and
an
as
does
supposed.
names
Semele
was
times
so
Greek
of
ception
meaning sky
word
it says
first
at
was
was
of
in the whole
only name
which
philology has anything
upon
what
say, and
as
sky
is the
of Zeus
Pantheon
to
that the
prove
a.
name
Greek
the
the
form
to
God
meaning
even
whatever
sense
have
may
not
"
his
than
systems
"
in any
worshipped
so
that it does
maintains
"
other
to
Gruppe
Otto
worshipped.
was
My then,pp. 119-120.
RELIGION.
GREEK
One
deduced.
To
theorya.
oneself from
preserve
that
allow
if we
even
of the
absurdum
ad
reductio
the
seems
cannot
this,,
one
it without
into
brought
the
race
her
this, it
Granted
that
the
fact,as
progressive
name
the various
must
then
be
be
could
concepts
on
of
background
of
pre-eminent divinity
with
connect
their progress.
dependence
any
the
moral
or
that,
maintain
may
physicalfact formed
the
physical-allegorical
stages of
allowed
not
the
origins stands
apart from
but that the discovery
question about the later historical facts,
but little lighton these.
of the originwill often throw
The
is that
first who
of
chaos
the
into
order
some
of this school
of the writers
merit
great
the
were
question of
the
that
only
bring
to
the
But
mythology.
they
more
to
more
study of anthropologyhas contributed much
the explanation of mythology and
some
part of religion
; its
'and
stable and real,
pretensions are fewer,its hypothesesmore
In the explanation of Greek
of comparison wider.
its range
recent
religion by
English
and
Religion
Mr.
or
and
Mr.
that
sees
they
the
the
Godhead
which
of
survivals,the inquiryhow
mythology of
and
As
which
Greek
an
instance
might
be
of
the
the
introduced
more
far
into
with
certain
developednations
confusion
the
of
on
contribution
Myth
Ritual
of
instances
one
religion,
evolved, than
was
we
as
by
"
the article
on
Bough
bearing on
point
same
important
an
Golden
Fraser's
less with
deal
is
Lang's treatise
work
anthropological
recent
the
to
Feldkultc; and
Lexikon
inquiry. Taking
this
the
Wald-
in Roscher
Dionysos
suggestions tending
in Mannhardt's
view
to
has
research
valuable
many
of
means
^"/"^a,
cloud
the
question
part of the
can
be
and
ritual
explained
of
poetical description
shirt of Nessus
in
of which
which
of
wrapt
the
Heracles
Palev
deadly
explains it as though Sophocles were
unconsciouslyrepeatingthe language
of
smoke
INTRODUCTION.
by
of the
means
society. The
ascribes
to
thought,and
that
conversation
figurative
about
modes
of
is^often
reflexion
ritual
in
the
and
older
that
and
of which
consciousness
gious
does
for
key
for the
greatest value
more
be
may
strange contradiction
and
act
the
supply
that often
much
to
and
much
cults and
explainthe
ritualistic
the
the
divinity,and
the
new
already of
been
exists between
about
with
mythology
have
done
highest reli
us
of Greek
student
facts of
anthropologist
The
science
the
meaning
the
the
certain parts of
new
ideal view
more
with
in
as
were
with
know
not
than
it ; it has
from
hoped
does
it
as-
it deals
as
community.
of the
far
so
It is
held
often
are
of accord
out
pretend to do more
of
the interpretation
not
institutions.
of it is often
worshipper
the
ideas
in
matter,
and
merely highly
is not
study
are
frequently
which
mythology
cruder
the
study of unconscious
social habits
own
chieflythe conservative
is
so
petrifaction,
worship
of his
of
ritual that
study
religion,
important chapter in the history of Greek
the chapter on sacrifice,
depends almost wholly on its aid.
of the historical periodof Greek
The account
religionmust
of
very
deal
equally with
the
from
the combined
testimony of both
religionwas
lower
higher
The
because
its
The
structure
forms
of
had
of
course
we
it
ethical and
hardly arrived
the
still on
means
spiritual
expressionat
at
that
the
from
unequal
monuments
only
its
highly developed
clear-cut personal
us
attributes.
But
spiritual
Homer
were
the
learn what
of
is
earlier date.
an
testifyto
religiousthought, showing
but
at all,
religion1
of
that
precedence of
takes
of divinities with
Greeks
monuments;
records, but
are
testimony begins at
the contemporary
This
Both
forms.
literature
poems
the
the
realityto
of
value.
and
in
processes
to
literature
anthropomorphic stage
the
lowest
level of fetishism.
poetry attained
of
than
did
power
of
paintingor
of the
record
truer
For
usuallythe
servant
could
ever
much
the
poet
could
he
or
state,
break
in his work
embody
was
and
national
of the
then
not
art
developed it became
popular belief than the
tradition, but
from
away
the
aspirationsof
the
such
religious conceptions
as
the
about
far
could
found
are
how
divinity,
more
few,
must
hand
the other
On
express
sculptor was
executing state-commissions
popular view
the
the
still more
painter and
the
literature.
he
Greek
when
But
sculpture.
a
RELIGION.
GREEK
io
in
free.
He
put
forth
Pindar
and
testimony
question,what
before
it is not
impossible,as
deal
to
expression
question
former.
But
the
the
and
art
religion; they
its
assisted
of
literature
were
were
forces
that
It is
growth.
its
theology took
doubtless
the
religious
thought,at
vague
in outline
stage
of
personal forms
Homer
as
refine
and
and
clearer
Herodotus
somewhat
when
OVTOI
he
of
by
records
of
mere
His
a.
development
divinities
indirectly
Greek
that
were
poems
from
were
the
coloured
stage
amorphous,
anthropomorphism, of
which
is still the
same
imaginationthe people
well-known
their
Hesiod
and
8e (iffiv ol iroirjffavTfs
The
passage
influence
Homer
deoyovirjv
of
primitive elements
and
monstrous
view.
religious
exaggerates
says
vivid
result
and
in
the
which
that
the
the
religion. The
poetic work
not
Homer
instance,
plasticand
are
the
away
from
discussed
character,lackingethical quality,to
and
clear
was
directlyor
true
saying partially
in that
moment
great
shape
be
shown,
later
the
occasionally
For
be
twofold
religionfor
it
often
afterwards
may
did
must
the
the
with
of the
meaning
answer
sufficiently
can
we
ideal
latter
the
it has
average
what
And
receive.
the
was
nation, and
the
this; for
as
Greek
the
as
real
"E\ATj"rt,
Otoiai
TOIVI
fruit of his
inherited
epic poetry
is
higher
probably
ras
r^a
ffrj^vav^s 2.
re
the
KO.I
53.
INTRODUCTION.
first national
the
concerned
with
belief it
assume
affairs.
human
We
believe
may
that
types,
music, expressiveof
ethical
to
particular
worshipa.
such
exert
become
human
outlines
them.
But
when
that
sacred
the
the
the
about
with
Greek
religion,the
then
would
and
be
suspicion,because
worked
public commission
in any
the
creed.
popular
instances
which
in
ameliorated
or
in
it is
to
say
enough
in their
of
some
here
intrude
ing,the
lowest
Kaaiv
Athen.
14. 626
ol nai8a
vofj-ov roty
TO.
IK
vp.vovs
ndrpiaTOVS
so
by the
challenge it or
reached
be
can
that
their
and
Greek
refined
or
to
sculptor and
always within
modified
note
painter
the
lines
the
of
special
some
have
be
proved
to
the
current
religion;
refininginfluence
but
povois
Ap-
Kara
vrjnicav
tOi^ovrai
KCLI
ofi
iratdvas,
(Kaaroi
KOI
firi^ojpiovs
TJpcuas
myths
appears
of
arts
Otovs
The
vfjii-cvoi.
to
c.
lower
into
painting. These
proper
Mils.
and
vase-paint
design,and scarcely
rarely even
sculpture and
'
irapa
in the
elements
themselves
ft
or
question
product of
popular as
other
no
public
way
barbarous
folklore
at
work
result of a certain
and
a
as
subject-matter,
in the former, inasmuch
as
style. It appears
and
gross
their
than
temples
filled the
afterwards
may
religious
of
choice
tendency
clear
immediate
inclined
the
have
sufficient
It is here
that
could
express
so
the
on
transformed
less
the
of the
in
and
more
general would
in
people
reacted
so
way
it with
view
Kara
in any
poetry
must
could
freedom
once
be
in
act
art
mind
art
painting that
could
should
divinities
the
exercise.
it is clear at
imagination
these ; if these
the
could
Greek
before
greater and
power
sculpture and
and
places,
change,
probably
it
literature
of
attained
had
such
to
of
mode
particular
idea,became
appropriate
national
the
it
form,
over
conception
any
before
were
as
national
the
conceive
to
not
long
was
influence; and
an
habituated
mastery
It
and
they should
only Greek
that
men
gods
in this characterization
played a part
a
the
gods themselves
the
that
aspect, in order
music
Greek
of
general interests
necessary
human
but
was
expression of
the
Athena
29 and
33.
vupos
and
dealt
updios
Ares, Pint,
was
de
with
the
free
from
guided
though
religions
conscious
The
feeling.
Greek
sculpture
for
fitted
these,
and
human
Pheidias,
and
that
that
sculptor
this
records
wish
to
the
to
stages,
general
idea,
and
sentations
the
Pan-hellenic
of
finally
of
each
of
said
the
supremely
upon
more
ideal
the
form
in
masterpiece
religion,
received
than
otherwise
in
as
to
as
the
describe
divinity
in
the
the
cults
when
throw
main
monuments.
of
such
light
each
earlier
and
later
and
to
the
characteristic
divinity,
exists,
on
as
religion,
Greek
worship
local
leading
myths
the
both
literature
in
between
conception
such
the
influences
possible
when
mention
only
account
con
polytheism
Zeus
and
facts
chief
the
distinguish
and
working
more
to
of
monuments
formative
as
note
to
something
forms
him.
showed
and
truly
was
primary
was
and
Greek
the
conceive
could
then
Taking
added
it
man
no
it
two
style, avoiding
imagination,
the
And
content.
of
of
personages
for
Such
types
perfected
qualities
two
exaggeration,
religious
of
the
of
treatment
o-cjuuoYifs.
the
throughout
its
the
than
religious
the
for
century
of
rather
on
won
expression,
emotional
real
more
ethical
and
the
had
ideal
and
term
creation
made
reacted
schooling
fifth
ethical
and
the
it
yet
the
Greek
naturalism
mere
instinct,
and
development
artistic
an
periods
of
of
the
by
by
disciplined
its
earnestness
noted
perhaps
transitional
and
formal
mere
continued
long
archaic
qualities,
the
Also
were
superstitious
from
free
almost
which
religion,
Olympian
the
and
obscenity
mysticism.
style,
its
of
forms
highest
obscure
RELIGION.
GREEK
12
give
the
taking
religious
repre
CHAPTER
Homeric
THE
the
various
have
of
that
divinities,
of
Nor
a.
thousand
for
Hesiod
moral
unseen
higher
Greek
"
At
Herod.
of
is
52
the
Homeric
vide
Maury,
in
there
is
it
the
is
that
history
threshold,
very
Histoirc
des
did
Greek
religions
de
of
of
it
Greek
;
the
Grccc
antique,
to
be
cannot
imagine
la
such
belief
religion
then,
not
earlier
attached
be
clearly anthropomorphic
period
that
was
may
of
thirty
popular
some
in
men,'
creation
the
the
to
the
through
which
this
old
however
already
the
2.
if
or
derived
mortal
of
in
free
an
divinity
of
speak
passed
had
perfectly
is often
prior
cult.
religion
religion
but
be
to
the
Zeus,
defending
the
watchers
'
their
referring
of
no
of
to
divinities
name
that
is
statement
place
only
be
lines,
conception,
hero-worship;
proved
the
agencies,
this
underlying
avoiding
of
Greek
that
may
Hesiod's
are
daemones
proof
and
Egypt,
com
vague
names
Greek
the
of
most
of
stage
the
no
first
the
in
is
that
custom
attached
precede
There
in
of
cults
to
are
formless.
religion,
Pelasgians
Herodotus
supposed
worship
and
Greek
regards
from
primitive
the
nameless
as
of
objects
the
action.
and
legend
of
personages
development,
religious
of
cycle
real
as
independent
is often
which
stage
but
literature
the
in
with
us
personifications
and
form
present
as
nature,
distinct
trace
thesis
names
of
spheres
with
said,
regarded
all
at
not
the
for
unscientific
stage
been
when
this,
Herodotus
any
has
'numina'
of
evidence
ritual
as
the
in
polydaemonism
their
poems,
earlier
that
polytheism
panies
1C
clear
no
of
Greece
ICON
conceived
humanly
We
AN
and
forces
AGE.
THE
divinities
of
group
I.
to
the
history,
ordinary
his
sub
God
init.
RELIGION.
GREEK
14
did
He
form
the
under
wood,
or
have
that
we
idol
in human
no
yet represent
as
general rule.
as
the
peplos in procession to
She
goddess.
seated, and
with
in line 311,
avevtvt
It is
important
the
allusion
the
realityof
how
us
citadel
the
of human
was
by Homeric
and
bolts, and
the
whole
the
have
we
the
had
period of
it is
that
its
the tree
never
divinitythat
houses
evbevbpos of
Zeus
Nor
is it the
tree
rude
Pelops
was
Samos
such
that
Vide
The
wrought
was
joined together by
brethren
is, the
at
Note
//. 6. 300.
of the
as
may
chapter.
have
of
the
of Hera5:
the
column
""
Vide
Umriss
very
any
the
record
shrine
in
of the
sign
stock
or
upon
in
dedicated
by
myrtle
two
2.
Dendritis
Helene
Aphrodite
wooden
served
find in
we
ayaA/xa, but
cross-piecewas
a
but
wrought
artificially
of
sources.
worshipped, simply
fresh verdant
the emblem
Sparta17,and
at the end
is the
tree
of
we
legend
ayaX^a
out
we
regarded
it;thus
the
way.
board
is
tree
l, and
as
is
itself which
within
trunk, that
carved
some
the
which
of
; and
takes
tree
But
on
proofs,that
semblance,
ritual.
religionof
Greek
right,but
own
nations'
But
other
the
collected
doors
sufficient
with
from
to
this very
Delphi.
us
the
divinity,
of the
of
still aniconic
was
human
no
known
fitted with
at
supply
has
his Baumadtus*
emblems
or
a-ydX^ara,
prominent place in many
been
hear
positiveevidence
as
earliest
We
his age
also
note
anthropomorphic
have
Apollo
Homer
worship of
objectswhich
the
among
of
ovbos
of
abundant
in
Botticher
of
representedas
We
acropolisof Troy,
\aivos
poems
that the
evidence
this
the
been
the
knees
the
on
of
can
bore
women
or
idol
the
this there
semblance.
passages.
the
on
note
6e UaXXas
of Athene
temple
to
parts of human
lower
another
sign of
temple-building,
conception, is abundantly proved to
age
either
statue
any
to
lay it
to
that
Homer's
to
mana.
in this form
therefore, have
must,
also
the head
then
to
tells
no
the
As
Troyb.
in
of
him
in Homer
reference
express
form
the
under
shape, excepting
Polias
Athene
but
beast
not, however,
in marble
be
of
[CHAP.
tree
the
encircled
At
stocks
wooden
of
7.
Twin-
with
ivy
especiallythe chapterentitled
des Hellenischcn
Baumcitlt-iis.
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
16
NOTE.
The
the
that
in the text
statement
epithet
would
of
/SOOOTTI?
have
to
modified
be
if
supposed
we
of Athene
-yXavKVTris
and
Hera
in
meant
ever
'owl-faced,'and that the goddesses were
owl.
conceived
Now,
or the face of an
by him as having the face of a cow
the
rather
than
on
ox-eyed,
cow-faced,
certainly/SOWTTISought to mean
an
epithet of wine in Ion (fr.9, Bergk), and of
analogy of Tavpwnos,
face than eye
more
usuallymeans
Dionysos Orphic. Hymn
29. 4, and cov//have
been
form
A
cow-faced
Hera
a
in Homer.
indigenous in
may
Greece
or
imported from
Egypt, and need not be explained by any
Schliemann's
But
reference
to
archaeological
a
worship of the moon.
of
D
Plates
he
is inconclusive
evidence
on
:
Mycenae and
gives
A, B, C,
figures and
cows-heads, and he
Tiryns reproductions of terra-cotta
'
Homer
he
thinks
their
cow-faced'
article
females
found
has
breasts,and
of the
and
on
with
he calls these
images
of Hera
Lexicon
in Roscher's
Hera
protrudingat
cows-horns
the side
remarks, these
of
the writer
POUTTLS ; but, as
terra-cotta
is
there
why
reason
no
it should
not
the
mean
in
same
could
possiblenot uncomplimentary sense
had
Either
been
this
be called
originalmeaning
women
and Homer
tradition,
appliesit to Hera mechanically from mere
forgotten,
of meaningless praise for mortal
it becomes
and thence
term
women
a
it
of
for
Homer
because
means
ox-eyed,
properly an epithet a goddess, or
does not consciously
In either case
then Homer
with large lustrous eyes.
cow-faced.
stands on
TXavKMms
conceive
of Hera
a different footing,
as
Schliemann's
and
for it need only mean
bright-faced,'
owl-eyed or owlall these
in what
But
cases.
cow-faced
'
'
faced'
idols at
Hissarlik
not
are
owl-faced
REFERENCES
1
ZeUS
Hesych. S.
PailS. 3. 22,
12
V.
FOR
at
TO
CHAPTER
devdpov
en
'
all.
eVSei/Spos"
irapa 'Podiois Zfvs,
in Laconiil
'
I.
AiuVvcroy eV Bctcor/a.
p.vporii'r)v
KOI' Aprfp.ivovop-d^ovai2coreipai".
3
Id. 3. 19,
10:
the
Rhodian
eVi
ftoixrat"17Ti]v'E\fvr]v
dnayxoi'criv
5mXa(yEpii"va-iv
etKaoyzeWu)
women
: cf. Theocr.
dfi/ftpov
8. 48 (Ttftov
p.',
Festus, p. 37
decorticatum,quern
Delubrum
pro
deo
dicebant
venerabantur.
est,
i.]
THE
Clem. Alex.
p,ev rjv
40
P.
8e eVi
KCU
TO
AGE.
TTJC
TIpoK\"ovsap^ovros
$ea"y $e izaXiora
I *
9- 4^'
1C
Sa/zt'ay
"Upas ayaX/zairpo
di"6pan
ides eyevero.
oe
o~KrjrrTpovo 7rotfjo~(it
Xatpcovel?
rtyucotriTO
"H(paio~Tov.
*OfJ.r)pos
(prjfftv
Ait
7
5e
/"^. 5. 13, Y diaftdvri
""
Max.
T}T.
PailS.
"jj\oi"
Athens,'E/tyi^y
at
IITTO
DlSS.
8.
KIOW
xXaScoi/ nvparivas
ov
avvoirrov.
fv
Trrj^avres
O/J^"'TOJ
rt^icoat,
Kai
can
TO
Xi'^ov 5e apyou
o-j)!/
Te'^f?;,
/"^.9. 27,
Id. 9.
ap^otoi/.
38, I,
6Wos
'HpaKXe'ous
eartf
TO
/cara
Kai (T(piO'iv
ayaX/zaTraXatoraTo^
13
Atoi/uaoj/
yecopyot
12
ev
T^/ii^a)
ayaXfjui
ncTroirj-
9, 6 /uera
2.
ovofjLafrfjLevri
Ilarpaja,o'l'i'
Se
"Epp.ovTTOTO^OV
rov
T(6rj\vias.
fjLVpa-ivTjs
/"^. I. 27,
17
ICON
Protrept.
p.
o-avis,
varepov
PaUS.
AN
dpyus\idos.
fimv
creftov"i /zaXtoTa
XapiVcoj/)
re
BoeOtia,ras
in
at OrchomenoS
'Ereo/cXfi avras
TO"
"cai
(ayaX/uaTa
817nfrpas
peit
Treaclf
CK
rov
ovpavov
(pa.o~lv.
4
y"^. 2. 31,4
e'0'
Xe'youcrtz/
ou
TTOTe
TOI'
Se
ffjLTrpocrdfV
avo~p(sTpoifrviw
TOV
\L6ov
vaov
oe
iepovdviu
K.a\ovp.fvov
'OpeVr^i/
""ddr^pav.
tvvta
Pallas
crucis stipite
a
Tertullian,
Apolog.16 Quanto dislinguitur
sine effigie
rudi palo et informi ligno
Attica et Ceres Raria quae
15
prostant.
16
Clem.
Alex.
Stromat.
Kiovas
Apyfiijsrj
ivravrfs
'.
Kiova
y/;a$ei
yovv
rf]t"
naicpov
dvdo~o~r]S.
(pr)(rlv
Evpnridrjs ^Avrionrj
fv
f'v8ov fie
Ko/zcoi/ra
17
of TraXatot eaffiov
Bwdvoivi
aTe/z/zno-i Kal
^Ko"jp.rj"T(v
nfpi
ib.
T"v
ras
aK/Ji/3co$J)i/at
P. 7rp\i"
yovv
p. 418
Zk
Plutarch,
6a\dnois /3ou/coXoj/
fan
8e
ovo
y^fVa.
VOL.
I.
Eviov
ad init.TO 7raXa"a
Frat. Amor,
O-TV\OV
Ktao-w
TWI/
6eov.
Aioa-Kovpw d"pi8pvp.aT"i
eVe^t/XaTrapaXX^Xafiuat TrXayi'oty
RELIGION.
GREEK
8
1
18
Athen.
Semos)
of
Delias
the
from
(quoting
614
epxfrat
p.
Ar/Xoi"
Ar/roooi"
ayaX/ia)
(TO
8e
Idav
fls
r)\8e
avro
TO
KCU
(is
.
19
Paus.
IO.
Xt'^os
K(ii
ea-riv
24,
ov
/xc-yas*
eAaioi/
ocrrjpepai
TOVTOU
eVtrt^eafri
Damasc.
20
21
^e"a
dva/"6(o-^ai
aXXo)
aXXoi/
J.
rail/
TTpo
6vpa"v'
ISiovs
p.
Aii
Kpoi/w
'Ayvtay.
Harpocrat.
"al
'HXi'cp
Kt'a"f
Se
'Ayuievs
e"m
eiVat
rw
aXXotf.
roi?
Z'.
6e
137)
Didot
Script.
G'r^r.
(J9^/.
/r*V/.
z;/'/a
apya.
ra
epia
eKacrTrjv
eoprrjv
Kara
KOI
i,
'A
(ftaariv
avrovs
o^u
et?
{-v\ivov
II.
CHAPTER
BEGINNINGS
THE
IT
the
is
when
of art
process
The
wooden
while
the
seventh
But
attributed
to
may
et/cw^
is at
Greek
in
and
since
we
know
origin
The
tenth
Greek
prevalent
morphic
divinity
instances
form,
of
can
the
was
in
form.
of
ArchaeoL
that
Review,
the
was
be
may
November
2
showa,
to
quoted
1888,
p.
the
the
though
was
which
of
image
not
of
model.
Assyria
under
from
idols
but
Oriental
an
for
through
thence,
and
image
carved
tried
in
Babylonian.
the
come
do
we
Greek
East,
spreading
to
and
the
been
of
question,
were
of
Egypt
figured
they
fame
traced
of
ruins
present
certainly
elsewhere
be
the
from
have
may
the
approximately,
came
earliest
contrary
for
almost
is
have
have
idol-work
whereas
the
idols
beginnings
on
degree
the
impulse
"
to
found
ninth
wooden
the
of
the
to
primitive
most
idols
remotest
must
as
the
proper
half
the
to
and
belong
the
for
even
probably
special types
Much
the
date
onwards
the
latter
assigned
back
clue
no
developed
most
Assyria
world
certain
in
century
and
us
their
impulse
iconic
further
give
know
not
the
the
period
the
tradition,
human-shaped
whether
Egypt
still
Mycenae
do
Daedalus
not
the
worship.
uncouth
Troy
of
be
when
or
Homer's
as
consider
to
idolatry possible.
from
to
were
then
make
begins
roughly
Daedalus
cult
iconic,
to
as
works
may
Greek
early
as
record
the
and
far
least
artistic
of
AGE.
first became
so
according
go
The
the
advanced
age,
century.
not
had
ICONIC
THE
history
object
century,
prehistoric
iconism
the
the
certain
We
for
important
question
OF
are
167.
the
man.
of
therioGreek
The
insufficient
weight
disprove thisa,for
to
owl-eyed
tivelylate
; the
Dionysos.
We
as
"
horse-headed
all events
have
If
half-fish.
half-woman,
certain
is
this representation
divinity,
principlejust mentioned.
the
from
emerging
It
the
image was
symbol bringinghome
way
are
any
passage
the
image
statue
the
of
there
to the
Hera
shed
her altar
at
showed
p. 21-23.
Schomann's
2.
the
Ilios,p.
Griechische
288.
Alterthiimer,
The
Kunst
Demeter
view
of Milchhofer
in Griechenl.
pp.
(Anfanged.
60-62),that
is identical with
this
horse-headed
shrine
or
blood
in
the
the e8os of
statue
the
Sybarites was
Euripides'play declares
of
aversion
same
Gorgon
that
will
discussed
be
to find
that the
The
its presence.
by
appears
in
on
the
when
the
early vases,
chapter on
Demeter.
c
pp. 174-175.
b
the
sense
of
deity and
the
the view
show
it
was
power
indeed
identityof
as
remote
nor
and
nature
is hard
in
uncultivated
earlyand
image0.' It
Iphigenia
"
popular view,
the
the exact
when
and
peoples,'the
animated
aside
turned
human.
intimate
often
and
divinity,
god darkly
XiOos feoros,but the
the
belief,but many
in the most
was
monu
or
of the
form
senses
never
in the
that establishes
in ancient
literature
the
divinitywere
be
people'sreligionto know
regarded. Was it regarded merely
the
inorganic block,
the
embryo form
the history of
concerns
what
find
we
of this
features
left record,
have
ments
was
the
At
of
represented
a
genuinely
was
this to
assume
Hellenic
to
who
mysterious goddess
we
idol
of the
account
of
primitiveform
of
at
strangely-shaped idol
tradition b ; and
lastlya more
near
Phigaleia,a
Eurynome
probably
Athene
or
Pausanias
in
record
doubtful
Demeter
cow-headed,
as
Dionysos-Zagreus is compara
the earliest conception of
not
bull-headed
is at
or
Hera
about
certain
nothing
know
we
showed
that
monument
any
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
20
De
Saussay's Religionsge-
La
schichte,vol.
Athenae.
i.
p. 54.
p. 521.
ii.]
BEGINNINGS
THE
matricide
Orestes
dragged
statues
that
passages
Greek
hand,
other
the
On
of
Heraclitus1.
that
the
and
Zeno
and
temples
went
alike.
the
Thus
the
great
also
to
remained
people
could
the
more
the
idea
days
s
be
believed
of
of
mind,
the
and
the
Taur.
in
nature
1165.
any
in
Greek
retained
for
other
the
them
way
the
sacrifice.
it
its
and
revealed
here
But
developed
Down
religion.
image
of
and
thinkers,
few
expressed
expressed
iph.
had
Greeks.
the
statues
prophets
Church
among
iconoclasm
paganism
about
"
advanced
or
Hebrew
Christian
God,
combats
image
by
the
by
earliest
the
of
towards
tendency
expressed
idea
of
seriously
propitiated
be
can
of
nature
true
noted
declared
propriety
Menander4
in
was
School-
the
deny
to
as
idols
to
the
of
wanting
image-worship.
Socratic
nothing
Even
divinity
teaching
the
last
of
illustrates
not
prevailing
the
of
far
so
is
offered
prayer
teach
could
image
that
itself
chaining
of
votaries
their
the
Antisthenes
belief
by
practice
literature
against
protest
unreasonableness
by
it
abandoning
were
Palladion
the
of
The
21
suppliants
the
feet
eyes.
AGE.
conception.
same
The
when
the
her
them
prevent
and
from
closed
goddess
ICONIC
THE
a,
near
slaughter
to
to
the
drew
away
the
Siris,
OF
hold
no
to
over
immediately
more
all
that
they
divinity.
Strabo,
p.
^"4.
the
the
than
felt
and
RELIGION.
GREEK
22
REFERENCES
Clem.
Heraclitus,
dyd\p.a(Ti
TOHTLV
Clem.
j'b.
rovreoicriv
(TOV
ffeov)'
Ib.
691
P.
Xeyfi
Ib.
720
roi?
(KpaGftv
dv6pdo7roi(Ti
KCU
6l"T]TOi"nv
ov8e
6fj.t"iios
eV
Zyvwv
Km
rts
eg
TTJS
rw
.
TroXtreias
7T\rj6oS
T)
pi(f)(t)V
.
evvovv
VOJJL'L^L
dvr)T
tKtivos
Cf.
Ararat.
vdrjfjia.
TIS
Tl
eUovos
peyiaros
6vaiav
de
176)
fio/zoi"rt
P.:
fl
Frag.
(Bywater,
re
de'nas
44
2co*:pa"c6s-
avrov
Qfolcri
ev
et
oi"8cls
dtonep
6eos
els
ov
P.
714
p.
p.
OKOIOV
Xenophanes
from
quotation
P.
Protrept.
fv^ovrai,
Strom,
Alex.
"pT](rl
coucfvai
Alex.
II.
CHAPTER
FOR
6fov
TOV
xa\
fppfvas
Kov"pas
f'xft.
/St/SXtw
pyre
vaovs
of
Eternal
the
or
metaphysicand
is thus
stage
savage
equivalentto XpoVoj,
made
Another
received
ever
or
He
kind
of double
of
KpatW
in the
from
derived
based
false
on
been
has
is also
Cronos
of
explanation
philology.
a
popular
ever
fallen, nor
religion.
the
as
have
later writers
of the
clear
kept
part
most
or
impossiblephilological
an
"
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
24
of
sense
of
laws
the
ripen.' But
'
and
is not used in
/cpauw
vowel-change forbid the derivation,
is there any
the sense
of ripen,'
nor
proof at all that in the
earlyreligionhe is identical with Helios c, or is the double of
the primitive
is yet another
There
Zeus.
theory that saves
'
Cronos
that
is
of
devourer
light of
the
Greeks
themselves
rites
identified
with
god
was
hear
we
Cronia
the
there
And
found
of
Cronos
But
even,
as
vation
as
the
religion. Now
and
they
Moloch,
identified
also
it seems,
for
Cronos
Celtic
with
they
divini
westward
no
first who
away
de Mundo, 7 K/"oVov
8e Tret?*
Aristotle,
been
to have
Xtyerai,seems
xpovov
p. 71
the
Moloch,
god
risingHellenic
have
the
"
Kunst-Mythologie^
fades
gradually
gods.
the Phoenicians
that
/cat
two
Semitic, and
must
characrer
or
the
other
the
his
in
Cronos
of
presence
Phoenician
the
simply
infants, who
before
the
by Bottiger
theory maintained
the
from
religiousworld
Greek
Lexikon
doubtful.
he
on
Kronos
in
regardsthis deri-
His
attested
late and
by
vide Ref. 8
lowing
of the
be
legendsas
and
stone
made
to
is
only
the
the swal-
frequent
stones
support any
him.
Vol. i, pp.
Helios
doubtful evidence;
of meteoric
theory about
"*
Such
a.
consecration
cannot
with
connexion
221-222.
to
him
solar
CRONOS.
HI.]
the
because
fore
they
Zeus
come
rites
into
turn
consecrated
where
that
theory
Cronos
explained.
both
the
the'
caprice of
youngest
the
institutions,and
that
sacrifice and
sacrifice
that
was
the
in
overthrow
by Zeus,
and
facts
These
be
explained if
best
that
Cronia
the
out
of the
Demosthenes
honour
feast ; but
has
p.
Scholiast
and
was
to
late
Rhea, and
have
is
in historic
paid
him
and
inexplicableif
unique
They
personification.
mere
him
to
be
of the
one
other
evidence,
have
not
probable explanationof
we
period
harvest-
KpoYiaa,a
54)
in
once
scarcelyremembered
suppose
on
and
of most
as
religion
; if the myth
absolutelyno meaning as a
was
of Cronos
we
the
as
feast of
be
right at
no
defeated
(Mythologus,ii.
Buttmann
supposes
would
Homer.
eldest-born.
the
.down
honour
scant
Greek
of
early Greeks,
we
lastly,
abstraction,
an
the Attic
of
foreign,since human
or
find him
we
than
more
have
of it survived
traces
feast held
can
old
savouring of human
we
Oriental
are
history. Then
harvest-god,from whom
were
be
from
sense
Zeus
Cronos
morality,and
of Greek
KpoVos
yield to
must
these
moral
Krinys supports
institution of the
an
Greece.
to
reminiscence
vanished
the
to
legends of
savage
conclude
to
the
have
we
the
of very
be
this must
had
that
alien
seems
therefore Poseidon
Again,
least
much
flavour
probably
it is
poet;
stronglythat
holds
At
borrowed,
originally
or
have
; and
sons
a
'Jungstenrecht.'
practice
who
was
instance, Cronos
ties,are
did
Hcsiodic
it
system, but
of Cronos
did
harvest-feast
leaves
native
originally
character
legend and
religion. The
been
Phoenician
was
Whether
the
have
to
how
divinity to whom
rejoicedtogether?
slaves
and
masters
Moloch, and
of
son
seems
Besides, how
Greece.
apparentlymild
an
festival that
the
bloody, there
and
savage
indigenous in
be considered
to
Moloch
sometimes
were
not
were
25
no
nor
of the
nature-
any
the
name
other
of
the feast.
b
There
Mommsen's
is
no
view
sufficient
that
the
reason
Cronia
f"
was
festival (HeortologU,
a springoriginally
p.
79).
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
26
and earth
myth, that is,as a myth of thunder and lightning
quakes and volcanoes a, is regarded as a vague record of the
This is undoubtedly
struggleof religionsin the Greek world.
part of the meaning of such myths as those concerning the
One
chief
be
can
the
between
contest
part favourable
and
power
Aegaeon
for the
at
for the
of
older
an
traces
the
one
The
ft
of the
the
as
of
Preller's
and
as
benign
a
light
nature,
interpretaa
contest
destructive
and
storm-
brightness.
b
the
Vide
i : this explanation
of the
legend has alreadybeen given by Prof.
Ref.
in the
Robert
edition
new
of
Preller's
than
the
less the
same
as
was
'
cultu
'
and
is not
inconsistent with
the
accounted
naturally
older
cycle
when
And
finds
one
and
as
Pelasgoi,'
pre-historicpeople,
Solinus,
of
cult-name
M.
in
ea
an
Die
Mayer,
16 Titanas
n,
Titan-
the
sometimes
older
(Eu-
ostendunt
boea)
antiquissimeregnasse
rem
religionum. Briareo enim
divinam
s
icut
Aegaeoni
Carystiifaciunt,
ritus
Chalcidenses
Titanum
older
fuit
nam
fere Euboea
omnis
Dr.
regnum.
Briareus-Aegaeon
supposes
appears
or
Athens,
at
Titan,
only an
Olympian deity: vide
Giganten rind Titanen.
name
took
more
and
against their
acted
is
the
is
of
'
name
these
of
worship
of the
word
take
periods
dynasty.
new
ethnic
the
nothing more
Titanomachy
the
between
forces
her
is inconsistent with
tion
each
and
some
actual
Zeus, these
where
having
as
application of
vague
denotes
the
In
religionwould
cult of
in
survival
one
as
concerning
own
word
myths
and
;
the
about
view
cults in later
Delphi,
by conceiving them
order,and as friends of
the
Cronos
with
of deities
the
the
Olympians
at
disappearance
account
of
the
history; Themis
oracular
this
Olympiad
at
Briareus-Aegaeon.
powers
to
Cronos
of
from
drawn
still honoured
was
personages
the
and
favour
and
Prometheus
Themis,
Greek
in
argument
Titanomachy
Zeus
wrestling-match between
the
Apollo and
strange legend of
between
Delphic tripod,and
for the
Heracles
of
reconciliation
the
and
of Dionysos, the hostility
sufferings
Apollo and Asclepios,the contest
cult-title of
more
Poseidon
probable
that
Mayer
to
be
but
an
it
Poseidon
Euboean
Frag. 106.
sea-giant:
vide
Callimach.
ni.]
CRONOS.
other
the
be taken
may
god*.
Lastly, the
Cronos
in
slaves
the
now
Sicily and
the
often
Cronos
between
cults.
macy
becomes
that
as
the
of
hypothesis
Zeus,
in
no
or
succeeded
having
Aryan
the
he
was
father
supre
for the
Aryans
belief of
worshipped
evidence
only
That
the
not
Aryan
sky-god of
make
to
seems
in Greece
need
we
of
of the
worship
worshippers were
What
say.
sort
of
we
stories about
Cronos'
to
cardinal
tribes
his pro
the
disturbs
Zeus
or
is allowed
and
being
fiction
sort
same
perhaps by
Dionysos, the Thrakian-Phrygian god,
of Apollo.
This
Asclepios the son
all the
primitive Greeks
cult
dispossessedgod
the
way
to
name
this
at
son,
made
philology,that
cognate
Zeus
his
which
son
of the
Then
The
that
Zeus
and
struggle between
religiouscounterpart of the struggles
of the
religionof Zeus and the men
be the
men
older
of
slaves
this.
explain
violence
then
the
the
god of slaves,or
aboriginalman, claims
The
may
the
privilegesof
may
pre-historic
certain
of
for the
term
vague
the
frequentlythe
tection b.
have
analogy
guaranteed them,
becomes
as
27
may
him
Ouranos,
whatever
their
cosmic
meaning
physical
or
know
be,
may
little indeed.
very
priestscalled
certain
on
Dr.
"
to
of
lack
found
rather
divine
persons.
as
other
sacrificed
at
is the
the
Haupt-gottheit
the
is
name
appellativeof
many
quotes similar
639,
privilegesof
p.
at
the
slaves
Hermaea
at
in
that
at
Olympia
year
to
springequinox.
At
once
'
told
are
zen,
the Thessalian
and
called
1'eloria.
The
gestedin
appty to
of the
festivals
Basilae
that Titan
'
support
an
Athenaeus,
instances
We
after him
Mayer'sview
singular name
appears
arose
Cronos
Athens
at
Troe-
festival of Zeus
explanationsugnot so naturally
these.
Custom
of Cronos.'
and
Myth,
p. 45, 'The
myth
28
sacrificial cake
fifteenth of
middle
of the
be
when
valence
of
this
musical
was
the
that
according
with
Aristaeus,
and
fruits.
to
proper
and
sos,
thus
So
the
of
the
at
figsand
last
city
of
time
same
Cronos
to
Cronos
all this
appears
the
to
emblem
ancient
another
as
of
use
the
as
crowned
honey
harmless
be
of
of
Cyrene7
at
honoured
men
if the
Attic, it
worshippers
taught
sickle,the
at
the
who
god
far
made
only
the
to
pre
it
Rhodes,
the
about
divinityof vegetation,such
be
fresh
the
as
hear
and
was
offeringswere
Macrobius, when
to
themselves
it
and
masters
wide-spread
accompanied it. At
Metageitnion corresponded
month
year
the
we
as
of
speaks
summer-festival, and
Roman
Thebes5,
and
fell in the
which
at
that
contest
Rhodian
The
in Greece
festival
Athens, Rhodes6,
a
institution
he
the
spring, on
regarded by Philochorus
was
of ancient
exaggerating
in the
feast of Cronia
the
feasted
slaves
and
summer,
him
to
Elaphebolion, but
harvest-festival
offered
was
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
ritual
later
Diony-
Cronos, would
darker
naturally explained. The
aspect
of the worship,the practice of human
is
sacrifice, scarcely
attested
by any trustworthy record concerning any Greek
is an
inference
community except Rhodes
; but
legitimately
drawn
most
from
authors
as
ancient
lenized
so
whom
of
the
barbaric
be
legend
a.
Plutarch
children
The
]0~1:{"
who
mention
15
but
if
to
bronze
slippedoff
and
its wails
ghastly
rite
Diodorus
and
who
Moloch,
idol stood
fell into
were
And
paid.
was
sloping downwards,
beneath, and
Ref.
sacrifice
given by
his hands
ft
institution
cruel
offeringof
This
period
evidence.
so
a
it
Greek
it
regard
there
was
with
his
that
the
no
were
often
to
detailed
regarded
extended
arms
infant
the
Carthaginian
as
and
placed upon
of fire that
with
certainly travelled
have
the
of
pit full
drowned
we
noise
was
placed
of drums.
Crete, where
The
connecting it with the Hellenic or Helgod, it would be impossible to explain why he should
constantlyidentified with a Semitic and Celtic god to
account
them
earlier
indirect
tradition
the
Cronos
from
and
Civ. Dei, 7. 19
the
:
vide
CRONOS.
in.]
of the
myth
his breast
in
Cronos,
devoted,
was
resemblance
the
at
wine
was
There
is
the
Rhodian,
his
offered
Cronos
his father17
to
Semitic
religiousidea,
sacrifice
in
Cretan
the
points
of
traces
and
to
Phrygia, so
the worship
in the
Possibly the
death
as
here
was
burnt-sacrifice
of
the
Curctes16,
child-Zeus
and
the
in
Crete
both
also
the
under
of Cronos
mother
and
as
Rhea
Phrygia
Acrisius
name
2:{,
of human
reminiscence
vivid
and,
stories
sacrifice
If Cronos
most
was
the
secrated
nature,
same
that the
victim
human
the
and
horse
him
examples
of the
embodiment
As
with
nected
earth
an
Vide
divinitywe
the
lower
might
p.
with
not
mean
but
1505.
ib. p. 1509, gives a wrong
of this ritual,confusing it with
Mayer,
account
Cyprian
The
Cronos
3. 41,
sacrifice to
association
when
is doubtful;
calls
Pelops
Agraulos.
Pelops
of
corn-spiritmight
'
Pindar, 01.
he
Kpovtoy,'
Both
need
the
into
to
rites
the 'son,' as
only 'the
Pelops
horse,
the
Hist.
d
and
vol. 2, pp.
Mayer
god(1.
Cronos
them
con
to
the
supposes,
of Cronos.
appear
but there is
between
Num.
Ref.
paid
descendant'
coins of Himera,
connexion
with
belief
of the
and
world
of the
deities
other
to
as
fairlynumerous
the
was
to
of child-
originc.
same
the
genuinely
about
find
any
of Philo
tradition
we
Aristobuleb.
record
stupefied
been
statement
as
no
led outside
was
there
was
Porphyry
trust
the
latter country
sacrifice in the
bore
of Artemis
find
we
story
the
of
of this
that
taken
be
but
Cretan
myth
ritual
religion. The
only-begotten son
Hellenic
the
life
having
and
suppose
hardly
can
human
may
the shrine
by
to
reason
we
where
to
of Cronia
sacrificed
from
if
condemned
been
feast
the
the
and
Phoenician
the
had
no
borrowing
that
any
who
gates
with
into
to
criminal
them
with
sprang
clasped strangers to
pit of fire,attests the
only recorded worship
of the Semitic
worship
of
who
giant, Talus,
brazen
and
29
no
on
proved
there ; Head,
p. 127.
21
Fiaser, Golden
24-26.
Bough,
GREEK
30
dead
the
and
the
and
departed
of ideas.
who
sacrifice to
does
text
of Pitchers
has
the
conception of
phetic sleep below
cult of
24.
Aulis
chres
to
appears
natural
him
when
we
which
have
been
spurious in
Much
have
of
been
the
been
Where
it
Vide
Mommsen,
Lexikon, pp.
of
record
doubtful
'
character
of his
entombed
the
concep
same
from
arise
may
Cronos
the
from
or
sacrifice,
vegetationwho
divinitydoes
pro
sepul
divinity
is slain in
of
for
prophetic Cronos
find
;
Cronos
slepta
direct
record
the
dies with
to
appear
the
have
the
after
which
the whole
on
rejectingmuch
still to be
that
all
are
is late and
far
worship of Cronos
widely diffused throughout the
explained.
more
than
the
The
records
dispossessedgod
and
and
that
attest
else
we
primeval Aryan
to
be
an
idea
so
the Hellenic
how
discussed.
satisfactorily
hypothesisthat the figureof Cronos
gian-Cretan;
""
We
put together,and
who
chthonian
the
of
who
god
review
by
us
idea
god,
Such
early
Dionysos
the
this strange
to
the
prevailed9.
of
the Feast
evidence
Lycophron,
altar of the
made
cult of
better
dream-god,
only
; the
line of
the
and
con
the record.
remains
must
'
the
glean at present
can
earth
afforded
belief about
been,
is the
of the
we
the
worship
singular ritual
a
as
much
the
attempt
ancient
an
is there
The
Athens
at
with
nor
glimpse
have
the
in
this connexion
but
divinities,
clear4.
of the dead
Cronos
god is perhaps
in Sicily,where
of the
tion
other
reason
speaks of
authority,who
at
the
in the Anthesteria
such
from
any
to
as
worship
the
any
receive
Cronos
unsuccessful
been
derived
be
may
not
make
not
associate
to
it did
descended
made
heroes
rulingover
But
know
we
as
of his
legend
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
the idea
Heorlologie,
p.
1517-1518.
20
of the
note
and
22,
was
originallyPhry
affiliation of Zeus
80;
and
Mayer
and
in Roscher's
REFERENCES
Elis,at
Olympia
6. 20,
avTov
fi/}
fs
TOV
Paus.
Olympius)
DeinOSth.
K.
eWii/
Lebadea
'oAvfiTrt/co?,
enavdyovaiyap
^a\KoDs
Z(v$
vabs
Koi
24, 6
IO.
19, ch.
QrjftaseVt
2O.
TOV
re
Trophonius)
^vt6^rj.
(Westermann,p. 23)
^Tow.
TroXvv
ou
Kpdyta*dycofS'
ru
of
cave
"Hpa
/SaaiXei*ai
fifiK^rjcrw
Au
SoOijvai
Kpdvw
avrov
es
the
(into
Kariw
F/Az
pseudo-Plutarch,
TrXcoav eis
Sd^a
KOI
Kai raDr'
I.
9. 39, 3 Bvei 6
Kpoj/a)Kai
/cai
Se
ert
'Peas.
Kai
Kpovov
R.
rrjsj3ov\rjs.Vide
dcpeifjievr^s
fitaravr*
Paus.
Thebes:
6e xpovov
'EXa(pia"
rjpi
r"u
di/riTratSdff. Cf. R.
icr^/zepiai/rrjv eV
Se uyoot/
rfj
(TOVKpoviov)
opovs
(jov'EKaTOnftai"vos
pyvos)
Tt/zo/tp.
p. yo8 ScoSe/car?/
Delphi: Paus.
'AyroXXcoi'tre
TOV
i.
ap^ala
K(ii
Kpovicov
eVi
III.
dvOpatTrcov
yevovs, Kpovov
dvarepa)
ra
Athens:
It). 8. 2,
'HXeiW.
Kara
Kpdi/aj
/LiT^i/i
TRjpa
CHAPTER
FOR
Paus.
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
32
OVTOS
a'yermTrap
nuroT?
fJ.OV"TlKOS.
''
Rhodes
^4^A
Porph.
2.
etfuero yap
54
ical eV
'PdScp/iiyvi
rw
Kpdi/a)'o "17eVi TroXi' Kparrjcrav
(ivdpconos
exr?; tcrrap.eVou
Mera'yetrvico^i
Zva yap
p."Tf(B\r)6r)'
fdos
ra"v
crv^el^ov,
ev(TTa.(TT]s 8e rfjscoprasnpoayayovrfs
Kpoi/i'coj/
.
TOV
rcoi/
e'"a)
avOpatnov
otou
.
divinam
rem
Gyrene: Macr. "SVz/.i. 7, 25 Cyrenensesetiam, cum
placentasquemutuo
(Saturno)faciunt,ficis recentibus coronantur
ei
missitant
8
Alexandria:
Alexandrinorum
Cf. Athenae.
811
Sat.
Macr.
hos
pressi(Aegyptii)
pouvrey
repertorem Saturnum
mellis et fructuum
apud
quos
praecipuecolebantur, coacti
ov
r")
Arch.
rnXtov
ii[jL(polv
1872,
KUI
Ka\
/SouXo/ztWeV
at Beyrouth
Inscription
Rev.
/3o)/id$-,
cultum
(Saturnum et Serapim)in
apros)
(('yKpvfpias
faQifiv
TrpoTi^eao-ty
tyrannidePtolemaeorum
7, 14-15
deos
quoque
more,
HO
i.
aestimantes.
of
p. 253:
Kpdi/ov)
"
ro"
rou
Kpovov ifpai.
(?)third century
cf. Et.
sunt.
A.D.
Mag. 426.
Kpovov 'Hhiov
16
in.]
9
CRONOS.
Cic.
De
Occidentem
Nat.
Dear.
colunt.
KpoVof
evravda
Thurius
tellure in Sicula
eo-nepav
TOTTOIS
ewrrepav
vevovTa
qui tumulos
otKOVvrag
Hist.
memorat
Te
5e eap
TO
Adv.
TO
T^f
2t/ceXtai/ /cat
TOI'
TOV
TOIS
Trpo?
Ta
Trpo?
e'/ceiVouKpoj/taTrpoo"-
378
KaXfiy
/cat
fjyelo-dai
GeoTro/^Tros
QeposA^poSirrjVj
184 KpoVoi/fie
o~vvo\ov eV
aV
v^rjXwv TOTTCOV
ad
Sui"ao-re"o-aiSe' "pao-t
'iTaXtav Kal
T")y
KOTU
crvo-TT]o-ao-6ai
TTJV /Sao-tXeiW,
toropet
Grace.
maxime
Gent. 4.
Saturnias
reliquiasque
Sic. 3. 61
Diod.
eVt 8e
h.i/3vT]v,
ayopeveo-Qai.Cf. Plut. Zk
vulgo
cf. Arnob.
:
T(Ta"p6ai
avTov
contineri.
2iKeXt'ar"*fnt
KOTO.
Saturnum
17, 44
3.
Philochorus,Frag.
erriKflcrdai2t*eXta,Kat
25 Patrocles
33
8e Trpos
TOVS
ecnrepav
fie
TO
Kpoj/oi/,
pei" ^ftp-cora
vao~6aL
Diod.
Sic. 13- 86
5e
'AjuiX/cas
KUTU.
TO
fdos
naTpiov
TU"
Kpoixo
p.fv
o~(payuicras.
Plutarch,De Sllperst.
171
Sc
TI
fjToiavTa
vopi^fiv
iJ-r/Tfdaip.6va)v
Soph. Frag.
e'XuoriTeXel/iT^Te
Ttva
OUK
Kap^r;8ovioif
dvciv oia
TCO
Kpoj/a)edvov
'}
:
(corr.Scaliger)
132
Kpdi'aj
/3ap/3apots
$m;7roXeIi"
dp^Btv ytvos.
ffpoTCtov
vofMS
PlatO,Min.
ov
TCIS
Diod.
^etpas
TavTa
Sic.
2O.
vTTTias,
Dion.
TOL/S
TO)
ov
K"U
Kpovco.
avTo'is dvftpias
Trap'
Kpoi/of ^aXKoi'
5e
eVt Tr)i"
e'y/ce*cXt/ieVay
y;^,
fl?
vlds
auTuv
ocriov
Tt"f
cotrTf
tiriTcOtma
TWV
%a(T{JL(l7f\rjpfS
TTVpnS.
Tl
duo-Las eVtreXtti/
Kpovw
38 \fyovo~t8e
Te'coy j^ TroXiy fitep-fti'e,
['Pco/iatourl,
cof/Trep eV Kap^^Soj/t
Trapa
TraXatou?
KeXTOt?
Hal.
(cat
auTcoi/
ryf
d7TOKV\l"o6ai KO.ITTlTTTflV
J
a)S
tvioi
14
TOI"JI
fiev
6vovo~iv [cii""pa)7rovs~\
Kap^^Sovioi
315^
KOI
avTols,
eo~Ti
yap
I.
/cat
Ta?
TO)
/cat
ToSe
ff
%p6vovyiyveTaixal
aXXoty
fv
Ttat
TU"V
ecrncpiav
edv"Vjdvdpo-
(povovs.
16
Frag.
Grace.:
Hist.
6vo~iwv (prjaiTOVS
KprjTiKcov
17
Philo
fJLOVoyfvrivioi"
8
et
I.
22
i.
7, 37,
sacra
3. p.
Saturno
dicit
.
iam
quotationfrom
quae
Grace.
Philochorus
fructibus
Graium
TWV
o-vvayuyf)
569)
TOI/
tavTov
TTarpt 6Xo"afTOt.
Cecropem
aram
pars
Conficiunt
VOL.
10,
frugibus et
vescerentur; Ib.
Maxima
i.
TV
Kpova) flueivrralo'as.
TraXaioj/TW
TO
(Frag. Hist.
24
Kpoj/ojOvpavco TU"
statuisse
familiarum
Koup^Ta?
Bybl.fr. 2. "
IVIacrob. ""z/.
Attica
eV
Istros,frag.47 "Io-rpor
Saturno
et
Cronia
esse
Opi primum in
ut patres
instituisseque
coactis passim cum
servis
.
et
L. Accius:
maxime
Athenae
iterantur ab
illis,
RELIGION.
GREEK
34
Quisque
C.
Gr.
I.
famulosque
fere
urbesque
agros
per
omnes
procurant
suos.
Demosth.
Schol.
laeti
epulis
Exercent
celebrant
diem
Eumque
I. A.
C.
523,
eoprfj
10
113.
p.
TO"V
'EXa^)^/3oXia"i/oy"' Kpov"o
77
3.
6ea"v.
fJ.r]Tpl
Kal
Kpovat
ayofievrj
SooSfK-
nonavov
6jjL(pa\ov.
21
Schol.
Neptuno
ritu
eV
OVT"
OVT"
JVVT]
KVO)V
Se
avrbv
LyCOphron
Diod.
"naOrj T""V
6eS)v
^eoi
27
J/Epya
5' efwoz/
ev8aiuov"OTciTT]s
ei.Tt
^eol
"pvgiv
Kal
(pevyovcri
cf.
fleav
irp"Tos
KprjriKrjs "l^rjs
6*
a/z""l/3co/zw
MeXa/tTroda
97
I.
Kal
irfpl
ra
roC
MevavSpos,
Et.
els
fls
V.
eneftaXc.
Kpiaiv
(pacrlv
S.
Kovprjruv
vno
Mag.
Kara^ve'tatv
avro
enrjpKfo-cv'
7rpo/j.dvnos Kpovov.
fjLerevfy"e~ivl" AiyvTrrov
(pao~i
Ka]
fiTavop.a\iay
TTJS
//.
Kpovov
5.
HI
of
"7rl
fj."v
aKrjdea 6vp,6v
Kpovov
TO
ra
.
crvvohov
rrjv
nfpl
trfpl ra
OVO-TJS,
15.
224
eypa^/av
as
ftaXa
dp,(pls eovres.
or
rjcrav,
e/tjSacr/XeufV
ovpavat
e^ovres.
PhilodemuS,
Hom.
Kal
16,
io~Topiav.
Hesiod,
ware
elprja-dai,on
avTots
ot
p.v6o\oyovfMfva
Kpovov
TO"LS
napa
rrjs
avrpov
203
Sic.
p.
rrepl Kp^r//s.
rots
ev
Kpovos
Kpovov
TQV
on
Kpovov
'ApKecnov
Mag.
2.
Mem.
^uXap^o?
(p^o-t
"w?
8,
8.
De
(lo. Lyd.
34
pro
p.v1a "l(TTJfl.
OVT"
Hesych.
(pacnv
frag.
[KpoVov] tfpw,
OVTOV
KUT
'AKpurias
aXXot
Et.
ro"
Graec.
Paus.
Cf.
immergere.
devoraret,
Illyrico quotannis
unde
tradunt,
aquis
Hist.
filios
suos
cum
devorandum
Frag.
Phylarchus,
Saturno
12
solere
equum
Bekker)
i.
oblatum
equum
sacrorum
Georg.
Virg.
yap
'Ha-toSos
re
p-a^J??
p.
/cat
51
6
G.)
Kal
'
TTJV
"7TV0OVTO
T^S
"rt
KpoVou
A\KfjL"ti)vi8a 7roir]o-a$.
Kal
a'XXoi
otTTfp
eW
^s-
CHAPTER
IV.
ZEUS.
THE
of
study
cults
the
of
interesting chapter
it includes
the
primitive
ideas
all
nearly
two
the
arts
of
the
special
has
such
the
development
At
times
he
polytheism
in
of
part
of
which
the
of
this
the
but
to
in
expected
the
unless
the
what
We
oracles
deity
cannot
under
he
of
was
withheld
in
Greece
what
begin
an
Zeus
and
particular
of
account
D
the
in
by
great
part
of
instruct
the
this
should
worship
the
public
abstract,
term
some
needed
the
he
for
worshipper
name
of
importance
by
to
was
appellatives,
the
God
deity
must
evidence
designated
the
consist
must
greatest
to
the
help
cults
And
the
made
addressed
be
of
of
nature
direct
most
our
divinity usually
of
Zeus.
growths
poetical
mere
never
sort
of
cult-titles, which
the
state-religion.
were
what
help might
of
from
worship
particular
of
are
the
the
in
showed
that
whole
Hellenic
other
examination
an
for
monotheistic.
the
of
as
the
of
much
so
separate
expressing
more
religion
character
the
as
the
became
sacrifice
and
prayer
in
distinguished
on
title
times
at
embodied
ideas
ideas,
overshadow
utterance
carefully
and
moral
to
and
study
great
be
of
of
and
Greek
counts
or
were
of
civilization
in
and
figures
are
character
content,
most
life
the
Prometheus
no
for
human
and
external
yet
ethical
seems
religious
The
Greece,
the
advanced
Although
of
most
religion,
most
nature
and
history
of
wealth
the
worship.
Dionysos,
in
importance
the
this
Athene,
Apollo,
of
Greek
religious thought,
with
side
by
departments
with
penetrated
of
the
perhaps
of
history
extremes
side
the
the
is
Zeus
of
and
right title,
the
function
worshipper
to
pray.
by noting
the
RELIGION.
GREEK
36
of
primitive worship,
the
have
we
it is hard
seen,
import, of
originalexact
the more
primitive from
cult, if
which
moral
or
is
AIKTCUOS-
born
there
to
his
of his
in cults and
this; the
the
land
'
prior to the
Kp^rayez/'ij?
the
Crete
in
that Zeus
maintained
Pythagoras6.
excessive
weight
ascribed
to
theoryworthy
Crete
It is
of Euhemerus
is maintained
impossibleto
of
the
was
Zeus, whom
lies great
Here
it a
which
value
the
that
from
worship.
is
myths
cult of Zeus
Cretan
the
gives an
Kunst-Mythologie,
legend,and draws
Diodorus
Siculus,in
believe
all
to
stages of
and
earlier,
epigram
an
says
but
in
to this
cradle
the
root-meaning, the
we
can
distinguish
advanced
is the
there
died
and
Bottiger,in
or
have
common
probable hypothesis
the
legend of
God,'
call
men
more
preserved
appears
the strange
and
the
god
1~9, claims
Zeus
religionof
name,
spiritual.The
and
fix the
to
the
most
of the
physicalaspect
more
the
accept
we
character
aboriginal and
are
centres
the
to
was
tribes.
Hellenic
As
cult
the
and
personage
important
places may
are
different
and
elements
different
contributed
the
Dodona
Crete,Arcadia, and
diffused
originated and
it
whence
Greece
in
tribe
localityor
[CHAP.
Cretan
difficult
and
prove
legend
the
be
to
is that
it
illustrates very
value
A
for the
Crete
with
Cretans
Minor.
legend in
Crete
legend
to
ruse
the
Pyrrhic
conceal
Have
we
It is this
here, as
worship that
grew
with
Cronos
of
war-dance
and
birth
of
child,and
third
their
influences
chief
that
reason
because
from
and
the
the
Curetes
the
point that
some
have
and
spread
most
thought,the
over
and
Phoenicia
the
that
Zeus-
part of
swallowingof
the
birth
the
cults
points in
Zeus:
from
evidence
qualitybelongingto
savage
the
the
for
three
are
concerns
the Earth-Mother
latter.
confused
There
which
the
stone:
a
often
receive
to
suspicion; not
ahvays liars,but
were
Asia
historyhas
much
were
legends
the
Greek
of
student
and
have
little
primitive ideas, though it may
historyof the purely Hellenic religionof Zeus.
the
explained
prominence
and
death
concerns
germ
the Hellenic
as
of
of the
here.
us
of the Zeus
world
or
is
ZEUS.
iv
this
all
at
Probably
the
by
attended
Phrygia
of
Dionysos,
hung
was
theory0, based
is Welcker's
This
worship
native
in the
the
but
Dionysos,
it
that
Athenaeus,
god
new-born
'
was
that
sow
will not
legend
and
child-god
the
to
Sardis
also8
had
claimed
to
be
the
At
a
least the
have
also
may
god
b
the
same
Zeus.
This
at
been
least
of Bacchus
nurse
an
'
Argos"a
image of the
at
is
Amalthea
the
to
this animal
the
the
and
from
c
Cronos
the
in
Aphrodite
it
there
attached
same
do
with
hung
it on
that
note
of
Tralles
Griechische
else
that
may
the
and
the
her
believe
birth
the
men
Zeus,
and
story
gave
13.
the mature
a
tree
Gotterhhrc,
fab.
2, p.
39.
218,
"c.
explanation
ginus,that
of
the
to
animal
may
we
by
recorded
is nowhere
pig
cycle,and was
Lastly, we
legend
decaying year.
of the
I should
called
'
Possibly
the
certain
in
making
sacred
the late
rise to
counterpart: ; and
from
Crete
into
came
his nurse,
as
sow,
Cybele,
of Attis- Adonis,
her
Minor,
of Asia
trust
may
consider
the
n.
Now
at the sacrifice
first-offering
in the ritual of Zeus, but was
found
cult
we
cow
the
with
nourishment
the
'
can
of the
taste
to
story
gave
rites with
sacred
akin
We
recognized
was
wherefore
perform
the
sacred, and
especially
of Praesos
Dionysos
Stranger
cults.
Greek
of
bull-form
the
and
figures
elsewhere
coins11,regarded
of Cretan
the evidence
nurture
legend, if
Cretan
another
cult, and
Dionysiac
chief
features
in certain
especiallyassociated
is
him
suckled
to
Zeus.
him
infant's
the
the
the
came
reallyAtys,
named
new-comers
legend concerning
who
was
find additional
Cretan
child
the
b.
and
arguments
mother
his
that
image, like
many
mainland
the
from
child-god and
the
found
island
Greeks
the
analogies:
on
may
sacrificial purposes
for
tree
on
death
and
whose
rise and
typifythe
is
birth
earth a, whose
"
Rhea,
probably not
Dionysos Atys of
the
rather
all,but
at
of
son
of the Curetes,
orgiasticrout
Zeus
Hellenic
the
Zeus-worship ?
dies, the
who
child-Zeus
the
not;
Hellenic
the
of
integralpart
an
37
save
the infant
Eph.
Arch.
vide text, p. 8.
1893,
Uiv.
i.
16-25;
and
reflected
It was
cult.
recognition in Greek
the myth
Mount
Lycaeum, where
Cretea,
place
the Arcadian
of
Cretan
or
Achaea
we
to
snake
And
honey-cake,was
bore
very
suckled
sufficient
we
in
Amalthea
its
in the
hand,
better
can
and
study
the
moreover
that
changed
into
bore
and
clear
Olympia
b.
Arcadia.
in
and
Dodona,
and
couch
on
historic
Zeus,
Tomouri
from
the
and
earth.'
his
eworthy
Tomarus
the
tradition
that
one
to
seem
which
on
of
of
'
have
the
divination
"
at
the
out
th
pr
anL,
P
'
pre
called
temple
stood
of
'
Dodon^
D"
'"
^^
that
doves
life!
Dodona
"f lots
os
the
to
points
or
been
'
who
the
feet and
Pelasgic
^
ssd
afar,
dwell
primitive fashion
form
the
not
"
Dodo-
dwellest
thee
wash
is the
who
priests,
Mount
evidentlyretained
This
of
Unes
around
proof
The
in Homei,s
graphicaliy described
of Dodona, thou
that
Pelasgian God
wintry
of
primitive phase of
early and
very
horn
the
is
the
who
the
for
reason
have
we
Crete
Dodona
Zeus-worshipat
-eus,
Zeus,
believe
may
Olympian temple
between
early connexion
nean'3
in
Aegium
at
and
was
invading Arcadian
army,
the
temple of Eileithyia with offeringsof
the child Zeus-Dionysos ; for elsewhere
Zeus
of the
Saviour
title of the
City/ and the
child
of the
We
desire
"
this
image
at
the
terrified
in
the
to
Also
being probably
Zeus
pretentious of the
goat that
of the
story there.
Cretan
and
worshipped
the
itself
due
the
contest
etymology.
legend
city
to
be
may
of
birth
the
of
slight
Arcadian
the
on
the
the
mistaken9
find the
the
localizing
mountain,
priesthood
of the
name
the
on
but
received
Hellas, and
of
god
omnipotent
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
38
from
ro
caldron
RELIGION.
GREEK
40
his
attached
him
to
alluded
have
in
which
E^J/xtos-,
titles
sacred
"I"4uoj17
Lesbos18, and
idea,just as c/^/
the
to
the
air, is
the
in
voice
the
"Oo-o-a,
The
sent
who
It was,
instances.
[CHAP.
in
Erythrae,must
itself was
'rumour'
or
was
sometimes
are
all
the
dedicated
received
worshipped as
was
19. But
of the title re/xicmo*
record
in Greece
place
Its fame
high
and
enduring repute
Zeus
was
find Demosthenes
least
idential
most
the
what
state, weary
ritual
sacrifices
or
the
Of
no
it
but
Dione
existed
The
enjoyed
and
his
and
the
contains
attain
may
at
the
on
con-
The
divinity
question of the
they
Athens
at
discovered
inscriptions
throw
an
interesting
oracle
the Greek
of
political
"
Greek
which
for
its utterance
concord
answer,
we
which
or
have
questioningwe
as
yet
is free of
only
askinand
305-360.
schriften,
i^c^-i^qg
than
"
tooarrr
^
one
have
by
good
^"^
any
l^'
unfort
example
ambiguity,and
iass.
'
temple-oracle.
Delphi ;
Dodona
at
spiritualprayer
and
instance,
vmitys
only famous
house -.
mately
have
we
But
government*
ing
of
of the
is that
important
smaller
worship
relations between
.orcyraean
of
to
referring
functions
the
was
omens
the North-western
Greeks.
among
celebrated in a Pindaric ode ; and
excavations
recent
light on
fame
earlyas
as
the
in
the
and
guidance,
Dodona
spoke through
the
paled before
3odonean
we
Zeus
where
Parnes21,and
Mount
"n^aAe'os on
god of
The
the battle.
sign for
favourable
some
he had
probablybecause
of this name,
to Zeus
spear
short
other
for
'^
I59"'
ItwaspVobaWy.asPomtowsuggests,
of
ZEUS.
iv.]
given
theatrical
with
celebrated
tinued
dark
belonged
at
it
conspicuouslyas
god
Peloponnese
vatory220. But
received
human
dreaded.
The
practicewhen
the
to
of
that
him
and
present
and
could
of
foretold
and
rite
to the
them
to
wolf
cult
is much
Prof.
Robertson
with
god
the
The
ft
Ib.
Article
shape
mysterious
b
Smith
cult of
into
is
is
and
wolf, may
a
cast
that
we
Zeus
sacrifices his
here
to
and
'Religion of
209.
rare
the
is the
who
is
himself.
compare
year,
of
AVKCIOS
fact of very
man
theory
have
son
years
22b' g"n.
shadow
The
wolf,
The
within
noteworthy
Sacrifice,
Encyc. Brit.,
of nine
flesh.
those
into
end
at the
probable,that
who
Lycaon
among
one
some
in all this.
wolf-clan, and
Lycaon,
a
animal
or
1587.
on
and
feasting
that
myth
transformation
suffered
man
sacrifice is
human
obser
was
his human
no
of this clan.
transformed
of
for the
when
Zeus
also the
namely, that
"
always
that
There
do
rain
whole
the
probablyaccounts
before
food
only recover
inside
priest
the
produced
which
from
the
drought
in
appears
physicalpower, namely, as
times
human
set
the rite
at
22,"
Lycaeum
excellent
serving as an
it was
chieflyas a god who demanded
known
sacrifice that Zeus Lyceius was
changed
that attached
was
savage,
is visible
at
was
the
as
period,and con
prc-historic
without
Pausanias
losing its
or
rain ; in
the
Lycaon
unawares
himself
was
late
as
myth
least
Neua
Pausanias
and
the
of
Mount
on
by certain
the
Zeus
time
mountain
the
ascended
encouragement
respects, most
elemental
an
sends
who
festival
some
repellentaspect.
and
the
performancesat
of
worship
that
worship
and
and
strangest, and, in
Arcadian
the
Dione
B.C.
century
The
the
by Pyrrhus,
it
to
second
with
times
in later
revived
oracle
The
v~x.
its connexion
through
13r~t"
sensible
anda
41
occur-
Semites,'p.
RELIGION.
GREEK
42
worship of
in the
rence
Zeus
in
and
recorded
offered
Plutarch
its
whatever
sacrifice
on
Mount
Zeus
advanced
with
connected
to
this
that
is,the records
its
physical
to
appears
sense
have
worship
survive
to
of
moral
various
these
be
indeed
the
denote
the
the
the
been
mountain,
306 f. Parall.
Zeus
regarded as
exile who
of
Mount
^w,
fleeson account
and
of Alcman
ode
preserved. As
cult
it is
and
it
testifyonly
that
evidence
cult
the
proves
enough
In
order.
though
but
heavens
that
the
the
word
but
he
Lycaeum might
Immerwahr
Arkadiem,
of the
of bloodshed
had
is not
the
god
term
the
contained
5.
the
or
for this
reviewing
than
'OA^mo?
had
p.
do
nothing to
root
Xa^,
expresslycalled
(Die
air ;
upper
rather
is Ouranos
simple
supposed
any
.ie
sin,
that
lives in the
god who
reference,
as
Moral
for
remarked
such
with
conception of
It has
some
the
been
localities in any
Zeus.
ideab.
of the
some
followingthe
being
necessity
atonement
of this Arcadian
collect other
to
"e
the
far this
to
seems
notice
it is to
been,
Alus,
at
of sin and
had
and
and
It is necessary
"
have
spiritualexpression, if
any
that commemorated
as
practice
preserved by
Lycaeum;
We
the
to
Idaeus
Zeus
originalsignificancemay
become
for
to
allusion
an
a.
rite of human
have
tradition,and perhaps
the
in the Athamantid
have
drought320. Finally we
and
in the legend of Meidias
The
offered
familyat Alus
Phyxios there 25,and the legend
by Lycophron may be genuine, that a certain Molpis
himself to Zeus
Ombrios, the rain-god,in time of
survived
practice,
the worship of Zeus
the
even
of
tradition
Aristomenes
whom
Ithomatas,to
prisonersof war24,and
hundred
have
to
seem
; we
[CHAP.
Kulte
und
23) wrongly
and
SQ
Mythen
supposes,
iv.]
ZEUS.
signifiedthe
is doubtful
sky,' for
shining'one
; but
if
that
allow
once
'
the
and
mountain,
The
a.
Olympius
have
may
derivation
have
taken
countless
the
his
other
at
shining
snow-
from
name
instances1'.
of the
Athene
It would
be
and
would
denote
may
be
illustrated
Zeus
at
the
Aeolic
an
with
and
divinityof
by the
Stratonicea,where as
associated
of the
not
and
doubtful'-7.
'
originallydenoted
the
meaning
of Zeus
need
we
Zeus
means
divinitymay
the speciallocalityin this as in
The
of this derivation
accuracy
accept the
we
Zeus
word
43
Hecate
Doric
the
form
for ?;/me/no s,
broad
daylight0,and
epithet Uara^pu^
attaching to
divinityof
by
contrast
that
had
the
light he
was
2S. It is
possiblethat a like
sense
belongs to the word by which Zeus was
designated
at
in Elis, AcvKtuos2-0, the 'white
Lepreum
god,' which
Pausanias
to explain by reference
seems
to an
ancient plague
of leprosy; a myth that may
have
the people's
arisen from
of
etymology
But
it is far
name
almost
died
out
them.
among
the
probable that the Zeus ACVKCUOS, whom
in the time
of Pausanias,
Lepreatae only faintlyremembered
was
reallyZeus Lycacus, the national god of the Arcadian
This
ft
more
theory appears
treatise
De
Mundo,
B,
For
further discussion
vide p.
inscription of
league27contains
Orchomenus
Amarios
as
TO
the
the oath
Achaeans
the
by
sworn
Strabo
of the
question
63.
An
the
where
p. 400
from u\o\a.fjLiTr)s.
is derived
*OA.y/x7roy
b
first in
the
in
and
the
and
Amaria.
temple
in
of
men
of
name
Athena
speaks of
Achaean
of federation
in
common,
in which
'Ofidpiov,
tainingthe
about
by
terms
Aratus
the
of the
between
as
evidentlyunderstood
meaning
derivation
might by
reallymean
the god of the confederacy,explains
words
'A/zdpto?
; but neither of the two
"
and
"
could
be
There
again of the
coninscription
amnesty brought
the rival parties
for
into
doubt
no
originaland
preserved
and
dialect-variant
be
can
vouched
the
that
was
And
Aegium
deposited. Collilz
'O^dptos,which
consider
to
the
of the Achaean
cities. But
representatives
mentions
a temple of Zeus'O^aPolybius
is a mis-reading),
erected by
pios (opopios
the men
of Croton, Sybaris,and Caulon,
tion
Megalopoliswas
Zeus
the meeting-placeof
'Apdpiov,
in imitation
in
seems
by
orthodox
updpios
that
other,
is
'A/xdptos
title,as it is
inscriptionand is
correctlyby Strabo,
easilybe corrupted
the
almost
it could
of the
more
than
the
reverse
could
happen ;
god
would
documents.
RELIGION.
GREEK
44
claimed
they
which
to
community,
[CHAP.
have
to
originally
belonged.
brought
Zeus
Very rarely was
the lightsof heaven, and
the
have, indeed,
We
sun.
period in
the
invocation
instance
either
the
of
period.
common
divinities,
In Crete, where
cult-titles
such
god,
if
have
may
Zeus
as
with
to do
be
Zeus-Helios,but it may
later pantheistictheory or of
of
nothing
epigram of a probably
death of Thales2',in which
of
confusion
later
the
Anthologyon
find the
an
with
connexion
any
little or
had
he
into
the
to
the
we
merely an
the
6coKpa"rla,
and
Alexandrine
element
Phoenician
late
was
Talaios
of
Hesychius' interpretation
Tallaios
or
Talos
as
156
*, a solar
is
Helios
correct.
foreigninfluences
led
^tothe double-worshipof Zeus-Helios in Amorgos29,
and
Here
is uncertain.
certified by an
early inscription,
Whether
Zeus
there
that
some
have
may
attracted
myth
in the main
belonged to Helios,but
or
religionof
his
solar
figure is entirelydistinct,and
to explain Apollo, Heracles
and
endeavour
Nor
Zeus.
ilinquish
star-worship,which
2ligion.The
has
his
absorbed
or
people
may
others, but
must
place
any
the
cult
mythology
divinityanything
scarcely finds
at
do
to
with
all in Greek
The
the Minotaur
phenomena
his
under
Zeus
name
figuresa.
in
especial
the
care
physical
the
were
which
world
rain, the
are
that denote
the
giver
of
had
the
wind, and
cult-names
Zeus
rain,wind
and
dew,
and
to these may
BpovT"v,Kepai^os,the thunderer,
be added
host of poetical epithets**- ".
a
Probably in every
ity of Greece men
prayed to Zeus for rain in times of long
.rought,and the officialAthenian prayer has been preserved
the corn-land of the Athenians
and
m, ram, dear Zeus, on
BOTTOM*,
"
eir
pastures'
'b
It of Zeus
The
the instituti()n of
myth assodates
Panhellenios with the blessingof rain,when
P-
t he
t
male
counterpart of
ZEUS.
iv.]
Aeacus,
the
at
petitionof
the
oracle,ascended
whole
the
the
name
of
this beneficent
and
of Zeus
Aphesios:G,
became
pourer-forth,
with
all Greece
mountain
and
nation;
45
function.
It has
been
that
seen
the
Zeus
rain and
dew,
god of the fertilizing
cult for the
there
in Greek
and
was
poetical
justification
^7
of the dew-goddess in Alcman's
verse
as
personification
of Dodona
Naios
was
'
the
Etesian
moist
The
he
which
wind
of the
who
the
A
thereupon
Eleans
taught
was
continued
called
hero
is curious
to
note
to
sent
to
ritual occurred
similar
and
at Elis63.
Zeus,
the
sent
35.
in the
physical
under
'A-Tro/xwoy,
the
as
the
the
worship
who
sends
that
legend said
sacrifice to
in
god
much
was
across
sacrifice
of
Elean
at Olympia,
sacrificing
insects, and
who
god
that
Heracles, when
also Zeus
divinityis
supreme
worshipped
was
and
these
all these
the
as
So
of Aristaeus
the prayer
at
quaint of
most
functions
winds
the moon.'
Zeus
by
'ATTO'JUWOS,
Alpheus.
name
of
troubled
of this
Apollo
at
And
god.
Leucas,
in Arcadia.
Myiagros, 'the fly-catcher,'
that it is not
against the plague of flics
It
in
flesh.
It
only
offensive
anything
illustrates
or
the
great
care
taken
to
avert
service.
An
rite to him.
regarded
traces
where
of
as
a
men
find
land
the
The
divine.
same
Zeus
Karat/3cm)9 at
Zeus
that
in
which
Orestes
which
on
apyo'y,
the country
title as
ing the
much
himself
god
people
the
and
sat
the root
god,'from
touching
on
that
in the
down
came
these
of his
cured
Zeus
lightning
found
p, interpret
; but
Karairavut
We
in Trcoraojuat a.
have
nothing
is
falling
here
are
than
with
do
to
there
the
'
means
older
thought infinitely
instances
XiOos
madness, and
39
KaTruwras
appears
of
stratum
and
Homeric,
if from
as
stayer,'
'
for
used
was
'
was
called
to
may
neighbourhoodof
in the
'
we
is illustrated
the meteor
or
'
the
and
lightning,
or
which
elicere,'
phrase lovem
Etruscan
magic of
belief that
naive
rain
the
in
descends
the process
and
sentient
as
the Latin
compare
viewed
being
themselves
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
46
the
that
later
Stoicism,which
mere
as
whole
cosmos.
Though
few
such
primitive and
cults,yet
of
most
naive
them,
thought
far
so
they
as
physical functions
of
sented
as
in
the whole
of
Homer,
realm
is
preservedin
dealt
he
as
personal divinityhaving
of nature, not
as
the
is repre
over
power
or
personification
specialdepartment.
In Homer, indeed,there commonly
with
minister
the
three
realms
according to
and
Homer
Vide
Cf.
Strom.
of nature
sort
might
of
are
to
'W\"\Q,LakonischeA'ulte:
p. 21.
//.
2.
381, 426;
7. 863 P.
us
TVV
ruled
the
by
constitution,to which
seem
Clem.
Alex.
oibrjpov
"AprjV
reconcile
theory that
three
Poseidon
brothers
appeals,
polytheism with
irpoaayopevovaiv
Aiovvffov
the
appears
Kara
nal
"EXXrjves,
TWO.
rov
the
olvov
dvatyopdv.
worshipped
XfloVios
worshipped
was
is
Amorgos
of
functions
the libation
made
Other
partly fused
is
Zeus
The
physical universe.
both?
a
is called
He
remarkable
againstZeus
his association
illustrated by
strikingly
will be
trinityin
this
sole
the
never
of the
in the
that he does
world,
Trcrn/p
or
later on,
which
Zeus
god
in the
Odyssey,a complaint
school,bear
out
myth, apart
religious
say about
In fact, Greek
this view.
from
re,
and
is uttered
nor
and
popular
writers
religionand
very
little to
We
either
creation,
Orphic teaching,have
of
whensoever
'
'
of his
ever
or
men,
ai'bp"v re Ot"v
is
he
of
compassionate men
not
he
'
Philius.
noticed
by Homer
passage
those who
in which
also
but
regarded as
of the vint
god
brothers.
the supreme
becomes
Dionysos;
ivy,mark
regards
his
with
Zeus a,
to
representationof Zeus
explicitas
more
of
with
evidence, which
monumental
is still
was
monumental
well-known
Didymaeus6-,
crowned
were
the
the
deity
attached
Zeus
'
of
and
and
As
55.
identified with
times
at
wine-god, which
the
with
find him
of
Cyrene
Hades
sometimes
age'45,and
for
Zeus
counterpart
and
world
worship at Acraephia of
the
Paros
name
Laconia,was
world, and
the
as
of
lower
god of the
were
fertility
vegetation and
are
we
prepared to
and
Corinth
at
euphemistic
an
in
lower
of the
Eubouleus
Zeus
the
Pluto; and
[CHAP.
oak-grove at Caryae
in the dark
designatethe king
to
meant
in
RELIGION.
GREEK
48
evolved
have
worships
out
of the
on
universe, or
for instance,
clear allusions
that
acknowledged him as
the god of the olive-tree and fig-tree,
as
of cattle and
a god
**-",
corn-growing
have the cult-titlesfrSei^os
we
47,49j
to
and
for the
worship
out
at
of
some
Halicarnassus
physical
and
Qd'.
20.
201.
being
which
barren
iv-]
ZEUS.
element
wrought
Homer,
in
spiteof
Hesiod
it is
fourth
and
Zeus,
the
of Zeus
Zeus
of
and
of the
it was
from
sprung
the other
; on
the
the
same
it
created
Prometheus
third
hand,
Again,
Hephaestus, who
or
in
included*; in
men
the power.
attained
women
and
gods
the creation
Prometheus
mother
and
men
myth
are
but
things,gods
in his strange
before
existed
all
Chaos, and
Yet
source.
Zeus
of
physicalsource
by
upon
49
men
not
was
Pandora,
who.
in later
legend,was
of clay. Zeus
out
men
reported to have made
indeed might be the creator
or
progenitorof a certain tribe of
but this was
a
men,
specialdistinction : and other tribes
preferredthe theory that they grew out of the earth or the
the rocks,or that they existed
trees
before the moon
or
was
Therefore
made.
moral
the invocation
rather
Nor
the
or
Greek
did
philosophyor
conception of
poetry contribute
personal god
In the
is
of Thalcsh
and
with
agrees
in matter.
It is true
in his
image
own
Clemens0,
school
the
personalcreator,
deity,not
in Socrates'
but
teaching:
the
The
Socrates
us
is immanent
power
created
Pythagorean
declares
external
as
tells
of Democritus''
principle
Plutarch
creative
to
world.
the
creative
What
authorityalso
same
in it f.
immanent
as
a
regarded
the
is ascribed
the
but
deity or
that
the
of the utterances
some
of
creator
as
much
to
the
man
school
by
that
this
world, but
of
Xcnophon speaks of
physicalspeculationplayed littlepart
and
0eo'sis
conceived
as
a personalcreative being.
clearly
Looking at Greek poetry we see that, where it touches
this theme, it is predominantlypantheistic.Very rarely
on
246:
//. 14.
11
Euseb.
Cic. De
//". i. 37 ;
hymn
lies.
'EfTf.108
Nat.
Deor.
cf.
2.
45.
i.
I.
I5ON,Zeus
p.
Otol
its creator,
ceived
the
In Cleanthes'
Grace.
I.
is rather
*yos than
"
120.
VOL.
u/s
T' avdparnoi.
OfTjroi
l\.v.
Prat-p.
14. 16.
oHoOfv yfynacri
as
source
the "/"vrr"a"s
u
though
of human
5, p. 662 P.
J'rotrept.,
p. 62 P.
Strom.
he
is
con-
life.
the
regarded as
Zeus
was
world, the
of the
creator
calls him
Pindar
craftsman,'as
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
5"
that
and
oncea;
monotheism
and
'
noble
fragment of
divine
origin
physicalworld and goes on to protest againstordinary
is of questionable
origin.
belief,
maintains
Sophocles b,which
of the
Greek
Euripides, when
of
doctrine
The
it is not
atheistic,is
interestingto
variance
sophy
of Zeus
the
and
that
the
to
be
Hermes
worshipped on
the
mount
founded
worship G7a;
ing god
which
top
n
with
an
sometimes
or
on
the
Pind-
Frag.
29.
Clem.
Protr.
p.
On
in Boeotia
in
this
altar,was
refers to
acropolis of
as
the
acro
Not
was
from
name
mountain
as
took
the
on
As
its
raven
was
'AK/JCUOS
e, a
Zeus
had
Laphystos65,
Zeus, who
city83.
e
his
Mount
cult either
the
highest
legend,Heracles
regarded
of
habitually
was
took
the
xarr),to
Aa"/"iWcu (root
from
known
from
\a"J"v"TTios
:
Zeus
Pelion
the
also
here
Mount
who
his
and
Phigaleia,
crowned
Greece
case
being
63 P.
Orest. 884 ; Frag.
935 ; Frag. Peiriihous,596; Frag. 1007: cf. Aesch.
Frag. Heiiades,65 a.
d
sometimes
"6. In Euboea
that
suppose
the god, Zeus
hear
we
the hill of
on
where, according to
of winter d.
honoured
philo
attest
top of Cyllene,the
god of
high places. The
the Kenean
from
the
supreme
Ithomatas
his
are
shrines
that of Zeus
name
noticed
on
divinities whose
we
its
physicalcharacter
designatethis. A largeclass of
it is only the
poleis,
unless
and
little
was
the
mountain-tops66"82.
Though
of
in
of other
Greece
dealing with
epithetsthat
remain
temple
mountain
there
matter
of
mythology
been
have
we
worship on
the
this
in
poetry0.
Hitherto
these
the
between
and
that
see
there
title
the
mountain-
we
hear
that
devour.
^Taf0y;
is read in a frag_
as
Dicaearchus, Miitler,Frag,
Hist. 2. 262; inscriptions
found in the
neighbourhood prove cuepaios.
ment
of
ZEUS.
iv.]
had
have
secration
the
mountain-tops to Zeus
his physical or elemental
sent
rain
down
tion of the
in the cult
name)
Corinth.
and
to
d^Vios (according
called
therefore
to
con
primi
the god
who
was
popular interpreta
between
Megara
given to
originally
title"VTTCLTOS was
The
the
heights,and
the mountain
on
this
character, as
the
same
appears
expressed
the
from
thunder
or
rain,
for the
probable that
intention, it is
same
for
pray
Pelion
Mount
on
of the
tive belief in
who
worship
the
83b,and
purpose
Aegina to
Lycaean mount
priestthe
Arcadian
the
and
of
mountain
the
ascended
Aeacus
51
denote
the
came
term
87' s\
God
In
pus, and we
the Greek
must
that it
suppose
through some
have
scarcelyany
direct
that mountain
probable evidence
the
to
; as
times
an
its
The
being
of it
worship at
in
into
dedicated
Deukalion,
gather from
can
was
legend with
time, who
Olympieion, and
Olympius
ancient,
Deuka-
prominence
was
and
Atos
ihe (pattivvTrjs
b
colossal
E
the poems
the
early
Thessaly ;
in very
was
with
connected
Olympia: which
early time was
with
Thes
of Homer,
the
from
name
in North
the
Athens
rose
its
on
only point
can
worship that at an
close legendary association
from
name
connected
Zeus
Zeus-cult
we
that there
believe
the Thessalian
legend of
took
to
worship of
actual
of
record
god.
historical
note
Vide
3.
'OAu/*mou tj/aorei'9'1.
Preller- Robert,
i,
p.
121,
had
name
of this is
reason
salian-Aeolic
Olympius
North
We
of
this branch
Greece, and
But
Olympus.
Thesof Zeus
name
local
of
cult
attribute
must
we
the
the
hear
we
that the
believe
may
in the
familiar
actual cult,and
the
early celebrityof
the
probably
poetry.
was
origin of
further than
much
spread
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
52
the
of
most
Muses
the
to
upon
early heroic
the germ
of
epic lay which, arisingin these regions,was
its first begin
the great Ionic epic ; it is probable that from
of Homer
the name
to the time
nings down
Olympius was
and
attached
had
in this poetry
long
been
of
imagination
summit
snowy
of the
lose its
of
'
or
the
'
celestial
cult
by
epic the
or
later to
comes
Gaea
to
even
the
be
the divine
as
the
home
proper
has
term
mother
political
or
gentile cult
not
hero, a religion
eponymous
one
where
the
Zeus
tribe and
was
title was
descent
the
not
of the
to
come
gods.
to
Zeus
vogue
Zeus
in
the
90b.
under
The
Diodorus
rarer
inscriptions
prove
title Harpies is found
is the
to
the
strict
Plato, the
traced
their
sacrificed
And
according to
Aeschylus quoted above, the
Ida906, and
of
ancestor
Heracleidae
ancestor
as
is to
according
the
here
us
Athenians, who
But
are
perhaps originally
mythic
this sense,
among
their
would
but
These
allarpwos90. This
Apollo Uarp^os.
Patroos
Greece.
or
ances
in Homer
concerns
the
as
of the dead
noticed
; what
This
regarded
word, and
in
other
touch.
two
designated as
of the
sense
from
arose
where
ft
whose
mountain
those which
have a social
higher class of cult-names
are
In Greek
in others of
politicalsignificance.
as
religion,
Aryan races, we
distinguishthe cult of the higher
may
note
to
poetic
in
probably of ancient establishment
distinct systems,
perhaps two originally
the
the
by
or
the
it
divinities from
tor
either
who
preciselocal significance
; and
Hera, and
A
epithetto Zeus,
permanent
associated
Even
god.
as
in
the
the
existence
Father, and
Carian
this title
occurs
of
on
the
Mount
cult
in late Roman
inscriptions91*1.
of
and
iv.]
ZEUS.
Zeus
the same
Tegea and Chios 90c"d. From
view we
explain the titles of Zeus Agamemnon
may
Lacedaemon
misunderstood
at Sparta, often
93~94.
rTarpouos
point of
Zeus
and
These
the
has
divinities
parents.
Greek
the words
and
be
can
6/xo'yno9
sacred
are
to
taken
titles,all of which
of
that
reveal
the
due
to
Strepsiades
with
son
'
of the
a
the
to
verse
the
Epictetus express
Zeus, the Father-God,
to
together with
his
Secondly,
sense,
Aristophanes appealing to
all brothers
and
Zeusa.
tragedy ;
some
of
colour
being applied
family right,the honour
protect the
of
given an Olympian
name
general
Reverence
in the Clouds
cults
the
under
more
that
'
heroic
or
is deified
hero
TTCLTpuos
at
ancestral
are
from
53
family 90f.
large group
god
supreme
The
name
of cognate
supposed
was
to foster the
plishment
hopes00;
but
speciallyin
yeretfAtos98a
him
to
common
and
probably
Hera
that
him
him
to
with
of the
sense
title which
"
associated
came
the
other
was
and
divinities,
his
originallyfrom
marriage
'
Zeus
to
Plutarch
the
god
'
says,
divinities, Zeus
Peitho, and
attributed
functions
was
Zeus
those
to
of
timely marriage
who
Teleios
Artemis
of Dio
passage
of
above
'
all ; and
Chrysostom,
Zeus, who
nearlyall the
Hera
and
on
we
could
Wide's
the
cult
evidence
nische
in
universal
the
assume
lower divinities98.
the
name
the
discern
occasion
Hera9(JC'e.
to
arc
marry
and
Thus,
for the
Laconia
Kultc, p.
for
instance,
existence
is very
12.
activity
special
of
the
late; Lako-
it is the
and
Erinyes who
of the
could
birthright,
The
most
the
on
whose
Argos,
and
of the
house".
for
family-tie,
by a
religiousspeech,whereby
have
the
of
fication
Creon
in
blood
and
parent
children
are
and
god
the
the
Greek
in
uncommon
divinitywith
its
abstraction,
mere
rov
that
epithet comes
the
or
in
Thus
TTCLVTOS
God
the
child.
the whole
Zr/i'oje/)Keioi","
i]\uv
protects.'No
Greek
the
Unnatural
of
religionsanctioned
duties
vice
of child
the
and
to
parent
sins
as
developing. A
declares
that
in
passage
'
he
beloved
who
of
exposure
of
Stobaeus
not
"
spoken
late in
been
family
'
than
to
whole
the
personi
Sophocles' Antigone,
to
nearer
slay Antigone though she were
stronglythan
more
alsoa.
denoted
process
abstraction"8.
circle of kindred
by
of
he will
avers
him
value
an
parents
Zeus
this function
title that
the
to
but
to
whose
Zei"s 'EpKeto?,
wrorship
protected was
Acropolis of Athens, at Olympia and at
altar stood
in the middle of the courtyard
be used
His
could
an
as
name
equivalent
Zeus
find
we
curse
assume
common
life which
done
speciallypunish wrong
the father's
execute
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
54
birth
have
Euripides preserved
honours
his
is
parents
world
the female
philosopherof
the
the
and
more
that
asserts
who
the
Nemesis
neglect such
family is
again
calls the
sons
The
""
known
was
would
be
title
belong
supposed
aided
at
women
the
duties.
well
And
the
illustrated
protectors
to
in
this group,
denote
if it could
the
god
travail ; but
Zeus
as
the
The
was
who
this
is
never
functions of
myth
of
the
from
by
or
the
divine
line
must
of
bed,' and
judge
was
of
the
in
is
an
Greek
those
of the
household
prevalentin
Aliphera, and
understood
popular designationof
rare
Plato, who
Euripides,who
of
be
by
be honoured
must
avengers
name
Perictione.
religiouscharacter
a
the
and
enforced
were
god, according to
before
accuses
the
improbable,
supposed to assume
Artemis
Aox"t'a.
very
of
statue
next
similar passage
the
'
as
Zeus
a
"
the
the
naive
in child-
instance of what
is very
religious terminology,
cult-titlearisingdirectly
from
myth.
should
bour's landmark
10G.
be removed
not
neigh
one's
boundary-god,that
the
of Zeus
first law
the
as
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
56
family; there
the god of the political
that designate him
others
as
are
sanctified the original
Ztvs
Khdpios is he who
community.
the clans or divisions of the people.
of land among
allotment
These
leading titles of
the
are
high ground
The
to
have
in
the
the
been
Tegea
at
the
in
dispenser of
A
higher
wider
it connotes
as
of the
union
god
as
that
religionis
of
carefullydistinguishedfrom
the
bond
of kinship but
not
The
a.
state
designating the
civic
be
must
passage
the
b.
the
in
name
vs107,which
,
10G
seems
the
unless
sense,
all fortune
there
him, and
to
Argos, according to
Suppliccsof Aeschylus,
title there
of the
god
sacred
was
cult at
same
the
of Zeus
altar
and
statue
Zeus
I7a-
the
UoXievs
of the strangest
Acropolis at Athens, and one
tales of ritual is told by Pausanias
concerning it : stalks of
were
placed on the altar, and an ox
barley and wheat
of
which
was
kept in readiness
approached and ate some
slain by a priestwho
the offering; whereupon it was
was
called
the murderer
of the ox/ and who
immediately threw
stood
the
on
'
the
down
on
were
him
the
slayerwas,
but
The
as
story
then
and
axe
fled
though
as
people pretended
the
arrested
told
Pausanias
by
is
of the
account
by Porphyry, who
Theophrastus 10T c.
of
Attica, was
the
on
devoured
certain
of
of the
later cult
cal union
Pandemos,
of the
corn
which
and
is that
is attested
Attic inscription
I3t,and
far
which
of
by
Zeus
one
existed
the
and
what
valuable
more
legend
cereal
is
offeringsto
trampled
and
smote
expressingthe politistate
when
general festival,
sacrificer in anger
the
11
of
slew
the
rest
him, and
the
of his
one
he
and
preserved
extract
give us a verbatim
Sopatros,a stranger in the
harmless
sacrificing
occasion
some
to
homicide
who
know
to
explanation
ritualistic act
seems
not
guiltof
brought it to judgement.
incomplete,and he
very
and
axe
the
under
from
land
gods
oxen
foot ;
then, smitten
Num.
222,
p.
Miinztaf.
569).
3. 20, Head,
Hist.
iv.]
ZEUS.
with
A
fell upon
dearth
the
to
fled into
remorse,
the
that
trouble
to
raise up
but
had
done
free himself
to
make
should
murder.
him
The
'the
fiovtyovia,
Polieus.
water
handed
oxen
the
cut
to
the
A
plough.
agents
in
thrust
the
to
the
rest
condemned
the
oracle
in the
was
murder
at
was
crime
blame
and
with
of
semblance
trial
and
the
the
the
fulfilled ;
which
was
into the
sea.
; all had
as
that
ministrant
flayed it
in this
strange
sowing it together
to yoke it to the
the
ox-
various
murder.
Each
axe,
cast
with
to
of the
altar
others
instituted,and
charged
late
man
one
the
act
and
ox
one
that
grass, and
live
till
another
next
the
ritual of the
knife
round
it ;
in
appointed
smote
upon
once
were
upon
on
then
The
flesh.
to
the
and
of the
again,
that they
festival of Zeus
were
driven
were
offeringslaid
of the
partook
fashion
which
Wishing
part
the
Diipoleia,the
axe
another, who
to
Sopatros
ox
continued
water-carriers
the
sharpen
cereal
was
allowed
ox,' which
throat
all
drama
of the
those
the
the
and
murder
axe
among
tasted
and
to
slay an
instituted
agreed
called
that
all take
citizens
Maidens
the
the flesh of
condition
should
in the
if at
to him.
to
slayer,on
and
citizen
period to
bring
the
all tasted
and
conscience,he volunteered
of
necessary
was
for them
sent
was
the
cause
murderer
discovered
was
burden
statingthat it
offeringto be himself
and
It
they
embassy
return,
the
better
be
it died
an
exile would
punish
it would
the
from
the
must
not.'
and
to
they
refrained
the dead
the Cretan
sacrifice in which
same
very
'
cease,
Crete, after
to
land, and
of Attica
men
exile
57
many
tasted
as
the
at last
guiltwas
then
solemnly tried
Thus
the
possiblehad
flesh,the
bidding of
taken
murderous
part
axe
of ritual.
and
Whatever
may
be
the final
the story
explanation,
of Attica
was
of
that the community
and
originallya god of agriculture,
citizens was
supposed to have been brought about and main-
by eatingthe
tained
the
becomes
the
and
worshipper
The
of the whole
god
state
the
we
kin
regarded as of
specialdeity of
was
god.
; and
of sacrament
way
animal
the
that
conclude
by
ox
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
58
may
to
the
ox-clan
an
the
BOVTTJJ,
ox-man,
Polias
of the BowaScu, the priestsof Athena
mythic ancestor
also to the
and
Poseidon-Erechtheus,bequeaths his name
and
Athene
herself promised pre
priestof Zeus Polieus107e,
to the
cedence
of
out
the
Diipoliaamong
Zeus
gratitudeto
who
sacrifices
the land
voted
on
the
to
her.
Acropolis
Another
instance
who
be
the
in
sat
here
may
homicide
involuntary
by
served
tried,was
were
called
was
from
The
parts of
Athens
parts and
activities of
titles
such
by
prayers
before
deliberation
that
to
of
had
Sparta
at
BouAaios,which
his statue
Apollo
The
probably
the
also
found
was
is
epithet that
^'Ayopaios
an
with
other
many
place11-1.Under
the
as
have
by
an
sided
"
one
taken
chief
council-chamber
Athena
no, and
in Laconia
belonged to
Bov\ala
b.
Zeus
stood
statues
in
common
in the market
this
3iodor"s
the
on
does
but
Siculus,
form
not
class,though placed in
Cbthonian
; but
trials : it
Ritual,PJS8.
Eubouleus
name
and
regard
not
must
in his name113h
assemblies
over
Vide Appendix
nated
the
; but
Zeus
usually
Hermes
god of trade, as was
'Ayopatos,
though we
instance of the honestyof a bargain beingguaranteed
oath
in the
112
worship of Zeus 'A/m/3ovAios
same
significanceas that of
divinities whose
this title we
in the
stood
Demos
and
him.
with
associated
was
in other
life were
to him
consecrated
political
the god who
as
inspired council, to
(3ov\aios,
of the f3ov\j
made
were
by the members
whom
near
derived
name
vogue
Polias
that of Athene
than
priestwho
was
Greece1"711-2,
at
religion
of
cases
the
Zeus
he
was
of
title
the
as
Hades
"
vide--.
Mechaneus
'
Probably
under
which
worshipped
Argos, dealwaysclesig- signaledthe god who shows men
ways
Zeus,
it
another
and
at
was
means
""
(suppl.).
ZEUS.
iv.]
Aeschylus113k, awarded
matricide:
trial for
in his
Orestes
victory to
the
in
gives judgement
who
'Zeus
59
has
court
triumphed a.'
titles all refer to
These
war-god
of
god
It
as
proofof
is
preeminentlyas
appears
hosts/ and
of
god
double-headed
thiasos
Another
century 115'136x'y.
the
god,
regard
that
Zeus
'
armed
of
appellative
Zeus.
Stratios, the
with
the
the
Attica
and
the
third
in
Pciracus
the
in
such
may
Caria
Zeus
as
supreme
religionof
of
cult
As
all,
at
assume
worship penetratedinto
whose
axe,
city.
the
we
Labrandeus,
Zeus
as
organized by
was
qualityof
warlike
; and
shows
semi-Hellenic
the
in
only
civilized
the
since
naturally to
tends
history of Odin
the
functions,as
this
people
warlike
remarkable,
is somewhat
which
fact
the
scarcely appears
Zeus
simple
and
pure
peacefullife of
the
divinity
same
whose
or
axe,
god of the golden sword
Stratonicea.
The
cult was
of great celebrityat the Carian
worship of Zeus 2T/;anos spread to Bithynia, and in a late
period to Athens ; but the latter cityhad admitted the worship
of the Carian
Zeus
as
early as the beginning of the fifth
Xpvcrdup,the
was
century, if Herodotus'
observed
specially
by
ancient
in the
we
a
period and
of
god
that
suppose
may
The
war.
deadly
of
constitutional
the
Zeus
attached
host, to
the
a
to
Zeus
whom
signs were
110'
the
0"oi
be
ayopatoi
have
the
Zeus
before
have
title is
by
Pindar
the
games
and
is
namely
Hermes
; it is
only
in
altar, if
with
him
to
doubtful, as it
more
to
were
of the
leader
whose
fire away
carried
second
been
the
from
of
altar
the
was
'Ay?jro)p
the
their accession
people at
their
and
king sacrificed,
; the
was
ritual
peculiar
Epirote kings at
with
if not
militarysense
may
which
and
KooTATJras,
'Ay7/rcop
whom
regardedas
Laconia
favourable,he
enemy's frontier
The
12".
in
offered prayers
Oinomaos
oath
titles
the
to
Isagoras. Also
of
the
In
'Apeio"r11Tb.
belonged
the
may
it
had
to whom
which
that
backward
Zeus
sacrifice117*. And
human
took
race,
family
Eleans
the
be believed
is to
statement
no
once
line of
as
of
president
cult-titleof Zeus,
applied
to
SophoclesIU.
him,
Sthenios
The
the world.
Troezen
near
in
ranks,' or
the
arrays
that orders
the power
generalsense
of Zeus
'who
god
the
denote
may
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
60
worships
Strategos at
of Zeus
and
more
the gatherer
Paphlagonia11(i a, of Zeus Ojuayv/nos,
class,and it
of the host, at Aegium126,belonged to the same
124
with
honoured
who
was
is probablethat the Zeus Charmon
in
Amastus
temple near
as
especially
Mantinea
it stood
the
was
'who
god
and
Epaminondas,
of
the grave
near
rejoicedin battle,
as
Xapw
the
has
god who
respect Zeus
In this
of the battle.
alone
Nu?? stand
who
and
ministrant
constant
among
aniconic
the sacred
Olympians ; the trophy itself was
in
occurred
which
representationof Zeus Tropaeus, a name
the worship at Sparta and Salamis 122 a" 123.
the
The
Homeric
combat,
but
sits
of Zeus,
warder-off
the
actual
of
view
such
aAe^tKaKos-,
aTrorpoTrato?,
as
evil'; and
of
decides
so
the
others
includes
Zeus
aloof, present
title
religion. No
tions
in which
poems
just as
aTn/juuo?,
was
'A7ro/3anjpio?
Zeus
'the
'the
Alexander
offered
god who brings the ship to land,'to whom
was
thanksgiving on disembarking in Asia, so Zei"9 2o)r?Jp
worshipped by the sailors of the Peiraeus128b as the god who
could
save
word
of the
Greeks
deliverance
some
shipwreck as
'128a; and
Saviour
who
in
the
at
the
inspiredthe Greeks
battle
in
as
of
at
perilsof
war.
Plataea
with
watch
The
war.
Cynaxa
localities the
in most
from
well
'
was
Zeus
the
cult commemorated
It
the
was
this
hopes
of
divinity
victory;
b
however, does not
Zeus NiKtjtyopos,
epithet is usually explained
earliest
The
with
less probability,
cult-name.
a
as
as
designating appear
of
the
connexion
the god
of
who
gives joy,'through the
literarystatement
harvest or at the feast ; for instance by
with
Nike
Zeus
is Bacchylides'
fragDie
Himerius
Kulte
Or.
und
In
ment127.
then
Immerwahr,
19. 5 she
My
is 'the daughter of great Zeus.'
Arkadiens, p. 30.
a
The
'
iv.]
ZEUS.
to whom
the
Cyreans
march, and
festival with
have
and
the Athenian
other
had
and
been
under
survived
the
temple
tions
but
Oxen
speaks
of the
citizens.
It
banquet
that
the close
as
the
of
the
god
that
Many of
they connote
worship has
man
as
buildingsthere
who
specially
were
his
he
Athena
Sotcira, we
in
only, near
successes
decked
sacrifices
at
with
of
the
was
of
no
inscrip
have
to
appear
large numbers
was
hear
which
to
to whom
been
the festival
great pomp
Aristophanes,
habituallymade
'
so
feast,and
by private
offered
was
that
Aeschylus
was
we
may
described
thus
the
the
understand
life of
prosperous
titles above-mentioned
belonged
a
in the
stood
city itself,where
the altar
god
which
the
temple
of most
as
the
Athenian
dispensed all
was
of
memory
at
statue
Zeus
of the
life of
is,that
The
honour
In
with
a, and
the
who
epithetwith
Agamemnon
them.
the
of the Greek
perhaps through the ceremony
the title acquired a wider
the
as
significance,
Zei"? Som/pwas
at
ephebi,
trireme-races
numerous
was
His
us.
of the other
sacrificed in
were
priestof
the
the
altar and
an
of the Diisoteria
and
and
company
commemorating
up.
most
Diisoteria.
worshipped in
to
when
rowed
care,
festival of
set
best known
destroyed ;
his
Megalo
thanksgivingfor
ritual of this
and
monuments
worships are
Peiraeus
of
of
Pergamon,
shrines
of
the
inaugurated by
was
records
but
raised
the citizens
which
Aratus
the Mantineans
the Messenians
polisand
freedom
whom
to
61
to
other
and
divinities
the functions
as
political
higher than
significance
well.
any
But
that
his
other, for
alone
Mommsen's
Heortologic,
p. 453.
RELIGION.
GREEK
62
driven
Having
Eleutheria
was
also
of
race
of
hear
we
armed
probabilitytook
Plataean
statue
its
cult, and
not,
of slaves1316.
enfranchisement
set
were
who
had
fallen
that
Thermopylae, and
containing the
Athens, organized, as
from
Sparta.
have
become
The
the
second
Kapia
and
; it is
that the
of Laconia
of the cult
We
are
Kapieuy,or,
probable
Laconian
on
of
informed
other
of the
statue
was
in
by
other
as
that
to
with
the
their freedom
A
Pausa
to
near
free
to
brave
at
the
to
Soter.
of
at
also, in
Syracuse
Plato
on
right reading
is Caryae, the town
attests
Greece
appears
that
Scholiast
Siculus
about
have
is h
reads,
Kapvats,
in the north
the
existence
the occasion
after the
that
evidence
Sicilian cities,Aetna,
gained
the
confederacy of
Hesychius131 e,
to
Diodorus
raised to Zeus
We
the
as
territory.
tyranny of
his honour.
all
Gauls
parts of Greece
in
the
the
Eleutherios
of early date
inscription
an
of
against
declares,
Athens
at
placereferred
Athens
event
shield
maritime
decree
found
in
worship was
Samos1:!lc,and, according
tv
At
according to
and
Basileios,
battle
cult-title
identified
and
every
chief contest
The
Tarentum
the
held
explained, from
the
as
in the
of the
terms
being
great
same
Stoa
such
up,
called
games
It stood,
the
near
of
which
'EAcufle'/oios,
Hyperides
as
then
monuments
altar 131b.
the
the
from
name
which
in
Zeus
to
still
were
round
men
shrine ; and
the
time
same
time, and
Pausanias'
in
the
land, bringing
the
near
instituted,which
were
fifth year
temple
fallen ; at
had
that
those
and
altar
the
raised
Delphic
of the
hearth
the
fire from
fresh
to
for Hellas.'
purifiedthe
Greeks
altar
an
of freedom
fair token
god, a
victory the
the
After
the
out
of Simonides
strikingepigram
of this cult
the memory
preserves
'
battle, and
after the
Plataea
[CHAP.
over
colossal
founded
of this cult in
pp.
104, 109,
no.
of
re
RELIGION.
GREEK
64
long
so
the
held
'who
faith
the
accord/ expressed
in
people
names
cult of Zeus
Boeotian
The
towns136.
and
of
peoples
the god
'0/xoAonos,
from
derived
list of cult-names
[CHAP.
of
Hellas"3.
titles that
and
a
to
these
was
in
that
harmony
with
the
ethical
elemental
physical and
earlier, for though
the
nities
this
the
moral
which
it in
offered
in
been
of
lines
of
assumed
Zeus
Greek
primitive
in
and
races
is in
was
commu
its most
backward
more
assumption
other
the
by
the
with
accord
human
development.
in the divine
from
the physical to
idea
progress
was
significance
remotely anterior to the period
of
Greek
note
trace
a
history begins. We
may
analogies
But
the
and
state-religion
character
civilized
most
the
far the
It has
character,yet
among
cults,
earliest
the
this
recognized
it appears
form
the
as
religiousfeelingof
and
of Greece.
the
that
Zeus
to
it is in reference
and
how
consider
thinkers
and
great writers
at
best
class of cults
attached
spirituallife ;
and
can
we
important
and
consecrated
were
moral
of the
god
the most
review
lastlyto
have
We
worship
Zeus
of
Athens
MeiAtXtoj at
else
and
where138.
The
of the name
interpretation
MeiAixio?is important for
the rightunderstanding
of the religious
idea. It certainlydid
not
originally
signifythe
kindly god ; for we gather from
Plutarch
and Hesychius that it was
with /.icujua/csynonymous
'
'
which
Ti)y138a,
fice
took
offered
was
winter,
its
designates the
in
Maimacterion,
from
name
of Anthesterion
Zeus
held
Zeus
to
outside
the
the
or
Meilichios
troubled
the
at
Sacri
Zeus.
beginning
of
which
according to Harpocration
and again in the latter part
Mai/iaxrr??,
Zeus
at
angry
festival of
city,which
Diasia, the
Thucydides
great feast of
calls
feast of
Zeus
also
that
atonement
the
rites
for sin.
whom
X"H,
among
the
night, and
consumed
were
The
we
sacrifices in Locris
may
all the
before the
include
flesh of
morning
Zeus,
the
to
were
victim
if the victim
regarded
as
performed
slain
must
bears away
in
be
with
iv.]
ZEUS.
people,the meaning
be
obvious.
And
exposed to the lightof day becomes
gather from Xenophon that the same
feelingdictated the
not
we
ritual at
be
Athens, where
that
ram
of the
was
cast
and
out
then
were
fleece
passed
taken
of
his skin
and
by
God,' which
be taken
actual
life
human
of
naturallyif we
the
the
with
contact
From
all this
it
god
explain
favour
that
'
were
the
was
survival
the
title
stood
person
himself
he wished
the
the
ceremony
place
to
of
the man's
accepted
unclean
in order
whose
clear
seems
the
skin
idea that
mild
guiltyor
animal
god
'
may
that the
the
at
purification
in this any
see
the
We
sacred
by
objects that
This
hint of the
any
ram.
suppose
skin of the
nearer
not
for which
reallydue
was
need
or
sacrifice,
substitution
on
We
away.
also
was
and
at Eleusis
purification
phoria,being placed under
to
to
means
unclean
the cross-roads.
to
away
for the
ceremonious
certain
had
Meilichios
used
some
into
over
told
are
Zeus
to
was
offered
were
We
fire.
offered
offences
city,whose
that
swine
the
by
of Maimacteriona,
end
the
consumed
wholly
Eustathius
'
65
in
regain.
must
MetAi'xto?
appeased,'and
to
be
must
signified'the god who
therefore alluded
directlyto the wrath of God, or that the
styled thus by a sort of euphemism, just as
deitywas
angry
either
have
Hades
This
Eubouleus
termed
was
latter view
and
ides.
men
becomes
to
proper
the
the Eu
the Furies
them,
more
and
in the
except
perhaps
the
of Zeus
Hellenic
We
Zeus.
dark
Attic
the
evidence
of
it would
inscription
VOL.
I.
the
sign
of Zeus
illustrate the
mutilated
appear
another
that
Zeus
F
in the
evidence
monuments
also
have
'I/ceViojand
of Zeus
found
0tAto9, is nowhere
rites of Meilichios
worship
from
of
certain
of the earth
and
the
Meilichios
and
the
gloomy significanceof
state-sacrifice
Meilichios
in
was
offered
Thargelion.
to
this
epithet.
It is for this
that
reason
with
ciated
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
66
find this
we
whom
to
god
asso
the cross-roads
were
Sacred.
This
Attica
We
of
hear
probably derived,
was
his functions
least,from
at
of Zeus
character
sombre
deity of vegetation.
worship, and cereal
as
in Athenian
Feoj/jyo's
Zeus
in
made
of
to hirn in Maimacterion, the month
offeringswere
Zeus
gather also from the obscure and
MeiAi'xios.We
may
the Diasia,
probably corrupt passage in Thucydides about
that
of the
country
Meilichios
or
be
must
But
correspond
the
belief to
the
conduct
of
growth
and
for sin.
It
cult the
as
in
in
here
and
easy,
the
and
the
offence
was
for the
the
at
purification
which
The
by
very
the
As
Zeus
ancient
have
always
later
even
of the
is twofold
been
supposed
form
of
the
existence
period of
be
his
:
relation
on
the
one
to
made
that
when
Thus
Theseus
Zeus
pyramid
human
hand
at
sin, the
he
to
ordinary
it
was
underwent
to
Meilichios
is
atone
of
statue
138
b.
suggested
this
conceived
slaughter,
of
of
piacularofferings
the earliest
sculptor to
and
varying
season
the
to
religious
the
the
obtain
supplicationmust
blood
of
stages
and
divinity,
sacrifices to
regards
fertility
may
legend of Theseus
of Zeus
of
sky
kindred
slaughter that
Polycleitoswas
who
months, and
season
sin of kindred
for civic
of
physical god
shedding of
Maimactes
the
fertility
might take the
is not improbable that in
was
Zeus
and
homicide
the
of the fruits
earlier and
varying
as
the winter
that
from
moods
man
rather
in
order
passage
the
Meilichios
an
sombre
grew
conceptionwas
changes in nature
Possibly,then,
first conceived
was
appeased
return.
Zeus
allowed.
were
vegetation,who
sacrifice oblations
Sicyon
emblem
la8
b.
conception
of
is TraAa/xvaioy,n/meopo's,
the
and
god of vengeance
retribution, the god who punishes
human
in the second
guilteven
and third generationISO-HI
the other,a largerclass of
on
epithetsM1~14ij designate him as
.
iv.]
ZEUS.
67
the
city,according to
in the
sworn
was
Solonian
of the
name
of Zeus
and
idea of the
same
which
of
averter
Paian
14:"
Rhodes
at
at Erythrae
ill,
full account
The
Pollux
gives,
god of supplication,
cleansing,
in a very early
'iKeVtos occurs
deity.
the
express
of these
functions
earliest
Zeus
and
his
visited
touches
formula
crime
with
the
on
the
was
treacherous
madness
suppliantwho
by
appealed to
in
him
relation
that
the god
a\d(TTU)p,
KOL
The
same
an
to
of
$v"ios appears
ambiguous
sense,
here
Erinyes, he
the
was
also
kinsman
the
first
'Wo-to?,and
Zeus
who
also the
have
their husbands
slew
times
possessed
designatingsome-
to
of
probably it was
is called by Pherecydes IKCVLOS
Zeus
the suppliantand the guiltyoutcast.
murder
the
god
was
as
the
the
who
Ttjuwpos-and
the
themselves
who
powers
outrage
committed
Orestes
and
son
their
voluntary or
rophon. and
the
from
the
others
and
the
were
carry
Erinyes,
the
pursued
who
matricide,and
of
tradition
And
Laios.
as
involuntary,
Athamas
of
the
with
who
father,who
his
act
punishment
being through
into
upon
of
Ua\a^alos
came
for
Amphion
closely interwoven
so
were
by
divine
ministers
divine
the
and
madness,
was
out
purification.The
the rites of
originatorof
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
68
kindred
of acts, whether
sort
same
legends
first
the
perhaps
of
Belle-
Theseus,
then
Here
illustrate*.
we
the
entirely different
an
the
probably because
former
akin
as
case
himself
god
the
to
slaying of
the
from
kind
alien,
an
In
slain
the
slayer and
the
in
considered
was
early
secular
a
societyit is clear that to kill an alien was
the kin of the slain,the avengers
which
matter
only concerned
of blood, who
might pursue the slayer or accept a weregilt;
Greek
it
the
not
with
The
that
slaughterof
king's son
is
his
b,but
death
the
Zeus
family
the king
probably
in
kindred
mere
origin
legend
have
arisen from
slaughter,but may
very earlyideas concerningthe sacrifice
f the god or the divine representative;
another
legend given by Apollodorus
(i. 9, 2) speaks of the mad
Athamas
being driven from Boeotia for
Ino
s son
Learchus,and appealslaying
its
of
no
; to
rates
had
been
Zeus
to
The
same
that
because
know
where
author
had
is to
(2.3, i) nar-
fled from
Bellerophon
he
he
Corinth
slain
involuntarily
his
But
of God
the ban
under
that
and
community
of the sacrificial
and
show
to
seem
sinner
was
punish him
"
alien
kinsman
the
the
sin, unless
no
was
suppliantor under
the slayer of his
the
would
fellow-kinsmen
he
that
and
the
be
must
once
from
deal with
typicalinstances
gives (Fast. 2. 39) of purifi-
brother.
that
Ovid
Of
the
one
the slaughterof
with
at
outcast
Erinyes must
own
cation
legends do
are
concerned
this
kinsmen, and
may
"
by
Boeotian
law
which,
according
the mythical
Plutarch,prevailed in
period, the shedder of kindred
to
'must
leave Boeotia
pliantand
and
stranger.'
become
blood
a
sup-
ZEUS.
iv.]
his
guilt.
himself
god of vengeance
and
through purification
But
the
of escape
mode
69
sacrifice of sin.
until
his home
and
him
stranger receives
ritual of the
the
from
down
of the
chieflyfrom
was
guilty,as
we
see
vase-paintingthat represents
of the slaughtered animal
blood
in
hands, with
of
in the water
bathing
of Zeus
invocation
river
part of the
necessary
in
the
sea
b.
ceremony
sacred
specially
Zeus
The
akin,and
we
fleece of the
sacred
the
in
ram
chief benefit
practice is
scarcely
purity are
later
had
the
to
of this
win
to
power
purifiedperson
cult
him
reconciliation.
the
was
could
he
return
to
the
recovery
his
his native
of
legends he
new
home,
land
under
to
imagine
might
how
influence
in the
vitallythis religious
usage
the growth of moral ideas of forgive
reconciliation.
and
Another
138.
period
with
contact
nearer
Athens,
at
It is easy
""Arch.
the
less than
no
in
which
that
know
is
ness
under
to
easy
in the
Zeus
been
latter
and, while
rightof fellowshipwith men.
representedusuallyas continuing to live
certain
his
over
have
to
his
the
the
And
accounts
lustral ceremonies
to
estranged divinityand
in
Orestes
some
deities, who
suppose
may
supposed
The
the
over
over
appears
usual
Zeus
outraged by wrongful homicide, and to whom
and for the occasion
probably Zeus KaOapo-Los were
were
Meilichios
was
the lower
to
it
In
held
poured
Ka^apo-ioj.
or
The
a.
purification
then
some
Apollonius
Medea142.
was
But
handed
been
the account
his
him.
supplied with
young
rites,but
cleanses
are
and
The
compassionate
some
probably
we
cleansingof Jason
piacularvictim
head
had
period
times, and
this,
about
of the
Rhodius
historic
ancient
very
information
into
of these
nature
the
provided
signal act
was
matter
of
of
sacrilegewas
for the
cognizance
137
and
perjury,the guilt of
Athenae.
Taitr.
1193.
gods of the
410
a.
and
b.
lower
Cf.
Iph.
the
world
and
name
occurs
The
statue
character
of the
speak
personifiedas
'
of
; while
men
of Zeus147
child
all-seeing
c. No
religious
Homer
which
oath
is
world, born
Sophocles he
in
the
after death
the
where
lower
of the
child
in
passages
Theogony
Hesiod's
in
by
in
a. and
already
be
to
spoken
is
the oath
doubt
most
Pausanias
that
belief
of the oath-breaker
punishment
by the lines
scourge
is shown
oath
of the
of Zeus
this
strength of
The
the
thunderbolt,
terrifyingin aspect
of147a.
hand
each
in
holding
Olympia
knew
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
70
of
as
the
real
never
was
the
'
abstract
becomes
personal because
concrete
separated from
partially
oath-taking at Olympia
and
of
him
reminded
of the
the
is
the
strengthof
divinity. The
in
account
the
of the
ceremony
by Pausanias b,
strikinglydescribed
the
is
belief,and
Iliad where
Aeao
takes
memnon
lower
the oath
gods, which
is then
Greek
of
freethinkers
the
over
boar,an
slain and
literature
cast
animal
sacred
into the
to
The
c.
sea
from
scarcelydeviate
the
the
as
'
would
man
death
escape
or
bonds
or
either
we
of which
must
not
have
we
suppose
that, at
was
animal
under
could
consecrated
a
by
specialtaboo,
be
disposedof
ordinary way ; or possiblythe
act was
mimetic,'and expressedan imprecationthat the perjuredman
might
in
the
'
they
or
periodof
Greek
Then
fair
set
thought
was
5.24,10-11.
carcase
men,
Probably the
and his
this ceremony
any
violence
not
certain
characters
cumstances.
under
stress
of cir-
curious
tone,
Antiphon,
in
passage
of human
the sacredness
on
also
others
establish
to
attempts
wrath,
divine
to
has
almost
life.
The
murderer
appeal
bloodshed,
him
proofof
whether
and
prosecute
to
Aeschylus6
even
not
pursue,
is the
development.
Not
protection;
Aeschylus
the
duty
each
of my
Hecuba
of
Greek
But
who
Euripides.
divinity does
it is
as
men,
the
makes
piacular sacrifices
a
far
and
advanced
more
To
clear
to
say
of
general,
(//.9. 495);
mentions
the
man
who
had
of
574).
In any
sonages
a
escaped
the
in his
'Pp. 686
Avent
Thetis
and
none
Dem.
Eum.
be
749;
perthis sin.
cf. Aesch.
Maifdpr.p. 1069.
605.
irpos
sup-
(//. 16.
337.
so
of the actual
epic commit
and
as
case
as
grace
suppliant
;
who
and
in the
attribute
or
divine
Peleus
argument,
no
for
shelter the
pliant to
right or
Odysseus
function
conception
of kins-
mention
hast
been
in and
existence
to
is
cases
have
certain
'Thou
other
other
to
separate
altar could
there is
which
denote
his
respect the
in
as
who
man
fear of him
the
Here,
Polyxena
the
sin in
idea
; for
epithet seems
no
nothing even
murder
for
its fullest
under
needs
must
his aid.
every
much
too
c.'
to
supplication,'
says
for
purification
he
decide
'Ixeo-iosis the
for Zeus
'We
his
had
claimed
with
have
to
naturallyattach,and
Homer.
in
Eumenides
the
put himself
could
143
men
abstraction
an
seems
person
god
of
as
and
might
that
suppose
god
suppliant's
mortal
deepest among
already noted, the god
almost
had
idea survived
kinsmen
claimed
reverence
of
jealousyof Zeus,
used
to
seems
his fellows
the
and
of the drama
text
he
in
conception of Zeus 'l/ceo-io?
the blood-guiltyonly,but the
evil from
any
sacrifice to
any
Still wider
fears
any
forgivethe involuntaryhomicide1',
to
or
man
guilt of
whom
narrower
the
that
law
of Attic
in the enactment
and
same
any
of the
maiden
the older
Only,
voluntarilyslain.
Murder
whom
to
orator
of the
not
was
Spartan king,made
of the
death
for the
exposes
innocence*.
clear himself
to
Pausanias, the
as
atone
to
wished
who
pollutes
the
which
on
if the victim
even
might stillbe sacrilege,
the god
Zeus
O^'fiosbecame
state, and
would
modern
his presence
belief
indirect
an
that
partakes,and
he
sacrifice in which
any
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
?2
Ag.
ZEUS.
iv.]
titles almost
the
Hera
at
right of
the
lawa.
secular
about
the
shrines possessed
paganism many
with the
often clashed
sanctuary, a right which
The
legend of Ajax and Cassandra, the story
to
Down
tion.
of
end
Sybaris
'IfceWs appears
b, the personalpowers
Amu
conception
broad
times.
This
in the
Homeric
of prayer,
the
when
eyes
altar,illustrate the
her
from
also
her
closed
who
dragged away
suppliantswere
prevalent feelingof classical
of Zeus
supplica
of
and
-naXa^vaioiand
0eot
between
distinction
the
itself into
resolves
divine
of the
given by Pollux140*
classification
the
that
so
73
of the
account
poet calls
the
whom
against Ate,
plead for men
daughters of Zeus, and who
who
and
appeal to Zeus against those who neglect them.
find in the Iliad gave
idea which
And
this earlyspiritual
we
the coins
actual worship of Zeus AITCUOS c, which
rise to an
the
'
be
found
with
called
by Aeschylus
are
'
worship
is rooted
earlier
almost
as
ancient
in very
as
placed
was
great
fillets
suppliants'
The
of the
the emblems
stranger-guest, who
much
father.'
worshipped throughout
was
the
too, my
as
moral
early
under
the
ideas
probably
and
protectionof Zeus,
was
and
life,
the
This
sanctityof
the
Homer
as
Xenios,
Zeus
world149.
Greek
the
mercy148.'
of
god
but
narrower,
who
thee
to
a
slay him was
religioussin, for which, according to one
legend,Heracles was sold into slaveryto Omphaled. Originally
the god of hospitality for in primitivesocietythe stranger
the god to whom
he becomes
be the guest of some
must
one
"
"
Tac.
Ann.
3.
//. 9. 498.
Bnll.de
Corr.
60-63.
Hell., 1878, p. 509.
may
note
two
other instances
in
legend:
the
slaughterof the
of
Cadmus
death
of the
Ares
to
'
for
Admetus
to
Cyclopes,and
for
the
Sparti,'
causing
descendants
that
the
of
we
may
the occasional prac-
from
acceptingthe slavery
of the homicide
an
bloodshed.
as
atonement
for the
paid
honours
record
have
he
where
According
is consecrated.
stranger
any
Xenios
Zeus
to
were
proof
epigraphical
or
formed
favoured
stranger,
made
and
the
at
; we
Rhodes, where
the
fe/'iaorcu,
Aids
where,
we
as
merchants
of this cult.
that
Sparta,
at
resident
and
149
great
Athens,
at
purpose
As
city
any
was
c.
Spartans149
of the
publicvote
the
by
worship
metics
read
we
so
of his
Xenia,
of
the privileges
fezn'a,
confer
could
for the
company
and
called
religiousassociation existed
worshippers of Zeus Xenios,
the
gather from an inscription,
Plutarch, the
to
many
Athena
associated with
was
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
74
Greek
all
nations,and
who
maltreat
has
claim
more
that
149
stranger
'
the
in
the
is strong
the
on
to
who
of those
he takes note
pity
of
those
and
Plato
stranger,'
The
and
of comrades
and
gods
men
the
is therefore
avenge
welcome
says
kinsmen,
the
power
zealous
more
to
help him.'
Akin
of
to
this
worship
friendship,who
and
Athens, where
and
his
that of Zeus
was
was
honoured
an
association
Philios
Megalopolis,Epidauros
at
banquet, and
observed
an
this cult.
And
thus
we
of
the
understand
can
Some
theatre.
friendly
that
shows
inscription
his name,
in
founded
was
times
151,the god
why
he
was
to be
by the parasiteof Diodorus, and how he came
at
Megalopolis in a work
partiallyidentified with Bacchus
had
of the sculptorPolycleitusthe younger.
But the term
the god who
a
deeper meaning, for Zeus Philios is essentially
invoked
fosters
and
friendship,
ception is enlargedby
Pheidian
abolish
not
in
statue
the
enmity
among
appear
a
to
fragment
have
Dio
Zeus
Chrysostom,
Philios
the whole
been
appeal ;
friends
whom
to
ancient
of Pherecrates.
who
human
; the
term
who
would
race.
this
in the
sees
The
con
great
plant love
first mention
almost
and
and
cult does
of it
occurs
synonymous
is
ZEUS.
iv.]
152,denoting
eratpeto?
with
times
the
'
allusion to the
75
good comradeship
of
god
banquet, as
find
we
in
'
; some
fragment of
had a political
a
was
in North
Magnesia
at
in Macedon,
and
Greece
was
in cults
On
the
with
the
expressed
are
the other
interestingto
comparativelycrude
with
turn
the
writers who
of the
thought
gods
to
and
men.
of retribution,of which
Greek
popularbelief
is of itself
Behind
the
evil
an
this is
friend
expressed
favour
in
innocent
even
the cruder
of
enemy
disfavour
in
spicuously
the childlike
in the Greek
mind
to
of
it
of Nemesis
legend
the
; and
But
man.
of
relations
doctrine
in
form
the
gods.
divinityis not
that is dimly
idea
story
in
prosperity
jealousy of
an
man,
doctrine
of
that the
idea
cases
philosophic
and
excess
the
cult.
contrasted
cults
poets
primitive Hesiodic
the
Zeus'
and
the
thing,awakening
the
the
is that
perhaps
but
of
explain the
that in certain
see
of
morality
views
deeper
that
myths
those
in
it is
hand,
of
name
Prometheus'
appears
that lived
Bellerophon s
con
long
fall and
hint
without
melancholy wanderings, given in Homer
any
of any
sin committed
by the hero but rather as a result
of superhuman prosperity,the story of Polycrates'
ring,of
Philip'sprayer mentioned
by Plutarch, that the gods would
give
him
tinual
that
success,
lasted
expressionis
fortune
most
slightmisfortune
some
he
illustrations
are
as
long
as
in the lines of
receives
Anth.
naive
this
Aesopus,
by
epigram
"
of
counterbalance
Hellenic
the
Nemesis
foolish is in the
to
of
Pal.
way
of
man
Its
has
some
plainest
good
compensation*';
AntiphilosByzantioson
10.
123.
con
religiousbelief
race.
'if a
his
the
the
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
76
himself,who
Pindar
fall
due
was
The
writer
outspoken
most
first,indeed, he
At
Greek
the
'
excess
jealous
later
eye
he
on
the
but
fair
report
is
of
God
hurls
the
the
of
cult
later ;
of
as
as
view
not
was
is
he
as
will
if she
prosperity
The
be
actual
examined
Zeus,
Phoenissae
the
thunder
his
wielded
irra
or
from
power
in
but
peculiar
rational
and
'
one
d.
Nemesis
acts,
as
ordinary
thing, for
an
man's
concrete
Aeschylus.
lightningdown
brought
like
goddess
whether
moral
a
personification,
principle,she is not a separate
in
tional
for
Nemesis
it
is
burdensome
advanced
more
of it that
use
subject
himself
expresses
of
gives
evil
this
b.
heaven
scale
to
attempt
on
to
ambitious
his
to
authorityfor the
namely, that Bellerophon's
earliest
is the
of the story
ethical version
more
least
at
bolts e.
Another
idea
fathers
that the
or
historical
held
doctrine
axiom,
We
find
that the
not
seen
to
the doctrine
Anth.
the
the
children,that
is
its
the
in
sacrilege
sin of
the
questionable side
to
one.
view-
descendants
the
Cylonian
Such
especiallyPericles.
curse,
have
cleaves
curse
is
clan-morality
committed
a
sins of the
the
is
retribution
as
religious
only by Hebrew
gods would
avenge
under
were
was
not
that
Lacedaemonians"
who
divine
Hebraic, namely,
community
the
of those
conspiracy
theory of
illustration of this
stronglyby
Athens
at
the
visited upon
are
the race,
An
it with
to
common
in the Greek
the
sins of the
Pal.
7. 630.
.44.
fathers
the
in the most
even
A gam.
upon
466.
Ib. 7.9.
"
own
person,
children
f.
and
But
minds
religious
184.
'BHgk.L73i.il.
ZEUS.
iv.]
is full of it,although he
Aeschylus himself
through
the
acts
of
These
commit
each
whole
the
; but
of sin
because
criticism
of
or
theory did
retribution
other
some
with
square
remain
not
first
of
evil to
sent
did
the
In
always
not
gods
reason
modification.
and
the
theory that
doctrine
the
are
without
the descendants
generationsbecause
works
guilt.
retribution
man
of indi
vidual
new
occasionallytries
find
to
77
place, the
the
facts of
could be met
by the profounder con
experience: this difficulty
of the divine agency
that
are
unseen,
ception,that the ways
inclined to avenge
like a passionate man.
God
is not
every
silent
small act V that
along a
path V or that
Justicemoves
'
'
restrain
their
retribution
that
became
Greek
thought
seldom
it not
do
evil
no
to
any,
According
sin.
daring phrase
god remembered
man'
and
Plutarch
of
side
have
gods
"
he
'
due
Eur.
"
Plut. De
Androm.
Tread.
in
1164.
slaying
Euripides places
d-
messenger
like
sentiment
is
then
excludes
faintlyheard
men
there
that
in
other
evil
evil-doingfrom
can
their
impute
be
own
evil in God*'
no
De
defect.Orac.
E-F.
ffec. 959,
lph"
Taur-
of
utterances
the
notion
evil nature
;
413
'the
ignorance
our
have
who
in
appropriateness. By
lives
or
the
dramatic
our
base-minded
f,'we
887.
Ser. Num.
the
the
for
retribution,because
but
is not
to
divine
could
punishment
myth
grudge
indeed
them
it is
for I think
Solon,
this
confusion
set
divinity:
God
of
old
God
the
his,in which
of
be
may
reverence
may
we
echo
of
ancient
an
Euripides
e.
inconsistency
the
mouth
the
of
way
of the
view
Delphi was
insulted
Apollo
in
an
by
at
had
father
his
to
men
distinction
that
conception
the
even
the
to
Neoptolemos
of
not
claim
can
to
rose
teach
to
as
so
wrath0.
own
theory
native
and
purposely slow,
is
retribution
God's
960.
389-391-
and
P.-D
to
again,
; and
De
GREEK
78
if the
gods
declares
that
'
evil, they
do
that every
his side
to
had
Aeschylus
in the
ance
of
Zeus
is
the
where
Agamemnon,
to
bring men
with
this
he
holds
stands
by
life,for that
Plato's view
evil
already given
is the
'.
to
educational
an
of
mystery
believed
do
never
that
similarlyMenander
in accord
for
misfortune, it is
be
not
Bacchylidesb
'
through
guide him
gods a.'
all-seeing
one,
; and
men
at
man
to
[CHAP.
not
are
Zeus, the
it is not
of great troubles
cause
RELIGION.
moral
purpose
thought powerful
maintains
the
and, if they
men,
or
in
that
the
utter
object
or
(frpovrja-is
o-ccxppoo-vvf]
through
to
d.
suffering
A
different
world
with
the
theory put
divine
what
did
absolute
forward
by
coming
power
exhausted
those
which
theory of
future
of
of God
something
the
was
Mundo*,
very
distant
sphere
it reached
The
us.
the
itself with
curious
was
the
some
problem
such
the
that
spiritof Greek
of evil
religious
solutions
as
mentioned, without
life. And
Greek
admitted
evil in
of De
by philosophic inquiry,amply
racter
fact of
author
contented
I have
the
heavily on
not
the
beneficence
from
before
weigh very
speculation,which
reconcile
to
attempt
darker
aspect.
this
spiritof
On
beneficent
ritual
the whole,
that the
preserved
might
one
cha
say
the average
temper
The
popular feeling,
yet
of the
relation
considered"
free-will and
Athens, at
at
11
Menand.
(Meineke).
of
Zeus
in
it than
to
nearer
the
Theophrastus.
Motpo,
destiny,has yet to be
a
question that touches
the part played by
on
fatalism in Greek religion. A cult-name
of Zeus
Olympia, and probably at Delphi and in Arcadia,
Belleroph.
Frag.
Bergk, 3.
superstitiousman
stands
to
294.
p. 580, 29.
Frag.
Fab.
Incert.
18.
or
Aesch-
Aristotle,p. 397 b.
'
De
Agam.
Adul.
c.
Z65.
22, p.
63
F.
for
with Zeus
remonstrate
had
not
to
'
RELIGION.
GREEK
80
cannot
he
Motpa and
presslygiven
synonyms
tells
Patroclus
And
then
and
him,
come
strikingpassage
Moira
and
accuse
the
sins
\vill: Zeus
God's
sufferingvirep
"
the
at
free action
the
maintains
once
and
that Moira
could
gods
often
are
the
Apollo
Apollo had
had
beginning
of
slain
dying
over
him
the
their
what
the
to
contrary
same
conclusion
fate
a.
at
identityof
popov,
ex
Odyssey ]'
of the
and
men,
was
stop their
breath
same
ought
which
and
Zeus
that
Hector
the
in
Zeus
prior decision.
own
fate if he liked.
as
that
of events
ordinary course
Hector,
or
that fate
mean
matter, but
in the
the
interfere with
Sarpedon
save
death,'this
to
had
who
wishing to
[CHAP.
or
wrongly
own
gods
intended.
We
arrive
the
was
company
certain older
of
goddesses
death
of the
them, there
when
consider
we
what
for,though
personal Mot/oca,
such
were
personal figures
"
of birth
and
Homer
as
latter,
the
to
little for
As
in his age.
children
the
earliest character
cared
Homer
niac
at
and
they
most
appear
death, perhaps
frequentlyuses
on
concerned
more
the term
the Hesiodic
shield
with
in reference
as
demons
of
their claim
to omnipotence
slaughter. How
very slightwas
be gathered from a very curious reference to them
in the
may
Homeric
d,in which they are described as
hymn to Hermes
the teachers of Apollo, and
once
winged, white-haired women,
stillgiving men
rightguidance, if they could obtain sufficient
oblation of honey. These
are
perhaps the faded figuresof an
older
these
the
other
MoTpa and
b
to
Od.
i.
whose
worship, personages
by the Eumenides
accused
have
of
world
of
supplanting6. What
"i
549-561.
Aesch.
'
904.
"um.
is
relation then
in the
Motpcu mentioned
Apollo
power
173.
Theogony*
81
ZEUS.
iv.]
of
who
the
receive
names
not
were
But
the
sense
of
the
Zeus
and
of
Destiny increased as abstract speculationon the nature
It was
probably through philosophy
things advanced.
perhaps the early physical Ionic philosophy that the idea
find
of an
prevalent; for we
overruling necessitybecame
the
eljuap/xeVr?
conceptions of Heraclitus,and the
among
chorus of Euripides'Alcestis confess that it was
philosophical
studies which
taught them that there was
nothing stronger
At any rate, the idea
in the world
than Destiny or wayta].
academic
merely,but played
grew in force and did not remain
"
"
of the religious
prominent part in the greatest drama
of Aeschylus. His hero is sup
mythology, the Prometheus
than
ported by the knowledge that there is a greater power
that
the
of Zeusa:
end
of these
The
sity?
however
'Fate
things.
tripleFates
all-fulfillcr has
the
Who
and
then
the
holds
mindful
decreed
otherwise
the helm
of
Erinyes.'
of the opponent
neces
It may
of
Zeus,
and
11
Prom.
is loosened
which
gen
buck fur
VOL.
of
Mof/xiand
I.
is bound
poses Prometheus
system
Zens
to contend
at
first.
about
difficulty
In
the real peril
Zeus.
of
fact,Aeschylus
of the
under the dramatic
was
necessity
does
which
not
wholly agree with
myth,
'Epivvt
j, against
G
the cult-form
of Zeus
the
MoipayeTrjs.
et
which
QeoOtv
Molpa,
for
god
however, only
usual
who
of
theory
himself
to
himself
firm
is
thou
necessityin
utterances
of
the Alcestis
be
in
the
vovs
thou
or
character
Zeus
is
the
twin
he
Stoic
it is Zeus
absorbs
every
sophical;
chose
to
the
on
whole,
necessityof
the
separate Zeus
the
received
but
from
while
existed
man's
bafflest
nature,
In the ode
said
are
the
to
have
to
of
summary
De
himself
Mundo,
ct/xap/xcvry,
other
agency.
and
Destiny
are
solution
of the
as
scant
for the
with
the
In
or
prayer
invoked
as
the
the
deepest views
The
cf. Eum.
idea
humour
of Greek
the
MOI/MH
Moipaye'nj?
philosophy,
had
scarcely
but
little
astrologicalaspect
Suppl. 822.
prac
in the
the domain
of fatalism
the
who
one
of Zeus
Stoic view
belief,and
suppl. 673.
618.
Lucian's
formula
ordinary Greek.
b
for any
antinomy. Within
scarcely existed, for
the
average
question
poeticalor philo
the
conduct
the
Again. 1026.
;
on
worship ;
principleof
Frag, 82
is the
Motpa, and
contradiction
unconsciously
expressed
thy
accomplishes by the
just as, in the verses
whether
speculation,
difficulty
was
always there
Tragoedus fastens
do
in
hast
the
by Greek
cult
to
and
Aristotelian
absorbing
as
in
Euripides it is
the avdyKii
or
that
who
of the
Cleanthes, Zeus
then,
put forward
of
end
inspires
powers.
This
Zeus
the
described
Destiny,as
of
at
who
voice6/
I raise my
ancient
by
art
he decrees ;
necessitywhatever
of the Fates
quoted by Eusebius. the powers
been
delegated to them by Zeus f. And
in
Zeus'
perhaps,
destiny0,'and
Even
of
aid
is
who
himself
Zeus,
art
thee
to
'
thou
of man,
world,
It is Zeus
conjectured to
'Oh
whether
the mind
or
of the
the order
thereon, whosoe'er
knowledge,
impossible
fate/ which
who
throne
'it is
might
are
of the universe:
which
rhetorical
the
overbears
doctrine
destined
law
hands
/u,
that
power
heaven;
the
escape
maintains
whose
etpye
saying of Herodotus,
also in the
higher
will of
the
or
be discovered
even
of
speak
to
appears
ewi-'
"/c
fjiopav
/motpa
/u,r/reray/xe
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
82
"Vt
"
5.
7 road.
884.
iv.]
of
ZEUS.
destinybelongs mainly
83
decadence
the
to
of
Greek
the
world.
At
of
Zeus, it is
into
investigation
ask
to
necessary
far his
how
religion
and
supremacy
of order or a monotheistic
predominance introduces a principle
will vary
tendency into the Greek polytheism. The answer
according as we regard the cults or the literature. Confining
find in
attention
to the period of Hellenism
our
proper, we
the
state
religionsand in the popular worship a singular
manifold
ethical
of function
extent
assigned and a very
character
attached
to
epithetsbelongedto
and
of his characteristics
Some
Zeus.
other divinities
also,but he is prominently
the
vatism
timid, and
was
deities than
of cult
were
life,and
Athene
inclined
to
admit
Besides, the
supplant a singleone.
of
the minute
wants
designed to meet
Zeus
were
more
to
not
was
Hermes
as
particulars
of Brittanyor Italythe
there
much
was
more
statues
much
so
or
concerned
Heracles
just as
Hermes
and
with
minutiae
the
the
more
daily
small
villages
in many
avail.
new
Therefore
dedications
to
Athens,
to
superstitions.
On
the other
hand, within
Greek
G
cult proper
in
the
purely
Hellenic
towards
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
84
strong impulse
strikinginstance,
had
not
vitality
that
displaysa germ of monotheism
is the
partial identity sometimes
enough to develop itself,
Zeus and the gods of the lower world and
recognized between
which
of
cult
The
trinityof
to
on
this, for
assume
divinities
the
fruitful
Zeus
Dionysos.
have
to
and
been
Xanthos, and
It has been
suggested*
illustrate such
rapprochement
in
of
can
Semitic
what
tomb.
Harpy
been
we
to
cognate
Troy, Mylasa.
at
ideas have
that Semitic
Zeus-figuresseems
Minor
prevalent in Asia
is presented to us
identification with
his occasional
again
other
there
parts
And
Carthaginian?
the Greek
Again, the
polytheism is modified
have
by the tendency to group and classifydivinities. We
the circle of the twelve
Olympians 15T,from which the merely
trinitywas
of
multiplicity
local divine
world,
has
excluded.
been
Hesiod
no
in
cult
Salami's
by
that
supposes
Solon
spread.
expressed
dedication
the
Athens,
worship
ayopa
where
the
esoteric
any
knew.
I57a,and
in
elsewhere, was
This
Homer
the
are
Pisistratus
younger
than
deities
of the
lower
the
of it than
more
instances
at
But
the
were
known
usually the
and
personages,
besides
Greece.
of
idea
altar
at
Athens
it
far
was
from
scarcely
of
the
to
the
centre
can
The
twelve
erected
;
gods
the
by
Welcker
and
prominent
more
which
be
first certain
the
worship
supposed
to
have
unity of god
nature
; probably
complex
any
head
in
corresponding to a unity observed
it was
of grouping
suggested by the ritualistic convenience
together the leading Hellenic cults. It is not found diffused
the Greek
widely over
world, and at many
of the placeswhere
it occurred"
the
"
Arch.
as
for instance
and
Hellespont,
Vide
an
article
at Xanthos"
by Paucker
in the
Zeit.
1851, p. 379.
b
Theocles, the leader of the
cidic troops in the jointattack
at
Megara, Delos,
we
may
Megarians
ascribe
and
tini, vowed
Chalof the
gods ;
worship1571.
b, on
something
Chalcidians
sacrifice
this may
Chalcis
to
point to
on
the
the
to
Leontwelve
Megarian
ZEUS.
iv.]
influence.
Attic
had
Nor
the
religiousbelief, since
the
and
of divinities
On
according
latter
the
ground
grouped together: the
of
speak
a
of
company
the
at
find
we
chorus
the
which
the
Argive
Homer
two
Graces,
the
group
of
Peitho
and
Demeter
the
Dioscuri
three
Anakes.
or
lacchos.
of
Further
We
have
the
and
legend
at
expressed it,
Zeus
"cos
Sept. c. Iheb.
//.
he
as
2.
220,
is not
only
than
251.
8. 235;
24. 376.
Ettthyd.302 D.
198; Plato,
Max. Tyr. Diss.
11.8.
As
Dem.
to
this
to
Zeuse.
shows
forms.
answer
the
religious
well
has
other
gods,
Homeric
And
the
use
of
usage
Fori
236; 14.444.
be merely a
in these
nstance
cases
In
form
some
passages
of grammar,
it may
we
the Zeus
Welckerd
god among
abstractedly. In
7. 311;
appeared
moments.
God
Meid.
the
Aphrodite
distinguishbetween
to
solely and
by itself is equivalent
also
Od.
Zeus
serious
consciousness
but
here
two
or
polytheisticcult,which
unity for Greek
tendency to multiply as to combine
quite as much
look at the religiousliterature,the
when
But
we
is different.
the
of three
groups
claim
cannot
of
of
affinities of character
besides.
others
Eros, and
no
thought
guardians
Fates,
two
or
'the
At
and
life and
fallinginto
three
built b.
been
Greek
their
deities
three
the
have
; we
Greek
fact upon
with
and
adjurations;
have
so
frequentlyfind
we
theories
reason
accordance
In
in
Zeus, Athene,
mentioned,
important for
speciallycalled
were
find
we
often
Helios.
gods, Zeus.
together
were
local
were
lawc.'
moral
trio
was
these, who
as
Thcbas
contra
of
divinities
other
Septem
altar
same
there
Athens
tutelary deities
the
strangely mystic
some
connexion.
of
7razi?/yupt9
and
in Athens
local
or
Theban
in the
classification
In
or
Apollo. In
Apollo frequently named
and
the
the
mystic worship.
is the
affinities
be
to
eighta.
common
Poseidon,
or
their
to
this
Dionysos
came
Greek
Greek
cruwcXeta
period of
for
include
to
world, who
artificial than
less
and
Earlier
importance
failed
lower
later
in the
prominent
most
it much
circle
of the
divinities
85
be
said
Od.
4.
it may
though
that
the
lyricalgnomic
the
expressions of
religiousthought, their
their
in
We
idea,
monotheistic
development,due
And
at
power
of
trace
be
it may
of
term
later
thought.
abstract
but
be
may
primitive
monotheism
to
not
monotheism,
used
'
heno-
denote
to
of
without
shadows
increased
awkward
very
exaltation
the
would
it amounts
most
'"if
theism
to
and
synonyms.
in this any
Welcker
as
that,
say
ethical
of
tone
0eo's-become
see
to
us
profound
has
diction
obliged to
not
are
and
earnest
the abstract
and
Zeus
and
poets allows
dramatic
and
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
86
over
one
Nevertheless,as
have
we
already,there
noted
few-
are
to assert
philosophyand poetry that seem
the
the
Usually,indeed, when
principle of monotheism.
in the fragments of the pre0ciov occurs
"eo's or
term
be
it may
Socratic philosophers,
more
naturally given an
passages
in Greek
TO
impersonal or
phanes, 'there
is
of
more
savour
pantheistic sense
God, greatest
one
'
henotheism
by Plutarch,the
of Philistion"'
believe that
lower
God
things is
"show
which
and
or
went
the
a
and
doctrine
they only
into
spirituality
images
rather
Xenophanes'
yv"pai
'
popular religion,
that followed by the
poets'
from
these
the
that
maintained
true
succeeded
at
of the
nature
in
most
images
no
divinity,
infusingmore
the
sacrifices and
people's worship. The
increased than
diminished, and in spite of
protest
against anthropomorphism,the
the
among
affected the
never
express
have
could
theory de
different path
could
Stoic
the
idea.
philosophers.While
sense-forms
But
a.
singleprovidence of higherand
him with all thy strengthb
reverence
the monotheistic
However,
the
found
sentiment
men,'
gods and
monotheism
Mundo,
Xeno-
of
words
among
than
the De
concluding chapters of
scribed
'
the
and
to
the
.numphant realization
masterpiece
whole
Greek
of the
divine idea
of
world
languageitself is helpingmonotheistic
Clem.
th"UL'ht-
Mein.
as
religious
the
in forms
Strom.
/^.
Greek
714
Zeus
full and
of
sense.
i"
4. 336, No.
16.
THE
in the
described
follows
mankind
of
sacred
harmless
of
the
in
distinction
but
between
shed
the
cakes, and
this
trasts
0eoi, the
The
in
dark
by
(Symp. Quaest.
the
'
excluding
Plutarch
with
animal
the
in
the
altar
by
Pallantium.
'
innocent
of
offered
were
of
worship of
the KaOapol
perhaps
jueAurTrcwSaor
these
sacrifice
(i.26, 5) con
hill
sacrifices,
were
the
the
worship of
of the
crest
6, 2) ; and
4.
the
contrasts
wineless
'
of
sense
identified
he
find
occasional
an
on
Pausanias
rites
explana
instance, nothing
allowed
cruel
were
indeed
offeringsand
and
gods
do
divinities a,
was
the
and
the
We
For
of
animal
107c. It is the
victim.
wine,
even
gods,'on
pure
other
Acropolis ;
vY]$aKia,the
the
of
guilty
innocence, when
thesis.
who
fallingaway
offerings to
the
with
'
of
bloodless
blood
Lycaeus, just as
Zeus
of
as
the
not
Vl7raros on
Zeus
Zeus,
briefly
the
to
the
to
vegetable oblations
or
of
allusion
and
the
vegetariandefending
ritual
which
when
and
cereal
a
sacrifice
pristine state
been
have
regarded by Porphyry,
mystic
as
bloody
from
was
tion
(p.56),were
text
Theophrastus,
institution
life
ZEUS-SACRIFICE.
THE
OF
RITUAL
THE
IV.
CHAPTER
TO
APPENDIX
'
are
honey
to
Zeus
Tewpyos, the
the
syne,
Aphrodite Ourania,
this
kind
oldest
sacrifice
period
a*For
of
instance, in
Apollo,
formed
of
whose
without
and
and
that
with
the
speciallyassociated
religion,for Dionysos and Aphrodite
worship
ritual in Delos
blood
It is clear
not
was
the
the
Dionysosb.
to
even
and
was
without
of
Diog.
b
per-
fire.
Laert.
SchoL
; Mann.
8. 13.
Oed.
Oxon
Col.
100
Paus.
(Roberts),21.
6. 20,
89
ZEUS.
Ourania
are
Hellenic
as
Prof.
distinction,which
worshippers laid
the
harvest, which
sacrifice
tribute, and
the
sacramental
with
munion
The
earlier of the
the
the nomadic.
The
was
due
the
partlyto
in which
that
earth
no
of
this
with
societyhave
human
son
as
Smith, and
(p. 288),Prof.
reckon
with
known
is that
totemism
or
the
sacrosanct
abstain, but
which
sacramentally
in
to
his
ritual.
So
far
as
am
in
interpretthe flov"poi'ia
of
'
on
Prof. Robert
Sacrifice' in the
Religion of
suggests that
the Semites
have
we
to
of
societyclaims
animal, from
order
this does
Smith
the
on
may
harvest-commemo
by Mannhardt,
in
and
survival
on
the
In his essay
Frazer.
mysterious sacrifice
to
made
Robertson
the
of
end
the
July,and
as
been
Mr.
It is
guilt.
about
of
beginning
kind
some
EncyclopaediaBritannica
god
the
about
ideas
of
It fell indeed
accordance
sacrifices,
the
light has been thrown
upon
Mommsen's
In
religious drama.
of the /3ov$(wa is
account
superficial
that
for reasons
a
threshing-festival
some
certainlybe regarded
ration recognizingZeus
aware
animal
the
acknowledgement
the
harvest,
of
some
Heortologie,
only a very
given ; he regards it as
are
convincing.
by no means
not
later
ritual
the
this
; we
nourished
shed
and
Attic
com
suppositionof Theophrastus
popular conception of a golden
vague
lamentation, and
of the
into
might believe
period was
agricultural
the
erroneous
was
man
marked
the
common
brought
were
forms
two
that
ground
than
of the
of
means
mere
as
he
latter is the
age
tribe
altar
the
the
their
reasons
solely on
first-fruits of
upon
which, by
at
first to
the
was
the
offering of
In
recognize the
to
Smith
Robertson
the
between
emphasize,
have
religionswe
Semitic
in
primitiveGreek.
of the
divinities
the
not
solemn
to
with
kindred
whose
occasions
strengthen
flesh
animal-
they habitually
they
the
an
tie
may
of
devour
kinship
them
between
legend that
the
on
ox/
on
dealt the
priestwho
slayers,on
the
stress
of the
murderer
ox
is
akin
to
the
that
animal
regards the
different ; he
in his admirable
view
38-41),is
somewhat
corn-
is killed at
and who
sacramentally,
rise again with fresher
of the harvest that he may
of production. But this explanationof the Botiphonia
the former, though it may
as
not
quite so satisfactory
end
powers
appears
well
divine
as
representativeof the
the
as
ox
the conclusion
regarded
pp.
of
flesh is eaten
a,whose
spirit
the
Bough (vol.
2,
Golden
treatise, The
blow, and
admission
draws
is
Frazer's
Mr.
clan.
the
he
because
treated
so
the
rite with
the
connects
iv.
[CHAP.
the
and
lays
writer
this
;
RELIGION.
GREEK
90
be
applied to
collected evidence
rite.
showing that
has
the
ox
has
Mr. Frazer
been
regarded by
is so regarded in certain
now
primitivepeople,and even
districts of China, as the representativeof the deityof vegeta
some
(vol.2,
tion
Chinese
practice of forming
it full of
grain,which
pretence of
stuffed
with
habit of
that
Mr.
Frazer
conciliate
blood-feud
from
and
It
to
was
say
the
an
ft
This
kindred
animal's
the Russians
who
slain bear
"c. (vol.
knife,'
2,
p.
he who
was
those
(vol.2,
natural
slew
pp. 113,
try
him, but
'
in).
it
In
was
firstexpressed by
Russian
fact,totemism
or
to
to
axe,
are
or
114);
persuade
one
some
rites
deity of vegetation.
than
reasons
of the
slain with
been
of the
worship
given
are
one
not
the
that has
other
was
to
also
same
the
slain
all
be
with
the
to
make
its
a
some
it and
Instances
grass.
stuffing
Athenian
skin of the
of the
out
ox
and
ox
may
in
animal
live
the
the
p. 42
on
illustrate the
to
appear
adduces
that
totemism
an
point
to
may
quotes
effigyof
an
mourning
seem
And
making
hay or
he
42),and
pp.
else.
reported
Russian
the belief
itself,
of the tribal
kinshipwith
Mannhardt,Mythologische
Forschungen, p. 68.
APP.]
a
ZEUS.
animal, is only
certain sacred
the
fallacypeculiarto
moved
then
are
the
by
in the
present
tion is
when
paid
animal
to
theory
which
be
does
that
theory
throw
clearer
of the
were
him
been
kindred
feel
shed, and
kinsman
here
these
lighton
into
as
the
exile
Now
ritual of the
the
have
we
dark
as
much
only
expressed,that
or
the
to
collected
have
we
same
would
has
venera
animal, but
tribe.
nor
obliged to
the
he
We
the
such
some
Bouphonia.
not
sufficiently
explain why the
of
awaken
such
a
profound sense
of
kind
as
either
causa
the
naturallyimplied in
seems
Frazer's
Mr.
akin
way
vera
any
belief,latent
some
sacrificed
slaughteredor
some
as
whenever
past, not
detect
is in
belief
the
to
can
we
the
or
regarding animals
thoughts as mankind.
totemism
assume
larger
of
mind
savage
of the
specialform
feelingsand
same
libertyto
at
91
exile.
would
the other
hand,
of totemism
passages
of ritual ; if the
those
worshipper,
guiltas
necessitythat
same
priestshould
the
On
of
mass
survival
of
sense
the
examine
why
by the
aroused
been
lie upon
the
ox
sacrificed
who
if kindred
blood
the
drove
would
had
slayer of
And
(3ov(f)6i'os.
this
at
ox
sacramental
he
whereby
confirmed
became
by
the
meal
of
flesh
one
existence
with
of the
of the
the rest
with
them
Boutadae,
of
of
citizens,
it is further
the
ox-clan,
at
that was
was
Bovnjs, a name
mythic ancestor
given also to the officiating
priestof the Diipolia.This theory
of the originof the rite might be reconciled with Mr. Frazer's,
if we
in
this case
the
that
deity of vegetation,
suppose
personifiedas the ox, has been taken as their totem
by the
tribe ; it is clear at any rate that in this worship,
agricultural
Athens, whose
as
in
Both
other
the
Attic
above-mentioned
proving
the form
of
to
have
But
has
an
writers
agriculturalcharacter.
have
collected
ample
of killingthe god in
primitive custom
divine animal, and the sacramental
a
eating of his
is not proved
Mr. Frazer considers
that totemism
evidence
flesh.
cults,Zeus
existed
the
among
the
Aryan tribes,and
RELIGION.
GREEK
92
is
ox
reallythe vegetationspiritgives us
cit. vol.
(loc.
causa
[CHAP. iv.
38). Looking
2, p.
the Greeks
at
verior
only,we
based on
ever
certainlyadmit that,if their societywas
left this system very far behind
totemism, they had fortunately
admit
that
of their history; and
we
them
at the dawn
may
descent
through the female, a fact that is usuallyfound with
must
be
cannot
Greek
any
But
indication that
the
reasonable
Diipolia,as
And
where
very
and
remote
we
find
occasionally
of
survival
to provide
only hypothesis that seems
key to the puzzle. A curious parallelto the
Smith, might be
explained by Prof. Robertson
here
totemism
worshipper,the
to the
akin
as
to
long passed
from
shadow
is venerated
that
animal
sacrificed is regarded
practices of cult.
legend and
past upon
that has
institution
an
still cast
life may
of actual
out
in
totemism,
is the
are
Syrian goddess which
described by the pseudo-Lucian (De Dea
Syria, c. 58). The
by throwing them
headlong
worshippers sacrificed animals
found
the
in
from
the
to
the
they threw
down
their
occasionally
them
children,calling
oxen.'
'
own
of that
reminded
are
sacrifices
story which
curious
will be
worship
daugh
'
explanation may
reasonably be offered for
strange ritual of Zeus Lycaeus, the wolf^god of the wolfThe
ter.'
the
clan
same
of the
sacrifice and
wolves,
are
the
Lycaonids Jahn
the
origin of
the
which
was
founded
Flood
and
was
has
escorted
by wolves
built the
cityLycoreia and
But
whether
the
O.
Jahn, Ber.
Wtss.
volf
in
noticed
later
of
We
the
ultimate
1847, p. 423.
symbolizesthe exile
view
may
that the
be true
temple
the
of
Norse
he
a.
must
legend,but
of Greek,
after the
here
summit, where
of Zeus
explanation
d. Sachs. Gesells. d.
His
to
landed
be
cannot
sought
be
proved
in
true
ZEUS.
APP.]
totemism
in
or
'theanthropic animal,
Smith
Robertson
held
The
nourished
which
sow
the
of the animal
the
from
deceptiveappearance
offered
suggested this
as
victim
the altar to
sacrificed
be
and
later
the
priestand
As
the altar.
eagle is
the
feelingthat
place of
the
life.
human
at
cults of Zeus
; but
from
development
when
this latter
the human
be
in
their
were
The
strange
recorded
by
made
see
in
the
hand
of
pasturing near
myth testifies
offeringin
milder
human
that the
in
the
Hellenic
primitivefact",but
theanthropic animal,
and
the
idea
arose
and
We
are
that
must
told, for
the
(754 P.)that
the
Mr.
legend
Herodotus
of human
view
the human
"
the
an
blood.
own
double
to
the
disaster.
peril and
led
was
god reallydesired
the
what
of
was
doubt
sacrifice of the
misunderstood,
legend
of Cleona
averted
^iciyoi
probably to Zeus, but if
by animal offerings,
wanting they began the sacrifice with shedding
snow
victim
no
the
instance, by Clemens
hail and
is
have
plague, when
the
probably not
was
times
that
was
was
victim
given
it
Helen
actuallyfound
times
certain
offeringwas
Laconian
stay
desired
chapter
sacrifice to Artemis-
There
sometimes
himself
Zeus
to
snatched
and
down
eagle swooped
in order
well have
may
human
a
explanation for
the
about
sacrifices where
the
and
of many
In
attributes.
an
as
treated
was
human
with
invested
to
Zeus
infant
animal
the
semi-divine
examples already
local legend of Mount
the
the
Prof.
by
the
To
Crete
divinities,
invented
denote
to
traces
in
substitution
arisen
of the
Hellenic
if this term
used
from
one
of other
as
sacrifice.
of
add
given we may
Dicte spoke
be
may
animal
semi-human
the
Zeus,
'
of the
was
ritual of
in the
remain
primitive fact,indubitable
other
some
93
and
the animal
of
Athamas
Zeus
others, well
and
sacrifice
and
the
There
offering.
suggestionhas been
Frazer's Golden
Bough,
same
and
Laphystius,
illustrates
confusion
are
many
the
between
apparent
and
contradictions
Zeus
to
record
that
brought
the
to
the
familymust
of his
divine
animal
power,
and
was
this
to
sacrifice
Plato's
the
be
to
himself
ram
as
family
wishing
his account,
under
were
sacrifice his
to
in
out
his
because
the
the
god, and
the
more
In the
also the
merciful
discover
pasture.
and
in both
For
was
in
detect
can
or
the
that
feeling
the
of
divine
in
sinned
historian
is not
probably rooted
the legends the
is due
animal
deity himself
to
sanctioned
rite.
Diipolia,as
ideas of human
the
Pausanias, that
Athamas
first-born;but
popular thought. We
victim
feelingthat the human
point to
imply
to
in the
; but
just as Jehovah
substitute,
Herodotus
himself,at the
curse
human
righteousnessof
in
legend
is too
not
or
to
the
about
entered
the
time
of
son
account
(315 C.)seems
And
seems
a
sacrifice if he
in Herodotus'
opposite view
presented by the
the
of the
descendants
that
and
prey,
positivelywhether
say
in the Minos
sent
still maintained
human
liable to
The
it.
beginningof
the
miraculous
But
"J"ufioj..
Zeus
to
semi-
ram,
and
of Herodotus
confusion
us
sacrifice is
Zeus
on
actually carried
was
voice
missing his
should
The
allow
human
laid
was
statement
realityof
at
angry
prytaneum.
great
with
the
by
rescued
are
in the time
curse
and
point of importance is
next
itself is sacrificed
The
son
ram
Halus
people of
that the god
the
therefore
and
endowed
the
was
slayingthe
practiceof periodically
human
representativehas been amply
Frazer.
father
both
that
certain
at
the
; and
Mr.
by
eldest
The
herea.
noted
few
; a
be
in the person
illustrated
story
times
character
sacred
god
not
be
points may
representativeof Athamantid
offered
in the
elements
alien
some
salient
and
essential
[CHAP. iv.
RELIGION.
GREEK
94
in the
animal
allusion
an
each
Laphystius cult,we
sacrifice
to
the
are
divinityof
legend represents
a
Vide
25
and
68,and
blended
the
Apollod.
see
; and
J.
9.
we
the field
sacrifice as
the
that
can
or
means
the
RELIGION.
GREEK
96
But
eater/
the
is found
know
not
localityof
the
analogy
the
that
conclude
of similar
partake
goat
flesh of
the
of
sacrificed
was
the
name
we
appellatives,
can
of his
one
the
Diipolia:
lay stress
The
in the
other
for the
evidence
is
Zeus-ritual
to
The
of the
account
altar
the
approached
cult,from
Ascraeus, and
point the
one
certainly
animals.
Zeus
to
in
supposed
was
chosen
was
character
sacred
mainly indirect
the
on
that
animal
god
do
we
was
actual
favourite
Halicarnassus
at
the record
from
the
in which
sacrificial ceremony
some
48, though
Zeus
derived
was
some
cult in which
the
name
possessed
"
titles of
the
among
the
on
vogue
have
significance.The
same
character
sacred
cults the
in certain
thing of
bore
others
than
more
[CHAP. iv.
cannot
we
in the
story of
the
relation
same
as
the
worshippersdepends
The
term
in the
the
on
religionas
Homeric
not
an
view
the
to
us
in
and
his
of the
been
but
cult-title,
actual
god
is taken
have
to
the
cult-
ever
goat stood
to
ram
that
seem
the
supplied by
the
and
ox
aiyio^osdoes
later Greek
this
evidence
term
the
the
from
divinity. Apart
aegis.
in vogue
its
suppose
in
prevalence
that
once
significancehad
ever
belonged to it. But if Zeus was
worshipped or habitually
regarded as the holder of the aegis,'
the aegis? According to Preller and
what
was
Roscher, it is
the storm-cloud
fraughtwith lightningand thunder, which
'
imagined to
perhaps by a
was
goat-skin.
Prof. Robertson
the
aegis on
animal
be the weapon
false
etymology,
different
Smith
the
associated
of
explanation has
in his article
on
breast of Athena
her in
with
misinterpretedas
been
only
worship.
It is
A'um.
suggested by
'Sacrifice,'
namely, that
is
Head, Hist.
afterwards,
566.
the
skin
of the
partlya question
APP.]
of
a
ZEUS.
the
That
etymology.
meteorologicalsense
97
its
and
word
be denied.
cannot
had
compounds
Aeschylus uses it
have the
and we
Choephori (592),
of the same
words
and KaraiyCfciv
Kctrai'f
meaning.
Karaiyfa,
clear proof that writers after
have
On
the other hand, we
in the sense
of goat-skin.
Homer
often used the term
aiyis
Herodotus
tells us that the Libyans wore
goat-skins(cuyecu),
from Libya
the aegisof Athena
borrowed
and that the Greeks
his Cyclops recline on
a
shaggy
(4. 189); Euripides makes
declares
kv afyi'Si,
Cycl.360); Diodorus
goat-skin(8a"n;^aAA(j"
for the
that
Zeus
called atyioxos
was
he
because
wore
him
Eratosthenes
by
in the
storm-wind
which
Zeus
used
as
battle-charm
Again, we
againstthe Titans, 8ta TO arpa"Tov avrijsKCH "j"o(3"pov.
the authorityof Nymphodorus,
told by Hesychius (s.
on
are
v.),
in the sense
of
used by the Laconians
that the word
was
of
this use
be illustrated by the statement
a shield,and
may
the goat-skin
Pausanias
that the Arcadians
occasionallywore
have the title jxeAayatyij
for this purpose
we
in battle ; lastly,
with
to do
applied to Dionysos, and, as this god has much
goats and nothing at all with whirlwinds, it could only mean
it is so explained by
and
the wearer
of the black goat-skin,'
the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Acharn.146). It is important
'
in
judging
is
never
for
used
distinct
two
derived
the
'
cloud.
Can
noted
other?
by
come
any
first meant
we
that
note
one
is
the
word
that of the
suppose
no\v
above,
in
some
way
originallydenoting
logicaldevelopment of idea to mean
Could
It is difficult to
goat-skin?
which
to
interpretation
meanings
from
'whirlwind
a
of Roscher's
goat-skincome
say
to
word
this.
be
used
Or
for
did
a
the
word
whirlwind
called
were
why it should ; large waves
(2.i 2),but that sug
according to Artemidorus
goats (cuyes),
why whirlwinds should be called goat-skins.
gests no reason
entirely
Possibly the two
meanings really belong to two
One
cannot
see
distinct words.
period the
It remains
VOL.
I.
What
seems
sense
to
post-Homeric
the other.
goat-skin predominates over
of the aegisin Homer,
the significance
examine
*
who
it
is
show
that
the
connoted
word
phenomena.
especiallyto Zeus, but
vicegerent of Zeus.
Achaeans,
bearing the
the
well
a
wherefrom
hundred
oxen.'
that Zeus
Troy,
will
wroth
described
about
wields
446, Athena
'
at
In
Book
shake
her shoulders
whole
Book
aegis,the thing of
wherein
is Strife,
and
Fear, and
of
chill
Pursuit,and
price
cityof
'
the tasselled
with
all
is
738, it
5.
of Athena
accoutrement
and
prophesies
aegisagainst the
Battle,and
in
166, Agamemnon
4.
perjury.'Again, in
part of the
as
only
aegis,the deathless
all-golden tassels wave,
the dark
their
it
stirs up
each
worth
(or well twisted, eiJTrAe/ce'es),
woven
other
poetry, belongs
Apollo
2.
to
passages
revered
hundred
his
Book
In
'
immortal,
Homeric
aegis, in
also to Athena
the
as
describes
meteorological or
any
The
elemental
sometimes
the
in
nothing
is
There
minutely.
who
authority and
earliest
our
[CHAP. iv.
RELIGION.
GREEK
98
she
cast
that
terror
the
might
the
the
Gorgon's head,
sacred sign of Zeus the Aegis-holder.'When
Apollo bears it
against the Achaeans, it is described (14.309) as 'shaggy all
about,' and as wrought by the smith-god, Hephaestus, for
Zeus
wield
to
face of the
for the
fight Athena
Hector, which
regarded as
Achilles
(21.400),Ares
'
drags
hurls
in
can
wraps
he
fail within
shakes
them,
high
a
in
the
in the midst
the
aegis,that
Lastly, in
the
the
be
the
distant
most
here
theomachia
of
laceration
his spear
Evidently there
man-
body
must
it in the
sign of
covering for the
as
the hearts
as
Odysseus, when
on
up
serves
soft
It
Apollo
some
bolt of Zeus
held
; when
men
in the hall of
destroyingaegis.
when
of
fear
Athena's
thunder
its invinallusion
all this to
be
wrapped
it is
shaggy
golden
tassels
divine
battle-charm, which
It is not
in
Homer
and
metal
all,it is a
strikes
symbol
has
terror
for the
most
into
whirlwind,
ornament-
potent and
the
nor
enemy.
can
we
ZEUS.
APP.]
have
been
In
for it.
Homer
as
There
it is mentioned
Book
17. 593,
Zeus
describes
only
are
two
could
ever
in
passages
in any
connexion
with
is the
connexion
essential at
of these
in neither
cloud, and
all.
thing
symbol
where
Homer
or
such
how
imagine
99
is said
to
take
the
storm
tasselled
Ida
in clouds, 'and
having
gleaming aegis,and to cover
mightily,and shook the aegis,and
lightened,he thundered
victory to the Trojans and put fear in the Achaeans.'
gave
the cloud or the thunder ;
But the aegisis not said to cause
battle-charm
it is only used here as elsewhere
to inspire
a
as
terror.
Achilles
In
was
Book
18.
going
204-206, it
unarmed
is said
the
to
that
'
trenches,
Athena, when
cast
around
his
about
his head
aegis. And
she set a golden cloud, and kindled gleaming fire therefrom.'
breast is evidentlya battle-charm
The aegison his unarmed
;
his head.
it is entirely
distinct from the golden cloud about
mighty
shoulders
the
tasselled
be
an
symbolism
which, if once
in
the
aegis
of which
there,had died
out
H
Homer
was
ignorant,and
period.
RELIGION.
GREEK
ioo
is every
There
to
reason
[CHAP. iv.
the
that
suppose
goat-skin had
meteorologicalsignificance.In certain
cults in Greece, the goat possessed the mysterious and sacred
character of a
theanthropic animal, akin to the divinityand
the worshipper ; namely, in the worship of Dionysos, the god
of the Brauronian
and
Artemis, to
of the dark
goat-skin,'
a
ritualistic and
not
'
'
'
whom
//
daughter' (Eustath.
worship
goat,
'callingit
goat had
26). The
p. 331,
in the
character
tabooed
offered
Athenian
mythical
of Athena
the
on
and
sacred
his
Acropolis,
and
once
the victim
was
year
were
other
should
that
it should
life-giving
power
value
as
of the
tribe
it is
well,and
as
in his
book,
recent
magical
charm.
natural
war-goddess, it was
specialpotency in battle ; but
of
animal
sacred
in many
this,as
the
of
be
to
come
in
noted
possess
ritual
in the
used
Being
has
Frazer
Mr.
which
cases
that
animal, and
be clothed
should
also
ought
to
interesting
have
to
find
that
the
to
the
it
be
was
343).
8.
evidence
from
goat
had
the
times
faded
ritual,in which
the
if there
As
devourer
his
with
facts
the
of
goat
more
examined
civilized animals
on
Athena's,the goat
the
was
; but
tended
we
supposition that
a
sacred
is this
to
can
in
animal, and
sacrificed to
was
worshippersadvanced, they
of
her,it is a reasonable
'the
certainly
must
But
away.
sacred
(Serv.
women
close association
pointingto
some
Athens
at
usage
for in recent
the
with
this
Now
pre-Homeric,
Athena
practiceis strikinglyanalogous
Juno in the Roman
Lupercalia,
goat-skinof
of
employed for the purification
of the
use
where
Aen.
last
offspring.The
procure
is
called
once
same
source.
associate
best
his
him
explain the
ritual,as
in
APP.]
skin
ZEUS.
was
of his power,
badge
out, the
aegisin
charm,
an
the hands
emblem
by
was
entirelylost.
Down
the
were
reform
much
the
to
in the
remained
of Greek
the
of
part
of
devourer
the
blood
the
bloodless
of bulls
be
the
sacrifice,the
Euripides, where
god,
one
be
the
is
the
altar.'
It is true
Hebrew
people
earth
also
the
higher
in Greek
elsewhere
as
reflection
poor
man's
with
the
ideas
that
have
paganism,
was
; in the
human
parts of the
2.
remained
conservative
more
making
the
Cf.
same
sake
sacrifice to
of luck
'Ettarofj.l3a.ios,
Hesych.
'
s.
and
which
was
the
advanced
sacrifice, that
of
minds
more
these
though
But
oxen.
the
of the
some
till the
wor
end
of
in
in
vogue
empire, according
to
Porphyry
the
life,
as
feeling,
Lysias felt,that
deeper
continuing
time
ritual
in
the
among
all
the
on
mite,' availed
widow's
sacrifices
54-57), till
fire of
as
upon
unchanged
Roman
to
feels
poet
that
best
the
the
penetrated
ritual
even
Abstin.
come
of
of
Pythagorean philosophy,
we
literature,
'
shippers, the
(De
than
slight offering,the
may
certain
sacrifice
hecatombs
the
take
to
to
as
abundance
came
righteousness was
deity than
Hades
Greek
the
natures
in
minds
fragment
and
which
forth
among
about
spiritualview
more
in
that
fruits which
sacrifice without
poured
that
It is true
certain
to
Zeus
to
'the
"
god
delighted in
and
corn
sacrifice
The
who
Cyprus,
contained
is made
acceptable
the
in
prayer
proffered with
of
fruits
desired.
no
was
feaster
a
(rrTr/Vayx^oro/^os),
him, appeared
to
appeal
more
there
Zeus, and
offeringsof
ritual ; the
purer
animal-sacrifices
(Athenae. i 74 D) a.
rams
was
embellishment, but
Theophrastus
termed
occasionallymade
were
to
and
of
magical
meaning
true
religion,the
entrails
he was
as
(eiA.a7rimo-r?;s),
the
goat-ritualdied
became
god
artistic
ritual
that
direction
the
as
of the supreme
poetical and
close
chief
that
but
of terror, of which
concealed
never
101
'
than
it
the
was
of Hadrian.
in
any
worth
gods,
if for
The
other
while
no
Greek
part of his
continue
to
other
reason,
Zei"y
tv
TopTvvr),ital napa
Kapal
KO.I
Kprjai.
CHAPTER
CULT-MONUMENTS
THE
without
was
cults.
elsewhere
Homer
In
Athene
and
he
knew
ever
Artemis
allusion
an
of
reason
why
and
Rome,
was
that
would
cult of Zeus
other
And
us
but
of
images,
later
For
allow
may
long period
altar
during
the
crated
to
and
him.
saw
and
called
of the
hint
no
the
that
that
archaic
most
of Greece
than
of
want
the
piety
this
obviously
had
iconic
the
God.
Supreme
of course,
was,
begun,
the
than
the
form
here
cause
The
only
Zeus
been
the
healed
aniconic
suppose
invested
with
magical
was
and
See
stone
medicinal
significanceof
a
the
lay
in
the
next
stage,
was
the
which
'
and
which
worship
which
Orestes
which
tongue8.'
had
or
conse
stone
but
qualities,
above, p. 46.
mountain
objects were
Laconia, upon
of his madness,
meteoric
the
on
in
this
the
in
strangest of these
Gythium
near
had
worshipped
was
sacrifice
that
remarkable
he
period,certain
same
Pausanias
sat
admitting
idol of
an
reserve.
religious
with
tops
We
in
other
representationsof
and
was
to
the
are
not
the
both
primitive religion,
most
destitute
divinities.
certain
been
to
Lycaeum
than
imagination
had
time
Apollo, but
of Zeus.
down
come
the
of
one
divinities,
Mount
explicitreference
perhaps Apollo,
and
The
to
Greek
on
so
longer
an
image
an
have
that
statues
for
ZEUS.
of all other
as
remained
have
we
OF
Zeus,
and
image,
an
probably
and
of
worship
oldest
THE
V.
We
had
may
become
its title is
of Zeus
by
itself out
it become
could
: but
inscriptions
of
means
that
religiousthought
manifold
till a later
not
in the literature
embodied
was
period
of
vehicle
adequate
an
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
104
three-eyed Zeus,
said
this
the
was
Homer
KaraxOdvioswhom
and
whom
Aeschylus refers,
'Em/Uos-
to
was
the
sky-Zeus united
the Zeus
and
accept it until
may
we
that
accept
we
mentions
the Zevs
with
Argos
Troy04, if
from
that
explanation of Pausanias
of
the citadel
on
brought
been
have
to
the avaBr^a
more
tripleZeus
rare
genuinely Hellenic
among
include
Such
Dr.
be Zeus, but
Titanic
some
too
thinks
for
monstrous
the
the
artist did
with
the
lightning
not
dent and
the
hands
clenched
symbolism
not
wonders
him
represent
or
very
eyes
clusive ; it is hard
to
symbolism
period to represent
unnatural
tive
saw
say it was
in the very
in
three
worlds
I do
person;
and
natural
meaning Dr.
not
the
as
see
primi
being who
three-eyed
what
more
Mayer finds in
them
if the three eyes reallybelongedto
a
Cyclops; and a three-eyed
Cyclops is
after all
very
doubtful
The
person.
tri
to
open
at
the hands
xoana
the
yet parted.
they may
me
of
the hands
able
fingers
figure
this
con
to
seem
been
was
His
not
Osogos, the
Zeus
do
and
are
cannot
we
into
lightning
the
for
monuments;
are
eagle,trident
or
Chiusi
from
vase
representation is exceedingly
to
Zeus, and
why
been
allied
nature-power
He
Cyclops.
have
originally
must
representations of Zeus
the
these
among
given by
of
forms
trident b.
the
one
is
art
mature
more
displaysthree
which
and
in
idea
same
The
Minor.
in Asia
had
and
; regardingit
well have
Pausanias
as
character
of
as
Zeus
ground
some
Zeus,
explainedthe three
did, for this triple
recognized
was
the
it with
associated
legend of Priam
for
still
in
there
quoting
the
monument
illustrativeof
god.
published by
xoanon
as
PI.
I b
cf. gems
Overbeck, Kunst-Myth.tGemmentaf.
nos.
7, 8, p. 259.
3,
crab
the
in
appeared
the
the
small
god
in
through
in
statuette
the
and
periods of
all the
more
gloomy
arrangement
of hairc.
the
It is obvious
that
physicalworld,
which
cults, could
sentation
Dodonaeus,
of Zeus
temple
descending from
him
Such
was
to
or
theme
relief-work
attributes
a
so
none
this
For
group
on
below
The
upon
in
the
in many
of
the
clearness
in
the
the
been
repre
in the
Even
symbolism
that
rain-god ; namely,
the
d,wearing
good
oak-crown
an
reason
Overhead
as
Naios
Zeus
and
coins of Antoninus
near
of cypress-
grove
rain-drops
are
mountain-god
recumbent
seen
below6.
529;
Overb.
loc.
probable reproduction
cult and
sombre
monuments
two
him, while
Athena-
of
Monuments,
p. 328.
c
marked
Zeus
of natural
speciallyof
certain Ephesian
enthroned
that
to
more
of
have
Serapis are
monuments
of Zeus
convenientlystudied
more
in connexion
see
And
'Tcnos?
of Zeus
Museum
cit, p. 269.
b
with
more
or
(PI.I c).
matted
again,the type
one
the
functions
the
is expressed
affinity
and
the
we
shows
on
being
or
only one
representationof
Berlin
which
latter
of the
find
in the
of Zeus
And
bears
b.
Hades
commemorated
period
mention,
both
easilyexpressed
in the archaic
with
and
this
art
countenance
of
(J5
the other
on
Itonia
Athene
Cerberos
with
with
trident
Museum
regarded as
head
Greek
were
period,when a
been
gained,we
be
can
eagle
many
be
not
monuments.
had
other
character
distinct
the
Hades,
later
the
British
the
which
by
Strabo
character
his double
of
and
one
have
Pausanias
Mylasa, of
undoubtedly
of
Zeus-Hades
of
group
which
Coronea,"
at
the
Zeus
chthonian
the
But
his feeta.
by
105
coin of
on
of
period
the
is found
Caria, who
of
Zeus-Poseidon
ZEUS.
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
THE
v.]
world.
lower
d
Overb.
"
D. A
Myth.
Kunst-Myth.
K.
2.
no.
14
i, p. 233.
Overb.
22.
Kunst-
those
of
emblem
it in
his
is
mention
that
common
it did
personality. A
presents
type of
archaistic
on
an
of
coins
have
been
always
not
and
proof
Olympiab,
and hurling
obvious
so
largeseries
the
vase-painting
"
in
at
the
gods
such
scenes
as
on
the
preserve
"
rock
on
In
feet6.
his
near
throne
seated
Karai/Sa-rr;?,
Zeus
to
seems
Seleucia
at
represented by itself on
cityd; and coins of Cyrrhus
inscriptionof
it appears
itself
of Zeus
emblem
an
in
find it
we
of ancient
theme
of
holding
specialmention
thunderbolt
The
Zeusso
is found
and
does
was
of this
figure and
claim
the
symbol
very
worshipped as
coins
archaic
most
coin of Messene
other
of
Antioch, for
the
must
the
of
record
in
appears
common
probably his most
vase-paintings,and was
in very earlysculpture: for although Pausanias
oldest
not
thunderbolt
The
thunderer.
the
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
io6
the
common
the birth of
as
in such
dramatic
and
violent
subjectsof
battle
with
the
giants
with
Typhon
weapon
on
and
on
archaic
relief-work
the
as
the
supposed usually,though
the thunderer,the aegis or
on
insufficient
ground,
to
is the
been
indicate
The
by
Ascarus
the
Theban,
at Olympia, which
probably belonged
the late archaic
to
period, held the
thunderbolt in the righthand, Paus. 5.
24"
b
statue
J-
Baumeister, Denkm.
Klass. Alterth.
Cieiium
of
Cyzicus,Mus.
Thessaly, Head,
Hunter.
p.
of
he
in
late
249;
Bruttium, ib. p. 78 ;
ib. p. 91 ; Acarnania, it. p. 283;
Petelia,
Aegina, ib. p. 334; Bactria, ib. 702:
cia,Head, p. 270
cf. Zeus
standingwith
lowered
thunder-
v.]
coins
Alexandria3, and
of
the
the
aegis on
meaning
the
But
what
war
and
Either
Dodona
and
and
ought
we
to
not
And
monuments.
victorious
better
god
and
character
benign
seekb.
It
the dark
and
moral
these
and
almost
all the
the
later archaic
type created
the
Bactrian
that
of
the
oldest
is
refined
with
worship
god
with
in the archaic
d.
later monuments
And
b
in
Overb.
cf. pp.
Alex-
of
in his
the
op.
men
hand,
The
more
thunderbolt
frequently
later
cit.
is
periods
Gemmentaf.
of
3;
243-250.
Paus.
Vide
Zeus
Myth,
held
is found
and
of this
find two
lowered
period
an
flowers c.
other
strongest
statues
we
was
that
image,
Zeus
belong to
terrifyingforms
the
Pausanias
the
in
was
without
In
lilies or
far to
primitivecults
remained
by
it is his
is not
reason
most
away.
ordinarychlamys.
andrian
Zei/s Necoin with inscription,
and
the
left
on
shoulder,
aegis
fj."ios,
Head, op. cit.,
p. 719 ; Overbeck, KunstMyth, i, p. 218.
no
the
and
be
represented,the pacific
is
prevails,and
recorded
crowned
v/as
might
TpoTraios,
representationsof
gloomy and
period,when
be
the warlike
whether
peaceful form
or
earlier
beginning to
period at Olympia
among
of
in the
meaning
express
monuments,
the whole
on
were
that
relief;but
this
it had
cult-names
nature
in the
was
that
archaic
his
his head
cults
local
the
aegis-bearingZeus.
the
physicalor
in
with
"Apeios,a-Tparrjyos,
"
the
in
even
tioned
it here
agree
assume
those
applied to
But
Is
Epirot kings.
an
ensign of
worshipped in
the fertilizing
the
that
of the
Dodona,
to
the
"Apeto?were
show
coins
The
much
been
refer
to
Zeus
would
sense
has
seem
mean?
the
together.
"Apeto?who was
regards it, a sign of
the
Overbeck
as
the
on
aegis
victory of
cloud?
or
the
does
Epirus, or.
Zevs
of Zeus
badge
of which
which
on
occur
attributes
would
oak-crown
The
oak-crown
107
gems,
Venice,
at
conjunction of
this
and
statues
cameo
the
and
breast
of
debated.
being
is the
famous
most
few
ZEUS.
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
THE
5. 22, 5 ; 5. 24,
note
in
c, p.
106,and
i.
cf. statuette
i, p. 152,
fig.18
; bronze
statuette
io8
Greek
art
the
of
powers
the
SoYrjs,
fifth century
enthroned
on
Halicarnassus
of
crown
the
of
type
strange
bearded
his
about
rays
cult
have
we
early
reminiscence
some
of whose
'Aovc/jaios,
of Zeus
Prymnesos,
represented
is
right arm
On
as
of the
Ka/)?ro-
is
thunderbolt, his
the
on
of the
Zeus
cult of Zeus
some
which
c., on
of
of Aetna
coin
Graces,
Zeus
of
coin
on
on
B.
holding
and
resting
and
form
the
fruits,appears
of corna;
part of the
of
of
giver
holding ears
Zeus
Olympian
benign
carved
fruitfulness,were
and
birth
of the
throne
The
physical world.
the
in
influence
his
express
and
Hours
that
find monuments
can
we
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
the
see
of
coin
figure
there,in the
record
with
two
oak-trees.
the
on
type of Gomphi
which
on
Mount
he
If
of
afterwards
survived
the
bronze
small
wolf-skin around
but
Coin
the
PI. A
"
PL
2.
Head"
the
to
his
to
coin-
the
where
B. c.,
canonical
Zeus
Vide
rock
worship
on
on
Mount
it
P- 527.
been
Arcadian
was
of
in Mitt.
vide supra, p.
48.
"*
allude
have
Head,
to
with
Zeus
national
in all probability
Zeus
this.
discover
We
K/orjraye^/s.
Ramsay
greatest
worship,
accepted
an
Lycaeum
possibleto
of the
head, may
of his
have
has
f,representingZeus
Museum
back
will be
monument
were
the
regards
7, p. 135.
i
that
Crete,is
d. d. Inst. Ath.
Coin
an
coins
to
the repre
Olympius, which
Zeus
cults
As
this cannot
cult-imageof
"
of
in the Bonn
always without
Arcadian
similar
allude
may
those
look
century
heights;
Zei/j 'A/cpaios
occurs
inscription
type
importance.
we
is very
considered, scarcelyany
Lyceius;
the
on
Smyrna6.
belonging to
national
third
the
; and
except
we
of the
is enthroned
Pindus
late coins
dwells
of Aetna
coin
d
worship of
coins
again, if
Nor
what
many
certain
on
the chief
was
representa-
p. 251.
//, p. 5IO.
'
Overbeck,Kunst-Mythol.
/"
Miinztaf. i, PL
30.
i, p. 266.
and
the Thessali
and
may
heads
of oak-crowned
king
former
the
the
expression
of
is not
oak-crown
plasticart
may
have
by
itself be
only
probablyborrowed
from
become
to
direct
any
prove
of
staters
countenance
the
to
god
in
coins,but in works
on
Dodona
it
originally,
symbol, and cannot
conventional
merely
taken
C.a,
infrequentlyfound
not
of Zeus,
representations
other
gold
may
The
of divination.
the
on
possiblydetect in the
mental
quality proper
we
of
B.
in this
Pyrrhus, and
and
Alexander
reignsof
century
Dodona
Thessalian
of the second
the survival
show
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
no
association
with
Dodo-
cult.
naean
The
of
head
doubt
cult
the
to
Zeus
which
may
be here
seen
on
may
Halus
of
Laphystius,
but
alludes
does
not
no
all
at
of the
Zeus
of
coins
the
on
be
mentioned, such
of
fourth-centurycoins
Ainesios, whose
Zeus
as
Proni6, Zeus
head
Aetnaeos
is
the
on
eagle,a
seen
the
on
Nemeah.
Archemorus
be
may
figurehas
called
representationthat may
worship of this deity
Marcus
Mus.
Head,
Aurelius,
on
Hist.
p.
Overbeck,
Num.
Thess., PL
Cat.
Zeus
claim
which
256;
VII.
Coin
Overbeck,
Brit.
PL
Mus.
n,
we
2,
3 ;
be
i, pp.
Cat. Thess., PL
the back
Zeus
no
who
with
converse
obviously
The
the
only
of the actual
coin
Argive
an
naked
Zeus
of
standing
i, Head,
"
XXXI.
on
a
p. 251.
Ib. p. 358.
//;. p. 267.
//,. p. 7x9.
234-239.
but
monument
see
12.
in
cult-monument.
device
Brit.
I, p. 231.
to
is the
seated
The
Nemeios,
of
inscription
certainlybore
of Ruvo
vase
the character
not
cult.
Nemean
the
lying on
specialsignificancefor
is
find
we
representationof him
purely fanciful type which
Nemeios, and
of his
of Alexandria8
late coins
On
wrist.
mdler
Published
in
Baumeister, Denk-
d. klass. Alterthums,
i,
p. 114.
of this
that
with
him
behind
here
have
we
of
temple
for the
cannot
his
local
have
to
came
the
the type
examine
use
attempts
have
been
made
The
text
of
there
proving that
Leochares, who
This
be
may
do
and
not
all of
that
coins
ing the
thunderbolt
of
the
The
the
thunderbolt
Athens
of
regard
a
Coin
PL
more
f, and
copy
which
Cornm.
earlystatue
Fans.,
Head,
loose,
carved
in the Attic
sees
of that
us
by
hurl
of the
of the
is
the
2,
archaic
inclined
more
Acropolisg.
Nuove
Memor.
Ik. B B
Kunst-Mythol.
p. 444.
on
another
on
to
We
Fig. K.
*
XXVIII.
Num.
form.
rather
the statue
is found
Overbeck
which
of the
13. Kum.
Hist.
by
traditional
are
reminds
motive
p. 36.
Gardner, op. cit. A 3.
PI. K.
b
as
executed
violent is probably
being more
peacefulrepresentationof Zeus with
the
coin
of this
Polias, and
earlier than
lowered
statue
been
Jahn
of
interpretedas
of Pausanias
Polieus.
which
Polieus
Zeus
the
that
monu
city6.
Athena
archaic
d,
instance, many
later
having
necessityimply
Zeus
For
been
modified
way
the words
named
was
later
and
the
still fewer
the
has
older
an
some
but
archaic
god
we
Zeus-worship
the
are
discover
Pausanias
was
in
so.
at
"Leochares
to
Acropolis, the
the
on
works
public cult.
illustrations of
as
Athens.
god
often modelled
expressed in
were
those
religiousart, and
of
can
we
that
comparativelyfew
were
ments
doubt
no
ideas attachingto
political
Of the various
there
'OAv/zTrios
name
cities.
other
and
on
connexion
any
under
Zeus
But
coins.
many
But
general signification.
most
on
on
inscriptionattests
Olympia, as the
of
worship
of
representations
the
the
concludes
by Lysippus
Olympius was
cult of Zeus
is inscribed
prevalence
Gardner
carved
statue
The
name
that
suppose
the
with
of the
copy
Argosa.
and
widespread89,
we
From
the
in
sceptre,and
his feet.
eagle near
an
figureon
his
supported on
righthand
his
with
ZEUS.
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
THE
v.]
I.
2.
i, p. 55.
GREEK
H2
find
then
with
accordance
is
Attic
another
on
the
libation- cup.
proof
direct
no
the
or
ception of
of Zeus
group
b.
of Leochares
it is
but
Demos
and
Of
the forms
to
interesting
Demos
in certain
nized
type of Zeus;
the
seated
But
his
how
in the
the
con
in the
nothing,
personified
of the
from
much
limbs
lower
name
know
we
for
figurewhose
same
is
Peiraeus,the work
type
borrows
monuments
The
people appears
of this group
note
there
either the
Polieus.
instance,on certain
transitional stylea doubt has
of the
Rhegium
altar,but
usurped
that stood
altar
god is holding
reproduction of the
the
of the
guardian
an
in
the
near
ever
modified
century a, and
of Zeus
image
the
as
be
stood
this statue
that
Zeus
well
which
of Zeus
which
over
may
of the
worship
this type
the fourth
side
This
of Leochares
statue
coin
styleof
his
represented by
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
the
archaic
been
recog"fc"
coins0
of
feltwhether
enveloped in the
himation
is the god or the personification
of the people d.
The
altar stood
'Ayopato?,the god whose
type of Zeus
in the market-place,
who
and
guarded the righteousnessof
be recognized on
trials,cannot
statue.
any coin6, or in any
figureis
him,
to
which
on
holding in
over
his
Zeus
is the
Gardner, BE
Paus.
Overbeck,
I.
very
The
Kunst-Mythol.
to
p. 93,
regard
Demos,
but
chlamys
youthful form,
his
right
that
leaves the
right
little known
at least
i,
p.
Fig. 62,
it neither
as
Agreus
or
as
and
Demos
Htra
the famous
of Demos
earlyas
as
in the
type
common
genuine
public monu
in
coin-repre
express
We
Sybaris, Athenae.
541.
may
the
interpret the figure of Zeus on
beautiful vase
publishedby Baumeister,
Denkmiihr,
the
ing
mythic
Zeus
as
personal form
Zeus
on
inscription
of
3.
tion
an
extending
Zeus,
thunder-hurling
I, 3.
inclines
nor
Aristaeus.
with
and
of
rarely represented in
that
created
and
erect
but
was
was
It is true
sentations
relief with
sceptre,
wearing
cult, and
ments.
Zeus
appears
left hand
of war,
god
Hellenic
who
Roman
bare.
As
25;
on
he
altar,and
an
breast
seen
are
was
in the
mantle
the
was
close of
grouped
representa-
of Alcisthcnes
i.
493,
biith
ancestor
of
No.
537, represent-
Erichthonius,
of the Athenian
the
people,
Polieus.
The
Zfvs 'Ayopaios
occurs
inscription
the
(of
Imperialperiod)of the
Bithynian Nicaea ; Head, Hist. Num.
p. 443, but only an altar is represented
e
on
with
coin
it.
v.]
THE
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
ZEUS.
113
that is a device
axe
dynasts,and the double-headed
be his emblem.
The
of the coinage of Tenedos
most
may
strikingrepresentationis that which is found on the coin
of Mausolus6, on
is seen
Labraundeus
Zeus
which
walking
that leaves his breast bare,
to the right clad in a himation
the
and
carrying a spear and bipennis; the style shows
impress of Attic art of the middle of the fourth century. But
the actual cult-figure
of the Carian temple is probably better
presented by the type of the coins of Mylasa, on which we
the god in the midst
of his temple, clad in chiton and
see
Carian
himation
that
is
fashion,wearing
and
modius
his
on
coin-typesof
The
spear.
his lower
wrapt about
head
and
f
Amastris
Srparqyoj show
characteristic of this idea, which
little
Zeus
epithet of
in stiff hieratic
limbs
does
wielding axe
illustrate the
that
not
enter
all into
at
It is only
representationsof Zeus.
coinageof Syracuse g that representedthe god whom
the warlike
calls Jupiter Imperator with
symbol
the
canonical
is
that
nothing
or
the
late
Cicero
of
the
spear.
But
of Zeus
the
illustrations among
the
to
had
period
been
the
there
with
Zeus
Pheidias,who
at
Paus.
Coin
5. 17,
until the
4.
Hist. Num.
Nike
; the
hand
'
K
of the
Henceforth
"
PI. A
I.
earlyas Bacchy-
as
or
d. alt. Kunst,
i.
Head,
p. 523.
Ib. 529 ; Muller-Wieseler, Denkm.
VOL.
least
conspicuous monument
placed her on the hand
turned
belong
all
these
in any
not
of
large number
are
though
monuments,
perfectedand
associated
but
lides,
of
of
Conqueror
Coin
PI. A
2.
have
we
libation
two
is either
to
offer
29.
5.
Overbeck, Miinztaf.
Head,
Olympian
goddess
statue
Hist. Num.
2.
27, and
p.
164.
3.
21.
him
from
she
stands
him
and
holding
frequentlyher
is
refer to the
epithetSomjp would
monumental
speaking the
specialexpression given to
speaks
slight. Pausanias
of this
name
Artemis
and
TT^X?],
in the Temple of
because
of the
ancient
of these
statues
nor
in the
corded
The
by
only
seated
the
head
of
Zeus
cult-names
of the
which
the
an
used
hear
we
of
probably ancient
was
it.
of
But
none
statues
re
evidence.
or
on
the
eagle is carved,
A
backwards.
youthful
which
on
written
an
is found
diadem
on
coin
clan
do
what
know
of
worship
to
any
express
of
Zeus,
surviving
form, if
distant
any,
or
'E/jKeto?,
'O/xo'yno?,
4"parpios; but
Fa^Aio?, the marriage god. may perhaps be
for Zeus
appears
veiled
Overbeck, Kumt-Mythol.
p.
i, p. 59.
with
and
an
18.
These
of works.
earlyfifth-century
Stackelberg'sGrdber dcr Helleon
the
to
attached
be
that
examined
have
we
can
series
interesting
god
For instance
tien, Taf.
of Zeus
Megalopolis
at
explicitaccount
family and
not
in
in
two
that
We
allusion to Zeus
vase
of the
any
Aegium
at
Thespiae
at
at
sceptre
that
the ancients
"
scarcelyany
found
and
is very
monument.
an
dedicated
was
agalma
we
with
Soter
relations
is
statue
128
by Cephisodotus
carved
inscriptionSOTER,
all the
there
archaic
an
Soter
of the
Agrigentum
the
generally
full
Zeus, holding
with
Of
have
Pausanias
of
coin
of
legend attaching to
archives,nor
state
But
war.
of Zeus
Soter
of the
then, the
case
the
idea
called
hand, and
this
dangers of
Zei;? Sacor?]?,which
figureof
bronze
his
In
of Zeus
shrine
containingstatues
as
in
also
sometimes
Swreipa,
Zeus
Syrian kings b
the
evidence
great group
Nike
such
worshippers ;
was
by Strabo.
Soter
lepov of Zeus
the
She
Pausanias
by
with
Zeus
and
Athene
of
coins
lookingaway
instance, in the
; for
Peiraeus, mentioned
in the
of
the
league0.
Soter
Zeus
present with
the
to
crown
on
Achaean
the
of
and
out
pose
of his hand
hollow
in the
; or
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
u4
the veil
Ib. Miinztaf.
Coin
PI. A
2.
are
wearing
17 and
6.
I2T.
e
Head,
those
ib, p. 108.
Head,
17
in
some-
a.
Hist,
Num.
THE
v.]
times
oaken
an
been
of
nature
Zeus,
oak-grove
the
on
oaken
crown;
the
lower
world,
expression that
road
near
but
the
the
the
on
form
in the
is
who
Triptolemosand Demeter
the Borghese relief of
on
or
It
god.
clouds
for instance
Zeus
half
with
his
is
gazing down
upon
giving him the corn, and
veiled
head
features
nether
of them
some
Aquileab, where
his
and
concealed
of
himself
from
silver-cup
whose
o-/coriVas,
works
the
to
proper
case
hides
deity who
of Zevs-
of these
any
be
would
115
have
nor
may
veil
illustratethe idea
and
the
to
The
ZEUS.
The
a.
crown
disputed.
much
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
the Louvre
the
where
Zeus
veiled
may
from
the
might
the
mother"
ancient
the
and
is here
lepdsyajzos- from
of
functions
Again,
in the
very
picture of
has
the
more
(PL V
b). Now
goddess of marriage,and in
suppose
then
For
god
than
probably symbolizes the marriage-rite
the terra-cotta group found in Samos
spring-cloud.Lastly,
published by Gerhard f,shows the veiled Zeus side by side
with
of the
illustration of the
quaint unintentional
head
the
the
fulfilling
veil,which
the
Zeus
that
mean
veil around
that
apply
this
M.
i,
Fig. 20.
vide Over-
Mo"'
Wmckelmann,
0eoy
ya/"JAios.We
to
might
"*
Vol.
"
Baumeister,Denm.
i, Taf.
4;
a.
d. klass. Alter-
deir Inst- 3- 4-
A/onum.
isthe
it is natural
connexion
to the
interpretation
E.g. Overbeck, K.
a
is here
also
Zeus
such
of Samos
the Hera
Ined.
Antike
Overbeck, A'. M.
n.
in
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
n6
must
veiled Zeus;
of the
only we
single representations
sometimes
that the attribute was
with the possibility
reckon
for
given
as
becoming framework
The
two
mild
who
'EAAaz-to?,
Zeus
Timoleonb,
the
coin
of
bear
these
horse, the
the
to
and
noble
freedom
won
fourth
to
the
the
periods;
two
time
the
about
century
of
coin
have
Panhellenios, we
as
same
of the
second
the
by
us
belonging
coins
representationson
first a Syracusan
of
the
was
the
at
of
downfall
the
after
dedicated
of
head
unbridled
refer
tell
victories,and
statue
but
some
the
these
But
freedom.
by Timoleon's
colossal
marked
of
device
the
sculpture;
the
us
expression,and
of
reverse
of
emblem
show
coins*
Syracusan
or
TIav"\Xrivio$,are
of
monument
national
express
and
'EAeufle/no?
surviving
earnestness
their
on
Zeus
Zeus, that
laurel-crowned, and
god
former
of
no
of
fine series
of
that
politicalidea,
illustrated
by
a
cults
city,struck
same
near
of the laurel-crowned
Lastly
we
and
Aegium
league,the type
of which
cities of the
is
with
good
this
Coin
be
whose
PI. A
7.
suppose,
copy
statue
of
Head,
as
the
Monnaie
c
Coin
p.
Imhoof-Blumer,
Grecque,PI. B
PI. A
14.
and
Professor
p. 160.
by
his
sceptre,
him.
There
Homagyrius
as
M tillerWieseler, Denkm.
Overbeck, K.M.
17
a.
that
argues,
Pausanias
on
Gardner
of Zeus
statue
erect, with
and
towards
turned
21.
Head,
supported
is mentioned
157;
issued
left,naked
the
156.
p.
of
coins
certain
by the Achaean
agrees with that adopted by other
and Megaraf ; the god is
Messene
reason
may
Aegium
Nike
series
in Achaea
league,such as
represented facing towards
his right hand
raised high
and
this
in
mention
may
d
Pallantium
god.
Comm.
of
next
d.
Paus.~R
i, p. 155, Nos.
alt.
15.
17
RELIGION.
GREEK
u8
Argives
and
commemorate
to
expiate
to
everything that
Of
massacre.
[CHAP.
fearful
this statue
concerns
civic
are
we
in
than
more
whether
do not know
; we
bloody faction-fight
the elder Polycleitosof the fifth century or
one
sculptorwas
its
of the fourth
the younger
the
which
century,
what
or
representationof
the
by Polycleitos
in
thyrsos
fourth
eagle.'
reason
of these
statue
for any
seek
with
do
little
this
worshipwith
to
feast.
been
As
may
of
many
the
nondas, and
the
partlyto
the
fourth
to
We
The
are
too
Zeus
whose
the
Zeus
many
the
community.
the
double
Meilichios
on
us
to
the
in
By
Argos
recognize
coin pub-
which
epithet "KAio""
should
what
means
of the
lished
Pans.
b
Zeus
Vide
god
2=,.
p.
the
4"iAtos
referring
bind together
Polycleitoswas
by Gardner,
K,
At
one
belonged to
of Epami-
foundation
new
nature
than
more
the
as
connect
priestswore
and
2o"r?/p,
which
politicalfriendship
allow
ought
Dionysos b.
and
Zeus
to
interpret the
Zeus-statues recorded
to
the
under
not
may
illustrate in
can
century
of
monuments
express
on
temple-worship,we
he has
other, and
of
work
Arcadian
able
n
the
Polycleitosseems
wrought especiallyfor the city and
polis,we
resembles
poured
was
in the
the
He
evidentlydid
for
wrought
buskins, and
are
mystic symbolism.
of Zeus Didymaeus,
that
'
recondite
for the
has
Pausanias
earliest
statue
Megalopolislf"1.
intended
and
:
representation
was
distinct
was
century
to
not
for
younger
an
sits
this
As
received
is the
is recorded
the
one
the
stand
that
him
Dionysos, for
cup
which
the moral
from
derived
monumental
by
The
or
the forms
were
48.
as
is
Num.
doubtful
Comm.
on
PLATE
a
II
v.]
THE
but
matter,
and
inner
also
in
character
well
as
and
pose
that
believe
may
we
the
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
it
shown
was
in
as
the
of
arrangement
ZEUS.
119
in the features
external
the
attributes
drapery.
the
In
Dionysos, posed
the
it is most
Zeus, and
seated
Zeus
"KAtoj
face
we
of
can
little :
the
from
something
natural
also
Polycleitoswas
say
the
draped according to
the
to
As
that
the
the
regards
have
sculptormust
of
type
suppose
seated.
type of the
older
usual
borrowed
the
Dionysos heads,
of
type
character
The
bearded
severe
and
god,
a.
only
other
found
the two
deity are
fourth
the
his throne
on
he
seat, and
eagle
; but
This
those
as
and
illustrated
have
in the
religionand
or
of
monuments
which
little
"
the
It
survived.
nothing
the
Delphi,by
Overbeck.A". M.
C. I. A.
is of
is carved
in his
cup
appears
beneath
left hand
to
say,
cult
of Zeus
has
been
1330,
no
two
Moiragetes, none
already noticed
the
idea
stood
fates,
c
of fatalism
Heydemann,
bildwerke
zti
of
that
had
by
by
Zeus
Reliefs,Taf.
Griechische
of
mention
the
with
difficultybeing avoided
independent recognition and
1572.
approaching him
importance as regards
the
and
is
are
close
Cf.
2.
god
religiousart
3. 23.
b
boy,
may
the
eagle
held
monument
evidence
list of
that
one
have
both
the
Philios1',that
Zeus
is
worshippers, a woman
(PI.lib). Neither
style or
On
figure
he
and
on
to
seems
other, which
the
on
above.
mentioned
been
seated
on
full
reliefs of the
Attic votive
of this
have
the
survivingrepresentations of
Die
antiken
then, No.
25.
105.
Marmor-
736.
RELIGION.
GREEK
120
and
Apollo Moi/"ayenjs;
and
the
of
to
entrance
temple
[CHAP.
Despoena,
relief of white
was
the
Arcadia, by
in
Akakesion
at
153. Per
and the Moi/"ai
representingZeus MoipayeYrj?
haps the title might be mechanicallydrawn from the figure
of Zeus
preceding the fates ; but obviously at Delphi it
had acquired a spiritual
sense, probably having also a special
marble
reference
the
in the
idea, but
the
over
Fates
of his throne
Besides
find
worship.
moral
In the
group
Megarians
Heracles
action.
In
Thetis
of
the
Eos
idea
the
mercy
the
part
worship,which
When
that
the
the
monumental
or
are
inner
the
and
we
god
was
the
fate of
of
son
for their
of
contest
the
Myron
children,
Zeus
Aircuos.
of
recon
We
and
the
work
be
at
literature
the
Paus.
i.
Zeus
all
sure
40, 4.
and
few
of
the
are
to
be
and
even
attributes
: without
inscription
always represented
a
very
religiousart;
clearlyby the
by
as
know
not
we
so
cults
various
that
see
we
explicitthan
more
the
see
of
not
these.
series of monuments
display of
monuments
can
the
Zeus.
should
Nor
'E\"v0cpioS.
aspect of the
the treasury of
on
in the
preserved in the
qualitiesof
the
in
expressed
worship
is far richer
the
of
definite
some
mythic representations
Zeus
found
is,
worship. But
myths scarcely touch the temple-
usuallyattested
artificial aid
be
this whole
up
are
in
attach
can
the
in
religiousfunctions
these
that
record
literary
discovered
Zeus,
the
a.
figures
carved
the
in
as
is purer
cult-titles that
that
of
were
pleading before
of
reckon
we
that
of Prometheus
ciliation and
greater
head
can
of Dontas
appears
myth
and
wrought by Lycios
group
and
same
And
the
ideas
of Zeus
the
we
special
omnipotence
subordinate
which
such
at
between
us
rich illustrationin
the
of
many
the
tells
above
as
to
monuments
cult-names,we
of
there
wrought
were
the
general way
most
the back
on
of
by Theocosmos
Pheidias, displayed no
of
fellow-worker
and
and
of Zeus
statue
great
Apollo. But
Megara, a pupil
functions of Zeus
oracular
the
to
2o"nfc or
that
in the
any
same
Zeus
special
way
and
the
by
always
coins
shows
for
in
instance,
Doubtless
between
distinction
could
impress
'EpKetos
we
right
which
usually
functions
Most
themselves
title.
in
now
if the
But
the
manifold
are
which
to
far
the
note
these
which
artistic
the
chief
of
Zeus
and
than
living
features
of
the
type
us
the
of
the
perhaps
no
less
the
tablets.
originals
special
rich
of
him,
art.
and
do
Zeus
cult-
account
literature
evidence
in
Zeus,
special
his
reliefs
invested
imagination
were
of
votive
and
possessed
give
monuments
palpable
popular
copies
are
character
more
and
named,
cult
of
while
and
have
represented
altars
by
of
nor
statues
character,
busts,
statues,
The
associated,
his
rather
to
specially
being
of
of
totality
surviving
of
is
name
appealed
the
admit
they
the
in
were
of
not
famous
they
meaning
figures
art.
but
inscription,
special
religious
great
of
the
for
did
the
Zeus
aid
these
that
of
any
the
as
expression
of
of
ap
Zeus
Nether-Zeus
the
power
statue
without
say
theme
frequent
god
of
to
what
found
ideas
they
and
Sky-Zeus
any
upon
know
SrpaTTjyo'y.
age
diverging
we
as
by
Kaddpcnos
or
any
with
the
understand
cannot
we
f/O/)Kio9,
Zeus
and
"t"tAios
warlike,
Zeus
great
widely
such
for
expression
propriate
the
of
sculptors
great
often
nothing
of
coin-representation
the
the
is
there
the
on
and
expressionless,
title:
the
cannot
face
the
because
and
with
congruity
no
works,
121
evidence
numismatic
characterless
often
is
other
for
used
be
The
forms.
same
ZEUS.
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
THE
v.]
gives,
the
we
forms
have
VI.
CHAPTER
I.
regards the
As
the
of the
But
ideal.
scanty
have
we
ings,and
and
reliefs,
of
means
possessed
chieflyexternal
was
of
these
only
not
was
of
garland
by
the
gather that
Attic
for
there
in
his
pp.
three
06, 107,
on
in the
sometimes
the
in
hand
see
very
levelled
flyingabove
Baumeister,Denkm.
us
in the
representa
and
we
vases,
imaginary
against an
tetradrachms,
archaic
of Athens
manifold
is told
coins
head
the
Messenian
his
on
of these
pose
from
bronze
holding
Zeus
the
d. klass. Altcrth.
on
later
Olympia a,
his extended
or
commonly
(j)we
right
it ;
form
repre
more
Nothing
were
upon
instance, on
Vide
the
of pose
eagle is
perched
or
examining
coins, and
the
and
about
was
most
works, there
but
becomes
character
of attributes.
transgressor
or
enemy
the
hand,
and
The
he
archaic
in his
period
character
attributes.
some
on
thunderbolt
flowers,and
varieties
thunderbolt
; also
repose
the
literature
tions ; but
three
or
few
very
this
in
workers
by
is most
mechanical
and
the
to
coins, vase-paint
thunderbolt, whether
the
was
accumulation
ancient
the
period
probably
belong to
chieflymanifested
in action
sented
that
expression
personalitywere
usual
of these
most
antici
appropriate
from
testimony
had
artists
forms
survived, and
collect
to
the
the germ
contain
earliest archaic
of the
have
statues
they
far
of
discovery
evidence
our
no
existed
The
in the
Pheidias
pated
far
how
masterpiece, how
Pheidian
pre-Pheidianperiod
of the earlier
monuments
question is
interesting
most
ZEUS.
OF
TYPE
IDEAL
THE
left
in repose
thunderbolt
p. 2124,
arm
"
in
Fig. 2378.
the
In
earlier
only
sometimes
himation
with
chiton
the older
Harpy-tomb
austerer
worship
tendency
is to
limbs
it is the lower
while
the
only
by
the
allows
which
attains
high
supposed
sculpture. This is
it
one
of the Arcadian
an
with
between
fold
hangs
drapery
of the
of the
of the
Zeus,
torso, and
of the
Pheidian
ideal
perfectedby him,
it on
earlier period ; for we
see
coin of the city
the interesting
It
case.
of the
was
on
struck
Aetnaeus
representation of Zeus
461 b, and
came
himation,
swinging wave
creation
coins a, on
and
476
the
the
not
invention
but
Aetna
be
to
it
the
as
later
The
seated
is free and
displayof
lines,was
was
covered
this arrangement
Now
over
of
that
are
the
on
ample, such
is very
the
greater
; and
representationof
about
chiton
gods required.
forms, and hence
divine
wears
sleeves,sometimes
the
drapery
drapery
naked, but
without
of the
the
reveal
of the
never
over
the
the
of
figures
is
or
thrown
[CHAP.
treatment
Zeus
vases
mantle
or
type the
archaic
draped
In the
varies.
RELIGION.
GREEK
124
of Selinus.
the metope
Lastly,as
we
can
of the head
show
the usual
by
or
of the maturer
bound
sometimes
in
above
the
Zeus
and
Hera
from
Most
commonly
Overbeck, K.
Coin
The
PL
at
d. alt.
Denkm.
the head
solemn
of
we
pre-Pheidian as
and
a.
i.
Tibur
in any
For
case
2, No.
and noble
19 ; Over-
Overbeck
earnestness
disin
Zeus,is probablyarchaistic,
of
Overbeck
well
does
the
as
not
belong
post-
to
the
period.
instance
(Muller-Wieseler,chaic bronze
Kunst,
group
of later date.
in the
nothing
risingup
never
above, which
pronounces
2.
; it has
terra-cotta
reason
archaic
mentioned
of Hadrian
treatment,
in the archaic
Samos
Miinztaf.
M.
usually free
ears
leonine
or
forehead, except
and
later luxuriant
of the
type, and
from a Poseidon
a Zeus
distinguish
gods d. The hair is generallylong and
a
crobylos,but it hangs down simply
and
archaic
cannot
any
of the
marks
head
the
from
strikingarOlympia (Olymp.
very
name
is very
doubtful,
IDEAL
THE
vi.]
Pheidian
period he
accorded
with
avbp"v
-naTi]p
before
of which
least
at
6tu"v
dedicated
statue
Zeus
the
legend of
The
statue
annually elected
for his
beauty.
of
his
and
of the
in the house
kept
was
existed, the
And
Argive
Pheidias, namely,
localized
was
we
find
We
of the
Achaea, where
in
of Zeus
birth
the
of Zeus
idea of
that both
note
the works
teacher
better
age
ancient
the
and
important to
among
Aegium
at
maturer
youthfultype
125
it is not
beardless
one
for the
it is
but
re
ZEUS.
OF
conception
Greek
after Pheidias
and
motive
is bearded
the
re
TYPE
custom
same
The
in
emblem
Pelusium, whose
of
youthful Zeus
the pome
was
granate,
well
may
be
as
do
Smicythos d
the coins
beardless,
was
the heads
why
or
Hellanios
of
the male
of
divinities
bearded
are
other
instinct.
the
Apollo
But
we
youthful form
for
its
at
of
in accord
say
period,
.Apollo,
forms
with
of
the
explains these
sake
own
earliest
libertyto
on
the coins
on
exception
rendered
are
not
are
In the
the
and
in the Pheidian
gods besides
Greek
of
; but
all,with
and
one
Soter
of Zeus
rare
representationsof Zeus.
The
Zeus
senians'
coins
"
Ithomatas
is
PI. n,
b
type:
p. 78.
Mes-
of Zeus, bearded
of
the
on
de
Lyon,
Gazette
Overbeck, K.M.
somewhat
Archtol.
1880,
lepuv aya\fj.a
eotfj.d\\ov
5e
KWS
irpo(3t@\TjTai rty x(?Pa Ka^
%xflP"l"*v **' a^rV' T*7? ^ poids6 \6yos
Ach. Tat. Erot. Script.3. 6.
p-vartKus.
"
3. 3.
vtavioKos
'
Atos
A.TTU\\OJVI
..
Hirschig,p.
d
Munztaf.
Pelusium,
At
Kaaiov
Paus.
59.
5. 24, 6.
the
Of
to
more
say;
of
works
in
the
later
that
distinct character
the
In
Zeus.
countenance
and
which
Zeus-Ammon,
which
of brow
period ;
transitional
relief of Zeus
and
in
Hebe
and
this
to
near
the
as
representations of Zeus
remarkable
of
period
lower
the
The
displayingthe
forms
limbs, and
the
shoulder
features
the
are
this work
than
of the most
one
the
hangs
king.
the
The
the
conceals
of the torso
as
earlier
the
over
The
cheeks
are
ideal,if
Pheidian
Olympian Zeus, is
the
of the Pheidian
works
two
are
comments
as
it is
fore
here.
shadowed
There
really earlier
although the
himation
deep.
been
sometimes
richlymoulded,
and
earnest
very
this
to
reason,
him
shows
sceptre
work
assign the
belonging to
perfectedstyle.
the
impressiveness
may
has
of
dignity
style of
of the
which
the
representationof
period we
Bologna
of
whole
ideal,belong
Pheidian
the
to
the
the
solemn
the
preserve
displaysomething
belongs
doubt
no
coins with
much
do
perfectedidea
certain
express
perhaps
which
Calami's,and
the
Pheidias
Cyrenaic
; the
show
upon
is little
eyebrow
nor
period
impressed
before
to
came
archaic
is
period
earnestness
of
forehead, mouth,
neither
even
type there
bearded
usual
of the
features
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
126
the
on
masterpieceof
of Zeus
relief-figures
the
the Parthenon
on
the Theseum
on
friezes c. As
earlier than
the
the
of Attic
sculpture,of
unrivalled
head
type of Zeus
But
(circ.
440
date
same
great temple-statue,and
we
character
which
of
the
in mind
up
and
could
forms
and
or
the
a
PI
"PL
for
this
chose
the
not
have
a.
III b.
Vide
or
almost
are
show
the
time
Pheidias
into
come
the
best
the
was
account
of the
created.
the
the
temple-image:
have
been
possessed the
expression
Kekule,Arch.
of
features
worship, must
dramatic
same
III
both
and
frieze-figures
latter,
being set
severe,
at
they
Pheidias
bear
must
c.);
which
that
; so
B.
both
Zeit.
in
solemn
freedom
same
the
1871, Taf.
-
more
27.
pose
the
of
of its
PLATE
III
JTLATE
1 V
NX'
.'"
II.
The
his
the
and
Of
of the
image
of ancient
work
other
no
detailed,varied,and
is
saniasa
seated
deity was
crown
hand
and
carried
grasping
that
the
dryest but
most
so
Paufull.
and
accurate
well
garland, while
as
believe, was
over
with
which
we
and
sur
an
of animals
forms
The
tality15.
The
the
garment
worked
was
the
flowers, especially
and
the
probably interpretas
may
his
dignityof
strikinginterchange of light
expressiveof
most
arrangement
his
about
wrapt
over
bare, fell lightly
torso
affordingthe most
surfaces of gold and ivory.
the
was
of
were
god, and
from
left hand
the
face and
His
only, which, we
may
limbs, and, leaving the
shoulder
his
conclude
lower
hand
eagle.
an
bare
the
From
on
were
mantle
in her
with
mounted
the
descriptionleft by
The
emotional.
the
usual
as
that remains
is the account
art
throne, wearing a
richly-carved
in his right
of wild olive-leaves wrought of gold,and
a
crown
holding a Nike of gold and ivory,who also wore
The
as
OLYMPICS.
ZEUS
OF
STATUE
THE
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
128
lily,
of immor
symbol
as
the
guardian of
the
in his
hand, instead
older
monuments,
belongs; for,as
a
of the
him
marks
a
later
the
head
eagle his
coin
adorned
of
the
archaic
the
that liliesbloomed
from
the head
of the
god
she
proves,
the
and
to
theosis.
story
'
in the
the
on
called
flower, rb
must
holds
victory
facing the
in Cos
; the Coans
immortal
the
whom
not
was
of Alexander
of his death
'
attribute
constant
statue
5. ii.
Lilies
as
he
allude
night
lily
the
apfipuaiov,
to
his apo-
THE
vi.]
spectator
but
was
god
At
him
in reliefon
the
of its back
extremities
Hours
higher
than
his,and
ment
of the throne
which
the epos
Heracles
on
were
Theseus
and
of Pausanias
of the
whole.
the
free
the
figuresof
Pan-hellenic
the
Amazons,
the battle of
of
punishment
of
enables
The
of victories
groups
feet of the throne.
the
stood
the
Zeus
towards
made
with
labours
worshipper,
and holding
had
drama
or
Niobids,the
the
such
Graces,of
and
the
to
for
figure,
the legsand
of
each
129
In
a.
in the whole
prominent
carved
were
Zeus
half-turned
profile,
in
garlandto
was
OLYMPICS.
as
seen
the
up
ZEUS
OF
STATUE
and
pose
So
gather the
to
us
sea.
attributes
far the
idea
manifold
of the
bare
revealed
god
his side,
at
Victory ever
the supreme
moral
deity whose
worship, risingabove
of
severance
particularismof local cult and the political
him
in
as
the
tribes
and
the
with
kingly repose
was
cities,
of the
one
few
of the
bonds
national
union.
such
clearlyrecorded
more
Even
the
on
slaughter of
the
destruction
such
the
as
Niobids
the
could
or
the
of the
Greek
legends for
handlingof
For
dian
the
I.
as
sin,and
no
legend
mere
much
so
Prometheus
to the
appears
that
scene
problem
necessityof
moral
Unbound,
the dark
artistic
of
now
of
unique
as
that underlies
it
was
among
with
necessityconflicting
this arrangement
Athena, p. 366.
VOL.
their hands.
religioussculpture. But no
throne possessedsuch spiritual
significance,
contribute
myth
is
of Hellas
of great
wrought on
was
the persons
in
throne
Salamis
and
the
idea
an
vide
chapter
on
the
the
Phei-
also is a
divinity.This
of the
power
supreme
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
I3o
motive
new
appro
richest in
The
group
the
sculptor'spower
divinities
appeared
from
waves.
the
derived
which
that
was
Zeus
older
to
scope
the base
on
the
and
hitherto
theme
most
carved
was
spectators of the
as
The
the
from
offered
figuresand
throne, in which
the
of
ment
was
other
birth
of
untried
by
The
epic religiouspoetry.
leading
Aphrodite
art
was
Homeric
throne
have
throne
of the
god
the
as
Zeus
of the
orderer
and
the
the
Hours
beauty
work
of the
the
upon
seasons,
year
back
of the
the
character
dispenser of
of
the
b.
throne
interpretationof
helps the
the
at
Apollo, where
Here
they express
Amyclean
supports.
fruitfulness
Thus
and
than
highersignificance
monumental
the
Graces
The
group.
and
the
about
whole,
the
person
of
completing or
gave
of the
saviour
giver of
The
The
"with the
well
as
Hours
in
all
the
Zeus
subjectappears
figured vase
Beitrage,Taf.
b
life and
of men,
cult-names
on
Berlin ;
Otto
common
of
the
was
united
black-
Jahn's
connected
personages
of
life
and
birth as
processes
with time; they belong to the
Aphrodite.
In
Zeus,
Pan-
Hellas,
father
are
and
peacefuland
blessings,the
8.
many
manifold
hellenic
the
and
of friend-
by Philostratus
picture described
(Iniag.2) they are given golden hair,
which
he supposes
to be symbolicalof
the ripeningcom.
Dio
Chrys. Or. 12. Dind. p. 236,
a
412
R.
OF
STATUE
THE
vi.]
OLYMPICS.
ZEUS
131
'
His power
suppliantand the stranger.
and kingship
are
displayedby the strengthand majestyof the
for men
whole
care
by the mildness and
image, his fatherly
ship,the god
of the
the
marks
austerityof
in the
loving-kindness
the
law,
he
the work
like
seems
...
to
givingand abundantlybestowingblessings.'
one
The
is
statement
that
believe
in the
but
perhaps over-analytical,
perfectlyshown"'
easilyacquire another
ideal
all
gious sculpture,'of
beautiful
the
and
of attributes and
; the
terror
that
note
it is not
Chrysostom
to
eyes
of
being
the
Greek5
reli
earth
the
The
most
account
in his
Pheidias
appears0
his
is
ideal
it is
But
to
interesting
which helped Dio
meaning
that therefore
and
this
rejectedall imagery
attributes
external
of the
monument
no
he has
god.
possessed in his
with
the
beholders
a'"
the
upon
nowhere
benevolent
peaceful and
of the
none
by heaven V
symbols
thunderbolt
manifold
imaginationof
the moral
of Pausanias attests
choice
images
well
may
full and
masterpiece of
beloved
most
the
conception
express
the
that
so
was
could
of
of Pheidias
work
we
which
are
we
archaic hieratic
the
image
dealinghere
relied
which
art
on
certain
signs and
the face.
No
have
must
Pheidias
Dio
4"J
in clear
The
form.
outspoken than
usual
Bind.
12.
383 R.
omission
significant
an
himself.
innovation
On
one
made
of the
p.
230,
vases
der
are
ideas embodied
more
fortunately
Pheidias
published
the
common
him
given
frequently
of
peaceful representations
period.
and
Hellenen,
K
that
Taf.
archaic
is probably
by
by Stackelberg
(Grdber
writers
which
'.P\220'
not
of the countenance,
this
on
'
This
expression
plasticspiritual
the
interpretation
ancient
himself declared
Chrys.Or.
in
power
in his treatment
revealed
in the whole
"
unique
manifest
most
was
his
doubt
is
symbol,
in
the
quite
later
face of Zeus
whole
gatheredthe
hair he had
moved
been
waved
and
down,
and
Strabo,
or
imaginationto
The
has
story
for, if
artists ;
spectator himself
him
of
the
can
believe,on
was
added
to
The
"
of Kronos
with
his
nod;'
most
countenance
of
form
great
earnestness,
the
anecdotes
about
what
Greek
and
is
in
the
that
for
testimony
and
peaceful
life,manifested
the
it proves
conception of Homer,
the
reserved
feature
; and
we
the
the
to
work, the
Pheidian
every
in the
exalted
strength,the
shaken
it proves
literally
true,
profound
imagination
gleaming eyebrows ;
king the deathless locks
than
value
saw
it embodied
had
more
not
what
son
some
of Zeus
worthy
power
express
his
The
'
of the
head
asked
have
we
his
with
assent
the immortal
from
and
nodded
he
and
spake
and
repliedthat
by
'
that, when
interestingstory in Strabo
inspiredhis conception,Pheidias
the
had
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
132
specially characteristic
more
the
loving-kindness,
of
cult-ideas
expression
Philios
Zeus
and
Soter.
The
give
cannot
but
to
serves
to
extent
some
to
coin-figures
Pheidias.
Hadrian
figure.
as
The
state
often
there
processes
to
the
test
in it
which
great and
require
And
value
descriptions
of this
impression
was
explain.
to
ancient
of
the
strange
philosophic
the record
work,
also enables
claim
of certain
be
In his
for
reasons
art
the
of
concrete
that
indicate
Greek
historyof
the
full and
us
operative by
power
us
enthusiasm
passionate
accepting three
the
most
two
Elean
coins of the
faithful
reproductions of the
present the whole figureare
that
collections of
been
extant
Florence
and
Stockholm,
period of
face
and
found
and
in
have
Saturn.
5. 13, 23.
Strabo,p.
354.
Coin
PI. A
8.
originalbefore
overrated
did
we
all
from
before
not
from
know
the
of
account
entirelylacking in imaginativeexpression.
the freedom
the solemn
admires
indeed
simplicity,
in the pose, and
ostentation
especiallythe positionof
it is
Pausanias, and
Overbeck
has
slightcopy
that
certain
reproduce it
been greatly
for
turned
was
tries to
of this
value
the
Yet
in outline.
133
OLYMPICS.
ZEUS
OF
STATUE
THE
vi.]
close to the
rather
body ;
but
Stephani, in a long polemic in the Compte-Rcndu*, of
value than the positive
the negativecriticism is of more
which
theory,complains justlyof the stiffness of the figure,and its
is open
the general accuracy
to
And
of free rhythm.
want
suspicionwhen we see that the figure is almost certainlyclad
is held
in
b,and
chiton
believe
to
reason
the chiton
Now
Olympics
archaism
and
the
the whole
Parthenon
and
b
to
similar
of
clad
the coin-
temptation to
some
alone, while
himation
the
in
much
bodyd,
freer of the
style of
the
with
in accordance
more
of the
Elis0
p. 224.
period,published
same
him
masterpiece,bears
figure seated
right,clearlywearing the
shows
the
Coin
PI. A
coin-figureto be a
gathered up in a large fold
The
simplerpose
make
out
the
left
shoulder;
but
d. Kon.
Akad.d.
5;
period,
(Monats-
Wiss.
Overbeck,
i, p.
very
Overbeck's
Berlin,
Gesch.
9.
the
of the sceptre on
coin, stiff
is yet
In
left to
from
chiton.
10.
perhaps
a
temple-statue some
height.
pear,
and
contributing
as
would
published by
berichte
had
have
the
of
the
Zeus.
frieze.
1876, Nachtrag,
Overbeck
himation
of the Pheidian
coin
Elean
of
copyist. Another
by Stephani, shows the figureof
head
body and pose free from all
drapery
over
is
every
described
most
form
coin
Another
may
have
we
of Zeus, and
vesture
with
arm
face,in
en
and
stiffness,
and
the left
as
timec, mentioned
Hadrian's
Zeus
time
work
in his
'archaize'
garment
the archaic
was
of Hadrian's
stamper
sole
the
was
which
himation
the
in
not
and
erect
Paris
more
as
it may
ap-
suitable
for
forty
collection:
feet
Coin
in
PL
The
olive.
wild
the
himself
But
Overbeck
and
simple arrangement
actually attributes
discloses
alone
this,the
obedience
head
the marble
achievement
should
we
found
other
are
have
than
priori objections.
his view
the
about
that
people
who
looked
were
reminded
straight and
mane,
stiff.
the
later
the
preceding
hair
was
been
Now
of
the
it is
an
found
a
either
the
do
trace
hint
the
head
in Athena
and
original,
Monuments,
p.
it
and
trim
what
ask
from
like
an
Otricoli
lion's
in the
the
exaggera
we
which
368.
was
waving
at
Olympia
to
Described
deal
the
treatment
fixed
in the Pheidian
who
were
head
of such
sculptorwho
those
at
about
of Pheidias' statue
or
there
question how
of Homer
violentlyabout
But
not
god
into
sculp
even
and
no
This
Overbeck
And
of that
work
ideal of Zeus.
have
the
fragment
he, and
face of the
the
if there
tion,but
on
arrange
is
coun
accept
may
Acropolisa.
coin
with
insufficiently,
to
we
the tradition.
very
prompted
this
in the
none
of which
manner,
deal
immortal
by
than
long abandoned
him, had
accepted
all,or
himself
us
conventional
before
tors
in
coin to convince
stiffand
it
Pheidias
beautiful
the
recentlyon
he
that
in
priori
was
of the
which
great sculpture of
the
Parthenos, if
is of later work
Zeus
Olympian
There
frieze.
or
Even
in
archaism
no
surely may"
we
as
"
value
unique
tradition.
Athena
his
of
testimony
is
gable
the Parthenon
and
of
There
incredible.
coin
severe
And
survive.
to
astonishingfact that
his life,
chose to hamper
archaic
the
to
surprisethe
hair,in
close-pressed
the
us
the
of Pheidias.
much
stiffness appear
the
master-work
tenance
of the
to
to
with
notes
of the archaic
traces
even
with
crowned
the Zeus
Chrysostom, belonged to
of Dio
record
Olympics
which, accordingto
qualities
characteristic
just those
also
remarkable
[CHAP.
countenance,
only
not
possesses
of Zeus
head
the
its obverse
upon
RELIGION.
GREEK
134
know
does
to
not
last few
of the
Meantime
doubtless
were
the
great results
out
the
Dionysos, and
which
forms
but
Pheidias' hands
the
with
passion
Dionysiac circle,
could
sentiment
mingle ;
and
century, findingfor
fourth
development,worked
at
it
further
no
The
its best
drawn
and
the ideas
material
the
which
to
from the
drawn
chiefly
from
foreignbeliefs of
or
age
of the
forms
spirit
; for
and
older
the
the
sculpture
changed,
and
undermined
were
legitimate
Alexandrine
reproducingthe
the art
and
perfected,
other themes.
little by little of
were
evidently
was
divinities of the
kindred
the
of
steps, and
next
working
pupils
own
master's
Megara
never
inspiredby
The
of
by Theokosmos
of Zeus
statue
His
type.
follow in their
to
content
but
modified
great canonical
the
entirelydeserted
who
artists
*.
and
record
literary
the
with
Parthenos
Athena
about
us
content
later
of
works
the
with
be
must
we
told
have
years
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
136
imaginationclave
religious
Dionysiacor Eleusinian mysteries,
later
which
forms
the
were
and
vague
mystic.
We
the head
whether
them
upon
that
that
is human
side
the
of
exaggerated
of
Hygieia
1892, p.
brought into
notice
semblmg
the head
Hadrian, does
stamped
the period of
see
we
not
on
the
seem
Elean
to
coin of
contribute
restlessness
; it is
sentiment
representation of divinities
much
the
tradition.
In
our
knowledge
of the
to
Olympios. In certain
its treatment
x.
in
recentlybeen
and
act
enfeeble
and
Athen.MitthdL
head
forms
head
ArchaeoL
divine ;
or
qualitiesthat dominated
Epigoni,voluptuousness and
itself in
change
the
type of features,
the Alexandrine
qualitiesappearing in the
Deltwn
has
carved
and
showed
these
change in
the mental
Diadochi
the
by
the
note
can
which
we
see
the head
type in
is
But
far
as
to agree
the
the
reverse
than
the Pheidian
is true
and
fromPtha
The
with
type of
the coin-
more
considerably
the Parthenon
to
the coin.
appears
so
Zeus
importantrespects
one
its breadth
of the
heads
of others that
School
of
belong
respect the
for
whole
it
which
expression,
sensuous
of the
ment
excessive
emphasis
ideal,and
much
of calm
that
in
without
strength
sion
at
becomes
The
of
changed
was
of the
reserved
find
in the
see
effort,we
the
imperious
an
possession
the
power,
place
and
self-consciousness
influence
Zeus
it suffers from
The
an
first the
manifestly
later develop
other
the
or
essential
was
place
strainingforce.
one
of others ;
any
in the
Yet
Ammon.
still majesty we
and
self-assertion
of
of
only
appears
of Zeus
type
from
preservedfree
was
137
those
less than
suffered
type of Zeus
the
on
OLYMPICS.
ZEUS
OF
STATUE
THE
vi.]
Otricoli
is
than
perhaps
marble, but
more
sculpture it
retains
the
strong.
Roman
remains
tradition
great
original,in
Pheidian
of the
impress
of ancient
existingwork
any
The
majesty and worth, the
spite of the changed forms.
the mild
inner spiritof the old sculpture is still seen, and
ideal is expressed in the halfbenevolence
of the Pheidian
has
But
the head
no
longer the Pheidian
opened mouth.
and
of the
face is broader
more
deeply
depth, the centre
marked
less
in that
than
of the
clear,because
forms
rendering of
the
this,as
we
style.
The
evidence
was
that
see
we
forehead
head
has
in the
head
hence
from
we
tufts of hair
see
of the forehead
has
the
made
forms
allusion
the
and
study
are
which
exaggerationof
this
swellingsabout
the
the
rendered
*
the
The
hair.
from
just as
so
Pi. IV
have
we
dominated
brow, which
In
fact the
character, which
to
exuberant
so
originalof
of Otricoli.
above
flowing,
of the Pheidian
of the
leonine
been
depressionsand
head
and
ample
monuments
other
of the
something of
raised
have
marking
in the violent
eyes
hardly
in the
feature
the strong
and
Alexander
ment
other
was
Doubt
the face.
overshadowing
are
hair,which
luxuriant
the hair
skull
of the
forms
the
of the
it could
judge
may
masses
work
expressionof
the whole
type
of framework
kind
older
lion
in
sculptorof
also
appears
many
type
fore
heads
in the
of
treat
the Otricoli
effect when
given
he has
force,and
that
with
which
the
must
countenance
in the
see
we
has
of mental
expression
charging the
in
he
; but
distance
life which
inner
we
at
to
succeeded
not
profound
heads, and
and
emphasis
excessive
an
below
from
seen
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
138
Parthenon
for
suppose
Zeus.
face.
the
on
is
the
quality of
one
of the
head
The
the
Zeus,
this lower
strikinginstance
is higher and the cheek
forehead
of
eyebrows
in St.
Hermitage
are
and
Petersburg
conception;
narrower
very
and
KOL
elprjvLKOs
iravraxov
thought.
over-anxious
iTpaos,
but
from
distance
of
one
restless
is
work
a.
later representations of
the
expression of
an
wears
The
in
than
less broad
much
the
in
god
for
action, as
instance
The
the
on
spiritand
in the
manifest
most
for
the
the
shrine
in Greece
erected
the ram's
horns,was
of the
renderingworthy
called
in
nearly
the
fragment
of
'
no
and
the
us
in
of
he
is
Cyreneb
of
Olympus,' as
of
coin
The
Thebes.
purely Hellenic,
doubt
Lord
Pindar;
epoch shows
same
Pindar
by
head
ear
by Calamis,
the statue
was
are
age
The
Ammon.
of Zeus
monuments
later Alexandrine
of the
tendencies
Ammon
of Zeus
in the
an
style of the transitional period before Pheidias"
cold and
a
impressive countenance,
powerful
austere, with
marking
wholesome
"
PI. V
Hellenic
a.
of the
eyebrow.
tradition
Vide
my
of
And
Greek
article in the
Journal,1888,pp.
43-45.
no
doubt
the
genuine and
sculpturelingeredfor
"
328.
Head,
Hist.
Num.
p.
some
728, Fig
PLATE
a
the
in
time
at
animal
with
other
is
the
the
the
the
features, and
of the
extremity
mouth
is
is the
resembles
the
wild
animal
sion
that
marks
The
face
seems
care
and
the
blur
and
falsifythe
of
obscured
the
wild
the
No.
influence
d,in
symbolism
of the
details
before
later
his mind
Overbeck,
An
Ammon
i.
Atlas,
Taf.
i.
3,
been
of
(Eph.
13, p.
which
shows
the
of
; it is
Zeus
recently published
Arch.
dency
work
last result
probably
to
in
over
the
upon
last witness
who
from
187),
this
ten-
Alexandria,
of
herme
has
its
to
of
passage
all
to
has
Pheidias.
of
nature
3, 7.
interesting figure
has
tended
figurewrought by
5.
Atlas,
trace
can
image
The
character
the
the
god
ending
ram's
in
and
the
prevail;
a
horns
serpent
and
the
art, but
Graeco-Egyptian
non-Hellenic
we
prevailed
types
Porphyry,
he
of
mingling
K.-M.
which
style.
types0.
Pheidian
world.
is
earlier
heads
these
or
the
of
expres
affinitybetween
certain
older
works
classical
impressiveness
enduring
of the
of
fusion
of the
OcoKpao-ia,which
Alexandrine
outlines
the
both
beard
Dionysos, although
nor
a
work-
the
the
merriment,
Zeus
In
god.
these
of
imagination
bitter
b,
of the
those
to
the
unnatural
of
incongruity
possibly thinking of
none
But
alien
as
it is neither
the latter
and
the
and
much
so
line
and
ram,
hair
last ; the
god
curving
Munich
in
it is not
as
express
the
or
forms
this work
sculptor was
Ammon
the
but
fell,
beast's
laughter ;
Ammon
the
and
oracular
the
bizarre
More
in
forehead
the
from
the
Naples*
at
the
and
of
appear
bust
of
later,
blending
of the
nose
borrowed
than
origin
to
long
Zeus
of
marble
function
sensual.
divine
and
to
in
experiments
rendering
the
traits
are
began
grown
and
but
head
of later
probably
try
power
unmistakably
effect
to
in the
ideal
But
hint
the
period,
traits.
strikinglyexpressed
in
had
human
139
adopted worship.
god
loved
older
this
OLYMPICS.
Alexandrine
the
this age
face, as
preserves
of
which
from
animal
in
ZEUS
OF
monuments
point
some
the
STATUE
THE
vi.]
the
animal
body
; the
is
head
scarcely
any
expression.
""
^p.
Euseb.
Praep. Evang.
3. 9, 5.
RELIGION.
GREEK
i4o
REFERENCES
CHAPTERS
FOR
IV-VI.
Crete.
la
: C. I. Gr.
KpTjrayfvris
Zeus
LatUS
cities,
b
On
certain
Munztaf.
c
fv
no.
3.
Zeus
lo.
op.vvo3
struck
coins
Lyd.
th
Mem.
1893,
niv.
Olymus,
near
inscriptions
Mitt.
i,
8.
no.
i.
8ia
KopivOios(Evp,rj\os)
d. d.
vvv
TTpos
Avdia
rfi K.CL"f)p.as
fv
os
ecrrtV,
Ata
rf^^^vai
dvriKco rrjs2ap"tai"a"i"
TrdXeco?
TO)
rov
els
p-eTevf^^vat,
(pSftov
Kpwov
rov
At'a
rov
KOI
'Eparoo-^fys
yf ^}v
Bekk.
83, 84
4. pp.
Tp.a"\ovrorros
rov
Arch.
p. 395.
e'n yap
Titus,Overbeck, Kumt-Myth.
under
rf] KprjTT]rf\6r}vai
Xeyet,KaKfWfv
Na^oi/: Ib.
"Hpav.
rav
KOL
Eph.
inscription.
19 with
1889,
Kprjroyfvia
Zrjvarov
rov
in Carian
Kpr)rayfvf]s
Inst. Ath.
2
Olus
and
Cretan
the
in treaty between
2554
jMe'pet
TTJS
yovalAi6s 'Yertoi;\Trpoo~rjyo-
TraXai pzv
pfvero].
3
Eurip.Kprjresfrag.475
a.
Dind.
8e J3iovrfivop.fi"
f"
ayvov
WKTiTToXov
KOL
r'
ra?
dairas
a)p,o"pdyovs
468
KOI
(pavepws
8f
reXeras
ras
('Pea) avrpco
fi/
Koi
rats
ra
Atos
rov
otoi
Trepiro^
Trpo/roXcoi/
Sic. 5' 77
Kovpyrvv
lv 8e rf)Kp^ri;KCU
roiovratv
reXeVas
8q8as
Cf. Strabo
ov
Zaypecos
fj,r}Tpiopfiq
Koi
Ato^v"joy
lv K^cocro)
T?)I/
Kpf)rr]v
*aT"
etcrtv
rovrov
KOL
Sarupoi.
I.
I,
"
6 yfvvq
re
Kovprjcri
p.fv Si'Saxrt rpe(pfo-0at
fvravda
.
p.6/
f" ap^aicovflvai
vop-ipov
re
"IS?/. Strabo
/cot
Nupcpats 'Adpao-ret'a
Kpr}ra"v
vnrjpxfvr) Tlpacros
01
7rapa8i8oo-6ai.
Apoll.Bibl.
-navi
ruvras
tSt'wfeTrercXelro
tfpa
TO
rov
roii/ 'Ereo-
478
AIKTOIOU
Atos
tfpoj/' KOI
"ynp 7^ AiKrr]ir\i)CTtov,
5
Zeus
AtKrnlos-
Gortyna, C.
6a
Zfvs
I, Gr.
in
oath
2555
of
alliance
yOp.vva"
.
Clem.
$a\aKpbs"v"Apyfi,
Anthol.
Epit.7. 74^
'"5e peyas
(ppdrpiov
Zava
Alex.
Hierapytna
between
KOI
Strom,
Kflrai
Zav} ov
Zava
p. 33 P.
Ai'a
AlKToiov.
and
: Ib. f] AcoSdji'riroivvv
rjev
?}T/zdpos
T6fj.apos
TOV
Od.
6. 403
pcv
v(f)w
KftTat
Ifpov
TO
Te
TOU
rop.ovpovs
329
Trd^Tas
^fot,rraixrao'dai
drroTpcoTrcoo't
dpxds /ueV
aVSpey^o-ay
GUI/
KCIT
ot
eVetS^ feat
dnfdfixdrjaav
TpeTs ypatat,
TCO
arvvvaos
T' aXXous
TOVS
KTeveo)
Se' K'
ft
TrdvTa
p,a,VTT]'ia
dirb Se
.
TO
opoy
To/xdpovTOI/S
VTTO
\")(0fjv(U.
(pacrl
avTos
Strabo
c8pavov
DeXao-ycoi/
re
K' divr}o-(j"(n
Atos
(v./.
peydXoio dep-Lcrres
/ie'j/
et
TO
Atds
TOV
viro(pfjTas
\eyop.evovs
TTOITJTOV
"'
RELIGION.
GREEK
I42
Schol.
8'
di/co^o),
ava"ya.
7Tpo(pr)T"v"jVT"S'vcrrepov
Ait
Se
TJ)I/
Kal fj
Trpoo-anfftdxdr)
Zevy
rrvdpevi(pyyov,
ev
Topoupot)
e'0iXr;o-e
evdev
(pepovrai.
Sout'Sas1^e "j)r]cri
Atos
Stepll.
Byz. ,?. Z'. AcoStoj/^'
""r)ya"va!ov
lepoi' etVat
"eoro"aXi'a.
11
Aesch.
Vine.
Prom.
eVel yap
829:
alirvvooTov
T77i/
[uivTfla6di"6s
T*
repas
i
Soph. Track.
d/j.(pl
at
(ITTLCTTOV.
"(f)pa^"
-jrpos
AcoScovt bi(T(Twv
TaSe
Ta
IO.
12,
eVr;'Zevs
616 KX^eTf
dfi'fi,
1
Strabo
e^
("aip"TOV}
Tail/
yepovras
IO
6K
neXftdSas
TOS
rjv,Zcvs
Zevs
eort,
u"v
al tepftat rrapaTT]povp.fvai
to-co?
iVcos
/cat
Tpets
8e
Ttva
^iii/
Herod.
Trep!TO
ou/c
55
yui/aiKooi/Trpcoras
/xeydXeZei),Fa
Kapnovs
(poolSe
TrpoeOecnri^ov,
opi/fa
ra^6
ypnta?
7^o-ai/
at
Kat
TreXtay KaXeTo'^at
Kara
"at
\.
14
(TOTrapa
A"8a"wua"l'
AcoScoi/atotsfJLv6o\oyovp.fv
^ecrTTtcoSeli'
e'Xeyfro.
(paalv
CTTI
Atoy
TOVS
dXXa
IleXetdSef,
8pv\ovp."vcu
at
7rpop,dvTif$'
.
ta$
avftd^acrdai
TreXfidSa^ (prjybv
(TT)I'
(pwvfjdvdpconrjtij^
xpe"v
avro"i
fiavrtfiov
Tr)i/
iepbv
2.
""
ao-ai
al rpels Treptarfpaicirerovro
KTijcriv
/xeVeVi 8pvbstepdsKadffco/jifvr)
Treptorepa
e/Cft
"cat
etraeTaf
yXcorTayTO?
"fCTTrpcoTcoz/
xat
Xe'youcri,
yalav.
paTepa
TreXious'
Dion.
ef/xappeVa
Frag.
ypatat
m
Qf"v
7.
MoXoTTco^
Spues.
TTOTC
avdrjaai
T7)fTraXatav (prjybv
009
PaUS.
upocrrjyopoL
169:
TOiaiV
MoXoo~a"a
Tj\desTrpos
ycvf(rdai.Cf.
54"~5^-
fir)
REFERENCES
Cic. de Divin.
tiatis
fuit,quod,
CHAPTERS
FOR
sortes
diversis oracula
narratur
reddebat
aliter fabula
humanam
columbas
Dodonae
KOi.
*
i.
Sparde
petivissent
sortes, conloca-
templum
veteribus
fuisse
immanis
instinctu
Pelias
anus
dicitur,
deorum
interpretata
.
Hebae
edentes, quarum
Paus.
oi de
ab Hammone
8. II,
12
provolavitin
semper
aut
petebant.Cf. Plutarch,
Dodona
e"
(S
elprjpevov
TO
o-(i"(ppovr]o~uvT(s
ov
aut
maioribus
rebus
8e fj.diTfvp.ci
A.drjvaiois
AcuSco^rStfccXiap r]
vrrtpopiovs
orparei'aj
T(
TOV
"S
Demosth.
MetS.
Kara
7T"p.TT"LV
K"\"Vfl
Fals.
436.
Schol.
C.
II.
7. Gr.
6.
2909
de Corr.
Nai'ou Aioy'
t-noj
Hell
Aioy,
TOV
ra
1893,
(V
os
KopKvpaioi T"U
GVOVTCS
paloiTO"
Ail
6povc"ol(v
en
"ni
ra
Aicb^a*
ev
KOI
Ka\
TO)
All
TO)
Top.cip(p
CV
v$pr)\ayap
TO.
tKfl
Anecdota
i, p.
285
KaXeirai.
Atoy
Collitz
Ka
vatos'
Bekker.
apiffra Ka\
TiVt
trrjfJLalvft
uipfTovs
cf. inscription
from
:
AcoSd)^;;
A^Xco,Naiou
Ib. 'Ex
'.
/3oDi/KaXXiepelv. Cf.
6e Atco^
Nai'o) "cni
r")
^cnXXiara
Kal fu%op."K)t
foiKfoifv.
Aii
Aios
8lO. Ta^fOtV
p. 15.
5:
dvrjprjfjLcv
airwrais
AcoScoj'T/f,
%6povs icrTavai
(K
ols,TTJ
(TTiKoiviavTai
"V
TOVTOVS
Naa
viKrjo-as
als
pavrcins,
Atoficowuoy
8e
233
Tegea, Bull,
6
Kdl
e'/caor""/3otdvo
Trpos
p.
r"y
6 TOV
'Adrjvaiatv
S^/zcoTW
0f(i)pOVS
fVVta,
Tpels(Bovs Kal
Leg.
p. 531
Af A0a"i"KOI
(K
ojuot'co?
ro"
/jidVTflai'
Aa)8u)vrjs
lovi et Veneri
(Lacedaemonii)de
95
aut
isdem
lupiterquondam
p.6voisavdpas
glandiferamsilvam.
Delphisoraclum
Lys. 25.
8
murmura
; quae
vocem
Cic. de Div.
templum quercus
manabat, qui suo murmure
fons
cuius radicibus
et
inerant
Circa hoc
fuerat consecratum.
ex
disturbavit.
(Dodona)ubi
Dodonaeo
illud,in quo
victoria sciscitantes,
legatiquevas
vissent,simia
illud portentum
love
ab
143
Botcorols
TOVTMV
vcro
oraculum
cum
Sc
e*
maximum
76
i.
402
1V-VL
^tcov
Aicova
vvv
1563
rtv*
Kal (Is
"a
^tcoj/ ^
TOV
IVfiTa
(irtKoivoovrai
jjrjpwtov
6vovT"S
TO!
Kal
tv\6fJi(VOi
rcoya^oV.
C. /. A.
i.
34
TOO
of fifth century
r?)sAtcov^y : inscription
/3co/ioD
B.C.
RELIGION.
GREEK
144
14 a
\ Simonides, Bergk
navojjicpaios
Zeus
//. 8. 249
Se
Ka/3/3aXevefipov,
TrepiKaXXe'i
/3cup,o"
Atoy
'A^atoi,
ZrjvlpefccrKov
7ravop,"pa.L(j)
'4v"a
Ov.
./?/"/.
ii.
Panomphaeo
Ara
190
from Stratonicea
Inscription
Waddington, Voyage Arche'ol. torn.
KXauSioy
'AyyeXto
//.
a.
(r(pi(Tiv"Oaaa
at
Olympia
dia
TO
Zeus-oracle
Xenoph.
^^//.
U/.
6.
dedfjfi
.
Strabo
ayyfXo?.
Aioy
rfjvS* eTrxpdveiav
(TOUpoj/)
353
S'
eKCivov
"K
iepov.
TOV
av
ei ocr/ws1
^coi/,
roi/
"AyjjawroXts
4.
eVepcora
Find.
roC 'OXv^iTrtou
Aioy*
p.avT(lov
f)do^a
oi"eV f]TTOvavvffjieivev
5e
eV^ey e^ up^rjsp.fv
'Ayadw
KOI
93
fiera
16
'Y^/or""
Au
515
(rwrrjpias \apl(J"r^lPLOV'
vnep
Bas-
Le
(Roman period),
no.
3.
Tonanti.
est sacrata
vetus
in Caria
16 a
"
p.aKpov
Trap
KLOVO.
TTOTI
Zrjv\fj,f'vovcry
lepd.
7ra.vo}ji"paia3
J/o~o,
t"
ravaa.
/jLfXe'a
TOL
OUTO)
144
re
/3ej/n"5
'OXvpnia
e'X^cbi/fis-
Se^ojueWray
/LIT;
atra)
e^oi
KOI
rafiiasAto?
p.avrei(o
cf. 11.
Ilicra :
et'
19-120.
17
1873,
2/nupj/.
in Bt/3X.Mova.
18
Hesych. EV^/JHOS' 6
eVn
19 a
:0
to
referring
Strabo
21
22
S^juaXeoy: PaUS.
ZeUS
AvKatos
"
eariv
jfa.
roi opei
8.
aiVa)
drjpia
KOL
ZeC
""
of
territory
TW
PaUS.
I.
17,
i.
o-c/uo-t
rcoBev
rfpacrne
TO"JOVTOV
Gytheum, Motpa
temple.
the
Aios
onov
TpoCpwviovpavrflov
Av/foio)
*cai
f(TTiv
dv^pcoTroii*
.
eri
Aia
ev
wvu/jLacrf AVKOIOV
avT""
e'Xe'yeroeVros
Tracra
TOV
AvKoo-ovpav
KCU
eaTi
rro\iv
AvKaia.
fdt]K"
dycoz/a
avrov
Tffjtevovs yetsopcva
crKidv.
df6pa)7rovs 7rap"^eo"^at
ov
eVeX$di/ra
(AvKaiuv)
ra
2^/iaXeou
Ildpi/^^t /3co/MO?
eV
32,
8. 2,
38, 6 T"p."vi'ts
fiiwvai'Kal rdde
cf. Paus.
p. 107.
ZeUS
(pKifrevev
1877,
near
58, inscription
p.
the
41
414
vnovofjiov
XaCTyzaros
AeV/Sw
eV
Zevs
Arch.
1892,
^z;-
108-109;
no-
Lucian, Tim.
TepdoTtoy,
ZeUS
iov,
at Erythrae: inscription
published
3"77/"u'a
Athena
with
"t]p.tos
Zeus
6e eVi
fviavrov
8e
7rpocra"
o^oiccsTrdvra
T^
a/fpa
ou/c
TJ/d
ju.^
xal
TOV
opovs
an
eo-Tiv
AvKdlov
TOV
O~VVOTTTOS'
avTov
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
eVt
IV-VI.
145
Kal fjUf\on6vvr)a-os
ra
/3copo'y,
/Sco/zoC
repAVKOI'W Atl 6vovo~iv
roC
rourou
TroXXd
8e
8c eos
e'^e'rco
dnopprjTto'
TroXv/rpaypo^crai
pot
TTJV 0vo-iav f)8vrjv,
Cf. Polybius1 6. 12, quotingTheopompus.
exei Kal eW eo-^ei/ eg dpxys.
TO.
ov
cv
Paus.
8.
XPOVOV
avxpos
vo\vv,
cn*Xfl
Kal dvo-ds
vScop,
8c
TTJSnrjyrjs'
dvaKivr/devros
TO
cs
pcvos
AvKdiov
v8aTos
AuKatou
8. 53,
iepevsTOV
OVK
cs
@d6os
avctcriv
Kal
p.t,Kpbv
8c 6
TJV
TO
AvKaiov
TOV
ItpbvKara
Atos
ro
II
8c
Teye'ay
eK
IOVTI
cs
/3co/io$.
Aios.
Id. 8. 30,
ev
8' eVl
rtparai
opos.
Paus.
388
77^17
Kddirjo-L
8pvbsK\a8bv cnnroX^sKal
TOV
Strabo
repopet repAvieata)
cv
r^fiKavra
cs
Se
7re7rotV"io-cpio-tvdyopd' nepifioXos
(Megalopolis)
Xi'^coi/
Kal
TavTT]
fepovAVKOIOI;
re
f]avvoTTTd, ^cop-ot
8*
Ato'y. cao8os
cs
CVTC
OVK
dVTo
ra
Kal derol
8vo
rpaTre^at
raty
CQ-TIV
eWo'j
yap
Tpdnefrus
lo-oi.
avdp"irovKa\
edvo-f
8f]u"s
AvKaovos
del
vaTfpov
^VKOS
"| aV#pa"rrov
TIS
dnavrn
yivoiTo
drroaxoiTo
dvdpwTrivwv,
ucrrepoi/
oe
OVK
fs
oe
es
(" \VKOV yiv(o-6at,
y"V(rdp.(vov
(theSOns
Lycaon)
8e TTJV pev
Zevs
Clem.
ApKds
repA
TOV
uev
av6pa"Trov
del peveiv
fva
"r"f"dgavres
TraptdfVdv.
(JTrXdy^wi
o-vi"avap.i"di"T"s,
TOVTOV
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ecmdrwp atroii
31
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TOV
TOV
6f6s,us
6
avTov
apa
.
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fyov
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a'.
(tvoaiov.
Kal
\eyovo~i
yap
rpaVe^ui/
dvtTp(\fscv.
Alex.
PlatO,Min.
avTov
yevotro
errl "cviqKa\eaavres
(Zrjva)
dVTov
TO.
naiba,rols-lepols
eTrt^copi'cov
rwv
of
"
KOI
TOV
fret
of 8c
ro
0^0.
/ScopoC
TOV
...
AvKaiov Atos,
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cVt
fo-rrfio-fv
fjvfyitcv
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tivrt dvQpunov.
ycvfaOai\VKOV (pda-'tv
avTLKa
Kdl
ftptfpos,
TO
AvKaiov
TOV
(3a)p.bv
TOV
01
fv
p. 315
AvKdia
TTJ
rjp.lv
p.(v
ov
""TT\V
vopos
/3dp/3apot
avBpwnoir]fj.wv a\\nis
Kal of roG 'A0dp.avTOs
wyovoi
OVTOI
dvdpwnovs6v(iv
dXX'
dXXa
vop.ois ^peoi/rat,
*IL\\T)l""S
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Porph. De
6fois 6vo-iai.
Abst.
27
2.
dpxfjs/zeVyap
an
af
rwv
KapTfwv
eylvovrorols
p.6vovrois AvKatW
d(/"' p.txpi vvv
'ApKadia
vide Bernay'sTheoph.p. 188.
dv6pa"7rodvTov(Tiv
: from
Theophrastus,
.
Aug.
minus
De
VOL.
TOV
ov
incredibilia
quoddam
8- 34,
stagnum,
de
.
OVK
ch. 17
sorte
alia
(Varro)commemorat
Arcadibus, qui
8.
I.
cv
in
ducti
non
transnatabant
lupos.
Cf.
Pliny
Plut. Caes. 6
AvnepKaXiw
TUV
17
Kai
iraXaibv fit],
TO
Troip-eVcov
Id.
11
Qliaest.Grace,
\ovaiv.
Kai yap
p.ev
AuKcopftoy,Steph.Byz. S.
ZeUS
Cf. Paus.
AvKupflosZeus.
24
5 edeXovo-i
sacrifices
Human
'ApiaTOjLttVj/s
youj/
Cf. ?'^z'^/.
AVKTIOVS
rfjTro'XetAfVKaiov
ev
'Ap/caScoi/,
vabv Kai
Atos
'AXeov.
AvKovpyov rdfpovTOV
23
eto-eX"Was
AVKUIOV
TO
6 elfins KaXetrai.
de ol AcrrpeaTai
ycve'crOai
a(pi(nv e\fyov
tog
ypdcpovviv,
anoorTeXeis
'E\ev6epas
dyvoias,
6"'VTT
av
e's
TOVS
TI
TroXXoi
AuKat'ois.
'ApKaSiKots
Tots
"a
Kepi r/s
foprr],
Kai npoarjuei
300
p.
eXa^os
5. 5, 3 and
PaUS.
TL
'Apimfies
;
ol
efKouo-/cosKarakfvovcriv
RELIGION.
GREEK
146
yap
6,
io.
to
Lucian, Tim.
2\
3.
'Itfa^ar^,Clem.
Zeus
Kai
V.
Protrept.
p. 36
Alex.
Att
rpiaKoaiovsdirftrcpa^e.
Meao-ryj/iosrep 'WcafJkrjrij
KprjT"v fiee^w9
"
ouroi
etati/
ev
'A.i"TiK\"idr]s
voarots
"
An.
TCO
airo(T"f)dTT"lv
aTro^HuWraiai'^pcoTrofy
2";5
ZeUS
ZpvXaxas"\ov(ri
deonponiov'A^atotTrpo-
e"
Totoixrfa.
de6\ovs
dirnyovoiaiv
(\\6('ifj.avTos)
rjv 8e
Instit.
cf. Lactant.
Alus,
at
7. 197
i.
TOV
OVK
eaeXdr;,
21
OK
eirri
fjTOV
av
I
irp\vr] 6v"rf"rBaip.e\\rj
fgeiart
cos
lovi Teucrus
hostiam
tradidit,quod
posteris
os
avTol
TrpVTavrjiov,
epyeadai
frriTd"avT"S
TOVT"
7Tpf(T/3uraros,
TOVTOV
yeveos
Herod.
Aacpvanos,
est
nuper,
Hadri-
imperante,sublalum.
ano
26
De
AWpios, Ovpavios, pseudo-Arist.
Zeus
ao-rpaTratos-
re
ppovraiosKOI
Kat
Mundo,
Kat
re
16
a.
p. 401
vtrtor
KaXeTrat.
^
Herod.
56 Tepea
Svo, Aids
ipua-vvas
c
6.
re
Kat
AaKefiat/uovos
ptov
Zeus
KOI
cf.
Ovpaviov.
Atos
primus in Arcadia,
fuit ; hie primum solein
fuere
loves
Aetherius
tres,
cognomen
dXX'
'Addvav
o-e
Arche'ol.
KOI
TO
K^JIVOV
cf. z"/.5.
28 a
lepbvKai TOTTOV,
'Opdpiovnear
93
Zeus
ev
TO
Panamerios
or
"u
rcis Te
1876,
ToO
TCOI/
KauXco^iarai
39, 6 KporcofiaTat2u/3aplrai
6s
'
Ap.a-
TOVS
pt'ov
riitrti xo'pa,Zeus
al6f]p
Kai
Kai *A"ppodiTr)V
'Ap.apiav
Strabo
OTTOV
2.
SfScoKaat'
/3ao-iXeOo-i
27rapriJ)rat
roto-i
At'a
1634 'Op-^uco
Collitz,Dialect. Inschriften
'Apdptos,
federation-oath:
b
raSe
fir)
AlOepms,Ampelius
Zeus
27fl
8e
Aios
KOII/COJ/
p.
96.
"Xo-os
:
cf.
TO
3^5'
Apdpiov,
Polyb.
o-ui'dSous Kai
Ta
8ta/3ouXtao-ureTe'Xovi/1
Aegium.
Panamaros,
C. I. Gr.
27i5a
inscr. from
few
Stratonicea, pcyi"rr"ov
Albs
ran;
IV-VI.
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
147
/cat 'EKCITTJS
(?time of
Uavr^^epiov
rov
Tiberius).
b
C. /. Gr.
777 TroAfi
rian
.
Bas-Waddington,Asie
Le
p"w
2717
jjr#
fTd,
inscr.
/.
ct
base
on
statue, TiVov
l
"i" 'Hpaiois
Havcifj-iipov
rot)
Atof
TOV
lepciTeva-avTos
1887,
cf.
2 7 2
Panamaros
Zeus
Bull,
inscription
vide
from
Zeus
tion from
b
Helios
cf. C. 1. Gr.
4604
Eur.
cult-title,
Rhes.
Zfvs
p.oi
Tjxets
At/
Anth.
355
Pal. 7. 85.
3"avalos
hist. Byzant.Cedrcnus
: Corp.script,
'Ao-repios-
J\lag.p. 710,
6 5e
28
inscrip
TrooAot?.
/3fjAtaio"i
oi"pp(v(i)v
i, p.
2 1
'A"rrep/a"
TopTvinjTroAei Qwuivw
ev
archaic
(TV
Zeus
de Corr. Hell.
Amorgus;
Zeus Qavaios
80
Awoapyos
Stratonicea.
near
villages
29a
and Zeus
Narasos
with Zeus
connected
O, 2721.
period,illus
$Aa/3iov
373-391;
pp.
518
ol dX^pioi Pa
fTrurrfaovrai
inscr. from
ib. 2719
Gallienos,
or
evwruTi
xa"pa
Mineure
'AvTip-axos
o-eipiva
8ia
e(^r/,
Am
TOV
TO
EL
aorpor/.
of late period,C.
Lydian inscriptions
Zeus Mr}vtTiap.os
; on
I. Gr.
3438, 3439from
Zeus Kvavr^p: on inscription
Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath. 1890, p. 443.
pos,
33a
Aios
Zeus "0/x^tos:
KCU
b
6?r
avrov
AntOnin.
Parnes,ib.
rare
fK
p.ev
rS"v els
Kal TWV
A6r)i"aia"v
C. I. Gr.
Hymettus, Paus.
on
dvi npoo\l/iov
'ATToAAcoi^ov
On
rore
5, 7
d
14
TO
On
2374,
32,
KaXovvTcs
'ATT^/LHOI/
6vovo-L
ftufjios,
T^S
Kara
apovpas
TW
Chronicle
Parian
Kpavabv
/cat
AevKa\ia"v
TOV
Atos
fyppovstyvyev
TOVS
'
rov
eduaev.
o-cor^pta
'YeYtof ;
Mount
av
Trediwv.
Lycophron Caw.
Zeus
Ai6?
de
*Qp.$piov
ecwTov
i.
upov
8e
(O-TI
/cat
fSpycraro
Thoricus,upos
160
at
ro{5 Z";
ArgOS, PaUS.
Arachnaeum,
2.
between
L
Argos
and
Epidaurus,id.
evTav6a
aurai
Aio?
o"/3povQ-(piW
"Hpas' Se^o-ai/
*ni
re
dvovcri.
PaUS.
Lebadea:
At
eV
Se fl(nv
/3o"jLiot
10
25,
RELIGION.
GREEK
148
9. 39, 4
Zeu?'YeYio? eV
a'Xo-eiTpo"pa"viov
r"a
ez"
viraidpco.
d
35
in Ceos
'iK/ualoff
Zeus
AIOS-
iroir}o-" pcyav
r/'/zara
recrcrapaKovra
30
r^
avpftdvrosTrore
Ata
rov
Strom,
p. 753
Zeus
Ovptos
Alyivrj
.
cf.
2.
Arrian
eVi
Clem.
8 and
29,
Aios-
Alex.
; Mull.
A"6?
'lepbvTOV
rou
found
inscrip.
39
ZeuS
ZeUS
Sparta,PaUS.
: at
Ei"ai/e/MO?
a
Kepamnos".
8uo
eVri rf)?OiVo/Ltaov,
^e/Lte'Xia
KepatWa)Ail
varepov
dia
'Afocriov
TOVTO
753
P.
SeXams.
Geogr.
Min.
Graec.
i,
TO
tva-rrep
Oupi'ou,
oro/ua rov
P^rr.
Cic.
Trpoy AeTrr. " 36 ;
Boeckh,
3. 13, 8 Ato?
Olympia, PaUS.
at
r"y
Xo'ytov
"77rt
Kara
rov
Gr.
/.
C.
2,
Trpvp-vrjs
of Statue.
base
on
eVi
(pacri 8e
Chalcedon, ofyioi/e"
near
aupat
Megarid,
in the
-SVrm.
KOI
"Epo-a,
dvydrrjp,
,P^"/. 27
ro
KaXeirco Z^m
odrjyrjrrjpa
Tts
Kal
8e afpelvai,
KOfj-iaavra
44,
AiafeoG
QvaavTos
*E\\r]"nvavxpov
8e KuaveW
e"
i.
Aios
ex.
P.
in Plut. 940
Alcman
p. 401
eV
forcpiKfivw 2etpt'"u
ovpeaiv
err)iTUU
yalav iicvfyv'xpvaiv
Alex.
cf. Clem.
a^pa
rot?
Att
/ta)
?8a
eppfgevev
ev
382.
KOI
fopbv
(Aristaeus)
2.524
: Paus.
HaveXXiJworand 'A"/"eVio?
Zeus
87
8' eKrjn
roTo
trvprropcvopevav
TUV
KOM/OI;
TO
Apoll.Rhod.
ifpa
'ijcpaioto
Ait*
Kpovidrj
re
avroa
175
2.
of Cos, No.
Hicks, Inscriptions
and
Cf. Paton
'YtVioi/.
Aia
uap
Cos:
At
5. 14, 7 eVtfa 8e
Atdy
fieri/3co/zot,
evravdd
lepdVfWti/
re
Evavenov.
r^9
'Epxeiou
oiVt'as ra
.
ra"
Qlvopdov
8e
rrjv
6 Kepavvos.
oiK-lavKart(rKT]\ls"v
b
Altar
bungen zu
Cyprus, C.
Imperialperiod.
I. Gr.
In
In
Near
Palmyra, 4501,
Near
Damascus,
Altar
On
p. 661.
Lydia, 3446,
on
coins
late
2641
Aa
dedication
'A^poStr?;
Kepavi//")
of
period.
dedication
in
Trajan'sreign.
4520.
the Alban
Mount,
Au
of Seleucia of the
Kepavi/iw,5930.
Imperialperiod,Head,
Hist.
Num.
RELIGION.
GREEK
150
; cf.
(from Theophrastus)
lepoVeWi
vibs
Aios
ifpfvs
nXamVou
Sv/z/ua^osTaiov
109
*".
: cf.
Zrjvoiroo-eid"vos
'Oo-oyw
d. d. Inst. Ath.
Mitt.
p. 260
1890,
Vide
d.
3370,
2ujup.a;(ou
Zeus
at Prymnesus in
:
KapTroSdrT/s
god of vegetation
publishedby Ramsay in Mitt. d. d. deutsch. Inst.
Phrygia; inscription
2
Zeus
Ath.
as
Plut. Animine
'Ao-Kpatos,
Cf. Zeus
ei^apio-r^pioy.
/xeyi'crrtt
KapTroSoY?/
Au
7. p. 135
sint pejor.
p. 502
corp. off.
an
dpvs aKctpnos.
Au Avdiaiv Kapir"vdnapxas(pepovres: Hesych.*A"TKpa'
'Ao-Kpai"B
in Euboea, Hesych. s. v.
'ETTiKapTnos
from
Paphlagonia,Bull, de Corr.
inscription
43
Zeus
t4
at Mantineia,PaUS.
'ETrificorr/s-
ZeUS
iepa
"XXa
TO
p.ev
2cor^posAios*
Zeus
8. 9,
Hell.
1889,
eWi
Mairii/eCo-i de
Ait
p. 310
KOI
Se 'ETTiScorouKaXovfievov.
TO
Zeus
rw
r""
46
Ox
47
Mopios,
Cc"/.704
Soph. 0^.
o
elcraev
yap
\fixT(Tei
48
p.
561
dvaias
Kapvaaaa"
.
TIVOS
npojSaiveiv
piat/
8e
a"y
Trapa
ys
Aio?.
Mullach.
Frag.
Graec.
Phil.
fjnjdevos
ayo/zei/7/v Kai
VTTO
rou
ifpov
Trpoaep^fa-Oai ^co/j,"y,
rw
6 Zeus-,
eV QrjpiaKols}.
NiKai^Spa)
ZeUS
2vKao-ios,Eustath.
rots
zrapa
TraXaiots 6
Hom.
Od.
MJ^XIOSon
of Nicaea
coins
O-VKT)
*ai Svicao-ios
cpaaiv, KaOape'^paii/ro,
ev
(rvKocpavrflv.
ro
Zeus
fie
Ae'yereu
1572
rf]yap
Ka0dp(rios'
f.
i,
eV 'AXi-
13
jE7/.JJ/^.J.z;. Aiyo^ayoy
air^y KaXXiepeii*
(cf.
Xa/3o'p.fi/oi/
lepe'a
TOI/
6pS)VKVK\OS
Ka\ NfjU^ioy
KaXeerai.
No'/uioy
Zevs
Roberts,
Mopiov
viv
Zeus
Cf.
21.
on.
Zeus
C. /. ^.
Tewpyos in Athens:
Zeus
Marm.
of
Imperialperiod,Head.
/ftr/.
p. 443.
1
tion
Zeus
on
in Coreyra, C. I. Gr.
M^Xcoo-ios
In
boundary stone.
1870
Naxos, 2418
Ai6?
M^Xcoo-iov,
inscrip
"Opos-Ai6s
M^Xwo-t'ou,
early
period.
52
Zeus TeXeW
Albs
i"pOKijpv"
3
on
Attic
of Hadrian's time, C.
inscription
I. A.
3.
reXe'oj/rof.
Schol.
ZeUS 'Apio-rator,
Ap.
Kal Nd/xios.
'Ayuieus
Rhod.
2.
500
Zeus
Kal
(K\^6rj
'Apio-raios
54
Zeus
Koviov
55
OVK
vaos
ZeUS
TroXXots
40,
i.
At6s
EvjSnvXevs:
"V
coo-TTfp
KCU
Sic. 5. 72
Diod.
5, p. 15:
ev
Ba,3ot,
Evftov\ca
ZTJVU)
(irpoorayopcvBrjvai
KaX"s
j3ov\"i"f(r6at
rat
K-Jpr;K"i
ArjpTjTpi Q"rp.o(f)6pu
Updo-was "A/3?/
Athenaion
Paus.
Athens,
at
151
opocpov.
e^av
Zeur
IV-VL
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
Cf. EubOuleUS
(rvvfO-LV.
at
Eleusis.
b
At
Zeus
fi6
d. d. List. Ath.
Mitt.
Amorgus,
BouXeus-:
i, p.
at
8e
ZeUS
Xdoviov
avTwv
XQovios
Hesiod
KOI
"Tlp.T)TfpOS
(3pl6fll"
IfpOV
58
KOI
Zeus
59
2*coriVa":
eV apurrepq
eo"rti"
Zeus
Ati
6e
"Epy. 465 EC'xfO-^at
rrjs68ov
3. 10, 6 Zfu?
KaTa^'^dwos
xai
Zeus
: vide 20.
Tpo"po)i/tos
61
Eur.
Frag.
TO)
Bvviav
C. /. Gr.
63
Qvovri
77
(cat
Zeus
(V
Pergamon
Paus.
'ATTo/ivios:
nnyKapneias
5. 21,
A"W
Atfiu/xaiou
at
quoting Nikander's
12,
TOV
Myiagros.
BaK^ioy,
in late oracle.
5. 14,
i.
At
Olympia,
VTT' "XXou
Ai
^0(7ai
8i"ax#eVra'ATTO/XUIO)
Tlepaffpoveia.
(TV
"rrcpy"is,
airvpov
Ai8v/zaios:Macrob.
3538,
(Traivr)
firapas
7rai"TO)l"
eV TT} itpoTTouTj
TOV
8p
aTras
(7O(
Zeus
otiTOff
//. 9. 457:
60
62
eV/KX^o-tj/
(6 rdrroy
Aids
Ifpov2*cortra
904
a.
ff ayi/ft
enreXea
"r)pr)Tfpi
\6ovifpj
Sparta,Paus.
near
re
Olympia, Vide
At
H2
(IKTT]V.
: Horn.
KaTax^oVtoff
Ztvs
\mpov.
rov
rpirovKoKovo-tv "Y^Larnv.
rov
jwpn-oG
un-ep
Aios- eV \nral6pa")
(ayaX/zara
at
BouXei
Att
reXeo;^,
vv
At]fj.T)Tpt
(yKVfjiova rrpuroTOKOv, Kop?/ Kunpov
57 a
AW
334
8^
10.
Aa,
Kara
8.
(puo-t 8c
'Hpa^Xei
pvias'e^fvpnvraovv
"cai
ourcos
avrov
ras
aTTOTpaTrrjvai
ravra
"ai 'HXetot
Paus.
8.
26, 7
oveiv
rut
Sacrifice
RELIGION.
GREEK
152
Three-eyedZeus
64
fVTavda
Zevs
TO{) p.eTco7rou.
Argos
at
TOVTOV
Cf. Schol.
T?)Sav\rjs ifipupeVoi/.
ifii'ai/
Tifa
(paaiv,
it
15
ol Trepi
'
7r(7roir)p.eva
TraTpcooi/ eV
fie
TOZ"
vnaidpco
a'XXot
ep/ceToj/
KOI
eV
34,
9.
'iTow'as
A.6r]vds
Kai Aios
fie
TO"
(T^S'iTam'ay 'A^va?)
i/aw
fie 'AyapofcpiVou.
ayaXp.aTa'Tf^vrj
eo~Tiv
411
fie eVl
Aia
Strabo
'Ayi'az/ AepKuXov.
Coi'Oliea,Paus.
At
24,
ainbv
io~ropovvTfS,
Tpialvo0^aXp.oiy
auTou
o~%"O~tv Trepi
a"s
Troad.
Eur.
2.
o(pOa\p.ovs,
TpiTov
7re(puKap.ei" e%ov
eivai
"pao~lv
IIptap,a)
Aia
TOV
Acropolis: Paus.
the
on
coy
TIVO,
(pao~i}p.vo~TLi"f)v
aiTiav.
Zeus-cult
Zeus
CG
mountains.
on
Kopv^prj
TTJS 'l^cojuj/?
.
erot/io)
: id.
(edvov)
earti/
Mea'cr^i'ia)^. lepevsSe
Se
.
In
TO"
aiperbs
yap
vhr/veveyKOiv
es
aai
Le
TO.
paprvptov
p.
fls
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i.
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at
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25.
in Rhodes
'Arafivpios:
Zeus
inscr. C. I. Gr.
'
fieeVi
Araftvpiov
TO
of second
ndrep
ZeC
century
153
c.
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(?),
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87
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2IO3b.
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01. 7.
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ue"fcov.
IV-VI.
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
vvv
'ATOOe"v iSpvcro/3co/n6v
VTrofj-vrjadels
irarptouv
A toy.
fivptov
b
At
Agrigentum,Polyb.9. 27,
xai Trapa
KaduTrep
Ara/Svptbv
Kal Atos
0
eV
2.
'Atirjvds
itpbveWio-Tcu
'Pofiioty.
456
fie
^eyta-rov
6po?
eV aur?/
Mount
AlvTjaiovlepovi from
Ai6s
TO
297.
1
Zeus AiKTaios in
Zeus
985
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: Aesch.
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74a
Zeus
J4"
"
Delos
4.
C.
Dittenberger,Syl/. 249;
I. A.
2.
lepfvsAlbs KVV"IOV.
KO.T
Vide
Crete,Strabo 478.
in
K^i/^oy
Zeus
22
Kopv(pT]s
T^S
Strabo
AlvT]viosin Cephallenia,
Zeus
a)
7 eVt
"4
KaVtof
;
on
Frag.
from
Zw
Zr/ws f'yyvs,
"y^t'o-7ropot
ot
3.
aldf'pt.Vide
eV
of N.
Casium
Mount
Marcell.
Syria,Ammian.
Imperialperiod,Head,
of Seleucia of
coins
6f""v
ot
ear*
,3a)p.oy
narpwov
155
Hist. Num.
p. 661.
b
Also
from
the
AID'S e'o-TtvIcpbvKaaiov
coins of
On
Ai6s
Kao-tW, on
At
5
'6
Pelusium,vide note,
at
"
seal in
bronze
Arch.
'Ayxtvpios:PaUS.
Atoc
ZeUS
ffifdVj
Ay
iiyaXfjLa
'A7reo-"Wtoy:
fvua
Ait
Tlcpoea.irpwTov
'YHTJTTIOS
: PaUS.
ZeUS
: PaUS.
UapvijOios
Zeus neXiwalof
Ki"np"mos-:
eariv
viov
82
1883,
? an
I.
PaUS.
ZeUS
Egypt, Strabo
p. 125.
C. I. Gr.
p. 277.
b.
7044
Kao-ta.
'Yvvaplov
opovs.
TOV
""TT\V ov
Attica,'Ay^eo-poy
opoy
2, in
32,
Hist. Num.
Ail
87 inscription,
p.
760
vctrtitov.
"
?1
Leyden,
ZeUS 'Yvvapfvs
: Hesych. S.I'. "mb
ZeUS
and
Corcyraof Imperialperiod,Head,
Epidaurus,Eph.
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Arabia
between
mountain
15,
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virip TTJV
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32,
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eV X/w
"
the mountain.
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opos
Aioy
ffpo
interpolation.
Zeus KoKKuyios: on
the
'
Cuckoo-mountain
'
in the
neighbourhood
GREEK
154
Of
Hermione,
13
Zeus
Inst.
'AKpaioy
:
Ath., 1889,
36,
2.
eV fie r"5
A"k,
KoKKV-yi'o)
ra"
[lev
PaUS.
52
in
ro'Se eVi
es
UpcovieVriv
Magnesia
at
p.
RELIGION.
a/"pcoi"
6pa)v
TWV
em
"Upas.
in Mitt.
Thessaly,inscription
lepevs
Albs
TOV
cf.
'A/cpai'ou
:
roO
id.
d. d.
1890,
p. 314.
b
Mount
On
e'rr aKpas
TOV
fie TTJSTOV
aKTaiov
AIOS
Pelion,Heracleides,Frag.
(leg.aKpaiov) iepov,e'0*6
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rev, evefoarpevoi
Near
Zeus
s.v.
3146
T"V
quoting fragment
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pev
ZeUS
YTTOTOS
opos
b
of
In
i.
eVi
TU"V
u"s
aKpcov
em
from
4458, inscription
Kapaios
'.
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napd
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ev
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time
ouro)
de
of
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Trpo?
navTcov
''Y^io-ros
:
At
Corcyra, C.
At
Olympia, PaUS.
f^
At
Thebes,
at
Ato'y
(rou'EpeX0(iov)
eWSou
3. 170
eVri
oi'i/aj
GvovTas
(late
period).Vide
Corinth
1869
'
KaXXiepflvAil 'YTrnra),
drroTre/JiTreiv
du"pl6vr}o-ei.
r^y xa\Kioi"ovev
oTrocra
I. Gr.
ayaX/ia.
K.OI
vaos
Ma/capTaroi/1072
Kat
(rcor^pt
3. 17, 6
fie rXio-di/ro'seo-Tiv
9. 19, 3 vnep
; C. I. A.
r"5 ovpai/o)
yevopevov
TraXaioraroi/
TTOi'^rat,
in
Boicoroiff
'VTrarou
I.
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In
Bull,
Philadelphia,
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PaUS.
fie ai/rca
quoted in DemOSth.
TOV
em
op"v idpvp.evos,
TU"V
no\v.
TO
Seleucia
Atoy
Zevs
V.
in Boeotia
em
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Aia
roi/
elvai.
v\^rj\os
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Athens, PaUS.
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88
eVt
308.
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vofj.i"ov(n.
xp^o-ao-dai
fjXtKiais
aK^a^ov-
ov
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C. I. Gr.
17
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iepe'is
cos
KOTO.
vSaro?
elo~ax8ei"Tos
TOV
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avra
/Sco/zous
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opwv
Zeus
e"
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Zeus'
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KOI
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fnaKpiov
"
KaXovuevov
TO
"ai ral?
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: worshippedon
emiKpios'
yap
1. Gr.
Qv\7rLOV
CTTI
84
7roXrrcoi"ol
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2.262, frag.60
Kaivd.
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TOV
eVrt
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opovs
dva(3aivov(ri
TCOV
Kavfj.a
Hist. Graec.
Aios aya\aa
fiesta
'
e'crrt^aX/co
:
vide
Ait
57
a.
u^io-rw
e"pe^s Aios
5- 15, 5 fi" /3co/uoi
'
Atos
'Y-^iWaty
(TruXais)
tepoi'
REFERENCES
tion at Miletus
f
C. L
Athens,
In
In
A.
and
Miltheil.
Athen.
1893,
155
267.
p.
: at Stratonicea,
tyio-rov
Ai6s
Ifpeats
26936
IV -VI.
146, 148-155
3.
I. Gr.
Mylasa, C.
CHAPTERS
FOR
vide ]5.
Pindar, Nem.
8
89
Zeus
i.
6 'Pto^aicov
pao-iXevs
'Aftpiavbs
ayaX/za$e'oya"iov}
TO
C. I. A.
Athens,
aat
l8,
I.
'Eo-Ti'a,
Zrjvbs'Y^iVrouKan-iyvfjTct.
'oXvfimos:
inscr.)
; PauS.
Kai
II.
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[lev,
ov
TOV
re
etali/
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/u?)
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ot
fie ex
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jrfiroirjrm
ra
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/cat
%pv(Tov}
At
Oovai
At
Miletus
At
Chalcis
and
I.
C. /. Gr.
Chalcis,?
flvai
.
C. /. Gr.
C. /. ^1. 4.
end
z^. 243
2867
Sparta: Paus.
ToO
2.
lepeW
Aios
6.
A"6s
eaf\-
Tf^fvos
JMegar.26"34.
terminus
'oXv/^Tn'ou
Ai6y
sacri fundi.'
late period.
'oXu/zTrtoi;
neto-at(ov),
Atos
27"-, oath
of fifth century
u.
c.,
alliance
of
/xj)o/zocriy,
fie a/a
os
Athens
between
icpbv
'OXv/iTTloveVtfie'/caroi'
Aios* ToO
At
CL
eVn
2417
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raGra
4 Mera
40,
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.
eo~TO)
TO
TCO
'oXv/zTri'ov
firiK\rjcnv
wpoj/: cf. /"/.3.
3. 14, 5 Aio?
II.
12,
8
Corinth
At
vaoii
e"ai"j)vr)s
of
PauS.
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raos
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In Naxos
aoret
O\vp,Triov
XhllCi
in theatre.
Megara
eV
'OXtyiTriou
""a{5i"j'To{)
Aioy
Itpov
'.
ap^ntov
e'Xe(pai"Tos
re
8 rot) fie
"
p."y(6os
opaxriv.
TO
npus
TO
olKo8ofj.T)(rai
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fv
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yaoi"
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3. 9,
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the Asiatic
'OXvpniov(justbefore
ciriK\rj"riv
campaign
Agesilaus).
h
At
Paus.
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5.
and
10
temple and
statue
Aio?
i"aoy
id. 5. 13, 8
altar.
i At
Patrae
eVi
Te
auToy
Atos
Paus. 7. 20, 3
6povov
eVTaxra
KOI
Aegira:
xai
\idov
ayaX/iaKa6r]p.(vov
PauS.
Syracuse: PaUS.
10.
iepoV. C. /. Gr.
2vpa*ovo-aiff
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tovj
m
At
TOI/
Zava
on
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(BdvfivTr)v opo^v
TO??
(KTOS
6
OVK
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napa
TOV
TOV
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28,
fiex
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epyoi/
6
seat
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elXov 'OXu/iTriov
Aioy
rjvi"a
'Afyvaioi,
5367,
formula
of
in the theatre,of
Sic. 13. 82
TToXe/^oyeVcoXvaej/
TO
S'
TOI/
B. c.
same
ovv
TO
II).5369
Aioy
period.
Xap./xe'XXoi'
'OXy/zTrioi/
fi'
/ie'yioros
KOTO
aXoycoyav avyKpiVoiTO
eV
third century
end of
'ohvp.rriov,
TOV
inscribed
eon
e'yavyypa(f)r)v
fie ^ Ai'yetpa
Ifpbv
7. 26, 4 napei'^eTO
At
1 At
'
a"i/
(6 fewy)
TCOJ/
T^S i/7roo'Tao"eco$".
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eV
RELIGION.
GREEK
156
in
Nacoleia
Near
TO
In Seleucia
Zeus
C. I. Gr.
Briula
Maeonia
"
"
444,
"
"
498
"
"
"
520
"
"
"
548
"
"
"
550
"
"
"
719
PlatO,Euthyd.
p.
"
Alexandria
UaTpuos:
"
"
Hist. Num.
,,
ad Maeandrum
Antiochia
coins of
on
Head,
Hipponium
Prusa ad Olympum
Ephesus
vide 85.
4458,
inscribed
JO\vp.7rios
ZeUS
inscription
'oXv^nif'tov.
mentioning
10
late
3847 b,
Gr.
Phrygia : C. I.
fjpivnarpwos
Zcvs
392D
Imperialperiod.
jJLev
ov
(ppaTpia.
(ppdrpios 'AOrjvaia
fie KOI
KaAeZrai,
epnelos
KCU
rpels
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At
eVi
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edvcrav.
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de Corr. Hell.
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Aios,
1893,
of
inscription
p. 24,
late
period.
d
Chios
At
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KAtiriSaiy
if
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Arist. Nub.
TOV
91 a
ch.
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b
Diod.
II
ov
juoi
Ai'a.
0"fusiraTcp art/^o-m,TTpbsyap
Aios
Trarpcpov.
cf.
late:
oraculo, very
Trajan.
KaTaiSfadrjTi
Trarpcpov
C. I. Gr.
ndrptos in Italy:
Zeus
Hcnpaov.
TOV
vide 73.
155:
va\
Aiarpt^.3.
EpictetUS,
ajravrfs
Aios
TOV
c.)fioV"o
B.
1468
vai
flaw
pas
(fourth
century
6014
Au
5936
Uarpia
"al
at
Rome,
Au
Uarpi^ ex
in reign
'ApTipirava
1890,
of
d. d.
p. 258.
Sic. 4. 14,
Olympian
dedicated
games
by Heracles,
r"
Au
TO)
Zeus
12
2
Idiatvriama
nutrias in
Au
yvu"pr]v ye
Kara
13
Zeus
Ai'a
.
Phrygia :
cram/pi
TJJV
f^xnv-
C. I. Gr.
^n
3817 AT^S-
Scythia: Herod.
4.
de
ZeUS
95
ZeUS
'Ayap.e/j.vov
A.aKfdai.p,6vios
o-etfei:Schol.
94
Zevs
Hana'ios.
epfjvKa\f6fj.cvos
: Athenag. Leg.
'AyapepvaHf
59
: vide
AafceSai/icoy
26
rr)s
'ATTICS (leg.
b.
: EpictetUS,
Aiarpi/3.
3. ch.
'Opoyvios
II
icat
yap
Aio's
dde\"po\
TTpbs
158
GREEK
iKCTeva), Kal
ecrrt
Trarrjp
8eS)V
ere
Od.
22.
fj.fya.poio Aibs
Aaeprrjs 'Odvo~"vs
TTOTI
evff apa
ftowv erri
re
/3cop.6i/
p.fyd\ov
TroXXa
p-qpi
eKrjav.
eVros
Harpocrat. epKelo?Zet's,
/Sco/zoy
Hesych. J. ?7. p.(o-epKiov' Albs eniderov.
w
ZeUS
For
KVpet.
TJ/JUV ZrjvbsepKeiov
TTavros
avrbv
roy
auXt^ i8pvrai.
r^
fiff 6/Jui/zoi/fOTf'pa
n^"\"pTJs
*E"j)""TTios
: Herod.
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^AiaV
eV
epKovs
aXX' fir'
/-ieu
334
epKfiovt"biro T"Tvyn"vov,
)0
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re
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TOV
fj "KO~vs
ra"i/
op$a)Xdy"w.
Horn.
Ti2 Mffp,
roid8e*
Xeycoi/
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RELIGION.
I.
Se 'Eiriariov rf
emXee
(Kpotcros)
44
/tai
ovo^.a^wv6(6v.
TOVTOV
the
religious
conception of family duties cf. Euripidesin
"SV03.Floril. 3, pp. 78 and 83 (Meineke): quotationfrom Perictione,
ib. p. 90 : from Musonius, ib.p. 74: Plato's Laws
930 ",7176,
927 A-B.
102a
Zeus
younger
ea-n
Schol.
Of
Dem.
\lsTJ(pov,
KaiOfJLfVtoV
Trpoy
Arch.
p. 73 ; ib. 1888, p.
O^iwco
alliance
03
Xatov.
Zeus
At
(ppdrepfs
.
i :
C. /. A.
fcrr^ore
TTJV
TOV
2.
XaftovTfs rrjv
Aibs
841 b
:
KTTJO-IOS
(B.c. 396-5)
for (ppdrpios,
C. I. Gr.
Phlya :
fV
Harpocr. p.
rot?
C. /. A
PailS.
KTTJO-LOV
Isaeus, 8.
oath
.
cf.
ra/ziftoif
3.
115,
of
Cauer,
s.V.
idpvovTO.
:
3854 (late
period)
cf. decree
in Demosth.
l6
r")
r]v^"TO
31,
4 vabs de erepos
e^fi
jScojuovs'Avr](TiArjp-rjTpos
in the Peiraeeus.
Alt
6va"v
TO)
KTTjo-ia*
TTfpi^v /LidXior*
eKfivos
p. 612.
At
(Bovv XfVKov.
KTrjcricp
l AuW
(pparplov.
TOV
O-TTJ^TJ^.
dialect-variant
K"i Tdi/a
the
Kr^orioyA/a
Au
ot
117.
At Athens
53
KOL
'Eoriap
TCIV
between
Delectus,2.
21.
dveypatye
Zeus 'Opdrpios
in Crete
2555
ffcofMov
(pfpovres
TOV
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of
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: Paus.
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9.
26, 7
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REFERENCES
CHAPTERS
FOR
: Simonides, Bergk
'EXeu"'ptoff
Zeus
IV-VL
167
140
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e'|eXdo-ai/re?
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of
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412
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Plut. Arist.
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20
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period,napa
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fie cvioi
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RELIGION.
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17).
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ov
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(vide
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Zcw
4 and
in Caria
49
1889, p. 375.
Zeus
Ant.
l8,
I.
B.
c.).
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/. Gr.
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of
inscription
the time of Hadrian, mentioning a Ai6r Hai/S^ou iepoV At Synnada
coin of the Imperialperiod,Head,
riANAHMOC
in Phrygia: ZEYC
on
134
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135
130
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:
titlesfrom
'
Zeus
569.
p.
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at Athens:
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cities or
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Zfvs
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ev
districts.
: from
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near
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cityin
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Thrace:
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C. /. Gr. 3157
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6 Zfvs
ifpbvdp^aioTarov.
BaiTOKuiKeus, from
4474
v.
of Roman
inscription
p. 135
cf.
Steph.Byz. s.
An
Bet/inca
Com.
REFERENCES
f Zeus
(6vov yap
Zeus
Num.
i
Hesych. S.
i
Evpo"p."vi
'iScuos 'iXutov
period,Head,
k
Zeus
KGti 6
Plut. Thes.
nap'"loxri.
'EX.
Mylasa, Head,
near
Hist. Num.
Head, Hist.
Zeus
Hist.
p.
136
Krjpioy: vide
Paus.
^ $ov^r)
3"9
ifpiadia fiiovAlbs
1893, P*
KeXutmos
d. d. lust. Ath.
Zeus
115
.
KwaiOfvs, from
5. 22,
and
: Paus.
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Zeus
474.
3. 21,4
A.OKtdcufJLOvif)if
T) K"P.T]
(an
Scepsis of Imperial
558.
on
and
p. 90.
ZeUS
Num.
Kpa^Tjvds
Zeus
pp. 473,
Apamea
K(\ciiixvs at
of Ilium
coins
on
KXau5ioi"
drj/jios
trdprjaavTiftfptov
1889,
(KpoK(ai)
Cynaetha in
Bfaiv Se
Kara^aivovri
at'ro^t npo
Arcadia
YV"IOV
Schol.
p.tv
rrjs
Lycophr. 400
i.
Halicarnassus
Tzctz.
Lycophr.
459
1887, p. 385.
p. 174:
ZeUS
"1
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\dpia-avp.cv
Ka^
440
Aapiafi'S at
or
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...
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.
8e
to-o"j
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dicea,and
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Aapiaalos KOI
Aapurfvs
vide 1:6h.
Imperialperiod of
Phrygia,Head, Hist. Num.
of
of Sardes
"i'AouTTenoi^p.ei'oi'.
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5t
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2.
and
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the
of
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p.
566,
"c.
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553-
MoXeiatos
at
]\Ialea
Meyiaros- of lasos
lasos,Head,
Ai6f
on
PaUS.
t'
coins
on
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of
169
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of Euromus
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on
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near
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1V-VI.
p. 525.
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deme
ol TTfptjEKoXrjiriov
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^/}/ioi
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cf.
the
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'
CHAPTERS
FOR
Hist. Num.
KU\
Auftpavvftov
AIOS
Steph.Byz. s.
C. I. Gr. 2671
p.
v.
MaXf'a.
cf. Zeus'Apeioron
on
528: inscription
from
p-fyivTov,
altar in
coins
Oxford,
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I. Gr.
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v
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in
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yap
3. 20,
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r^
RELIGION.
GREEK
70
1890,
Atoy
Messene):
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rov
261
p.
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at Mylasa
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:
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and
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d. d. Ins/. Ath.
Arch.
Hist. Num.
Albs
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TOV
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1864, p.
Peltae
567
p.
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269!
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cf. C. 1. Gr.
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ra
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1889, p. 375.
or
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REFERENCES
bb
Zeus
2aXa/uW"s:
Hist. Num.
594
:
2oXvp.fv?
cf. C. /. Gr.
dd
Head,
ib. p.
KOL
At
Aloy
Baa-t\(vs
0uei
.
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Erythrae:
in
ParOS
of
Imperialperiod,
KdTOiKiav
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6
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re
nura"
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rov
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p. 9
c^av
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re
2385
5, Alexander
Arrian, 3.
eV 8e
Arch.
C. /. GV.
Chrys. I,
ib. p.
Termessus,
1877, p. 107
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of Tarsus
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:
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REFERENCES
C. I. A.
At Athens:
(fofpdvTtov
TT)V o'vvoo'ov
TO}V
3. 199
AVKOS
late
KdT
TO)
tb
At
OVlpOV
Sparta: PaUS. 3.
Philostr. Vlt. Apoll,4.31
Tf
"fvr"v
Ait
T"
TTopa
Iri Rhodes:
No.
In
Plut. Arat.
Met.
54
Zeus
151a
1330,
b
At
MeroiKtoc
3.
At
Bekk.
Ato?
285 iepetos
Tf
KILL
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rw
TOV
atrw,
Kal
51
I.
C.I. A.
Megalopolis: PaUS.
eVi
6eov
Anecd.
(offourth
1572, 15723
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KaSrjTai.
c
"evos eraipuv
$vvdp.evosovv
(B.C.
324-3),on
eWii/
uTrofij^ara
yap
6fols.
at Athens:
"V
fprjpos yap
6
fie fiia^epdiroK
e'0''HyijoYov
opxo^oy
2.
/cat
"ffio"
"pt.\i"*"
p.fp.7TTas Ait
ov
lovis
SiereAetrf.
KOLVOV
idpvp.e'vov
iraaiv
Zeus*/Xiof
C. I. A.
230,
TO"
(vol.2, p.
40
Meineke)
AraldTroore'XXeii',
KCI\oiK(io)S Trpoo-fit^eo-^at
Aior
cv(pr]p.MS
p.ep.vr)[jLfvovs
{"tviova"s napci
1;""
stabat
horum
fores
: Stobaeus,44.
v6p.a"v
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Charondas
.
108.
Relig.pp.
Ait.
vot
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Ante
224
6 "Pi\nnros
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period.
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S
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eori
gcvuurrai,Foucart, Assoc.
Cyprus: Ov.
ara.
hospitis
e
SWiW
CTTOIOVVTO.
Aio?
Roman
48.
All.
Epidaure 99 Uvpo(poprja-asAioy
II
II,
fUTro
(first
century B.C.). C. I. A.
altar found
on
Acropolis:rdi/fie
period on
Cavvadias
Epidaurus:
175
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FOR
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i33o'Epawora)Att4iXi'f"airc9c"r
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Aiovvo-w
'Apyei'ov ayaX/na,
Kai e^ei
re
2.
privatededications
8. 31,
"pi\o"(vlas
*iXiou
fiefp."p(pes'Kodopvol
fie
eKn(Dp.a, TTJ
X6tP'
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Epidaurus : ^/".
^4r^.
1883,
p. 31 AU
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d
On
coins
of
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of
Imperialperiod: Head,
Hist. Num.
p. 464-
2.
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p. 293
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RELIGION.
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fifth century
C. I. A.
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'OpoXuros: epithet
I
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1867, p.
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Kal
'Ei/
Kopcom'a.
Hera
at
Camirus
Foucart
in Rev.
eV Hovrapeiq,
inscription
"Upas 'OpoX^rcoi/
period.
meaning:
Zeus
: Strabo,537
'Aa/SapaTos
(fpco-
'Acr/Sajucuov
(inCappadocia).
C. /. ^4.
BiSaras:
Zeus
Aioy
Ifpevs
Titles of doubtful
o-ui'/;Aio?
of
inscription
(fragmentary
MotpayeYfl
c.).
ZeUS
of Roman
93 Au
i.
Arch.
B.
Boftos:
549,
belonging to
inscription
opvuM
century, B.C.)
coins
on
2.
of
Cretan
Trjva Eiddrav.
Head,
Phrygian Hierapolis,
Hist. Num.
565d
Zeus
Tf\xav"s
or
Fe^Xav"* in Crete:
or
Kp^ai),on
(?Trap''Avpio-i'o)
Trapa
Mythol. i. p. 197, Miinztaf.
3. 3.
e
Zeus
: Hesych. j.y.
'EXu/vo'/zfi'os'
festival holidays).
Zevs
Kpto-iw
Kunst-
e'/"Kvp^i/j/
to the
(Preferring
REFERENCES
f
the
Zeus
FOR
CHAPTERS
Zevs
'.
"/
Kp^r?/.
ev
Pd6y
Zeus
: Hesych. s. v. Zevs
'Epio^paospopularassembly; cf. ndv^^os.
Zeus
Larasa
Aapdaios:
coins
on
of
'Op-vixo
.
in
MOVVLTIOS
.
Crete:
ZeUS
Zeus
Hist. Num.
562.
p.
Bekk.
Sicyon:
at
Anecd.
2i"coi'"oi
790
2.
Aios
Ta"avT(sKOL\apt$/xr}craj're"
Sroi^f'ojf
tepov
Zeus
of
coins
on
Sroixfvf
"pv\ascavTovs
LTTJ fv\i]V.
opK.afj.avt
noT-qof:
period,Head,
117
Mow.
Kai
Zeus
3439.
375.
Inscr. Bt/3Xto#.
'OpKap-avfiTr)?:
ETTi/cr^rosAn
23
1889, p.
placecalled
"0/5*09'ifpairvrvtw
Olymos in Caria,inscription
At
jcal"Upav.
zfjvaMOWITIOV
Delect}
Cauer,
of
Zeus
At6s TOV
itpevsTOV
p. 555
d. Inst. Ath. 1886, p. 204.
Zeus
177
to
(?)referring
Tralles,perhaps from
the
in
IV-VL
2iAXai"ios
Sparta:
at
Plut.
Lycurg. 6
Kop.i(Tin
(AvKovpyov) ^i/pfjTpavKaXovviv' ""\(i 8e ourcos* Ato?
Kal 'A"rjvus
Si/XXavtas1lepovl8pv(Tiip.fi"ov
"pv\as (puXa^airaKat wfius aj/^a^.
ai/ra.
Zeus
Svpyatmjs :
Zeus
about
arbitration
Kat
rot/
ev
6 'ITTTTIOUroG
ayopa
^opot
6.
ap^co^
of the twelve
TVpavvtv"avTOS
Athenis
(v"ao-0atTOV
Km
ArjprjTpt
tinea).Ib.
VOL.
I.
duodecim
KrjpVKO
TTJ
3.
Kopfl KCU
^eoty
Imperial
o?
"at
Thuc.
6. 54
TCOV
rots
cV
at
KOI
rots
Sa"6("a
6fmo~i^
seat
ot
eVi TOV
("("fjLfvoi
3, 3 2roa
/cat
'OXupTTto)
T^ 'A^f/i^a
r//
(justbefore
TTJ
x"Pf^OVTf^'Herod.
iKtTai
I.
ev
Se
Se ontrrBev
Val. Max.
uraXov/ucvovr.
ScofieKi
llfio-to-Tparo?
Aiowaiois
pingeret(Euphranor). C.
roi
'Eortiai'
rai/
*Opt/iJO)
121
TaXXmoi/.
Paus.
(otnXniatees).
Ait
(inscription
6d)8e*a ^ea"z/l^o)/j.ov
TOV
TO'KTI 8u"8(Ka
tfeovyroi/s
TW
cf.
Athens:
Hipparch. 3,
Deos
.
of
4.
gods at
.
'Afirjvaiaiv
Ipa TtoifvvT"v
OKodop.r]TaL
ypn(pdse^ouaa
Euxine
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Atjva TOV
TOV
vlbs
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dvt'OrjKf.
and
TaXXai'ov
Kulle,p.
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Tr/joo-fTrt^np/^ovrni
08
Olus
xat
0to/io^"0i8o(ravatptasavrovs
cum
Latus
'Ayopaloi/
Lakonische
Worship
the
on
in Crete:
A^i/aTOV
Sparta,Wide,
157
between
TGJ
of Tium
p. 444.
TaXXriloff at Olus
$" 'OXdiTt
fv
coins
on
."fa/. Num.
period,Head,
Q
/. A.
8.12
2.
UoXuiSt
57
*fai TT;
in the theatre.
Archaic
from
inscription
Gr.
b
Megara,
In
ScoSe/m
Bull,
At
Delos,
At
Thelpusa
At
Olympia
dvaKTWv
In
Near
In
S'
Se*a
C.
the
Bosporus
at
Leontini
Lucian,
Kal
avTois
"v
rii'o-a
daceta.
T""V
aXta/io? vibs
Atos
.
npaffais
*AX0eoO
nopov
/aera
'Axai"v
622
Strabo,
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^ea"i/
8a)5e/ca
/3a"/n6?r"v
605
ol
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"7r.
3037
Apoll.
a\os
ScoSeKa
6eo1s
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pijyp.ivt
e'/" fie
ovdds
B.C.,
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fuucdpfo-o-iSud"-
ro'^ej/
c(p' tepa
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neprjv
century
tv
ayopas
534
2,
(late period).
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fourth
(?) early
4269,
aveCrjKtv
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teptvy
HellanicUS,
OevTfs
1893,
p.
(Ba)[jibv
idpvcraTO (AevxaXtco^).
coy
J////.
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Scofiefca
Polyaen.
5-
deals
5'
275
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^v
Ath.
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Kp"Ti]o'(i)p."v
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rot?
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^f
/"a
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\"ovi
ScoSf
Strabo,
Lecton,
/.
/.
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:
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5-
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up
i.
28.
p.
25,
8'
50
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flvai
epya
8.
pfyio-ra
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Cape
On
Xanthos
2.
Myrina
Ephesus
AVKICOV
Cf.
near
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01.
Soteira
1882,
Paus.
Trarpt
6((ov.
6ea"v
Hell
'Jxapo^fv.
laTpbs
Kal
Tra^ra
C.
24
oXco?
^v
^v
-yap
Trore
^pdi/oy,
e'ya)(Ze^s)
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ort
e^
ou
Se
p.avns
eV
Ae\(po^s
...
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Kal
TO
I.
2dXooi/os.
Artemis
cyaX/zara,
Arcadia
aXcros
$eoiy
5a)Se/"a
C.
Cf.
fools.
ScoSe/ca
rols
420
i.
of
Corr.
Find.
Aeolis
ScoSexa
TO"I"
farlv
de
in
aTO.0fj.aTo"d6fov
ba)8fK
(?) roly
temple
dtwv
ovop.afcp.evtov
the
in
/" A.
C.
Salamis,
2aXa/Lia/ioiTel\os
452
7TO)
RELIGION.
GREEK
178
p.avTf'LOV KOTfo-TTjaaTO,
TO
BfvdiSfiov
"v
eyeVeTO
eVi
E"^)eo~cp,
TeTifj.r)Kevai
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ev
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de
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dia
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.
vop,i"ov(Tit
Iv
crwi/
p.fv
focrrrfp
fcai
ro
rraprj-
"v(t)o~iv
eV
CHAPTER
VII.
HERA.
THE
of
cult
many
other
It
be
can
Greek
hold
Mycenae,
and
such
in
in
vogue
Boeotia,
nese19"93.
of
tribes
; for
the
by
Euboea,
Attica,
We
regard
may
peoples,
its
early
the
but
they
wherever
where
like
the
And
find
we
rites
and
ideas
human
a
human
customs
of
marriage,
instance,
but
Cos
decide
and
of
it,
Crete,
Rhodes,
pre-Dorian.
of
foreign
of
pure
savage
allusions
certain
native
no
their
adopted
hint
any
comparatively
for
containing,
"
and
and
in
to
probably
scarcely
attested
Dorians
to
Ionic
Argive
TeAxt^a
was
heritage
is
impossible
Hera
Hera,
shows
the
them
The
it.
influence, it is also
primitive
to
it with
Argive
worship
her
Oriental
or
and
Spartan
while
of
the
found
they
Pelopon-
and
these
of
to
is
was,
the
had
it had
as
Achaean
over
alien
doubt
brought
traces
the
with
have
to
primeval
sanctity
was
that
no
have
may
it
worship
and
as
into
Euboea
shores
Corinth,
of
of
it appear
influence
peculiar
Whether
Peloponnese
least
deep
and
worship.
primitive home,
in
and
the
cult then
the
the
impor
it travelled
northern
Sicyon,
at
or
the
had
its
exception
does
nor
along
and
which
the
interest.
and
of
trace
connected
prominent,
antiquity
Samian
legend
Thessaly
Greek
the
with
than
civilization, Argos,
no
along
islands,
Greece,
oldest
find
can
route
the
where
it is nowhere
Argos,
we
spiritual
historic
great
ancient
the
of
sites
no
the
of
less
and
possesses
parts
the
Sparta
in
Samos
and
manifold
less
most
upon
for
in
without,
from
Greece
is
cults, but
traced
strongest
tation
Hera
tradition
of
sacrifice*.
Among
the
sacrifice
Porphyry
nowhere
was
divinities
or
had
mentions
to
been
the
whom
Hera,
offered,
he
Greek
2.
but
chooses
55.
the
to
Egyptian
call
Hera;
goddess
De
whom
Abstin.
GREEK
i8o
the
and
Hera
No
a.
men
protected the
doubt
of
ritual
recognitionof
yd/xosin many
sufficient proof of the
be
is
no
frequent union
in all
to
cases
were
erected
to
and
sacrifice
was
period. On
and Hera4, at
offered
in
'
'
title that
curious
shipped with
is united
of
Hera,
originalgroundwork
of
physicalfunctions
a
god
ticular
is
province of
What
may
"
present
concern
Greece
she
or
the
See
Crete
the
was
award
Of
course
for Dr.
many
Schliemann
for M.
"
Ploix
Homer
formed
have
how
in
in
us
Zeus
various
some
to
were
Hera
any
departments
Herr
'the
the
call him
sense
and
the
par
have
Roscher
double
one,'
for
we
ever
or
may
to
and
physicalmeaning
may
seen
cannot
we
moon
have
earth,
*
we
of the
that
Zeus, and
the
twilight
divested
have
nature.
that is the
presented
of it. We
for her
obviously
she
In
Panamaros
Zeus
that was,
; but
sky
claimed
been
she
of the
it is
as
become
whatever
symbolism,
or
with
inscriptions
and
later.
joint
reins,'
'
in the
worship
The
the
of the
is
formula
in the
found
rain;
Hera
and
holder
'
to
for
the Cretan-born7'
coupled with that of Zeus
of the public oath, at Cyprus she was
wor
Polieus and Aphrodite8, and in Caria she
Zeus
of Hera
name
Nemeios
Pausanias
referred
altars
prayed
men
the
belongs
record
Arachnaion
Zeus
to
Hera
will be
the
antiquity
by itself
wrould
have
which
Argos
and
ancient
The
17
Mount
Lebadea1
Argive together3. At
worship of King-Zeus
the
that
even'
discover
side.
we
later
Zeus
marriage
her religion
most
can
we
Zeus,
primitiveconjunction of the
to say that the fairly
reason
very
there
and
and
myth
of
of
cults,
parts of Greece
te/jos-
divinities
two
in the
Argos,
husband-god by her
the
wife
sites
other
and
Plataea, Samos,
of
of the
it cast
; but
monument
or
institution
favourite
in her
that
predominant
so
by record
worshipped as the
which
to
was
who
goddess
among
was
period
get back
can
we
earliest
the
In
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
some
Appendix A
worshipped
other
at the
end
as
the
moon,
or
the
air,
physicalelement, function, or
of the
chapterand
R.
i-n.
182
seems
called
was
"
attached
Prosymna,
apt
Greek
was
of
out
epithetsof
the
whom
goddess
'
the
goddess worshipped
to
titles of Hera
We
legend of
Zeus
form, received
its
worshipped as
to
latter
Athene
neither
the
although
and
always
cannot
or
Zeus
all which
need
god
she
had
not
especiallyused
we
of
hear
Argos.
The
desses and
rite
and
medicinal
in
female
the
might
cults and
the
certain
earth.
it will
her
an
And
virtue with
It is
its
an
the
occasional
a
important
Greek
to
or
worshippers
the
was
to
a
some
tribe
to
tutelary
earth-goddess
an
flowers
because
were
Sparta and
her great temple near
symbol of other god
at
spring feast
sacred
were
view
in
earth,
discoveries
own
was
olive
but
/xo'ptos,
for its
Hera
that she
appropriateto
flowers
of the
use
religiousceremonies
was
introduction
of
interpretation
impute
was
legends
explained by reference
other, of that divinity: as
flower-bearers
be
full of
goddess
is called
nor
epithet'AvOeia,
flower
also
was
be
conclude
not
the
also in
'Euboea'
that
divinitydoes
goddess.
or
deity of Argos.
Again, we need
because
the
for the
in mind
in civilization
its patron
Acraea,'
actuallycult-
of
personifications
are
from
'
which
itself,
himself
Zeus
olive grows
principleto bear
other myths, that
Prosymna,'
from
name
nor
proper
in vogue
was
then
island
how
Hera's
and
Athenians
the
'
raised,' and
the
to
the
also that
allude
of
the
Euboea,
know
we
from
this is not
But
the
corn
separate personages
was
conclude
that
that
were
heights,'
the
on
may
and
designated Hera,
and
know
hymn
Argolis,and
in
Corinth350,30d.
the
We
then misunderstood.
the
declares
new
of
ears
divinitydetached
'
the
of Hera, and
nurses
create
to
'
Pausanias
were
legend
mere
and
name
Acraea
and
Euboea,' the
'
her ; for
to
We
that Hera
statements
that
Hera.'
of
cult-title of
Argolisthe
was
flowers
'the
called
were
the
genuine namely,
Zet""i8iain Argos, and
part of it
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
to
her
or
that
38.
offspring130'
marriagepossessed
have
We
to
Olympus,
with
volcanoes
were
ancient
the
recorded
Stesichorus
by
Titans
the
and
'like neither
which
know
we
which
ter
of Hera
same
as
"
to
But
that
emulate
by producing
in
the
that
mother-earth?
If so,
and
legend
of
Homeric
Athene,
the
But
myth simply
eccentric
where
in the text
it
placed fragment,and
Now
we
see
at
explanation?
other
no
once
occurs
we
it is
because
have
that
also the
the
author
Ge
version
charac
to Welcker
monster,
by
We
of which
and
the
cannot
seems
author
of
rejectthe
interpolation
a genuine though a mis
authorityof Stesichorus.
an
for it is
"
can
inexplicablefact
very
of
mother
the
But
her to be the
poet supposes
it is
theme
a
hymn
Olympian
brought
"
the
with
well
It may
of his poems.
one
the
in
men.'
to
nor
birth
the
celebrated
makes
only
to
Zeus
this strange
with
by saying
Hesiod, who
makes
it is
that this
had
it does
Apollo a, and
Hera, being jealous
hymn
hear
here
was
Hesiod, who
altogetherinconsistent
seems
Hera
known
gods
account
we
that
myth
after
borrowed
was
if this
Now
"
connexion
into
connexion
power.
to
immortal
be that Stesichorus
it also
to
the
to
threatened
and
praying to the heaven
grant her an offspringthat might be
birth to Typhoeus
creature
a
gave
Zeus, she
stronger than
that
chthonian
we
independently,and
child
the mother
some
a.
say
Homeric
Athene, resolved
of the birth of
earth
in the former
was
parent of Typhoeus
of the
the author
by
been
the
earth-goddess,Ge,
the
earth-goddessor
have
15
forces
should
we
had
have
to
seems
genuine
least to
at
last enemy
subterranean
and
and
regarded as
seem
who
monster
that Hera
myth
the
Typhoeus,
earth-born
of the
not
183
HERA.
vii.]
with
obvious
of this passage
in the
Hera, is explicitin
herself makes
appeal
to
the
seem
capri
genealogiesthe poets sometimes
need
depart from the popular tradition,and we
In their
ciously to
not
always
suppose
that
they
a
are
11- 35"-354-
in such
cases
puttingon
record
idea
half-buried
primeval and
some
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
184
or
foreign
some
myth.
It
plays in
Hera
which
Zeus
to
that
Hesiod
this
explain
hostile
the
trouble,she
him
for their
able
ideas
two
is
goddess
is
naive
the
under
original
carved
in
character
in her
24.
attractiveness,and
the
denote
later
which
Thebes,
Now
the
Sirens
of the
the
mimes
are
Greek
Hera
as
nether
version
about
Hera's
Pausanias'
In
at
Coronea,
with
Hera
and
the
commonly
most
called
world, and
lower
was
whole
statue
showing
by Euripidesb;
if Hera
were
an
be
thus
the
of charm
personifications
of Hera
they may simply
the hand
on
of
appeared
archaic
an
answer
between
affinity
earth-goddess.
of
give
life.
fascination of married
naturallyexplained.
In
the
sense,
same
in
Again,
it is said
that
probability,
earth-goddess
by Welcker,
in
was
vaguely
festival of the
ancient
times
SchoL
Theocr.
in very
2,
tepos
and
cults
certain
solemn
there
was
to
been
"AyyeA.osa
; but the
nothing
proves
Sophron's
of
the earth'
of
any
mother
Hera
as
have
to
the
to
destined
were
of
hear
we
hand
animals
one
sepulchralsymbols, emblems
'daughters of
suffice that
slighttouch
an
as
go
constructiveness
burlesque, and
by Pythodorus
Sirens
earth-goddess,the
not
the
of
name
of Boeotia
account
the
Hekate., who
of
mother
the
breeding.
enough for
back
need
naturallythought
was
these
and
Hydra
we
explanationmay
Heracles, and
to
Lernaean
the
conception of Hera
prehistoric
of monsters
hostility
singularlegend of Briareus
with this the legend given by
cherished
lion ; to
Nemean
part that
in fact of her
because
compare
may
Hera
of the
because
strange
also in the
appears
We
Aegaeon.
this
gives
poet
simply
birth
epic drama,
the
the
that
case
Typhoeus'
of
account
in this
be
may
not
her
remembered
yajuoy,
without
us
as
We
b
Corn nt
of
especiallyin the
prevalent from the most
12.
c
show
primeval character
parts of Greece.
many
some
15.
have
If el.
167.
record
or
existed
This
when
the
Homeric
of
that
the mystery
are
we
which
they
this land
been
with
associated
might
be
and
heaven
the
the mountain-side
rites ; but
believe
did
personal
in
Hera
and
spring,
The
Mount
on
ancient
that
hymn
him
he shrouds
in which
that
sonification
were
meaning
of
been
so
took
its
The
thought
of
Argos
Hera
god,
of
necessity
were
reference
to
of
customs
sanctioned
betrothed
the Samians
Hera
ceremony
"
the
fertile
the
human
as
nuptials.
and
Hera,
as
it has
pair having
been
before
intercourse
wedlock
made
secretly
Samos65
the Samian
off with
the
complete
the
there
are
no
see
we
rather
custom
"
the
to
was
of the
marriage ; therefore
before
that Zeus
and
countries
parts of Europe
in many
boldly declared
for us,
In
per
scarcely have
Gamelion, our January,
described
growths
it could
of Zeus
of the
'clouds
because
nuptial
Jehovah
was
If this
month
marriage
his
personalforms
Argos
at
spring
flowers
the
and
therefore
Jews,
?
the
the
mountain-top
betoken
to
were
'
the
on
of the
Him
about
the
cloud
be
if the Attic
from
name
impersonation of
have
that
say
on
in
was
well
It may
therefore
we
for the
te/aos ya/xos
in Attica
must
or
spring-earth,
cloud
round
the
and
the
and
of the
darkness
presence
their Zeus
mountain, KoKKvyiov,
spring-time.
might
people
the
cloud
fertilizing
some
n, 51a.
c"
of the corn-ear.'
some
the
mere
heaven
sign of
the
it ; but
was
ya/xoy
of earth
of
name
with
associated
union
with
of
the cloud
and
these16
and
of Zeus
echo
first united, to
were
Argive Upos
the
the
cuckoo, and
the union
an
than
it
the
Argos
on
marriage of earth
rejoicesin the travail
interpretedas
believe
is supposed to be the
Hera
that
may
self and
them,
we
Hera-worship
and
descriptionof
is often
myth
the
tilth
celebrated
of
of Zeus
itpbsya/zos
expression
Ida
sites of the
in other
or
Falisci,and
in the Italian
Crete, and
'
of
pointsto it,
Plataea,Euboea, Athens, Hermione, Argos, Arcadia, Samos,
direct
in
185
HERA.
vii.]
had
similar intercourse
priestessat
idol of Hera
and
yearly
hid
it
i86
GREEK
in
of
lonelyplace
have
we
in the
allusion
an
the
see
of their
the
god
Muses'
mirror
Hera
the
charmful
bride
be
traced
After
or
unmarried
the
the
in the
wrapped
have
annual
round
in them
time
some
restored
supposed to
she became,
have
marriage
logy :
'
Hera, who
were
munities,so far
them
sow
the
we
of its
In
given
should
the
connected
who
in
was
cult
can
Sea.
the
island
the
rites
under
the
of
use
goddess's image
of bridal
for
bed, and
by
After
women.
idol
was
marriage was
the married
goddess
divinitywho protected
As
the
alone
in the Antho
prayer
and
hast
by
the
Imbrasos
legend
functions
Benefactress
; also
of the
some
who
for other
as
the
16a.'
with
the
goddess
the Greek
among
as
hands
our
the power
civilization,
as
land, and
island.'
marriage-goddess.
birthdayofferingsat
Argolis
may
Black
have record,recognizedher in
gratefully
styledthe
was
as
foundress
to
Samos
in
we
; the sacred
guardest
was
the
Parthenos,
osier-couch, the
from
these
and
and
in the
withy
temple
manifold,for Argos
more
the
of the
learn
worship
but
Argive17c"35.'36;
the
was
of the
our
the
to
the
elsewhere,the
we
of
legends
sort
complete.
as
birth,as
Samian
the
to
in Samos
and
value
been
thy portion,receive
The
Minor
its secluded
on
purifiedand
in
wine
Hera
suggested by
as
island
goddess, whose
ceremonial, when
supposed medicinal
lying
as
been
the life
record
Bring
from
not
settlement,the
may
whole
mistress
exclusivelyto point to
legend of the birth of Hera
withy-bush
bride,and
of Asia
coast
Hellenic
Even
the
been
the Parthenos
almost
was
had
poet, 'that
Zeus, the
derived
along
cakes
in all this
made
have
we
as
Samian
was
the
withies
The
periodb,and
seem
own.
Zeus.
bride of
indeed,
name,
people who
of
and
of the
far
% in the midst
65
offerings
abduction
as
lyre,'
sings
shore
re-discovered
bridal
of their
Hera, and,
to
ritual,to
then
the secret
to
[CHAP.
the
by
anthropomorphism of
consecrated
but
woods
were
we
RELIGION.
com
sense
taught
reasons
goddess
of
from
tion dtyayvt"aOaiaccepted by Meineke
Athenaeus
passage
65 ", the reading a"pavi"e"jQai misses the point.
b Vide
be retained ; the correccertainly
Artemis, R. 37.
R.
religioussong,
took
fact reflected
melody was
from
titles,
Upoa-vfjivaia,
of her
one
The
her.
to
we
have
been
allusion
some
people'swarfare
marched
in armed
the armed
As
at
called
than
Argos,
the
Samian
'
'
or
In both
there
seems
and
at
; but
full
'
it
threw
who
man
This
trophy.
is
oxen,'
hundred
the
of Hera.
speed,
up, the
know
we
of
hear
describes
his
bearing it as
her
people
we
shield
hung
was
feast of the
the
Argive
for the
to
aided
who
sacrifice the
who, running
contest,'or
brazen
of which
this, Schoemanna
know
we
other
in the
contest
the
any
goddess
shield that
winning
more
at
the
of
nature
brazen
it down
Hera
in
of spearmen,
their spears
somewhat
as
of the
and
the
contest
struck
as
her
procession,so
march
regards
a
for
to
con
festival in
Argive
life than
people's
of the
more
of
specialkind
praise addressed
of
hymns
whom
to
who
secrated,and
as
187
HERA.
vii.]
feast of the
also
was
shield,'and
the shield
and
who
took down
won
pride of the man
passed into a proverb. The rest of the festival bore reference
In describingthe rites of Falerii 16 c, which
were
to the bride.
similar to the Argive, Dionysios of Halicarnassus
speaks of
that the
the chaste
who
the
began
the
messenger
in the
goddess
tered
at
Samos
statements
car
drawn
showing
we
by
by
may
white
maidens
of Hera
that
probable
who
her
summons
about
are
3G.' And
we
the
to
to
go
have
scat
at
Argos
of the various
conveyed
from
priestess
the
in
the sacred
yearly ceremony
combination
The
land.
performanceof
the
part of the
necessary
; and
Euripides
'all the
the presence
indications
marriage was
as
to
of
of their
songs
head
her
upon
of maidens
choruses
in ancient
Electra
Argive festival,where
order
the
and
sacrifice,
celebrated
solemn
with
maiden
the
city
to
the
Hesychius as
sacrifice
a
performed by
Griechische Alterthiimer,
i.
the
p. 491.
Argives
to
their
188
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
referred to the
have
for
gather
we
n
preparationof the
the
that
ya/otoj
lines in Theocritus
the
from
marriage-bed
tepo?
part of
was
some
aspect of her
of
the
as
ritual
the
allusion
the
about
was
there
is little express
reference
evidentlyhe is implicitlyassociated
bably her union with him that gave
queena', as
the
'Hera
of wedlock
goddess
the
with
Zeus, but
to
her, and
it was
'King-Zeus'
record
pro
Argos41 of
worshipped
was
at
the charioteer,'
a strange
conjunction with Hera
b
epithet that might be naturallyexplained if we suppose that
Lebadea
in
'
also the
there
figureof
Hera
borne
was
in the chariot
46b.
performance of the 16,06?
ya/xos lc,
If legend and
statements
some
express
be
to
are
to
world.
Not
only
Alexandria,
on
south
of
coast
worship64'50b"
brought
with
the
of the
the
at
We
them
and
of
Falerii
part of
was
with
@a"n\is
or
Lindos
69; in a
later
Paaiteia
and
Ter-
periodthe
is merely a translation of Juno
name
Regina (videC. /. G. 4040 and 4367 f.);
the title is hers par excellence,
though
the
of
traces
mystery-play
the
this
was
Aeginetans
Hekatomboea,
the
Ovid
the
of
rites
performance of
the
sacrifice
and
sacrifices,
1G
c.
The
solemn
borne, probably in
was
heifers,down
drapery,
on
that the
also
there
white
by
strewn
R. i, 60,
the
from
that
Adriatic,
find
we
Probably
by games,
image of Hera
drawn
hear of Hera
the
The
Lebadea, Athens,
messus,
at
speciallyrecorded
suggests
Argos
shores
at
ritual of
and
celebrated
was
chariot
hung
It is
marriage
procession.
a
Italy,arid
curious
sacred
north
Falisci
festival
the
but
the
some
writers
of ancient
probably
communities
Samos.
at
also.
borrowed
and
Greek
other
spread
in
that
ways
were
followed
flute-players
while
it is once
appliedto Aphrodite(Athenae.
and
to
once
Cybele (Uiod.
510)
p.
Sic. 3. 57).
b
We
Hippia
may
at
compare
Elis,R.
46 b.
GREEK
190
The
rites of the
of SaibaXa
the
almost
idols
wooden
song
erected
in
the music
the
summit
of the
close
the
and
on
largenum
but
prepared ;
chariot,with
only
one
priestess
attending on
people followingwith the
all the
ceremony
it.
upon
altar had
vast
brushwood,
been
and
at
the
It is
with
strewn
which
where
of the flute.
and
burnt
were
sacrifices,
But
of
banks
bridal
identical.
were
as
by
of the
been
have
to
or
specialimage
to
[CHAP.
Boeotia, appear
ber
RELIGION.
part in
its
allusion
is any
to
the
mystery
as
the
marriage
of
earth?
and
offeringfor
of
her
marriage
And
at
that
celebrated
We
ritual
Stymphalus
comrades,'
the
Pindar
in Arcadia
three
theory
of
festivals
stages of Hera's
three
from
exclaims
to
the
48,which
was
lamentation,'
expressing perhaps
of
one
at Corinth
A
of
was
married
to
of his
in
say
chorus
that
"Hpa
autumn
are
a
thy
'Rouse
the maid.'
to
festival of Hera
YlapOtvos
as
51a.
leader
divorced
when
solemnized
were
career
husband
her
Hera
marriage
epithetdenoting a
Stymphalus,
temple of
race
a"b.
neighbourhood33
in the
in vogue
were
lives apart
who
woman
of
hear
or
of the
in commemoration
at
probablythe
and
and
Oinomaos46"49.
Pelops and
Parthenos
At
Here
the
x7?/^
the
and
reminded
at
winter
of
the
sorrow
and
the Oriental
with
vii.]
HERA.
There
Aphrodite.
were
religion of Corinth
genuinely Hellenic.
identified with
be
?
TIapOh'os
foreignelements
many
the
but
Now
the
if
Arcadian
X?ipa,the
winter
It w^ould not
191
festival
widowed
earth a, how
naturallybe
in the state-
are
goddess, is to
interpret
to
we
be
must
earth
in
spring ; for the earth is then wedded, nor are the seasons
of sowing and ploughing naturallythose in which
the earth
could
be
The
spoken of as maiden.
physical interpreta
tion of Xrjpa might be supported by the Homeric
myth of the
Hera
and
wished
to
separation of Oceanos
Tethys, whom
reconcile
in
Oceanos
Homer
Tethys
and
the
are
creative
separation from
the cessation
wedded
union
creation
One
tion.
life of
Hera
creative
of Zeus
all,nor
could
principlesof
Hera
and
hardly
cosmic
for the
force of
the
woman
was
reflected
was
solemnized
were
TeAet'a
or
Xrjpamight
by
in her ;
the
2,and
Nu/x^euojuez;?]
allude to the not
their
cults
the
maidenhood
of Hera
worship
rare
very
with
not
the
have
and
UapOfvos and
infrequentcustom
and
such
symbolized
the universe,
not
was
have
fertile.
marriage particularly
human
might suggest more
plausiblya more
explana
Hera
and
the
was
essentiallythe goddess of women,
at
marriage
Hera
of the
Zeus
of
of divorce
highest Greek
troubled
the
anthropomorphism
of
'
standing of
credible,and
another
one
difficulty.Both
a
p.
is
that
at
fact harder
would
Plataea
to
prove
and
yet perfectly
sufficiently
explain
and
Stymphalus
getrennte Gottin
gestorbeneErde.'
we
the
present
have
the
ab-
GREEK
192
legend of
Hera
mountain,
and
being
in the
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
with
angry
region
and
Zeus
of Cithaeron
this is associated
probably from
marriage, and arose
lonelyplace; and
practiceof concealingthe image in some
the same
originfor the Arcadian
story. If the
may
suppose
with
the
to
retiring
ritual of the
the
of the
Stymphalian Hera
in the
be
from
living
apart
enough
time
Hera
idol
imagina
for
was
we
hidden
and
season
invent
to
the naive
to move
that
conceive
to
for
kept apart
were
the
X?jpa.
heaven
fertilizing
very personal and
In
human
the
records
then
reflection of human
it would
spring flowers,but
of the
have
Zeus
escorted
Hera
and
iepbsya^cs
we
become
than
more
rather
see
; and
and
groom
These
from
bride
then
are
cult and
developed
of
single one
or
last
of
correct,
the
bride
1.
legend
was
at
the
symbol
in Photius
were
ordinary marriage,if the statement
that this rite was
performed at every wedding by
ll
of the
than
life,
to
seem
of
growth
marriage of
in their chariot
Eros
by
the
and
for the
detached
them
seems
that
theory that
might
the
be adduced
of Hera
person
from
with
Iliad) Hera
theus
15b.
was
It
Athens, where
brought
into
At
rate
any
world
the earth-born
or
strangely said
is not
to
be
impossiblethat
the
the
mother
of Prome
legend
arose
at
HERA.
VII0
Hera
between
the
made
the
and
Titan
I93
giant world,
only through
or
of Prometheus
mother
Nor
Welcker's
on
theory
Eurymedona.
to
Dionysos, who
explain her strong hostility
of
the
with
affinity
real
such
Eleusis,as
Kora"
Athens
united
Demeter's
when
closed
was
be
and
the
violence
to
through
his
with
Demeter.
At
Demeter
and
of
religion
that her
was
was
is it easy
with
antagonisticto
so
was
Cybele
chthonian
she
intimatelyassociated
earth-goddesses as
to
lacchos,he came
of
trinity
became
earth
for
temple
her
and
open,
Hera
at
feud
it was
carried so far that, as
said, the
Dionysos was
priestessesof the two cults at Athens did not speak when
they met, and no ivy was allowed in the temple of Hera2sd'-9.
of Ge,
form
On Welcker's hypothesisthat she was
another
the more
it becomes
surprisingthat she took so little interest,
the arts of cultivatio
except at Argos, in agriculture and
The sacrificial animals offered to her, the bull,cow, calf,pig,
people
goat, are just those which a pastoral and agricultural
of other evidence
offers to its divinity. In the absence
they
with
do
specialview about
reveal any
not
deityworshipped 1G.
Again, had she been an
nature
of the
that
expected
she
function
oracular
in the
and
Hera
form
of
dorus
6)any concern
Only once
times.
the
on
east
for the
dreams, and
at Delphi.
seat
Delphi, nor had
have
would
But
do
the
hear
but
to
rare
in
An
VOL.
I.
deW
Inst. 5. 35,
on
Hera
to
at
her
oracles
ancient
with
connexion
regard
her
Dodona
^avrtlov of
as
local
by Apolloin ancient
Hera, namely,
Acraea, some
few
miles
the Men.
may
oracle
of
legend has
been supposed by Jahn to be given on
a Volci
vase
(circ.450 B.C.% published
"
we
any
of
an
this
Lastly,it is very
never
identified with
was
sacred
;
had
of Themis
(whom
we
mother
have
of
traces
some
the
was
had
with
promontory
of Corinth3"1
earth
Hera
who
and
retained
person
Dione
might
earth-goddess we
which
this
O
scene.
the
lower
descend
into
divinities of
wished
to
also and
to
be
of
of the
sure
and
by
also
was
have
united
been
offeringfor
understand
It
not
into
might
we
the divinities of
harmonize
marriage
with
period,and
which
facts of her
of them
many
important
more
think
or
say
it does
not
usuallytried,as
"
Those
Hera?
about
we
have
to
seen,
Greeks
the
did
reflected
who
Stoics
the
early physicalphilosophersor
the
myths"
for instance
theory,
all.
at
themselves
Welcker's
that
earth-goddess,explains the
an
the
thank-
of childbirth
dangers
then
appear
resolves Hera
on
were
may
*" 6G.
does
The
the
grouping togetherof
this
death
and
from
escape
Hera
reason
dedication
If the
her.
with
others
Thesmophorus
for this
marriage,and
of
goddess
speaks
These
lower
Apollo
to
Paros
Core.
and
Baubo,
not
Hera, Demeter
to
woman
; but
it is difficult
but
guess
from
inscription
made
votive-offering
divinities of the
to
An
Thesmophorus, Eubouleus,
are
Trophonius used
sacrificed
for he
who
man
the charioteer
be easy
reason.
the
of
cave
Hera
powers,
It may
Cronos.
to
oracular
the
chthonian
necessarilyas
Lebadea
At
world.
Basileus
sacrifice to Zeus
to
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
194
discover
some
their
utterances
Empedocles
though
well
stand
stand
and
"
for
"
Eusebius
who
between
Hera
'
oracle
The
that
is Hera
may
have
"
been
that
four
as
Hera
elements
of
the
her
to
from
the
if this indeed
inspiredby
where
Boeotia2;5b,
the
false
air,or
the
than
we
the
was
she
ancient
some
gather
we
art
contradictory.
believed
o'er
speaks
'
the
in
Leto
ranges
dewy
as
this
Plutarch's absurdities.
exposes
earth with
"
of
earth,
and
quite
thought
Plato
air.
the
in
supposed by
was
the
Plutarch
and
have
scheme
his
in
were
to
seems
skilled
more
no
be
a
The
are,
Thus
earth,
might
critics to
the
aira,
in
passage
connexion
they
shared
of Hera
interpretation
with
by her close affinity
sky-god,
as
as
the
Zeus
vii.]
HERA.
held
the
by
physicaltheory,as
the
was
used
altar,was
common
195
ancient
some
be
to
not
themselves
of them.
she
titlesas
such
borrowed
of
local
Leto
interpretHera
or
whom
to
us
Hera
essential it would
functions
and
the
But
their cults
from
indefinite for
too
were
that
slightand
too
was
if it
and
regarded as essential,
help us ; for the character
show
to
argument
an
mythologists,who
did
by
are
means
reflect
not
the wife
on
of Zeus,
Acraea, Ammonia
46
a,
'
'
"
'
peace
of married
sacrifice
from
was
the
made
victim
There
eminent.
Hera,
'
Let
of
deities
who
he
tells
that when
us
that
the
extracted
married
life
1Tu.
sing,'
says
us
is meet,
as
offered,so
not
bitterness
other
are
Hera
to
and
be without
might
loved
marriage, but
Hera
'
Aristophanes,of
in all the
is gay
bridal
the
is
pre
wedded
choirs,and
And
Apollo in the
keys of wedlock 17m".
Eumenides
Orestes
with
upbraids the Furies who
pursue
having no regard for the pledges of Hera TeAeta and Zeus 1T p.
and
Before the wedding, sacrifice was
made
TeAeios
to Zeus
Hera
this title of hers refers always to mar
TeAeta 17q,and
it does in
as
riageand does not acquire a larger significance
its applicationto Zeus.
According to the law inserted in
the magistratewho
a
speech of Demosthenes
neglected to
compel the relations to provide for the marriage of orphan
drachmae
to Hera
girlsincurred a fine of a thousand
; and
guards
the
fine to the
the
who
man
Thus
we
a
goddess
was
find
was
stillunmarried
her
Plut. de Adulat.
ch.
p. 49
at the
with
united
2.
in Plato's state
be exacted
to
of
thirty-five171".
re
Xo/nre's
age
from
/cat
oini
"I/xepos
196
RELIGION.
bulls,and
same
sacrifice of
goats and
under
the double
name50b'
that
should
she
28
Eileithyia
than
more
who
Hera, but
in idea
often
Hera
to
who
It is Hera
the
Samian
or
with
the
suck
to
only
the
parents she
character
of
the
for the
tations'1,
the
or
reason
of Zeus
In
to
be the
On
of
based
her
the
daughter
world
related
possibly
the
of
In
hers
spite
chief
in
appears
of
feud
her
have
to
given
not
expresses
also
is
child-birth
that
in monumental
Camirus
represen
destiny of man's
she
controller
was
we
life ;
of the
Pausanias
the Hours
are
said
f.
Latin
of Hera
less manifold
were
institution
described.
the
Though
protected,she
she
than
scarcelyranged
counterpart, and
sphere already
on
her
by
the functions
Juno,
the
beyond
at
mentioned
14
the
Hera,
was
of the year,
him
of Hera
nurses
the whole
those
was
of Olen
hymn
denote
adoption 17y.
like Zeus
seasons
bearing like
and
'
protected
with
be that
to
child, and
supposed
legend that
c, a
EiAei'0wa
a.
symbolized the
Hours
may
of the ancient
function
and
she
grouped
Hera
as
of
nothing
but probably
Kovporp6"pos,
reconciliation
Hours
sometimes
sometimes
it is because
of
came
newborn
This
Hera
perhaps was
then
Fates
natural
character
and
hear
Kurotrophos
Heracles
and
Perhaps
find
'
was
Dionysos
symbolical of
we
striking myths.
rather
two
one
as
the
to
as
island1'.
the
first
protects the
goddess
of
goddess
well
as
at
goddess
as
still more
was
functions
regarded
was
it
which
and
Athens,
and
separate person
of
the
which
name
worshipped at Sparta
And
epithet of Hera,
an
Argos
at
16b.
acquire
3D,a
c"
[CHAP.
GREEK
state
never,
was
a political
Argos and perhapsat Samos, pre-eminently
divinity; the Argives are called her people by Pindar f,and
cult that recognized
have
evidence
of a Samian
we
some
except
her
as
at
the
'Ap^yertj,
Vide
Herod.
Vita
the
Horn.
name
title of Artemis-Hekate
probable.
settlement650.
original
of the
1.
Eileithyia
pretationof
a
leader
30.
The
inter-
in this passage
is rather
more
as
Vide
Gerhard, Etrusk.
d
126.
e
Vide
Zeus
Find. Nem.
Vide
pp.
But
Spiegel,No.
214,
217.
ls5.
10.
36 : "H/"ajTOV
tvavopa
198
GREEK
Erinyes,
according
marriage
a.
her
idea
duties
the
also
dignity
Plato,
says
exalted
more
of
not
reflects
is
solemn
in
were
sonality
She
played
Greek
she
life
and
the
nobility.
'desire
view
love
of
Athena
her
of
of
queen
'The
souls
royal
maintained
was
art.
ideal,
Electr.
114.
for
Greek
of
heaven,
and
the
its
per
matron.
full
followed
quality10.'
in
part
Hera's
the
by
the
life
and
who
vn.
infidelity
married
character
"
and
below
Hellenic
this
than
punished
civilization:
highest
the
more
far
stands
Greek
[CHAP.
who
Sophocles,
to
fact
In
RELIGION.
of
Hera,'
And
monuments
the
HERA.
APP.]
199
APPENDIX
The
with
which
(b) Hera
had
to
late
is
in
were
thus"
the
and
of
state
The
gynaecocracy.
insufficient facts,some
rest
to
me
she
worshippers
the
in
Hera
whom
to
brieflysummarized
be
and
of Zeus
seems
Harrison
may
over
I have
entirelyopposed
is
Miss
by
is
Zeus
Hera,
which
view
A.
on
theory
of which
and
ineffectual
erroneouslystated, and on a nebulous
1892, p. 607). First, there
by Dr. Tiimpel (Philologus,
proof
that
Hera
the
whom
among
yet shown
not
Heraeon
of the
nor
no
Harrison
Miss
does
that
any
was
is
Mycenaean people,
are
cow-goddess prevailed,
pre-Achaean ;
be
to
forward
bring
worship
article
The
pre-Achaean.
is
are
the
true,
were
the cult
might draw the probable conclusion that it was
of a conquered pre-Hellenic
people,like that of the Palici in
in the context
to the temple
to be referring
Sicily: she seems
of Hera
Pausanias
at Phlius, but
speaks of the temple of
we
Hebe,
not
Hera,
the
to
Hera
asylum there ;
Argos Olympia or Cos any
regards Cos we
; in fact as
in
slaves
contrary
preservedby Athenaeus,
this
in
the slaves'
as
island
slave
no
was
nor
I find in
can
reference
that at the
to
the
evidence
have
allowed
to
sacrifice
the
enter
temple
and
Hera
or
is late.
'
evidence
in
hear
Zeus
Hera
given
nothing of
as
the bride.
ritual of the
the
taste
to
At
Crete
7,17*and
'
70
yet the
we
hear
'
the
we
disproves this; At Samos
rites of Samos
clearlyrecognize
'
nothing of Hera
primitivecharacter
for the
belief that
the
of the
union
of
and
Zeus
the
supported by
of Hera
which
at
Io
is
it
not
old
as
as
the
sun
contained
the
there
is
earliest
the
wife
she
should
show
reallyHera
also
prove
so
was
the
with
seems
was
this
have
only
any
or
Lastly,Miss
effeminacy
Coan
Hebe
and
Hebe's
valid
cult
was
hypothesis
period of
is really
that
Hera
; but
to
prove
the
this
Odyssey, is
Heracles
and
indeed
was
was
named
accord
as
feast of the
called
Dia
well
in
Ilais,but
Sicyon
with
and
Aphrodite
'
ivy-cuttings in Phlius
of interpreting
her as
akin to Aphro
elsewhere
Hera, who
objected to ivy.
as
attempt
and
god, yet
Harrison
of
Hera
point ;
of Heracles
of the hero
as
even
believes
title would
than
is there
It is
persecutes him
and
in favour
more
curious
if
Again,
primitiveperiod of religious
legend ; or (3)
is scarcely
There
reallyHera.
any attempt
most
Hera, and
marriage
the
should
first
dite-Ariadne
Nor
husband, and
bull-god be an
lightningis bright
we
Hera's
of
Harrison
Persephone;
Phlius, but
as
case
again.
suggest
period
of Heracles
belongs to the
that Omphale
to
to
Miss
gynaecocracy.
Zeus
and
evidence
no
the
that
Hera
to
island
about
in this
the
or
that
noteworthy that
full of the myth of Io, also
Euboea, which
was
a very
primitiveZeus-worship and a local legend
17
Hera
and
d, c3 d. Thirdly,
marriage of Zeus
got back
the
And
the
Argos
not
is the
view
Io.
oppressed by
the
true
point,for
for
name
well
should
why
true,
were
been
have
to
Io
more
theory
Argus certainly
only if it were
a
period
still
myth
real
her
is another
was
holds
Miss
as
the
ancient
of the
was
lose
to
seems
Argos
Hera
Harrison
in this belief:
seem
be
to
period Argus
harm
no
of
is very
myth
Miss
But
Zeus.
of gynaecocracy
does
Io
this is
assume,
may
earliest form
yet in the
still earlier
there
the
as
reallyknown
was
of
beloved
a
we
And
early.
very
Io, for
of
myth
and
ancient, and
in
but
late
Harrison
form
is not
Hera
[CHAP. vn.
RELIGION.
GREEK
200
Heracles
to
to
that this
point,,
belongsto the primitivestory
this is essential to the theory.
prove
Hebe
prove
relies much
in the
'
the
second
on
story of
the
legend
about
the
HERA.
APP.]
she
nothing that
but
Cos
in
gynaecocracy
tells
Plutarch
Heracles
sacrifice to
brings
urges
cult of Hera.
to the
201
that
us
the
the
priestat
that
robes, and
feminine
wore
nearer
any
and
woman,
In
Plutarch
nor
Coan
ancient
reference
no
The
last
the
refuge
Messrs.
Paton
cult
Heracles
for the
by which the
nian' Omphale-Hera.
Lydia
the
But
Trachis
to
inhabitants
of
theory
Thracian
bination
from
of
is
Malis
according
Omphale and
Heracles
of
Dr.
be
there
the
the
'
the
con
Cos.
com
Trachi-
of
thrall
only
fact that
the
relevant, unless
; and
of
transplantOmphale
to
under
in
Tumpel's
scarcely successful
were
Hera
becomes
his attempt
collection
Hicks, shows
and
must
priestwore
the
as
and
woman
Aristotle, is not
to
the
is not
evidence, such
recent
nor
between
says
dress.
all,for it
at
'
who
woman's
in
for Hera
aro\i]v av6ivr]v
inscriptions
by
nexion
her
Hera
to
author
ancient
any
eo-0r?raor
yvvaLKtiav
neither
is
with
himself
concealed
women,
put
can
we
for
reason
doing
the
Stephanus
and
as
a
'Oji""oAMJ"5
legendary tribe near Thresprotis,
appear
as
a
Omphalion is mentioned
place in Thessaly (Steph.s. v.
the
if this were
sufficient,
YlapavaloLand 'Q^aXiov),and even
that
last and
Hera,
of
from
is drawn
proof.
this
Classical Rev^e^v
of
process
remains,
case
has
in
passages
difficult task
most
and
two
the
in which
to
; and
mythologicalcombination
pre-Achaean period,which
knew
Omphale
nothing
no
shadow
article in the
always
the
is
hazardous
evidence
of the union
of
of Zeus
and
B.
APPENDIX
The
for
of the
far the
too
that
Tiimpel offers
Dr.
able writer
carried
show
cult of Hera
separate
Hellenic
cults
questions.
It
Acraea
at
discussion, as
of the
must
it stands
goddess
be
Corinth
and
studied
:'"
has
been
apart from
some
opens
in
connexion
reserved
the
other
perplexing
with
the
of
legend
than
of
his
which
formed
at
and
their
this
is
alludes
Corinth
burial
of the cult.
The
Creophylus
of
Medea,
Hera
of
the
the
altar
barbarian
children, who
temple
the
numbered
of
Hera
selected
to
the
to
land
pides
since
crated
In
serve
The
promised
to
from
the
death
them
at
the
they
of
of Euri
these
conse
that
Medea
temple,
immortality,and
the
promise
on
the
Pindar,
citizens
honours.
the
divinityof
later Musaeus.
immortalized
We
rites,
raiment.
with
dead
black
us
were
bondage
of the
hair
wore
year
families
sort
tells
writer
each
refer to
must
instituted
the
divine
atone
scholiast
the
that
latter
them
of the
wrath
in
altar
to
that
testimony to
Alcman, Hesiod and
direct
highest
her
and
her
at
Corinth
tragedy
refuge
bade
temple in
immortal, and
scholiast
sense
with
the
the
and
children
her children
filled in the
the
appease
shorn
of her
the
of
Pausanias
was
her
consequence
fall of
Heraea,
make
wishing to
served
by
in
slain
in
same
the
disliking
took
oracle
to
respect
of the
who
her
pro
The
it.
upon
were
the
and
boys
passage,
each
and
the
not
Corinthians
Corinthian
children
concealed
The
till the
year
under
fuller account
mourning,'as
gather
we
of
Athens
did
them
feast of
'
calls the
another
their
put them
Corinthians
seven
goddess, and
sacrifice.
tale
slay
to
plotted against
Acraea
survived
girls and
seven
and
the
not
flee
to
fourteen, and
Acraea
did
had
slew
and
queen
rites per
show
Corinthians
the
rule
Hera
which
king, she
of the
scholiast
as
close
slaughtered children,
Medea
herself
Acraea
sanctityof
the
she
wrath
of
tection
whom
to
children,but, when
the
the
according
escape
other
Towards
of
records
other
is far
festival and
temple
vn.
be
to
solemn
of the
the
form
it.
to
memory
in
ancient
gave
the
to
in
explained by
death
their
Euripides
he
play
to
the
Medea,, of which
that
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
202
have
Medea
was
them
also ancient
Hera
ful
after
and
herself,given by
HERA.
APP.]
which
to
O. Miiller
and
is
Medea
We
can
and
in
Schomann
of children
with
slaughter
;
be true.
If Medea
in
in
why
certain
then
Hera
was
both
Miiller
of the
to
the
but
And
Corinth.
Medea-cult
the
of Hera.
we
The
the
It would
sacrifice
find
be
clear traces
of
it
up
goddess
their
There
robe.
that
heads
mingled
Naxos
can
for
with
nothing in
explain this ;
Adonis, and
In
about
O. Miiller
the
myths and
than
the
face
that
some
wave
cult
practiceof
cult ; for
the
worships.
is
Acraea
Hera
head
of the
grief and
the
but
ancient
Byblos
men
and
the
Greek
shaved
lamentation
Aphrodite
of these
by
at
facts,we
Cyprus,
must
assignsome
weight to
Her
originof Medea.
thian, as
at
and
but
find
by
Hellenic
character
we
as
clear
for
the
believe
lolchos
to
that the
argue
foreign origin
in undoubtedly
is
well
an
upon
dark
more
fastened
to
of the close
may
make
to
there, borne
erroneous
proves
not
reasons
all in historical
early proof
an
seems
had
Minyan migration,and
human
at
of
In lolchos
origin.
belongs
record
settled
had
foreigngoddess
of
strong
are
survived
be
innocent
was
Achaeans
also
longer
no
of the
association
she
there
of her autochthonous
Hera-worship
Odyssey gives us
the
Yet
times.
that
of
traces
no
But
cult of
maintains, and
might
accounts
of human
people,
responsible
made
integralpart
as
the
legends
some
sense
an
Minyan-Corinthian Hera,
all traces
that
and
goddess herself,was
the
others
is that
have
was
thus
understand
for the
the
inevitablylead
facts
these
divinityclosely connected
sacrifice
the
which
conclusion
The
203
the
Orchomenos, p. 267
; Griech.
Alterth.
2.
p. 491.
children
the
honouring
30 d.
fjLigofidppapoi
sacrificing
to
statement
of
Oriental
unless
fact
with
such
practice
with
connexion
of
rites
stories
ritual
sacrifice
may
be
; but
be
this
and
the
These
are
reasons
that
in
the
the
to
Hera
of
Sea.
Black
took
the
have
been
worship
to
the
remembered
who
appears
of
this
the
island
as
that
of
Corinth,
that
city in
shores
ft
De
Herod.
for
Aegean
they
and
the
39.
was
forms
many
from
trace
on
the
chiefly
settle
Minyan
the
earliest
rightly maintains,
It
its route.
may
Oriental
the
to
seems
religious legend
Malign.
Pelops.
who
of
of
only
Greece
brought
Lemnos
never
are
Caria
and
The
Miiller
O.
Oriental
but
can
in
result
the
cauldron-
of the
Phrygia
the
with
boiled
we
other
the
Medea
one
Aphrodite.
which,
at
the
in
Carthage
they
who
from
probably
were
north-east
from
Rhea
and
and
Cybele
colonization
Minyan
goddess
interior, and
Lemnos
in
or
is
some
savage
heroine,
divinity
was
that
it is notable
of Corinth
haunted
The
of
that
is
and
Melicertes.
reminiscence
to
It
associated
are
believing
allusion,
Minor.
at
Moloch
or
orgiastic worship
whose
the
into
form
ments
been
for
divinity
far
coast
Corinth
Greek
the
upon
Phoenicia
at
Asia-Minor
Medea
of
Baal
it may,
as
known
any
ingrafted
of
legendary
occurred
have
to
Graeco-Phoenician
the
of
told
rites
the
human
of
traces
actually
seems
the
Euri
cauldrons
in
of
reminded
his
Medea
alive
boiled
the
common
Asia
of
legend
people being
of
stones
of
by
to
on
that
mourning
parts
the
that
also
of
rites
other
and
Phrygia
curious
the
referring to
scholiast
explain
to
land
temple
something
difficult
it is
and
the
The
rites
them
according
and,
a, built
Corinthian
30
is
Phoenicia,
nymphs,
the
in
famine
Aero-Corinth.
on
in these
he
the
Pseudo-Plutarch
the
divinities, called
as
stayed
Lemnian
the
of Adonis
him
Medea
of
Medea
Aphrodite
found
pides
RELIGION.
GREEK
204
of
have
Medea.
Athenaeus,
a
toms
taken
was
for both
image
of the
never
any
than
the
to
of
portant
these
have
Kunst-
Mythologie^and
From
an
ing
calathus
libation
be
emblems
in
each
of the
of these
one
an
fillet is
hanging
in the
archaic
marble
wooden
temple-image, it
work
represent what
sacred
time
Museum
can
templehave
to
that
im
in
his
catalogue a.
that
which
what
All
these
marriage
the
image
appears
fruitfulness.
and
appearance
preserves
most
ot
the
suggests,
of the coins
does
idol,but
rather
the
upon
the
this very
be, as Overbeck
on
On
statue
reminiscence
some
well
may
Samian
probable that
it is
as
the
as
to
natural
are
drapery seen
reallycarved
was
not
the
have
which
with
garments
may
of
Louvre, and
of
We
Hadrian
gather
we
down.
lower
the
of Hera
was
that
coins
period of
hand, from
aniconic
stiff almost
same
these
goddess
coins
there
of the
character
chief
the
Smilis.
by
cus
and
cup
sacred
of
upright wooden
an
was
speaking of
British
the
in
examination
and
the
from
wood,
most
(Coin PL A 15). The
been
published by Overbeck
Valerian
younger
be
series of Samian
in
primitivemarriage
carved
statue
ranging
us,
hidden
in historical times
the form
about
Samos, from
down
come
the
and
sea
to
appear
[CHAP.
to
and
temple-worship,
other
of
the
to
reference
writers
gathersomething
statue
down
probably has
rite that
of
RELIGION.
GREEK
206
the
womenb.
The
the
archaic
the
among
statue
Coronea
at
Sirens24 is the
only
which
quote
can
we
period ;
for in
cults, such
ft
Cat.
b
Overbeck,
2.
we
have
account
of
i, PI.
Samian
PL
Hera
Brit. Mus.
2-
coninscriptions
record
significance
of this
any
Inst.
used
widow
at
at
representation
tainingan inventoryof
was
earlier
interesting
most
the
hands
her
same
of the
some
mention
no
37-
barren
the
in
of the
monument
the
of
bearing
Hera
from
have
other
that
as
Stymphelus
the
of
be ranked
must
and
marriage-goddess,
of the
monuments
for the
statue
(Athens),7. 367.
the draperythat
; Mitt"
d' deuL
viii.]
The
all.
her
CULT-MONUMENTS
bride
the
as
of
period
by Callimachus,
dess
and
the
or
perfected art
Praxiteles-.
The
TeAeia
Hera
first title
be
may
the
city by
in
same
that
denote
of
moment
epithet of
an
Plataea
to
the
the
to
Nv^evofjieurjat
TeAeta
seems
at
as
wedlock, belong
Hera
the
207
represented
explicitly
of
goddess
the
and
represented
was
that
temple-statues
two
HERA.
OF
the
the
her
god
marriage ;
married
goddess
or
the
are
goddess who brings marriage. Both these statues
of the wife of Zeus, and
evidence
obviously cult-monuments
has already been
how
and
ancient
how
given that shows
prevalent in the cityof Plataea and the neighbourhood were
the
and
myth
type
of the
all.
The
ritual of the
figurecarved
Praxitelean
bridal.
sacred
Callimachus
by
statue,
we
as
Of
know
we
of
Pentelic
and
of
colossal
stature.
been
Hera
attempt
Hera
Barberini
in
share
the
must
establish
the
originalsof
vives.
which
is very
married
the
the
Vatican
drapery is
resemble
very
statue
goddess
the type
a
of
But
which
if
certain
descended
form
in
if
and
the
St.
the
allow
we
lost
sur
that
goddess
Petersburgb,
that this is
from
half-bared
to
try
allow
we
the
marriage-
some
it is still somewhat
But
even
the
represents
the
of which
chief.
hypotheses
certainly
Greek
doubtful
breasts
can
be
this,her relationship
interpretthe
discover
to
and
existing works
description,or only the vaguest,
with
relief-figure
and
by
between
TeAeia.
Juno Pronuba:
with
is the
Vatican
fate of most
pair to
and
made
series of statues
Juno Pronuba
originalof Hera
the
Vatican
whether
small
her
relationshipexists between
Roman
on
a
sarcophagus in
appears
bringinga
no
the
close
very
who
connexion
That
goddess
in
TeAeia
nothing at
by Pausanias,
goddess as erect
has
attempt
and
told
are
was
An
form
the
Barberini
marriage, and
suggests
Greek
2.
Kunst-Mythologie,
And
if we
finally,
can
reasonably
representationof the
if the not
infrequentrepetitionof
there is
celebrity,
originalof some
statue
as
54.
Ib. p. 57,
fig.6.
2o8
GREEK
littleforce in the
Plataea
The
attested
yet
It
than
drama
air
his
cult-monuments
no
the
theme
usuallythan
the
Plataean
in
temple,
it which
had
it borne
the
figure of
the
celebration
of
it is
and
Hera
ya/xos
birth
no
which
of the
one
of the
purposes
that
terracotta
sentingZeus
been
the
a
both
and
quoted by F6rstera
sacred
nuptial rite ;
mere
other
in the
for Forster's
explain except
'
the
as
as
the
view, because
a
Die
bride
back
and
Samos,
side
but
the
have
by
dcs Zeus
of
veil
or
and
V b).
(PI.
extant
to
as
very
This
life.
The
veil
on
in favour
p.
of
24.
by
each
strongest
the
head
difficult to
very
bridegroom.
der Hera,
has
regard it as
divinities seated
the
cere
monument
inclines to
before, is
the
and
quoted
false
refer
to
been
marriage played
und
designed
side in solemn
oldest
is somewhat
ritual of the
Hochzeit
of
the
interestingis the
already mentioned, pre
of married
symbol
it is
most
Overbeck
seen
But
proved
ground
wearing the
as
of the group
provenance
were
have
is
interpretation
we
a
win
story.
us
be
can
of the
union
permanent
Zeus, which,
to
religiousceremony
representingthe
offering
votive
argument
of
seated
Hera
attitude
monious
from
group
and
to
on
belonging to this group
doubtful
interpretation.One
small
The
of
art-representations
down
come
of monuments
number
irrelevant
the
to
have
the
originallyfor
the
was
that
that
mimes
figureas
be
that
to show
procession,seems
actuallyborne through the streets in
marriage,and that a misunderstanding
of the
certain
almost
tepo?
along
for
designed
which
might
parts of Greece.
straw
up
in bridal
probable
were
dressed
ritual gave
the
in different
event
story noticed
jealous Hera,
the
it found
for
were
religiousceremonial
puppet-likeforms
used
in the sacred
carried
in procession and
curious
dis
religious
temple-sculpture,being performed in the
for
commemorated
of
be
may
in which
naturally a
only representationsof
the
Hera
goddess.
t"/"os ydpto?is amply
ritual of the
the
more
was
more
Praxitelean
this is the
in the
of
hear
we
expression.
that
wait
concerning both
wide celebrityof
covered
open
that
theory
must
we
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
Also
of the
so
the
same
prominent
PLATE
IX
hand
it cannot
representations in
which
together have
real reference
The
any
only monuments
admitted
be
to
the
209
divinities
two
the
to
actual
at
sacred
The
the
of
basis
and
sculptorhas borrowed
from the religious
mimes
motives
or
The
been
relief in the
statue.
or
far
cult is how
reproduced certain
artist and
traits
cere
Hera.
and
altar
an
of Greek
chief
the
designed for
Albani
grouped
marriage, are
recent
temple
Villa
vase-
sacred
three
other
debate, have
much
representationsof the
the
are
cult of Zeus
publiccommon
which, after
to any
even
or
mony
HERA.
the
in
part
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
viii.]
that
Selinus
in
were
relief
voo-ue
(PI.IX. a),of
which
the art
wrist
of
Hera, who
moniously
bride, gazing
and
robe
her
is
she
and
The
of his action.
from
on
any
any
Greek
and
Such
she
has
put
cult
; and
from
There
is
the
her
no
face
move
expression of the
with
an
ease
is
an
is
that
expression of
corresponds with
it is
may
have
the
certainlynot
surprisingenough
on
feet,and
figurecould
are
pose
of
cult-figure
her
to
there
which
the whole
motive
suppose
the religious
drama, which may
I.
earnest
very
this
that
VOL.
chiton
is seated
features
ancient
for
behind.
cere
entirelythe style
attitude and
he
most
figureand
just liftingaway
with
has
woollen
falls low
or
him
on
that
arrayed
really stand
might
Above
bride.
second
him
Pier form
reserve.
before
full of shame
Hera
archaic
stands
the
as
solemn
and
the
displays
have
been
been
We
derived
well known
be
to
can
from
in the
GREEK
210
the sculptorin
justified
temple-sculpture.But it is more
which
neighbourhood,and
have
may
mimes
or
carried
were
actors
of
marriage-festival
certainly the
figurein
The
Zeus
procession,and
the bridal
on
Adonis
couch,
at
in the
as
Alexandria;
at
does
metope
The
respects.
here
that
resembles
painting
Pompeian
except
in
by living
and
the
resemble
not
dumb-show.
religious
essential
the
on
much
so
borne
and
Venus
not
on
as
last
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
he
the
oaken
in many
metope
of Zeus
appearance
wears
the
similar,
is very
the
and
crown
veil
as
the dramatic
the
of
tion
marriage.' Both
sacred
'
laid the
painterhave
landscape of
allusions
bration
of this ritual.
there
may
be
to
hazardous
forms
to
and
and
that
say
movements
of
Overbeck
as
least
at
was
; but
the
work,
be
the
of
to
cele
far too
exactness
any
personages
performed
as
it would
with
one
former
in the
of the ceremony
they reproduce
the
there
elsewhere
descrip
sculptor and
supposed by
this,then,
In
reminiscence
some
Sicily,Cnossus,
in
been
Crete, where
contain
the
in the open
scene
picture has
the
in Theocritus'
the
religious
drama.
the
representation,
third
The
relief in
the
Villa
Albani
c,
the form
of
scene
figurescan
*
as
from
be
a
a
blunder
round
to
copyist,who
240.
10.
28.
had
flat surface.
'
Overbeck, Atlas,
10
Alte Denkmaler,
2.
transfer
to
Among
the
Hegemone,
recognized Artemis
Overbeck, Atlas,Kunst-Myth.
Kunst-Myth. 2.
of the
29.
p. 25.
of
GREEK
212
RELIGION.
[CHAP.
to
childbirth
with
of the
symbol
bow,
whose
to
aid
the
shaft
strongest argument
whom
this
lo's
Eileithyia,)^et
for
reason
goddess
attach
Lacinia
and
temple
at
clude
the
from
no
any
case
lacked
could
we
the
believe
temple-idol.It
that is found
century
B.C.,
cations
for the
Veseris
the
and
the
on
of Croton
mium
in front and
the coin
two
There
can
be
and
spectator
this
and
Artemis
was
a.
which
to
we
those
are
the
can
of Hera
image
in the
we
have
there
we
can
no
con
Anthology*1^containing the
linen
that
the
statue;
of
cult
undoubtedly
such
the
with
in
and
celebrity
face
of this
of the fourth
of Croton
coins
her, which
to
garment
laid upon
no
doubt
is richlydecorated
at
griffins
peculiarsymbol
torch
former,
is borrowed
type
Hera
slight modifi
Neapolis,Pandosia, Hyria,
coinage of Venusia
of these
Campaniae (Coin PI. A 20). In some
the Stephanos,
and in most
a veil,
goddess wears
which
posed,
is
certain
on
the
existed
the
be
survive
regards
to
offer
to
not
goddess
instances
in
who
intended
As
image
an
epigram
women
doubt
was
that
but
of the
prayer
dedicated
Croton,
information
Argosb.
of
Hera
with
Artemis
goddess was
for believingthat it
that
representations
certain
no
artist would
appealing, every
was
vase-painterintended to represent
only other specialworships of Hera
The
giving
Greek
every
a
relentless
of
concerned
more
was
though
figureof
the
is the
and
the
woman
that
conclude
would
and
Moreover
bow.
if he drew
that
know
this sufficient
consider
artist would
Hera
But
ordinary myth
of
figurative sense
the
Hera.
in the
enemy
in
than
even
which
the sides
appears
on
on
with
an
anthe-
symmetricallydis
many
the coin
of the
coins.
of Croton
is
This
We
is also
have
the
vague
and
doubtful
is
more
to
we
of Hera
find the cult-figure
Aip^ua6-'0
authority of Lycophron for an armed
Hera
coin of Chalcis 63 a3,as the type
'O7r\oo"u'aat Argos ; but there is
on
a
and the
could attach
statue
we
to which
evidentlypointsto some
no
cult-figure
would
which
she is seated
rock
seated
this name
on
figure of Hera
; a
the
her
refer
on
the
to
on
a
worship
black-figured naturally
bearing
spear
neighbouring mountain.
vase
(Muller,D. d. A. K. i. 10; Over-
PLATE
VI
HERA.
OF
CULT-MONUMENTS
viii.]
213
The
Graecia.
Magna
and
crown
face, are
characteristic
specially
ture
the coins
nor
the very
We
in this cult.
prominent
was
her, if any,
nor
explain the griffins
cannot
of the
strikingarrangement
of
of the
the litera
particular
aspect
what
attest
and
earnest
forms
matronal
the
with
veil, the
the
hair,which
her
about
waves
almost
in the colossal
found
trait is not
which
if tossed
as
on
has the
same
the
has yet
the
on
the
has
giving it the
the
form
brought
rather
faithful
more
forms
which
narrow
eye
later and
copyist of
he could
wild
and
The
Hera
As
luxuriant
place
have
to
Argive
inferior
wrought
copyist who
the
face
the bust
the most
11
it
doubt
and
The
be
difficult to render
speciallydesigned for
be noticed
was
but
as
no
by
hair,more
been
two
would
artist,
find
we
that the
of this Lakinian
will have
the
of the
more
bronze, may
of
reproduce ;
type which
different
appears
it is,the countenance
exalted
later
as
griffins
may
we
sculptor,being the
the
(PI.VI),
at Venice
coins
of the
and
Italy. Disfiguredas
head
and
of anthemium
decoration
on
bust
Overbeck
Lakinia
marble
head
among
the
in marble
and
the coin-device.
ideal
types of
afterwards.
celebrated
HelLJourn. 1886,
p.
10.
worship
of Hera
in
GREEK
214
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
We
her
so
is of
and
gold
crown
in the
sits
he
when
her
this bird
into
the
and
wears
left
this
and
pome
that
and
the
of
statue
also
Hebe,
about
it
dull passage
very
surpassed
the
from
that
saying
"
the cuckoo
the
in
epigram
scholiast
on
other
Strabo
work,
in
in which
size.' We
expensiveness and
of Parmenion
the
have
corroborates
of
little to
add
Theocritus
on
praisesthe technique of
even
inferior to them
writers
The
description99-103.
the statement
a
ancient
by
the Graces
It
the
they say
sceptre, declaring that Zeus,
before
marriage,transformed
Hera
throne.
figuresof
she bears
sceptre
with
on
the
'
Polycleitus. She
of
top of her
the
in love
was
himself
other
on
work
hand
one
is seated
size
98
of Pausanias
the words
wrought
are
in her
Hours, and
cuckoo
ivory,the
which
upon
granate,
of colossal
Hera
of
statue
it from
about
gather most
main
what
would
part of the
body
"
gather
can
reallygo
without
covered
was
with
who
alone of all men
saw
drapery. The Argive Polycleitus,
the goddess with his very eyes, has revealed to us as much
of
her beauty as it is lawful for mortal eyes to see 100.' Of more
interest and weight is the summary
of the form
account
and
'
of the
character
that
'
revealed
Polycleitus
the white
noble
elbow
and
least
from
But
of
forearm
from
this sentence
the
impression was
of the
ment
Hera
Maximus
Tyrius,who says
to the Argives as a goddess of
ivory,fair of face and clad in
It is clear
at
image, left us by
elbows
that
the
combined
with
golden throne
arms
were
and
downwards,
mainly produced by
drapery
on
that
uncovered,
the
artistic
certain
majestic treat
strikingbeauty of face.
of the
goddess
cerned
here
with
will be
noticed
10V
later,as
we
to
representation
are
chieflycon
Argive cult.
CULT-MONUMENTS
vin.]
the
first
HERA.
OF
that
215
the
descriptionof
Pausanias
and the others is illustrated and in some
supple
ways
mented
by certain Argive coins of the Imperialperiod ; a coin
In
of
place
Julia Domna
On
both
of them
the
wearing
extended
the
bare
body
and
and
the
avoid
to
the
which
which
chiton
She
of Zeus.
leaves
middle
the
over
passes
the fact is
and
just in
of her
the
same
veil
no
wears
the
important. The
pose
the
has
is
of constraint.
the look
the copy,
of
generalfidelity
figure of
largea
Hebe
and
a
cleitus,
indeed
shown
or
us
the
and
coins
the
far too
on
and
of the
statue,
us
Zeus, united
and
to
it is
declares, that
him
as
in the
the
character
cult
queen
and
ceremonial
of
her
in
her
the
to
what
Poly-
and
imagina
of
his land.
as
the wife
of the
queen-goddess,as
Polycleitus revealed
displaying this
in the
and
that
see
we
national
true
symbols
attributes
riage;
to doubt
reason
of the
one
on
given,awkwardly
examine
we
else is told
tive
is
is no
There
scale.
When
of
of
She
consists
16).
near
stiffness in it,but
no
as
and
falls over
and
himation
(Coin PL
Pius
the
see
drapery
writers mention
of
of Antoninus
Stephanos
her
arms
as
we
note
may
one
righthand
left
way
and
we
sacred
Maximus
his
majesty
mar
Tyrius
countrymen,
of the
pose
and
in her
crown,
drapery, in her richly ornamented
imperious grasp of the sceptre. Her union with Zeus is no
doubt
allusively
expressed by the symbol of the cuckoo, and
and
still
clearlyby
more
preeminentlyas
the
of
image
the
subordinate
goddess
goddess
character
the
the
of
of hers is
these
of
functions.
Direct
probablyconveyed by
allusion
the
to
symbol
this
of the
216
We
pomegranate.
whole
we
fruit which
it
modern
consider
interpreters
to
be the
ficance
Botticher,in
and
that
in Greek
bloodshed, and
and
strife,
colour
few
; and
when
But
hand
this
signi
its seeds.
But
againstthis interpretation
He
declares
the
of its blood-red
reason
to have
that
marriage rite ;
but of
fertility,
of
emblem
by
Botticher
Most
in Hera's
of
one.
"
certainlyit appears
legends.
revealed.
be
marriage,having
no
death
he
explanation;
an
played no part at
symbolism it was
pomegranate
in her hand.
bears
large number
entirelydifferent
an
proposes
certaintythe
pomegranate
article a,argues
able
an
the
of
account
on
the
of fruitfulness in
emblem
she
giving
lightlyto
not
mystery
of the
significance
some
to
regards
with
discover
can
the
hardly determine
can
work, unless
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
this
meaning
maintains
in
some
that the
goddess
display her
of
so
Hera,
'
the
and
cleitus
intended
for
Greek
his
quaint ;
so
benefactress
likelyto embody
no
of the
land
'
he
meaning
spectator would
must
be
as
she
have
called, be
was
And
hatred.
likelyto
symbolism
great image of
the
would
nor
to
prone
lost his
have
if
Polylabour,
understood
thought.
The
hand
of the idol in
Greek
temple
is extended
usually
dispensegiftsor to displaysome
permanent attribute of the
some
symbol of the functions of the divinity. The
power,
the peculiarand
token
is by no means
constant
pomegranate
of Persephone ; but even
the statue
of Hera
would
if it were,
to
be
no
more
likelyto
rival
a
triumph over
grape-clustersby way
If
it
ritual
badge
were
or
or
desired
to
hold
it in
than
to
"
Denkmaler
the
as
an
of the
und
emblem
vine-crown
of
it
representation,
the ministrant
wear
its hand
or
of
the
of Bacchus.
divinities
in
Forschungen,1856, p.
170.
2i8
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
Dionysos, and
goddess,who played
frequentlyassociated with
Argos most naturallywith
the
Eileithyia.
The
Graces
and
are
gained
flowers
Hera
of
the
the
of
ethical
more
kindred
very
being nature-powers
and
them.
Their
embodied
As
in the work
Argos
He
spray.
allyto
be
with
Pausanias
would
emblem
an
the
time
him
that she
crowning
ridiculous
One
In
proof of
the
as
where
renewed
ample
her
well
blessingof
Hera
her
bathed
each
The
of the
absence
bride
of the
as
the
and
the
we
see
cannot,
remarkable
she
was
as
had
she
is
the
believed
there
conceptionof
given
the work.
worshipped as
was
Argolis a stream
thus periodically
and
year,
statue
the
Argos
that at
say
in
on
natur
dislike of Bacchus
Hera
veil, and
We
vine-
the
the vine
wife; and
maidenhood.
indication
in the
the
as
at
vine-garlandat
explanationoffered by
rather
should
we
with
very
so
with
The
questionremains about
Peloponnese and elsewhere
maid
shown
that
goddess
last
the
the
statue
carelesslyreferringto
be
was
given man
giftof corn.
the
him
as
her
not
permanently decorated
wrought in metal, for
was
may
the
need
we
city.
mentioned
wine-harvest.
this
of the
statue
of vine-leaves
Tertullian
wore
idea
goddess
other,but he ought
some
latter
that
adorned
way
certainlyhave
of the
course
the
garland
but
ritual of
some
some
speaking of
to the great
referring
artificial
an
in
the
to
temple-image,
of Tertullian
or
that
allusion
an
famous
be
may
believe
of course,
clear
statement
crowned
was
complete the
to
Polycleitus.
so
this
attached
life were
married
necessary
was
of
discover
can
we
wholly rejectthe
to
are
of love and
presence
fruitfulness in
of
but
having
significance,
character.
They bring the
thus joined with the Argive
the charm
flower-goddess
; they personifybesides
and as the constant
companions of Aphrodite
beauty of life,
of
Hours,
same
human
spring,and
the
to
personages
the
the
and
to
chief
in
and
Aphrodite
was
of
wife.
Polycleitusgives
Can
perhaps in
the
mysterious nature
we
the
believe
flowing
goddess
viii.]
CULT-MONUMENTS
who
maid
was
loved
forms
well
as
reconcile
to
the
OF
in
forms
one
the
of
the
female
mode
of
with
mother,
we
the
ideal
of
Zeus
the
formal,
or
and
whose
in
the
wrought
cult,
as
find
in
and
was
the
ideal
the
of
peace
that
were
expressed
certainly
and
it
did,
in
figure,
representation
fullest
and
beauty
most
forms
his
of
the
profound
worth
god
the
with
work
the
reflex
statue
of
that
head
and
what
the
was
Greek
earth,
the
ideas
of
accordance
then
of
if
leading
the
physical,
supreme
And
the
Maximus
and
true
as
are
life
life.
is
ethical
great
the
imagina
of
fresh
and
It
or
that
genial
if
his
qualities
of
bride
form.
of
touch
sentence
human
and
work
least
at
of
subtle
some
and
conception
embodied
rendered
whole
the
his
over
was
its
in
Polycleitus
countenance
masterly
worked
grace
we
with
worship
by
to
by
queen
the
mainly
there
Doryphorus,
his
spiritual
so
in
Yet
in
in
power
and
systems
If
case
who
different
Amazon.
this
sculptor
man
as
not
219
was
combine
in
refer
power
his
was
external.
the
and
marvellous
Hera
epithets
two
character
Athene
or
Argive
this
dess
of
figure
could
that
his
to
He
in
her
say
ideal
Tyrius
in
may
equal
was
that
he
expression
maidenliness
tion
male
the
and
boy
"
of
wife
as
HERA.
Hera,
of
her
was
most
as
cult.
it
CHAPTER
IDEAL
IN
the
Greek
no
often
hand
which
it cannot
This
been
the
other
be
been
has
proved
Athena
Demeter
the
found
invariably
divinities
it
on
archaic
later art
and
being
in
and
of
in
places where
of
Zeus
but
be
head
the
of Hera
Boeotian
the Greek
sacred
was
she
found
early
rarely,if
is
of
to the
group
works
but
; and
of
statuette
metope,
this rite
other
be proper
to
is
that
none
peacock
occasionally in
and
supposed
the
terra-cotta
the veiled
Capua
been
with
the
Selinus
bow,
representationsto
Argive
only
of
as
symbols,
found
wife
the
b.
not
her
the
by
is
the
and
representationsof
PI. V.
is
supposed
from
of those
a
be
among
is veiled
the
signi
any
various
Hera, there
artistic
and
her
on
reveal
that have
the
the
is
; for
of
once
all the
exception
side
lack
at
one
in the
on
vases,
of
that
bride
; it appears
coins
Of
might
his
styleb, and
century
fected
the
sittingby
Samos
the
veil
Hera
as
aegis,Artemis
drapery
none
the
The
matron-goddess,
on
of
late into
too
service.
wears
and
also, with
comes
much
There
representationsto
to
the
may
the
by
specially characteristic
be
this
applied
corn-stalks.
badges, attributes,fashions
him.
which
is revealed
by
guard against
confront
chiefly from
peculiarattribute
clearlyas
survive
belong.
to
arises
that
his
on
recognize
disguisedby
name
ambiguity
ficant and
at
be
to
difficult to
divinity so
figurehas
to
HERA.
monuments
religious
inquirer has
the
worship,
OF
the
or
TYPES
searching through
of this
IX.
fifthever,
of
per
exceptional
Orchomenos
marriage, yet
on
She
the
regularlyperformed
b
pi. VII.
a.
TYPES
IDEAL
in
OF
HERA.
221
her
nothing but
the
this
attribute
latter
earliest form
the earth.
And
be
to
natural
calathos
we
Argive goddess
Hera
wherever
this
attribute
Samian
is
her ; the
by
who
no
that
its
the
fruitfulness,
the fruits of
gave
divinityit would
her.
to
power
means
coins
only
of
the chief
was
gift and
form
believe
may
of the
of
representations
the
head,
its proper
in
her
on
Again, as regards
crown.
the
was
emblem
proper
smaller
Stephanos or
wears
Yet
the
in the
common
that present
her with
it
that
coins
less freelythe
or
reproduce more
It is not
unfrequentlyfound
type of her ancient image.
of the black-figured
in the vase-representations
and red-figured
are
style,for
instance
below.
mentioned
the
Stephanos
beautiful
the
on
More
usually it
diminished
or
Munich
calathos, which
temple-statueof
the
on
coinage
Hera
Olympian
resembles
Lakinia
means
Croton
on
is her
common
some
of her
most
such
as
show
neither
from
the
heavens
And
this
and
type,
and
coins b.
Parthenon
the
as
attribute
certain
crown
artistic
so
and
on
majesty,
or
other
the
rare
on
half-diadem
coins.
and
emblems
of
and
therefore
would
goddess
Aphrodite
Stephanos on
with
On
or
well
as
diadem.
Even
constant
were
fail in certain
veil
as
and
Hera,
Overbeck,
K.-M.
Miinztaf.
of
is
by no
stephane,
the other
hand
most
and
heads
Stephanos
the
sceptre which
designated the
black-figuredvases.
if all these
even
the
strikingrepresentations,
the
and
Farnese
relief-figure
head,
nor
the
cities whose
of
the
It is this
reasons.
some
But
on
other
no
very
those
the
has
of
early a work as
is possiblya fragment
the Argive statuette,
on
on
Heraeum,
Argos
frequently found
so
which
of
coins
the
dignity
which
head*,
the form
under
appears
intention
the limestone
No.
cases
necessary
to
distinguishher.
the
head
be
that
Troadis, quoted
cf.
attributes
peculiar to her,
may
and
of the
be
calathos
and
Artemis
wears
or
the
published
2.
not
queen
RELIGION.
GREEK
222
the
among
Hera-heads
by Overbeck,
representationof
stephane,and any one
Artemis
as
have
we
seen,
worship with
life that
Hera
can
of
symbol
it
Hera, but
possiblyon
one
which
alone
Character
dess.
by
in the
with
or
the
is
natural
as
with
either.
obyiousand peculiar
strange perversityit
some
could
is indeed
of
implement,
rarely found
as
the arts
or
pomegranate
used
general
not
was
descriptionof Polycleitus'statue,
b.
vase-representation
precisely characteristic handling of
any
is there
drapery
been
Nor,
sceptre.
animal, weapon
very
the
wear
in the
figuresonly
Nor
have
might
the
world
The
probably
as
divinities
carry
any
cuckoo
quite
closelyassociated
so
specialflower or
could be given her as a sign.
to Aphrodite as
to Hera, and
The
is
Many
a.
of them
was
any
[CHAP.
her
distinguish
from
and
the
other
any
sufficiently
expressed in
the
god
drapery
of the most
draped
her
fashions
with
the Parthenon
on
double
sarcophagi, the
indifferent
such
In
to
frieze she
chiton
and
the
artist
she
appears
artistic fashion
Her
merely, not by
standing epithetin Homer
ample
an
sleeves,and
veil
probable that
than
any
in
the open
goddesses,she changes
The
Argive terra-cotta
double-sleeved
wears
her ; sometimes
details
other
place.
the
is it
nor
nothing more
wear
and
with
without
chiton
Artemis,
But, like
time
her
shows
statuette
could
of Athene.
chiton
of
tunic
temple-imagesshe
Doric
her
in the short
also,on
to
veil and
fixed
veil,
the Doric
girdle
it and
have
and
of the later
many
The
only.
has
chiton
seems
sometimes
been
not.
guided by
her.
conception about
goddess,
Vide
b
and
one
2, Miinztaf.
Overbeck, K.-M.
Head,
Hist.
According
to
Num.
2.
27.
Lk.
p. 475.
Porphyry
the
was
stork
no
also consecrated
but
5%
place in
3,
her
as
far
to her (De
as
I know
Abstin.
it has
representations.
RELIGION.
GREEK
224
with
proud, and self-asserting,
in her
very
cult,not
to
mention
this,and
her
The
of her
best
Greek
Greek
there
But
type.
is
her
sceptre, with
art
and
as
in the
more
pictureof
who
austerity
her
conveyed
'
describes
white
to Homer
for the
and
AeuKcoAe^os
woman
raiment
of
holding-
and
and
radiant
solemn,
was
indebted
sculptorswere
countenance
traits
sombre
than
something more
is richer and deeper than the
and
grandeur in the
spiritual
quality. The Argive
or
epithets /So"hrisand
for the
force
others,knew
portraitin
harsh
certain
some
little moral
picture,but
Homeric.
is
There
character.
[CHAP.
the
at
104.'
paint Hera
to
to
this
time
same
It
presentation
of her.
there
Hera.
of
forms
Inside
of
collection
Munich
claim
that
works
two
are
ideal
the monuments
Among
vases
we
before Pheidias
special mention
beautiful
very
the
see
form
patera in the
of the
; the
chiton
is restingon
Stephanos,above
golden
The
hair
face
left elbow
which
is bent
her
is full and
On
hip a.
down
streams
in such
from
matronly,
her
very
goddess,
concealed
drawn
as
her head
is
skull is
shown,
shoulders
in
and
with
pose,
way
calm
the
among
over
show
to
a
golden
her
and
rich
curls.
earnest,
but
as
yellow-haired,
seem
so
from
that Hera,
she
the story
Athene,
and
here
appears,
is uncertain
Aphrodite
bathed
VII.
b.
it would
to
is dark-haired
of
Schol. Iliad,21.
in
fifth-century
i.
PLATE
VIII
ix.]
TYPES
IDEAL
the
religious
sculptureis
HERA.
OF
head
Farnese
225
of Hera
in
Naples a.
the
ear
is almost
arrangement
beneath
the hair is
of
mark
later
of part of
period of style,
from the temple
trait that
lated in the
part above
that
slope
the
do
not
eyebrow
of which
has
somewhat
bone
of
must
the
due
which
and
at
but
say
face,and
rightanglesto
the nose,
flat.
also
only,so
to
attention
flat surfaces
are
of the
centre
Thus
that
the whole
and
rectilinear appearance
the
straightline
is broad
a
; the cheeks
towards
much
is almost
the
the eyes
the
head
mathematical
bone-structure
is
beneath
speak, shadowed
is paid in places. The
of the
lipsare
forwards.
now
question must
analysisof the forms,as
to
a
VOL.
I.
considered, before
be
The
the
personality. It
Pi. VIII.
any
is
further
evidently
226
GREEK
RELIGION.
[CHAP.
which
find indeed
we
but
which
resides
the
suitable
though
in
perfectaccord
in
danger
of
the
of
to
struck
once
and
on
sombre
mood
its untameable
the head
only
'
'
raw
of the
from
it must
be
is to
Persians, and
from
away
of
become
a
Dr.
to
which
the
elemental
the
look
specialstudy
very
and
who
demoniac
at
of the
force,
does
heads
'
to
would
of the
marked
are
And*
expression.
intended
who
one
other
that
probabilitybelongs
same
lasted
school
they gave
it is very
represent Hera
devour
inclines
not
to
more
even
The
the
the
zenith
in
their work
to
call it
discuss
the destruction
until the
features.
nobler, and
Furtwangler
he
all
shortlybefore
of the
Artemis, but
by
lips;
those
and
Troy
and
as
Priam
the older
much
dark
is
extent
some
expressionwhich
treatment
of the
are
will that
shadowed
are
on
made
'
We
the
with
corners
in mind
borne
sculptor
short-lived
its work
that
its
plastic form-
powerful
;
are
The
this in
the archaic
began
speaks of
of
we
intention
devoted.
was
fascination
has
conscious
are
force,'as
; he
drooping
definingit
laws
mouth
in the eyes
such
in
and
and
it and
convey
the
the
energy
power
if the
demoniac
to
generation
the
heads,
period to which
with
something
doubtful
much
writer,who
one
types of Greek
us
his
exercises
long, that
features
; but
coins,
lipsand
little to
in the
and
eyelids,
the
any
other
too
too
revealed
countenance
but
each
with
to
Elean
on
expression is cer
other divinity. It
the
wrear,
other
forehead, chin,
written
it
with
which
rendering
thick
all the
of Hera
than
and
eyes
imputing
artist
at
Hera
to
the
chieflyin
mouth,
head
goddess might
any
tainlymore
the
on
forms
of Athens
of
the
Pheidias, broke
regard to
than
that
the
spiritual
in their formal
of the
expression
by
countenance
they
convey
IDEAL
ix.]
and
is over-serious
TYPES
OF
HERA.
often sombre
and
dark,
smile
upon
affected
with
the
weak
And
the
expression does
sented
the
the
repellentlook on
necessarilydue wholly to
fore not
we
sullen
in it the
see
wife
of
It may
be
faces.
the
repre
would
be
of Hera.
The
face is there
the Farnese
conscious
goddess,nor
the
sufficient to
of the
aim
of the
portraitof
Homeric
Zeus.
later archaic
the nature
conception of
his
sculptorand
the
Apollo
severityas
stern
same
contrastingutterly
and
almost
strange and
need
vary
of
countenances
with
stamped
not
227
and
stormy
say
that
the
and
dignifiedgoddess of
sculptor,to represent the severe
marriage, has intensified a type of expression prevalentin
his day.
It might be thought that the slimness of the cheeks is more
maidenly than matronly ; and it has been supposed that
the sculptor wished
to allude
of
to the maidenly character
Hera
Arcadian
in Argive and
flat
worship. But the broad
cheek is not necessarily
part of the individual expression,but
of a style of sculpturewhich
did not distin
a characteristic
the youthfulwife and
the maida.
The
indi
guish between
vidualityof the head is imprinted in the middle of the face,
in the lines about the mouth, which without
especially
marring
the beauty speak of experienceand mature
life. It is this and
the imperious sombre
to be wholly
look, which is too marked
explainedby the general tendencies of contemporary art, that
for giving the name
the sole valid reasons
of Hera
to the
are
of which
statue
this is part.
Much
has been
marking
of the
which
he has
have
the
been
doubt
the
as
so
to
as
in
the
canonical
'
the
and
eyes
were
lacchus, and
view
perhaps of
Persephone,
'
period,it
faces which
Brunn,
in
others,they
qualityexpressed by
this they regard as the
ideal
and
of
many
Hera's
of
relief
the strange
and
the
convey
epithet /3oo"7ri?
; and
For instance,
in the Eleusinian
work
the eyes,
strikingfeature of
people imagined it ; for the poetic term
of Demeter,
a
carved
trait
the
about
eyelids; according to
been followed by Kekule
Homeric
leading
said indeed
which
her
is hard
of the
the
face.
countenance
of Homer
to
No
discern
two
must
from
is the
daughter.
the
mother
228
GREEK
have
had
influence, and
its
Anthology',in praise of
Hera105.'
heads
It is
of
what
Hera
the Farnese
It
of the
eyed
who
to
more
that
it
himself
and
this
than
human
certain
is the
to
dark
and
Hera
very
as
are
drawn
It is
thought
walk
lids do
to
Hera
through
not
on
by
the
"
Brunn
lady,
shape.
long, in
and
eye
away
be.
can
the lower
Hera
the
their
shape
in disease
Brunn,
op. cit.
give
unlike
between
abnormallythick
turned
If so,
that
eye
of the
as
set
in the
eyes
are
Boom?.
form
the
sculptorwould
are
down
and
sculptorhas
he
was
more
sculptorsand painters,if
us
eyeball as
they
inter
dark-eyed 106
that the
Greek
eyelid of
through
ancients
method
contrary
noticed
of Hera
they
is
cow
light
applies it
the
But
him
dark
Now
representationof
from
the
had
and
eye
a
ox-
of
beautiful
from
most
the
mind
he
The
of which
this curious
than
mean
threatening,
has
as
and
impression by painting
size and
indicate
fall away
anything like
human
to
allusion
an
Homer
large-eyed
as
the
narrow
ignorant of nature
we
judge from
may
A
apply
Brunn
of
and
striking and
extraordinaryeyelids,both
outwards.
been
and
large,such as the
the Holy Marriage ;
human
any
the lower
and
question
not
the
eye
that animal's.
rightly
Pompeian pictureof
the eyeball a certain
cow's
typical
no
is not
cow
which
in
sense
often
are
eyes
convey
is
only
can
inquietude in
goddess
one
round
of the
The
opposite it V
somewhat
prominent,
Farnese
there
of
eyes
of the
one
Hera, it
to
the eye
resemblance
and
po"ms
the
mean
applied
cause
and
certain
As
a.
'
large,round,
it :
each
had
unquestionablyit does
not
cow-eyed, and
finds
in
she
'
poet of the
as
'bull-eyed,'
interpretedit, findingin the word
terrific power' latent in the eyes of
goddess
does
nor
by
head.
'wild
or
called
and
means,
have
the
to
it is said
maiden, that
be
certainlydoes
others
[CHAP.
question whether
can
the term
RELIGION.
cows
those
firm
old age.
cf. Kekule
eye
of the Farnese
goddess, if seen
and
classic art.
close
in
in his
rim
at
and
all in
It is hard
Hebe, p. 64.
GREEK
RELIGION.
lower
lip,the great
230
and
protruding chin
still
eyelid,and
the
of
marks
the zenith
This
and
the
head
Farnese
for
to
Polycleitusor
Now
image.
of the
expression,are
flourished
the
theory of
the
before
head
Kekule
is
hypothesis,there ought
this,derived
from
be
to
the resemblance
or
copy
of
of the great
writers maintain
the above-mentioned
copy
Polycleitus.Before
of
recognized work
descriptionleft us
some
to
the
that
Hera
valuable
direct evidence
the
maintain
with
inconsistent
course
others,who
and
theory
some
of
is of
view
or
cheek, the
of Pheidias.
Brunn
more
sombre
and
of
treatment
styleof sculpturethat
ideal
an
dark
the
more
breadth
conventional
high,the
little too
placeda
ear
[CHAP.
of
work
Argive
that there
so
nearest
conflict about
by
that
close
the
art
resemblance
from
460
the
towards
maintain
the
cleitus
what
that
in ideal
but
was
that
the
who
there
this surpasses
differences
far
are
becomes
narrower,
existing representations
they ask, if it was not Poly
produced
this
type,
left for
the voice
to whom
Polycleitus,
the greatest representationof Hera, to
remained
to
little later
and
all
sculptorwho
development of
still much
is
in the
earlier
some
in the
goddess he
the
face,which
conception;
antiquity ascribes
further
of the
that
of the
cheeks
The
conviction
own
argument
of Hera
C., and
B.
420
My
decided
such as we
might
general,
representingPeloponnesian
very
heads
two
is less broad
nose
eyes
the
to
centre
the
and
in any
weighty.
more
the
find
only
is
surely be
can
works.
of the
comparison
to
expect
of fact that
matter
carved
the ideal ?
be done.
Hera, then
"
not
the
If
The
is easy,
conception of
in his
of Hera
do
Polycleitusproduced
perhaps Homer
head
answer
of
2.
"
on
p. 50.
but
the
the
the artist
coins
of
bust, effective
Farnese
the
For
givesby
expression,
its
wrought,
century
head.
the Ludovisi
originalof
the
231
fourth
in the
sculptorwho
the
and
Argos,
HERA.
OF
TYPES
IDEAL
ix.]
intensityof
the
by
; it is
means
no
it is
as
the
not
could
this head
; neither
aspect
It
his school
and
Pheidias
authority
for
types,
that
the
on
of
She
is Iris
is fastened
over
down
fold
beautiful
the
to
Zeus
and
as
the
bride
might
was
of Alcamenes
Hera
the
in
ful work"
by
Demeter
Overbeck,
dealt
of
'
Hera
Museum,
would
laurel
to discover
"
Overbeck
K.-M.
in
of
which
place
very
doubtcalled
series of statues
3.
the
p.
4. p. 68, and
461.
with
text
'
Girgenti
Overbeck
next
nothing:
has led to
not
the
and
after
in
I have
the
head
the British
and
the
others
Farnese
in the
as
the
the
winged
her neck
and
girdle to
form
drapery, she
veil from
wedding.
to
of the
her
head
turns
her
face,
The
face
remains
to
show
head, which
the Attic
festival
flesh shows
development
that
more
and
reveal
on
crown
divini
chiton, which
but enough
disfigured,
attempt of Petersen
The
of her
alludes
she
outline
day
her
Doric
Pheidian
the
But
a.
and
concealed
hands
both
the
on
to
as
the
in
raises with
none
probably represent
Zeus
in
so
over
common
unfortunatelymuch
is
Clad
and
the other
would
he
her shoulders
is drawn
and
Hera,
no
greatest
Olympics,
Zeus
is
There
this school
to
between
Nike.
or
of
statue
of
how
us
seated
is there
figure,who
arms,
sombre
himself, the
appeared among
throne
the
frieze shows
free
ascribed
his hand
base
Parthenon
herb.
and
"/"ai8poV.
represent TO
Pheidias
any
be
can
figurewrought by
ties
dark
unimportant.
not
was
attributing to
of divine
survived
has
work
creator
could
his age
nor
under
the
in
was
received
the
he
majesty
the
give us
of the
is studied
and
the
type. The
the
more
Furtwangler's
it as a forgeryare
rejecting
very strong (Arch. Zcit. 1885, p. 275).
be of little value
If genuine,it would
of
of its singular lack
on
account
suspicionit arouses,
grounds
for
character.
b
PI. III. b.
GREEK
232
RELIGION.
[CHAP.
its
the
the
Though
the
of
grace
figurehas
perfectin
the youth
is
pose
has
attitude
reference
some
earliest great
Nor
dess.
should
the
this
of
monuments
beautiful
very
the
as
the
god
of
the
with her
Aet"/"a"A.ei"os,
Hera
bared.
arms
Among
a
as
appear
to
value
permanent
characteristic
and
monumental
whole
chastity,
dignity,and
particularoccasion, yet
as
cylix
of
British
the
mentioned
be
may
age
that
Museum
contains
head, she
hand
her,
to
speech
is seated
; her
The
and
form
coinage of
Hera, wearing a diadem
strikinghead of
the honeysuckle ;
the
the monuments
that may
be
next
his
holding out
in
moving
seem
displays
with
ornamented
clusters
of
it
very
quoted
great change
half-openedlips give
and
deep eyes
expression.
is
Phocaea
electrum
fifth-century
In
hair,and
earnest
expression
representation
; the features and
become
softer,more
benign, and a touch of brightness,the
in them.
^aiSporr/sthat Dio Chrysostom speaks of, appears
in
is noted
first of
The
been
has
that
beauty
of
the
these
times
several
style0.
claims
that
purity of feature
conception of character than
grace
and
in stone,
veil,but
the
from
and
her
neck
a
PI. IX.
b.
of
Hera
and
any
and
over
it the
of her
Ludovisi
PI. A
Coin
19
PI. A
unsurpassed
it shows
and
in
more
spiritual
survivingmonuments
head.
She
with
no
wears
floral
design,
long wavy
Coin
coin
Argive
profound
more
is
upon
Stephanos richlyornamented
beneath
and
published
head
The
is the
attention
(Brit.Mus.
17.
is less broad
Cat.
and
Ionia,p. 209).
ix.]
of the
that
flat than
HERA.
OF
TYPES
IDEAL
head.
Farnese
impress of
the eyes
The
power.
The
is
nose
somewhat
ture
in the
except
is well
face
is
severity
parted
no
lipsthat
the
the
with
bone-struc
The
yet there
marked, and
thick
very
angle
an
well rounded.
sharp outline,and
clear
between
forms
and
noble,
if they would
protruding,as
set
the
bears
eyes,
straightand
are
epithet,and are
rather long and
eyebrows
and
round
are
the
over
is broad
forehead
The
and
233
are
a
countenance
fascinating
give to the whole
Therefore, impos
expressionof brightnessand benevolence.
ing and majesticas the type certainlyis,it is a very pure and
true
representation of the benign goddess of Argos, and one
with
smile
in the
discover
may
was
super
of
in the
renewed
ever
the
verum,
traits
solemn
wife
that
some
certainlythe
Zeus, and
of
beauty, that
in the
seen
was
decor
works
Polycleitus.
If
search
we
for
type of Hera
new
would
but
said
it has been
have
copy,
expression and
a.
Polycleitus
There
positivereasons
say
about
agrees
the
with
earringsmight
be
taken
few years
ago
be
some
of
masterpiece
of
is
the
being
an
or
the
of
allusion
of the veil.
pointing
as
we
recorded
symbol
to
only
can
otherwise
decorated
the
Hours
the necklace
Also
to
where
doubt
regards these
as
Argive
anything
head
the
artists of
the
whether
Hera
course,
argument
the coin
traits of
what
in
statue
his
in
of the
must, of
this
his.
it is doubtful
few ; and
are
known
any
associate
accepted without
been
coin-stamperhas reproduced
the
may
recently that, as
more
did not
we
than
other
there is no
this association
which
with
name
the
richness
of
chryselephantine
technique.
And
the
modifications
modified, on
*
See
on
coins
coins
does
not
Polycleiteancharacter
of Cnossus
of Samos
p. 138, who
on
b.
Coins,
the
wholly deny
of the Argive
Himera
Now
we
coin; and
who
b
with
and, still
cannot
more
that
suppose
Overbeck, K.-M.
some
2.
p. 44,
hesitates.
Coin
of Cnossus,
Overbeck, K.-M.
the
the coins
as
great artist wrought all these, especially
same
other
of these
the
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
234
face
them
on
lost its
has
this
prevalence of
for the
is the natural
then
type
expression,and
retained
only its
and
radiancy
What
of
depth
inferior in
are
seriousness.
and
beauty
cities
that
coins
on
There
believe
that
influence
Greek
coin-devices
all these
of
some
At
world.
fourth
known
this must
have
time
at
century?
inclines to
one
struck
were
struck
were
various
explanation
the
under
the
throughout
the
been
of
Hera
Polycleitus.
There
other
are
Argive
shows
coin
tion
than
the
the
Ludovisi
embodies
the
this
it is difficult to
by
mildness
soft
and
left for
was
ideal of the
dently
Either,then,
in
antiquity
the
dominating
for
Miinztaf.
2.
Samos,
1-4.
Brit.
Mus.
PL
Greek
he
No.
14;
Coins, PL
belong to
this
class
the
time
22;
produced indepen
up
he
that
beautiful
most
worked
under
the
ivory statue,
imagination
there
Polycleitusand
them, struck
more
coin-stamper
probable,as
more
was
the
end
the
of
of
the work
(OverCard-
15;
13, 14,
to
me
finest of
might
no
smile
upon
be
who
other
no
towards
is every
fifth century,
VIII.
Cat.
XIV.
all the
of Elis
No.
set
do
destroy its
had
Himera,
i.
short
century,
infuse
; to
unknown
goddess, or
the gold and
of
it
coins
Miinztaf.
Types of
ner,
23;
The
the
that
saying
No.
beck, K.-M.
to
of
influence
of which
an
as
sculptorto
would
face
us
reproduce.
latter theory is
The
reason
and
left
has
expression
to
of
rival type
fourth
that
goddess
the
own
Polycleitus'
city a
temple-image of that sculptorwas
working
type of Hera
beginning of the
delicacy into
character.
and
power
what
see
perfectingthe
of
way
the
towards
in vogue
was
with
generation earlier
if such
Praxiteles,and
of
higher imagina
regards expression it
the descriptionof Dio
is at least
coin's date
The
period
fact, as
in
latter work
the
than
more
Chrysostom.
than
itself ;
far
challengescomparison
head, and
Farnese
bust
of
type of head
The
general reasons
more
severe
them
corners,
look;
stern
there
and
^Coin PL
an
18).
ix.]
ideal.
perfected the
Praxiteles
the
OF
Recently
much
former
with
its
the Ludovisi
the
perfectionof
the
the
type
of
the
as
regards Praxiteles, we
fifth century
Plataea, and
know
we
of
with
the
of Hera
far
temporary
head
Argive
have
to
the
coin.
Nor
been
of
of
these
former
these
much
or
at
his hand
spite of
in
in
Now,
Teleia
by
works,
end
small
that
may
the
series
be
con
display
period of Praxiteles
in expression than
that on
the
works
of this sculptor appear
poorer
celebrated
Hera
of Plataea
coins
fourth.
of the
that
the
to
nearer
of
fail to
namely,
"
Mantinea
at
the
earlier
do
proves
only
group
copies
and
statues
of either
detect
to
in
hear
assign the
Praxiteles,and
coin
to
who, feeling
head,
Farnese
middle
the
ascribed
others,
achieved
was
than
Hera
nothing
attempt
to the
Argive
been
and
deeper expression to
what
sufficiently
note
235
has
by Overbeck
in this matter
superiorityof
HERA.
TYPES
IDEAL
commended
; and
there
is
no
reason
the
of
genius
with
it
and
on
Praxiteles.
and
effectively
modern
no
The
finallyrests
the other
hand, the
clear
in favour
of
ancient
Polycleitus:
under-estimated
problem. He puts a
wrought the canonical ideal
there
system
serve
as
Now
we
which
for any
and
there
Aphrodite, although
these
divinities which
of
deal
statement
is
to
'
no
there
the Greek
ft
Vide
accepted
expression that might
was
some
we
conform.
'
as
so
divinity. It is only in
find anything like it,the
'
were
in his treatment
'
canon
is
it goes,
of this record
always
findinga canon
certain
as
should
on
Greek
that
far
'
and
much
every
type dominating
generation ; but
did
later works
representation of Zeus
Pheidian
Overbeck
form
insist too
not
wrong
so
value
the
and
is,that there
her
about
to
canon
must
that
one,
of rules
understood
the
was
record,
by
of the
that
he
ancient
no
on
that
discovery.
On
is somewhat
hypothesis
and
none
of
certainlyrepresentationsof
world
regarded as perfected
supra,
p. 207.
236
that
best
Athene
corresponded
to
their
to
there
Praxiteles,though
were
different
many
artists.
by independent
far
the records
as
have
"
been
the
go,
in
ideal,'
the
that appears
to
satisfied
the
Polycleitus. Maximus
Athena
Parthenos
between
traditional
of
artist
the
is
mentions
than
'
her
in that
In
one
perfect form
case,
which
who
worship, the sculptor,
that
gave
did not
the
by
the full
figure,and
proved
to
be
as
American
the
a
of
Hera
of the
men
carved
an
almost
majesty
only image
antiquity,which
of
of Praxiteles,
coin shows
late Roman
The
ail
the
proves
regards the
evidence,then we
by
voice
The
a.
country's
the
the
created
and
us
form
human
mere
the actual.
of his
worthily express
himself
is silent
he alone
supposed
monument
to the
'
extolled
was
be
must
the
in
power
wiser
the
their
and
Philostratus
'
of
distinguishing
divinities
something
fully
of
side
conceiving a fittingideal
of
that Polycleitus alone
of
power
the
by
it
Hera
the
illustrate the
that
is
that
sense
he
; and
art
great works
fyavraaia,which
imitation/ the
of
existence
the
of Hera
statue
her, was
when
Pheidias
representationin
those
it among
of
only
it
Tyrius puts
actual
the
Aphrodite of
types wrought
Cnidian
the
and
of Pheidias
Parthenos
so
Similarly,
they wished
when
ideal,and
and
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
Herab.
have
at
none
excavations
If the
all,for
at
Argive
the
Argos
coin
be
pose
coin
head
cannot
accepted
as
Vit. A
Waldstein,
American
head
foil.Tyan.
has
it would
School
a
marked
be
too
vi. 19.
Excavations
of the
at Argos, 1892. The
maidenly character ;
hazardous
to
name
it
Hera
Uap9tvos.
Sachs.
Gesell. Wiss.
the
name
of Hera
its unlikeness
to
Overbeck
(Berichte
the Farnese
head,
PLATE
ix.]
IDEAL
head
the
on
'
solemnity
displays
coin
of the
at
(Coin PI.
fourth
the
the
The
head
very
of Thermae
Near
of these
none
the
to
beginning
fourth
of the
in
of
great power
of leaves
crown
that
fixed
Eros
there
small
recall the
to
is
The
Paris.
on
of the face
is too
her head
around
profound, and
forms
Argive type
or
be
must
century
incised
of Paris
is fuller.
face
is very
are
rendering of
add
placed
on
representationof
wood
Hera
The
drapery is arranged
originality1'.
is almost
and her figure
as
maidenly
arms,
displayher
Athena's, but her
as
a
and
to
as
some
new.
so
no
coins
of
of Hera
head
the
has
The
character.
a
preserve
treatment.
Argive, and
characteristic
expression and
serious
eye, but
anything
Capua80,show
also01,and
with
power,
the
the
full and
are
in the whole
It is
richlyflowing-
exuberance
Hyria:l.
and
with
with
of Croton
Lacinia
and
the
Hera
used
\vas
of Posidonia
Areia
broad
high
Hera
of
type
Italy,which
face,crowned,
there is a certain
large,and
the
Hera
is presented en
note
we
for the
clearlythe
trace
representationsof
the
at
century
of detail
the
cannot
we
of South
coins
20)and
and
brightness
countenance.
modifications
some
237
'the
once
beginning of
prevalent on
HERA.
OF
TYPES
allow
She
the
the work
date
to
her face
in her
of the limbs
style;
Pheidian
veil and
expression of
searching gaze
treatment
us
the
wears
the
but
and
the
figureof
earlyas
as
eyes
that
period.
mately the
strikingtype
with
hip ;
her
arms
Hera,
the
as
and
erect
restingon
are
sleeves
and
bare, and
with
Head,
no
p. 82, Fig. 57 ;
Miinztaf. 2. Nos. 43,
ib. pp. 68
and
32,
Fig.
museum
same
Overbeck, K.-M.
44;
of
without
tt
date
same
16 ;
c, of
approxi
former, presents an equally
standing in very majesticpose
the
wood-carving, in
Another
she
wears
her
right on her
Doric
diploidion
girdle visible,and
cf. coins of Phistelia
b
PI. X.
PI. XL
and
himation
Neapolis.
which
is fastened
about
her
of
and
back
drawn
figure of
is the
Attic
The
toe
a
the
Hera
drapery
the
the
of
folds
and
severe
ear-ringsand
wears
[CHAP.
on
rightleg are
temple-statue to
She
RELIGION.
GREEK
238
independent product
an
queen,
of
art.
The
greatest
has
that
monument
survived
show
to
the
us
type
of Hera
meets
from
in the later
proportionsof
the
somewhat
the forehead
of forehead
the
fifth century,
nobilityin
the
cheek,
and
see
here
with
face
of the
The
the
the
lips do
The
religiousaspect
fillet that
round
passes
falls down
by
the
not
two
curious
recall the
best
long
The
dignity and
with
a
benign
the
is not
indicate
quite
decoration
may
gentle
serious
the
each
side
well
though
Attic
there
still less
any
school; and
is
PI. xil.
of
that
neck
been
the
in the
the
sug
hung
to
the
to
the
probableview,
nothing speciallyPraxitelean
of Scopas' style, yet
trace
and
crown
the
by
of her
have
we
attained
is enhanced
head
-en
of the
surface
parallelwith
curls
style of
brightness which
of
but
the head
breadth
expression of solemn
and
hardness
gloom of
coin
of the
skull,
the
look
smile
design,
of the
the
is softened
Argive
the
large
is drawn
and
the
whole
that
form
in this.
seen
in
on
the
gentle expression.
ness.
with
But
hair
eyebrow
traits that
face is nowhere
imperial character
and
are
accord
and
is rendered
flesh
of the
the countenance.
Farnese
of the
reveals
and
The
with
crown
simple line
straightand
of its eyes.
gaze
arrangement
severe
carefullyover
the
the downward
below
for
features,
particular
flesh,and
period rather
the
than
PLATE
XI
IX.]
to
IDEAL
place
the
influence
upon
it.
But
the
elegance of
profileand
the
suggest
later
it in the
see
the
is
The
even
later heads
to
reveal
Helbig,
Allerthiinicr
classischer
in
the
later
that
has
that the
It
been
of the
high
period, for
is the
; for
l\otn, No.
most
down,
her type
the
Argive
expression of character
idea of the
the
Farnese
theum
in
Pheidian
the
the
British
of
torso
For
goddess.
Caryatid
the
h.
elegance and
Hera-head,
Velletri, the
the
rather
perfectionof
century
the
face
handed
displays at once
sculpture. Though
866.
b
younger
in the
head
hist.
Die
The
to
eraa,
more
deW
Ann.
"
much
in Munich.
the true
from
of
fourth
intense
more
of Alexandrine
defects
say
the
style of the
has
mark
no
of Hera
of
falling
away
grace
an
the
head
of Eirene
statue
achievement
coin shows
of
by Helbig
Alexandrine
the
the Alexandrine.
than
expressivemarble head
but it does not permit us
was
indeed
of all self-consciousness
absence
age
the
of
239
older
triangularforehead
and
we
the
better
beginning
the
of
HERA.
proposed
allows
school
grandeur
been
the
in
work
he
though
Attic
It has
other.
any
OF
TYPES
forehead
the
of
merits
Pallas
the
Erech-
Museum,
Athena
in
of
the
Athens
strange
vanced
Dr.
calls external
arrangement
(2)
from
the
the
hair
sacrificial fillet.
the
on
He
neck,
quotes
show
affected
Greek
it.
But
period
without
was
used
period
in
the
affectation
for
find
it on
:
we
(Komische Iconographie, sacied
personages
in
of
the
Euboean
coins
fourth
century
14, IK, 21, Figs. 30, 32)
of portrait-statues
of the Clau
Cat. Central
stances
Greece, pp.
{Brit. Mus.
dian period with a similar treatment
of
'Mes112,
113, PI. xx.
15, 16). The
the hair.
He
declares that the locks
salina
in Munich
(Bernouilli,
Fig. 32)
the neck
and
hanging down
gathered tries to make herself look like Hera by
fashion
a
together with a band was
wearing the head-gear of the Ludovisi
used for a goddess, and belongs
be quoted
never
goddess ; she fails and cannot
Hera
the
the
Ludovisi
is a
to
Claudian
this
that
era
as
:
merely
posi
proving
tive statement
is as positively
refuted by
Roman
lady.
2.
Bernouilli
it
I, Taf.
'
lines
the
and
and
about
veil
the
the
make
the
features
goddess
the
striving
after
the
dignity
and
the
Regina
of
the
is
the
the
elegance
in
earlier
only
the
neck
later
prevailing
of
Graeco-Roman
and
o-e/xvoY/js1
the
entirely
overfull
returns,
type.
and
it
the
the
veil
Pentini
is
not
The
former
show
head
disappeared,
sentiment
period
the
the
here.
of
From
almost
fact
with
fall
air
in
more
appears
the
bust,
imperial
in
comparison
are
pose
the
and
that
effect.
Farnese
nothing
pride,
and
have
and
but
by
and
stateliness
countenance
tenderness
thing
of
is
queen
delicate
and
curve
the
there
the
the
and
crown
queenly
as
recall
slightly
certain,
certain
small
are
and
and
mouth
polos-shaped
and
than
much
heads,
the
personality
expression
so
RELIGION.
GREEK
240
imperial
and
some
Juno
REFERENCES.
REFERENCES
Common
la
Lebadea
At
at the shrine
b
Kpovov
Atd?
Plato,Phaedr.
253
eV
Trophonius
(BaaiXis: C. I. Gr.
7"dXei AfjSaSecov
(probablyof first century
Cf.
4:
a.
of
shrine
9. 39,
eVepw IM""
ira.
dydXp.
eoriv
Hera
Lebadea:
At
"Hpas Kal
KOI
137
Zeus
the
near
3,
9. 34,
Basileus,Paus.
Zeus
'HMO;^ with
Trophonius,vide
of
Cf. Paus.
Hera.
and
Hera
VII-IX.
CHAPTERS
FOR
cult of Zeus
241
A.D.).
"Upas
m"
00-01
Ka\ rf,
jSaa-iXioc
1603"^
In Boeotia.
2
At
Plataea
KaXoi/o-i:
Daedala
at
the Daedala
6vvai"T(Srr)"llpa
fiovv
from
KOL
ravpuv
At
Argos
dyuva
TOV
Apyeloi de
raj
Larissa
the
on
Ati
Ne/z6i'a"
e^i/oy T^
Kut
Between
10
and
3, feast
of
Ati :
KH\
reXrjQ^Xciav
TO.
Praep.Ev.
cf. Eus.
'
3. I,
Paus.
5. 17,
r??r
24,
Aios-
TO
e^rat
cf.
KUI
Nf/nei'ou
TOU
Mount
eV
arddwv
cf. Z^/. 4.
27,
inscription
TT/S
"Hpas r^s
Arachnaion, Paus.
Odyss.3-
Crete
Latus
I.
mentioned
9^
*"s
Ka'
"Hpas Se
8e
B.
evTiv
2.
ra)
C.
c.),
R
Ato's
i/aa)
ye'vfid e^coi/
re
KOI
aivop.do'flTj
Trapa AcoScovatoty,
TO
...
drrXa.
^ "Hpa Atco^
togetherin
(third
century
eVrt^ eV
C'TTIOpova, TrapfO'TrjKe 8e
ocnol.
VOL.
2.
vide Zeus34b.
vos
and
TU"
Epidauros,on
caTiv
Upas ayaXp.a Kd6f)p.fv6v
r?)v5c "H/jai/
/'"$.
9,
re
Argos
Olympia :
Oe
/*eV5?)rr6\as
'Hpata ayovaiv,
ra
TOV
25,
at
Paus.
ib. 3, 4, sacrifice
the Ifposydp.os
:
Megala,
fnavToi
Plutarch.
a"
"H/my
eo-nv
vaos
there
"H/;avvp.tpfvop.tvr)
of
statue
2,
9.
Plataea,commemorating
at
Cithaeron
on
Paus.
2554
'""i^a"
.
TOV
Olus
Zr"a
TOV
GREEK
242
ia
Km
C.
Hierapytna,
8
Cyprus:
/. Gr.
on
Caria:
"Hpau :
TO.V
Lebedos
in
II.
'Ecrr/a
Physicalallusions
Mag.
dnb
Kal
f3a(Ti\fvovTi,
TTJV
roO
Gr.
2719:
Trepdaas,TTJV frrja-iav
Bull,
de
TeAe/a.
Zeus
and
BouXm'a
Zeus110c.
(?Pindar) va\
i.
14,
"Apyei'(pacrlyap
j36as
At'yuTrroz/,
e7T6/x\/^e
cv"Apy"i
rip-arat
ev
rw
6 Se "(v"asenl
eftlda^ev'
fpyacriav
5e
Ka\
cults of Hera.
"Apyovsfls
anopov
rav
sacrifice of
/3ou?^Hpa? iepbvdvedrjKe'
ore
ray
66
5, p.
S. V.
C.I.
Zeus28":
2820:
(?),Apoll. Rhod.
and
epithets
in
"Apyos ^Tavaaras
on
"Upav.
"Hpav.
in lolchus
Pelasgis:
J"}t
of
men
I
Zrjvbsv^io-rov
Kao~iyvrjTa Kal 6p.odp6vov"Upas
OVK
(pre-Roman period?):vide
Pelias,"Hprjs8e neXaa-yidos
i"
of
priestship
KaradfpKop.ei'av
(TKaTrrov^ov
Hera
AIL
with Hera
Havd/jiapos
Zeus
12
the
ml
2640 'A^poStY?/?
Panamaros,
period):cf.
Caria, common
2909
Nem.
Pind.
Kal
AIKTOLOV
C. /. Gr.
fv^v "HpflKal
Trap'r^wv
Corr.
C. I. Gr.
Zeus
with
of Roman
(inscriptions
Hera,
Paphos
by
"Upas.
xdptv
At
ZoVa
taken
oath
similar
'Cf"wa"
2555
wall of old
10
the
in
Stratonicea
at
RELIGION.
rovs
ra"
cnropw
Kal
(3\a(TTdveiv
crvve(3aiv"
(Tra^ys
Hera
Athenae.
15? P-
ol AdKoavfs
-iv
Bergk, frag.l6
'.
143
/cat
cf.
Eus.
9.
5^^
Phil.
c
TOV"
(foepoura
Praep. Ev.
3. I, 4
fs
ot
Se
TO
avTO
Hymn
TTJ
dea"v'
rats
*Hpa
Hera,
to
KrjparS)
"UprjsKal
'Po8irjs
eV
dv6ea(p6pois
"pv"riKo)s
p.aX\ovKal
TrpeirovTus
VTTO-
TTJATJTO! o~vvdyovo~i
yrj
TTJV "llpav'
Plutarch.
3
reVo-apa
rcoi/
ndvrav
pi"wnaTa np"Tov
'A'idavevs N^o-rt?^',vide
"pepeV/3toy
fjS1
dpyrjs,
"Hpr;re
Grace.,Mullach,
ov
(TTe(f)avos
nvXewva
eAt^pucraj
Plutarch,De placit.
philos.I.
Zfvs
KaAelrai 6
6 iv
rb 'Ap-yoAiKoz/
Pollux, 4. 78 fj."\os
TOV
aKove'
OVTMS
fragmentof Alcman's
cf. the
\ap.[3dvovTfS p,v6ovOVTOOS
r) r/HpaK.r.A..from
Htv fo-TLv
^
rrvXewv'
T\V ev^op.ai
cf. Anthol.
/curraipo) :
ins
678
Frag.
i, p. 39.
: "Hpt^5' "WAa6w
(j)i\oo-o(pias
\oyitov
: frag,
quoted Eus. Praep. Ev. 5. 7,
vypfjs
(p-e'Aerat)
p-aAa/fj)
"K
4.
Plato, Crat.
Oracle
rails.
T)
rpcKpijvai
777*
Tv"J"a"fvs'
772, 49
p.vr](riKaKiav Aios
Kara
TeKoixrrjs
ioTOpianapa
O.VTOV
rots
"Hpai/rpfCpo^vjjvnapa
295
Treiroirjueva
155.
: Zeus
'flpo'Xvroy
Hera
//. 14.
Schoj.
eorii/ vpvto
'
-"/. Mag.
TOV
dfpa "ttpav
vo/jLo6eTr]s
r^v vfyo/SoXoto-i
fyoWs- irdptpoirov
/cat
fie fv"Hpas
tiXrjvt
13, 3
cf.
"upavvnb 'fipwt/,
a
3769
243
refer to Hera.
to
2.
tVcos-perewpoXoywv
I. Gr.
C.
in
seems
avaa-o-av
p. 404
VI1-IX.
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
enoiijw
TJ
yovevviv
ds
rwv
de
Eixpoptavi.
Sacrificial animals.
16 a
Graec.
An/A.
j)X"\ey "\nftpavov"Hprj
Km
fjif8fovcrn
2a'/ioi/
re
17
6. 243:
Se^o yei/f^Xifiiovy,
TTOTI^Q, tfurjTroXi'ar,
Cows
Cic. De
vide
Sacrifice and
Falerii
ubi
Quas
praesonuit
velatas
aluit
campis
ex
est
tibia cantu
solemni
vias.
Dicitur
humili
sola
silvis inventa
fronte
pueros
per
pretium
auctori
dea
minaces,
hara.
dura
recurvo.
capella deae.
sub
altis
fugam.
iaculis incessitur
vulneris
est, iuvenes
latas veste
suis ;
porcus
tempora
destituisse
quoque
Praeverrunt
Falisca
victima
per
inceptam
ventura
herba
metuenda
dominae
Illius indicio
Qua
3. 13, 16.
parabant
pompa
gregis cornu
Invisa
Et
20.
minor
Duxque
festa
annua
vituli nondum
Nunc
4.
indigenamque bovem.
ludos
celebres
Ducuntur
Et
^w^r.
Theocr.
lunoni
sacerdotes
It per
Et
Bulls:
24.
Ov.
Pigs :
at
3. 13,
Per
Hinc
i.
(ptXrara
ritual.
Ov. Amor.
Casta
TroXv
crot
ra
Div.
B0.
Aiyocpdyos
vide Hera
TaCra
(fpa
/ioo-^cov
index,
ipsa datur.
timidaequepuellae
iacente vias.
Goats
RELIGION.
GREEK
244
More
Argiva
est
Hera
Falisca
est
goddess of marriage.
as
The
Athens
: at
ifpbsydp.os
Atbs
fopTrjv
facies.
pompae
cf. 36.
Cato):
17 a
ferunt.
sacra
Hist. 3. 5, 8 Colonia
Pliny,Nat.
albis
vestibus
velatae
suppositovertice
Tradita
Cf.
Graio
patrum
4. p. 162
"Upas,cf. Menander
KOI
ayovo-i
Photius
Ifpbsya^os' 'A^i/aloi
s. v.
Graec.
Com.
MeOrj,"
Frag.
"
dvopwv Xaipe(p(ovifpbvyd/JLOv
xa$'
TTJS Q"OV
TO
*'
ayetv
Iva
ai"ToV,
yap
PailS. 9. 3,
At Plataea:
Tr)
TfTpdSibfmvrjTrap
^X"lvKa^sTravra-^ws
AiaayaX/io"v
KeXeuei rbv
OVTOS
eVi /3ocoyfcvyovs"yK"Ka\vp.[j,"VOv,
\eyeivSe
ri]v'AacoTTou.
AaiSaXa)*' 8e eoprrjv
6, " 5
"Tvv"opTii"ovcn " 7
"
"
dvaBevTts
eVt
dp.d"asOTTO
"
TTornpoOTrpos
eVt r^ Kopvfpfj
TOV
o~"picriv
eVt
6/uoi)
Ka0ay["ov"n
rou
Plutarch
avTOvs
Tfpot'Tas
Kai KaratrretXat
Kal
/zcydXaiv
ra"v
^3a)/xo9
opovs
"
tepeta
ra
3, ch.
/3co/uov
: cf. Euseb.
vfjievaiov,
\ovTpa
K0)/nous
BoicoTuiy
Tr)i/
TCI?
KOfjii"iv
oe
At
ArgOS
dp^ata
Paus.
Kal
2.
IO2,
3, ch. I,
ev
5e
TW
7rpoi/ao"
eSee
"liprjToifTiv 'Apyeioicrt,
TT)I/
nqTepa
TTCII/TCOJ
fie Aral
tyavepavSe
KO.I
Kal
I.
3!
foixrrjs
a-ya
oprrjyrfj
(of CleoblS
ai/Ttov
TO.S
avrfjv
yap.f]\ioi"
eV
"
evTavoa
TOV
17, 3
avrqj'
avap."\TT"cruaL
ourco?
etra
Kidatpcova
rrepl
npwTov
TeXetaj/
"Hpav
T/)S 6fjLL\ias
dvaKaXvcpdeia-rjs,
ydp."JL"v
y"jsouev(i)v,
T0)i/
oaioaXa
ra
Tpira"w'8as
vvp."pas, aiXou?
Cf. $. p.
Trapao-^eti/.
Kai
ot
vvp.(piKO)sAaiodXrjvnpoaayopevaavTas'
/zeV roy
ras
eir/jeTrtorni
SpDi//zopcpcocraire
TraymXr;!/
KCU
CVKTCCIVOV
6' evrevBev
Ktdaipaiva"\awovari.
TOV
acpicri
"al
"AO-COTTOJ/
TOV
TO
...
axpov
ol Boiorot
Trapa
vv[i"p"VTpiav
c"pL(TTa(TL
apa^av, yvvcuKO.
roC
yvvai"a UXdraiav
ayoiro
as
Kocr^a-avTes
ciyoXfJia
5e
TO
crepois
and
KOfJLicrdrjvai iepov.
Biton) ^"fuyet
es
Euboea:
vide
Tonov
"pr]o-i
o-TpaToy
TO
Ev(3oias TO
EvfioLas' vvp.(piKov 8e
rr\r)(Tiov
Se
Hermione:
tfTTopei
vide
rives
infra s3.
OVTO
1126
Arist. Pax
JE\vp.viov.'ATroXXcovioyde
"paaiv,
OTI
eivai
(^TICTLV
vaov
Zeus
15. 64
KaXXi-
TTJ Hpa
exei
'
Ai6?
T^S Hpay
'Epp-to^jtepy, IdidoTfpov
Trept
earrlv lepbv
"Upas TeXeiay.
(Mount Thornax)
e'i/TCO
TOV
Trepi
OTTOV
cf. Schol.
infra63,and
vvv
feat
REFERENCES
f
Hera
Sic. 5-7^
Diod.
ov
(TvvTf\ei"r6ai
Posidonia
Dialect.
Collitz,
i
/cat
'lepovecrrtJ',eV
vvv
1731
dyiovs
eviavrov
KCLT
Aio?
re
icat
roC Qrjprjvos
ir'Xrjcriov
roirov
VTTO
65
Arist. Birds
245
TOVS
ydfjiovs
TOUJ
riva
Owias
"u
dnvs
TOVS
KOI
VII-IX.
8e
X.""yov"ri
fv
aO*
CHAPTERS
and
rims- TeXfia
CnossilS
Upas
FOR
TWV
^.
IIai86s
ras
Hpa
O\vfj.7ria
TTOT
deois p.eyav
ap-^ovra
VfJLfva.10).
8'
dp.(pi.6aXr)S
"Epcosrjvias
TTClXlVTOVOVS
ZrjvbsTrdpo^osyd/sav
"Upas.
Kfv8aip.ovos
]"
Theocr.
ddavdrav
"cat
lepos ydp.ose
'
KpdoiO-a'Pea /3a(rtX^a?
TfKfTO
nvs
laveiv
Xe'^oycrropwo'iv
cV 6e
XeTpas-0oi/3^(rao-a
/xupoty
1
Lex.
Rhetor.
TTOLOIXTI
yap.oi"vT(s
Arist.
Photius, vol.
Ail
TW
TOI
Zevs
KOI
yap
"Hpa, 7rpa"roi
Trarrjp KaXetrat
7. Dind.
At'a
ovre
2.
/zeV"cat
ChrySOStom, Or.
ul(T-xyv"jp."vovs
ei/co?
rols- ^opolaiv"/j.Trai"fi
Tf
KOI
Traert
"calcrvvfivd^oi/Tes*
OVTO)
Dio
670 (Person)'lepos-
p.
rcXctav
T^
p.c\^o3fj.fv
cocrTrep
napdfvos'ipir.
ert
Thesmoph.973:
Te
Dion.
I, p.
139
ytvtGXtov
ovrc
j^8e Zvyi'a.
Trdfrcoj/j
d/foXdarous
Aesch.
Eumen.
214
f] Kapr
art/Ma
"Hpny
T"\fias
KOI
nap' ovdev
K'.U
Aws
dvdpurrovs
*Hpai"yapyXiov
Tf\fcr"p6povs
rj \o%iav"Aprfp-tv
r) [ir/repa 'Peav.
P
"Hpa
T^ "Hpa Icpovsyd/j.ovs.
xat
wHpai/
11
2,
ZrjvlKOI
r]K"
TTiarco/nara.
trot
OVK
ovre
Moipas
"1
reXeia did
npos
Pollux, 3. 38
("Hpa)roiy
TavTT)
Graec. 6, Anathem.
Anth.
Plato,Laws
774
rais
drrfjpxovTo
Tore
KOI
epigram ascribed
133,
"Hpa
KCLI
with
TTO\IS connected
A.
ray
TrporeXeioiy
TrpovreXovv
reXeio)
ro"
evperds.
iravrav
the Greek
and
MaKapr. 1068
r"5 Ait
anavres
Kai
in
concerning marriage
Hera, Demosth.
s
vpoQvovo-i
TrpoTepov
dp%r)yovs
yeyovevat
TOVTOVS
TO
Laws
RELIGION.
GREEK
246
Kopas
KOI
Oeais al Kopai.
Archilochus
to
TT\oKa.fJiK"v
*A.\Ki(3ir]
ieprjvdvedrjKeKaXvTrrprjv
evr1
"Hp?;,Kovpibiwv
Plutarch,Conj.Praec.
l^ovcri
TOIS
v
Hera
//.
aXXots
at
Eileithyia
ii.
270
141
r^
ot
ya^Xicd6vovres'fHpa
rr)V
lepols.
Athens
and
Argos
ev
Theog.922
Paus.
I.
Hera
common
y
and
89.
vdlvas
l8, 5 Kp^res de
Ei\ei0viav
yfveadaivop.i"ov"riv
'A/mo-o)
x
28c
vide
Ovyarepfs,
TTiKpas
Cf. Hesiod,
ydfj,(ov.
(Kvpqo-f
KOL
"Upas ftvat.
Traida
EratOSth. Kataster. 44
el p.r]ns
egfjvroT?
OVK
TOV
6rj(rdo~"i
avT"v
TTJS
Aios
"Hpa? HCKTTOV,
A^r'7I/
p-i)Tpviav T6^i/^craro*
TOVveKO.
I. Gr. 5424,
els
fj.a"bv
Cf. Anth.
voQov
Graec.
ov
7r\dcrTrjs
yd\a.
18
Warlike
character
of Hera
in cult : armed
Localities of Hera19
Thrace
worship.
Dacia
and
coins
Imperial period,Imhoof-Blumer,
Nut.
Num.
North
and
reliefs of
exvoto
Num.
Zetfschr.
1885, 16;
Head,
p. 244;
Greece.
20
Roman
the
Phocis,
sixth century
at
Crissa:
B. C.
On
altar
aid.
a(pdiTOV
rao-Se y
Ant.
'Adavaia
.
9, 8
avTtov
"
Si"?7pa"
Ttov
(3"t)p.(0)
of
inscription
effrjKe
r/Hpare, as Kai
314,
248
GREEK
ai"
rj
aneaevTO,
Tols
RELIGION.
dvao~KaX6vo~ao~a
7roo~ti"
alria
8if)\"y"ev,
tavrfjfie rrjs(T(f)a-yfjs
avTcov
Zenob.
yeyovev.
1.27
rfjvnb M^Sei'a?
eviavviov
alyaTTJ Qerpedvov.
i8pvv6fi(TT]aKpaiaKa\ovp.evr)
KOI
AcrOCOrinthus
On
Hera
eVi
(TOVSTraifia?)
Med.
IO
en\
f%(cr6aiaAX
(ra
Tavra
Kal eVt
tepov
rjvfj MrjdfiaMovvaios
TravTa
ftoofjiov
TOV
TWV
Kovpas
6vaiS)v IXduKfadai
iscos)
.
2.
avTols
al 6varuu
Ib.
etrQfjra.
KpvTTTfiv
eo-fo-dai
ov8e
"
f's
UVTO
M^fieiaTraiSas
p-era^vTOV
Schol. lb.
Kal
Af^atov
Eur.
ira\ai6v.
TO
yivfadai
TO
p.ev
TOV
eWi/ai
Kal Hayvv
Med.
Kal
KaTWKfi
KaGca-rriKcunv
fie'Xa"/ai/
(popovo-tv
c.
14
es
fie ddavdrovs
'AX^av
OL
13.
eVauo-e
Pind.
KopivdiovsXt/zw KUTCxopevovs
TOVS
7rotrjo~ai
KO\OVVT"S
Plut.
S',fKaXovvro
Sicyon:
Paus.
Quaest. Grace.
1 1
/"/. 2.
II,
Trjufvov,TrjsofioG
c
Schol.
ot
TOJJTOVS-
Tipaai
Pind. Nem.
9.
Kopivdioi,
f] MfyaplsJxeiTo
66.
"ai 'ATTo'XXww
'A/ire'/iiSt
fie
"Hpas1"AdpaaTOv'
dydX/jLaTa
TO
KM
T^S UpoSpo/Jiias
lopva-aro
"Upas)3"d\KT]s
SiKv"va
30
7ruXm6i"
Byzantium
fie /uer'
OVTO
faoi/
TTJSes
s.
TO
'En-co^ea fie
(TOV
TOUTOI^
17
TO
ifpbvTrotrjo-ai
Xe-yovat,
fie
OVK
fjil";o[3apl3dpovs.
Megara :
12
/cat
6env.
KUTU-
'Hpaiafie Trevdipos
eopTrj irapdKopivdiois. Schol.
ev
cf.
\o~a"vtv :
TTJS'AKpaias
"Upas vnrjpxe
p.avT(lov
TO
"pfpova
1379
Parmen-
Christ,
/JLCTO.
(JiSpvvTai
Qeovs}. Strabo, 380
KiXiKfs
WiafZrjv
(M^fieta) K.opiv6"p
74
OVKCTI
oufie
Tratfief,
TW
nepl
TO
'Ho-tofiof MrjSeiav,
fv
Corinth,
tnroKfipovTai
afpia-iv ol
1 1
Kal
TTJS 6eds Te/zeWt,
p,vdfveTaiKOI
7rapan\r]u-iov
Paus.
els
Kal eVra
Kovpovs
quotationfrom
fie
yfyovevtu
eVra
TO)
ev
TT]V
dir-
OUTCOJ
o6ev KopivOiois
ciyos,
tviavTov
CKCIO-TOV
dneviavTifctv
dv8pS"v
eTno-qiioTUTw
rrjs'Afcpaia?
TO
fieavTols
p-avrevn^vois
diaCpdfipfa-Bai'
TU"V
xaipcov
KOI
larropfl
rrepl*l"r6n'uav
ov$"
avrvv
Btbv i\"i"rKf(T0ai
TOV
TO
Xpr]o-p.u"8fj(rai
TTJSMrj8fiasTCKVO^V
p-f\Pl T^v
Schol.
fie yfvo[j.evov
\oifj,ov
d.7ro(r"pd";aL'
TavTa
T?ISvoaov
wo
rai
fv
Kararpvyflvels
M^St/as)
TCKVU
heras
'Art/Was. Cf.
rr/s
TO
TroXXa Q-co/xaTa
TTJV noXtv
"Upas lepov.
M^fiem)
\eyerai(rj
28
9,
/3co/zoi/
Tr/s "Upas
TOV
ddavaros
fie Kal
[(TTOpel.Ib. 273
"Hpay
I.
carlv
TTJS Eovvaias
TO
Se (3([3ao-L\evKe
EvprjXos
rrjsKopivOovfjMrjfteia
on
OTI
2ip.uvi8r)s'
4, 7
2.
Apollod.Bibl.
Acraea:
KaQlo-ao-a
Eur.
Paus.
yeveadai.
"Upav (pdpevosodrjybv
Mcvtuxpos
SIKVUVIOS
OVTV
ypdfai
REFERENCES
*A8pao~Tos
.
rj\6(vey
"pt"yo"i"
Ka\oi"iJ.evT]s
Ifpbv
In
KCU
Hermione
riyy
fvravBa
35
*AXf"ai"8pot;
Paus.
36,
2.
avrfj. Vide
Paus.
2.
dedication
ro^
A/a
odev
/cat
tepoj/
e.
29,
roO
0770
17
eV
tepa
Ilpaw e'ortv"Hpuy.
ra"
8"
: 'Epp.ta"z"
'Ep/zicoi/
z".
(Icpbv)
npos
8e
TO
Xt/zeweV
roi
cf. Thuc.
n/"pas
CawadiaSy
5- 75-
Hera.
to
Argos
249
Hermione,
e's^aXacrorav Xfyovcrti/
dvf^nixrrjs
"Hpay eiVat
Epidanre 6 1
op^icrBrjvai
KpijTrjsa"pLKOfj."vovs
aTro
cv
EpidaurUS:
VII-IX.
KoKKvyicoAtoy, eV 8c
yuei/TW
of
Steph. Byz. j.
"Hpav
SiKvoova,
neighbourhood
eVt
opaJz/,
TO"V
aKpu"v
b
the
CHAPTERS
iSpvoraro.
33
FOR
Pind.
Kem.
TroXti/
Aavaov
10.
ay\ao6pc"vuiv
TrevTrjuoirra Kopav
re
Supp. 291
K\i)dov%ov
"Upas (pacri Sco/xarcoi'
'la) ytve"r6ai
r^S' eV 'Apyftax6ov'1'
TTOTC
Cf. 5"c.
^
Tf
PaUS.
2.
oi'Op.a^op.evr]
'ApyoXifii
^utrat r^ "Hpa.
XcyovtriV
o^opao-ni
TTorap-bv
a(p'aiTov
c
Id.
TO)
De
Fluv.
Et;/3omv
6vyar(pas,
Argos
near
eiVat 8e
Kal 'A/cpa/ar/,
UpotrvfJLVav
rrjs"upas :
npotrvpva in
(V
/cat
"Hpa9, Ka^cby
Tf/zeWir^s Ilpoo-upj'aiaf
TO)
UoXtovxov
Palaephatus,51 'Apyetoi
Travrjyvpiv
373
the Heraeum
Ttp.d^eoy
ttrropei
ApyoXtKOiy.
rots'
36
of
description
TTorapo)
o-cpaf rpo(povs
Strabo,
I'Vi'
"cai
17, i,
2.
ytvftrdtu
ev
eV T^
15, 5
eV
ap.(poiv
8e Kni
"u
ra
'Apyfiav-yfi/opfi^,
Xa^K^
Pind.
V
234.
Aeneas,
6V.
1068
Tact.
p.eVre^i/?; KaXXtffTa
cf.
17
I.
cEKaroju/3aia
Xfyopfva'
ev
iravrjyvpis
fart
Ovovrai yap
da-irisKal VTc'fpavos
fK
Ka^eXwi/
in
TTJS
ZKUTOV fi"'*s
TTJ Ota'
Cf. Zenob.
(jivporivrjs.
wpvvvcTcu.
Argos
*v
Ta
-navftriiiov
e^co r^f
eV
TCOI"
trvi/
noXvTfXeia
Trai/rcoi/
ra"i/
xa^Kf'w
Hesych. aycbi'
e'oprjjs
yap
r^
77
"Apyei
TroXecos
dams
f)
'Hpata
8' firaffKov
dyavatv
ra
TCI
KO.I
TWV
Proverb.
Dionys. Halic.
called
T^XtKi'a
O'u^i/wi'.
TovTfanv,
"Upas
TO
TO
irpbsTals
Ifpbv TO
7rop,7rr)v OTrXotf
ft-rjyov
"Apya ^aX"o?
7. 152 "O
f'v *Apya
"L$op.evr)
do-mda
KOivbv
\urr6fjLeva.Festival of Hera
QfiSiov
the 'Ao-TTtr,
C. /. Gr.
Schol.
"ii/(U
IToXu/cXfiroi; ^o'ai'a
T^
p-fyt^firii/
'EKaTop^ua.
'HpaTov
ro
KOI
810. TOVTO
Kal
fjyovvro'
avrms
6. 52
*"s
Antiqu. Roman,
T17l/
i.
GREEK
250
6 TrjsUpas
21
vews
RELIGION.
Kareo-Kf
"J"aXfpto)
ev
varr/zez/os
Kai yvvaiKfs
0/j.oios r}i"
6 Tponos
vvrjiroXifov
ydp.(ovrrals
Kavr)"popos
\tyop,evr]
ayvrj
evda
*Apyei'
lv
u"s
Ka\
TWV
17
lepai6cpa7Tfvov(raiTf'pevos,
BvfjLtiT"v
xopoi
Karap^opet^
re
TO
re
TO"V
av
K.apv(T(Tovcnv
"HTrap*
napdeviKal
p,"\\ov(Ti
OTci%fiv.
"e
'ApyeloC
Tracrai
pav
Find. Nem.
10.
rpirai-
Bvcriav
24
bfip-ov
orpvvfi
?'7
Paus.
jSovdvaiav"Upas dedXcov
TTOTI
Heraeum
the
5, in
17,
2.
cv
es
Kop,i"nv(Tiv
'Apyeiot
PauS.
fcgia Cf.
13
El\ei6via
Hesych. s.
Hera
P.
eVri
Trjs'Avdeias
vaos
lepovTTJSI\T)TOVS
TOV
"Hpa eV*Apy".
V.
Hesych. j\
:
42
41
eldov Kadr)p."i"ov
avros
c.
'.
;9
Kai
Protrept*
p.
6
rfysdef'Hpas
22,
2.
Alex.
Clem.
/zeya.
'HpaloV dr)
TO
TipvvQa
"Apyovs,
HfipdcrovTOU
VTTQ
es
Kpi"Tiv.
re
ap^ntdraroi;("HpasayaX/^a)
TO
dvfreQr) TipvvOa
irerroirjrai
pev e^ d^paSoy,
5e dz/fXoWes
^aX/ceoy
rot
aywv
^.
VTTO
cv
"Apyei:
a.
Zevg"ia13
cf. Hera
6v(ria f7riTf\ov/j."vrj
TTJ"Hpa.
'Apyeieoi/
17
C. 7.^4. 3. 172
Argos, Kaibel,Epigraph.822.
Bao-tXi? at
of second
third century A.D. auro'^i (eV'Apyet)
or
yap KAeiSoOinscription
"Hprjs:cf. Clem. Alex. Strom, p. 418 P.,fragment
e^v @acri\r)tdo$
^oy
from the Phoronis,KoXXt"fy"X"SoOxos
'OXu/ATrtddos1
3
PaUS.
Hpay
/(^. 2.
Hpav
a(pt(nv
45
38,
aXXa
b
Kara
Kai
raj
cvravQa
Kai/a#os KoXovpevr)'
Nauplia,Triyy^
eros
OVTOS
\ovp.evr)i"
napQevovylve"r6ai'
Elis:
ev
TTOV
^copiw,
Paus. 5. 15,
o-Trei/SovatKai "Hpa
Ai(Bvrj
re
in the Altis:
fV
Boeckh,
ra5
v"[t,o^v"""v
*A.pyov
PaUS. 5. 15, 5
pc"ov
near
"K
Nemea:
Kara
fpacrlv
'Apyfloi
reXer^y,^i/ayovvi
dviovTu"v 69 r?)i/
eort
(Aaptaai/)
dxpoirohiv
fiei"r^? 'Axpai
24,
iepov.
ro
2.
in the
tirirtov
aTropprjTwv
p. 425
at
Trjv
/j,ev
8f)
eortV.
N^ea
of Se
OTTO
^(rai/
"Hpa? tepai.
0eois 8e
ov
rots
'EbXrjviKo'is
povov
Kai Uapap/LAcoi/t.
'Ap/jLcovia
a^eais, cv
pctf
rw
inraiGpnTr/s d"peVea"9
/"/. 5. 14,
near
the
altar of
5e Kai 6tS"v
Kai
Kai "Hpas ciriK\T]"nv
'OXv/iTTtas
/Sao/totj
TreirotTjpfvosre'ppas
OVTOS.
47
Tzetz.
48
iino
6rjvai)
Alex.
TOV
at
Protrept.
p.
PauS.
cKKaidfKa
5. l6,
Schol.
Cf.
613.
TiOeavi
KCU
Find.
O/.
177
'Hpaia'6
aywva
1^ di8vfjLOi
eiaiv
*Hpa
8e aycoi/
Vide5.
by Hippodameia.
'OAu^Tn'ao-i
/3")/j,ot
IO
5.
(TO""U-
qpaOoevTi.
erovs
6"pau'ovo-tv
fiia TTCP-TTTOV
fie avrat
yvvaiKes' at
eV Tlv\(O
Havvaais
OVTOS
i festivalfounded
afitXXa6pd/iounapOevois
60-rti'
Cass.
Lycoph.
251
31
'HpaKXeou?6
avTov
Olympia
TreVXov
VII-IX.
eVHXifii.
Tip-copeV^y
Lye. 858 firi6crov*l"pas
Clem.
49
in Elis
'O7rXoo-p.ia
of Hera
Temple
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
8evr"pos
''UpasKoi 'A.6r)vas.
49
Patrae
Paus.
7. 2O,
:
TTfnoirjTat
figure of Hera
Aegae
PauS.
7^9 fie"Hpav TO
of
coin
on
'OXv/ZTri'ou
nepav
aya\p.aTOV
Hadrian,
Brit.
Cat.
Mus.
PI. 5. 18.
Patrae, p. 26,
Peloponnese,
b
r^y re "Upas TO
Sf 'Afyvas
AiytfOo-i
7. 23, 9
ayaA^ia on
^117
vabs
T(
KOI
"Hpat
^
T^ Ifpwo-vvrjv
yvi/nt^t,
f^y,
ai^
oXXos
a'XXco ye
6edarao-6ai.
Si)ot"dei/teVri
Sparta.
In the
C0a
PaUS.
"Upas
eVt
Agora
O
3. 13,
PaUS.
5e
TOV
\6"p(o vaus
TO)
ov
//. 4. 50
"6avov fie
firiK\v"ovros'
TTJS yrjso-fpiatv
eVi fie
"Hpas"
ap\aiov Ka\ovo~iv 'A(ppoSir7/f
Horn.
dvyaTpl yap.ovp.fvr]
TOI
1'fvop.iKacn
r"s
fi' ^/iei'/3eT*
^TreiTa jSocoTTi?
TroT^ta
TOV
"Hpns.
"a\
(TOVH\fvpu"vos^
\6(postcrriv
fjpwov
noppw,
/card
'Apyet'ny "Hpas fie tepov 'YTTfp^et/u'a?
TOV
tnoirj"T],
fj.avTf1ov
Evpatra no\v
fepor'ATroXXwi/os KCH
3. II, 9
e'p.oi
TpeTfp.eVTTO\V (piXTaraieta~i
*A.pyos
27rapT"7Te
Tf
"al
fvpvdyuia
"/
avTov
30
TOV
oi/e^arat
ovo-^
eV TTJ2Tv/n"^X""
T^
vnb
IlatSi' yr]p.ap.(vr)vfie
TOV
Ata
Kal
T"U
Att
eV
TeXeiW
e'^aXeo-eva^T/)v
(ode sung
oTpvvov
p.ev
vvv
at
Kcii
CIVTOV
p-eV
avrfj 6ta6ai,TTapdfVtp
fiiff
c^Qflvavfie
e'f Tr)v^,Tvp.(prj\ov
eVav^KOVO-av
wvop-UfffV
01. 6. 88
Aive'a,
npcoTov
dpxat9 T^/
Tijpfvov TpaffivaiTOVTOV
TOV
Kal eTruX^creif
I8pvo-no-6ai
Tpeis
e's
e'(/)' fir;
OTO)
8. 22,
"cat
"Hpav
IleXao-yoi)
PaUS.
Arcadia:
a.
Stymphalus):
eVaipovr,
"Hpav Ilap6(i"tav
6 Tjy
GREEK
252
b
Mantinea
At
5e
At
TO.VTO.
Kal*Hpas Trpbs
ayuX/^ara a\)Tr\v
ra
decirpco
vaov
T"
ev
KadrjfjLevrjv
dpovto Kai
re
"HfBrjv
7raiSa"Hpa5.
Megalopolis:PaUS.
8. 31, 9
r/Hpa?reXeiar,6p.oiws
KOL
fo-nv
vaos
epfiTTia.
52
Heraea
Hera
TUV
PaUS. 8. 9, 3
K.OL
RELIGION.
of
coins
on
Ka\ aXXa
vaov
Cat.
Mus.
K.CU
PL
34.
Paus.
8.
26,
circ. 480
Heraea,
epeiTTia
Pelop.p. 181,
ol
Kioves
B.C.
1-5
2
of
head
TT)Sde "Hpas
e'XetTrovro.
en
Minor.
Asia
53
Brit.
Kandara
Steph.Byz.,x^piw
Ua(p\ayovias
.
*al
.
"UpasKavdap^s
Ifpov.
54
of Antoninus
coin
Pius, HPA
Paphlagoniae: on
Hera
AMACTPIANQN,
standingwith her right hand on a sceptre,her
left hand extended, with a peacock at her feet,
Overb. K.M.
2. p. 123,
No.
Amastris
4.
55
the
Num.
56
124,
the obverse,
on
No.
5 ;
Head,
on
Hist.
p. 549.
Grace.
vol. 3, p.
Mmores, Hudson,
solum
quarum
victimam
57
Nero
primo
Phocaea
of Hera
aedes
acra
die mactat
anni
head
lunonia
extat
nomen
Duae
in
Geogr.veter. Script.
Plutonis
dicitur
et
ubi
lunonis
quotannis
Megarica.
gens
on
Cat.
PI. 5. i, p. 209.
58
Cyme:
59
Halicarnassus
Zeus
Syll.127,
Cf.
3. 6.
with
and
and
Hera
Zeus
Panamaros
at
Stratonicea
: at
10.
Lebedos
Termessos
Cf. Bull,
in Pisidia
de Corr.
61
Cyrene :
62
Alexandria:
C. I. Gr.
Hesych.
Head
of Hera
on
'Apyet'a
Mus.
Cat.
336,
TOV
found
"H/"a,
time
on
No.
list of
Miles.
C. I. Gr. 4367 f.
/Sao-iXiV,
"Hpa eV^Kow
of
priestesses
evx^v
Ato/x^Sr/s.
Hera.
of Alexandria
coins
of
Hera
4,
p.
161
'AXe^ai^Speta
rfjs"Hpa? dyaX/zarosecpti"pd6rj.
lv
Alexandria, p. 17,
Inscriptionin
KOI
of
priestess
5143,
KXerrrcov
r?7
Hell. 3, p.
XfTrt'Sas xpvcras
62 a
134, 370.
Hera,
coin of Caracalla
on
Miinztafel
60
Ditt.
PL
of time
of Nero
Brit.
i.
Gr.
4893
The
63
VII-IX.
CHAPTERS
FOR
REFERENCES
253
Islands.
Euboea
of Hera
(i)Head
aChalcis:
coins circ. B.
(?)on
c.
369-
(2)Head of Hera
336, encircled with disk,Head, Hist, Num. p. 304.
coins circ. 197-146 B.C.; ib. p. 304,
veiled and wearing stephane on
(3) Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece,PI. 21. i, p. 1 14, circ.
fig.203.
196-146
Types, PI.
cf. Gardner
df
fK\r)0Tj
TO
century coins
refer
the
to
Paus.
on
Mount
118,
19.
bull
fifth
may
Hist. Num.
century
5.
df)Trpbs TOV
OTO"
the
Carystus,second
EvftoiasKal Atpcpva
opos
On
"Hpaf.
calf and
Oche, Head,
Greece,PI.
"Hpcive(j"
9. 3,
the
and
of
p.
Eufriias
TVS
"Pfl
Kal
AIDS
/ui"fcoy
cow
on
Cat. Central
rfj"QXH
coins
of Hera
head
12,
VUG
6("av
T"OV
Carystus,the
worship of Hera
Brit. Mus.
B.C.,
IloXts
of
Veiled
p. 303.
rrjs
ano
opos
21.
coin of SeptimiusSeverus,Hera
small calathus
sceptre in
with
Hera
B.C.,
Aid
r)
"Hpa
a"pyiau.evriv
Ti/uarat.
f'sEvftoidv
(pao-LV dvax^p^jo-ai.
The
the birth of
and
Perinthus
64
of the island
name
ib.
avTov
'EKaTo/j-fBaia
Paus.
"
o~vyyev"iav.
TOVS
Of
fv
TH
avTol
Kai
cv
Kpov
(v
vrjaa
of
eivat
eVi
KOI
TIS
6ebv
Ti]v
8'
'Hpaicp'
TO"
ayaX/ian
rai
HapdfviarrpoTcpov
os
fyevfTo
vvv
Kaptov.
TO)
Paus.
ev
TO
rot?
/zaXicrra
Herod.
irdvra"v vqu"v
efcaXctro Se
.
'Ifj.ftpdo'a
Trora^uco
TfKfiaipoiTO.
Strabo, 637
'Poucoy.
ecrrt
TrtvaKodrjKi]
OIKOVVTM
napd
tfpbvTOVTO
TO
ovv
vrjbs(jLcyioros
f^fpyaaTcti
o~(pi(2a/^i'otcri)
dpxtTfKTa"i"
irpwTos
TOV
ifpovTO
ev
av
ap\aiov ov% T^Kicrra
rpiTov
$*
To
Tt^"fjvcu
vofj.i"ov"rtv
TTJ
T?] \vya" TTJ
VTTO
dveOrjKfv
TJJ
'
cf. Schol.
\eyetvfiri^mpiov
vvv
'.
tv
TOV
"Apyeidy"vos'('ITTOLKOI
p.ifj.T]o~iv
yap
Kara
Hera
Aegina)"Hpas
"" 'piaTopeffs,
ddp-acraas
fpya"
Tpicr(rals,
VIKOIS
8e (prjcrtra
Atdv/io?
Apy(io)vAiyii'TJrat*
65
of
Aristomenes
(ode to
79
'Hpaioav
AlyivTj
dyopevcov
dywva dia.TTJV
of
priestess
vide 65h.
"iri\mpiov
(v
the
Aegina : Pindar,Pyth.8.
aywv
with lo
connected
TWV
3. 60
idp,(V
rjp.els
dp^aiov
'Hpatoi/,
(jjSa/ita""vrjaos}
5- J3" 8 Tf"ppasyap
drjeari
Kai
TTJ"Upa TTJ2a/ii'a
/Sco/ior.
c
near
riv
Hera
Bull,
'Apxrjyeris:
de Corr.
Hell. 2, p. 180,
fvo-ejSetas
temple of Hera, praisinga citizen,
eveta
mov.
found
inscription
ts
TC
TT}V
GREEK
254
(i
Lactantius
nubentis
Inst,
17,
i.
figuratum et
RELIGION.
sacra
in habitu
ritu cele-
brantur.
'Acrtou
Trapariderai
526 mpl rfjs2a/zio"t"
Tpvfprjs
Aoupts i"TTOpa"v
Athenae.
Trotj^iara, efpopovv
^XtSeoi/a?
Trepi
ort
ej3d$i"ov
'Hpaicov
KaTfKT"vi(rp,evoi
Id.
K.O."
672
"Kao~Tov
\|/mo"ru
re
TT a
par
TOOI/
r^v
lunonis
haec
et
"VK\ea
Troiovai
lv
Am
(pao-t TOV
Aug.
Athenae.
ydp-ovs.
Me\7ra)fj."V
vrjaov
d(j)avirdi/oty
rw
iepw
6. y
rrjs
Sacra
celebrabantur,ubi
diroTrap6e-
yoveav
\d6pq.o-vyKoip.i"ovaiv,
Kopay
irivovrtsorras
6730 QvfjLrjpes
'
rjfjLerepys. Hera
decnrdTiv
187.
i.
^copi'oz/
Steph.Byz. 'irrvovs,
2a/za)eV
Samian
"V
Hera
coins
on
of
'
co
Perinthus
iepbv"Hpas
:.
K.
Overbeck,
M.
2.
i,
10.
Paros
Anth.
'
Pal.
7. 351,
pubL 'Adrjvmov5,
epigr.of Dioscorides,
ou^' "Hprjs
dyvialsEi'So/zez/
our' lv
Kal 8ai/j.ovas,
Inscr.
rroielv ev
"SdfjLm
\ddpa T"V
Otovs
oo/nous.
"r)Tr]criv
iroirja'a-
avrov
Trpwrrjv
"2dfj.ioi
fjLvrjCTT"vovT"S ras
TOVS
vvpfprjv
Apoll.Rhod.
66
TOVS
ort
eoprfjv
TTJV
in eius
296
o6ev
*HpaV
elrci7rappr](Tia
PI. i,
KOI
TU"V
ayovTfS
nuptum
levcraL
roveia
dvcriav
p-eXXovrav^.ay.iwv
1.23
o7rXo)i"eno/jiTrevov.
ev
ndv8r)fjiov
r)/xe$'
sunt
TTJV eoprrjv
ufTaCppevov
TO
KaKfivBai
KOI
WTTO
Polyaen.Strat.
Ai09
eVi
Kopas
idea"8 at,
TO
KOI
TO
drroKop.i^"0~0ai
/3pera?e? T^v j}dVaKUI
eros
aura)
Tas
TT"pt"t\rj6r]vai
jSpe'ras"Upas
Qpa^tocn
rots
ev
'Epao-tW?;
"UprjAyprjTpi9eo-/ioIlpacrcoi/os
p. 15
Kal K-oprj
Kal Ail Eu/SouXeiKal BajSoI.
(f)6pco
67
'Ao-ruTraXaa
68
Amorgos
69
Rhodes
vt'as(TT
poaay
Hera
and
71
S.V.
72
Diod.
80, PI. 5.
Gr.
2554,
and
19.
; Ditt.
/cat
1867,
30,
No.
on
1. 179,
coin of Antoninus
At
7i*Hpa
LindoS
Bao-iXf/a
ibid.
ei2pdXuTOf,
2555,
head
of Hera
Tylisos,Brit. Mus.
on
fourth
Cat. Crete,pp.
17e and
Sytt.358.
'laXuo-iotf"yHpav
vv^as TeX^i-
15 ; vide Cnossus
2 1
7.
ib.
2643. Hesych.
Pius,Hera
Se
Arch.
and
of Cnossus
ii
i, p. 342
Se Kajuetpeuo-tv
"Hpai/TeX^tWar.
Foucart, Rev.
C.I.
coins
"Hpa.
'Apt(rro/"\fta
Kvpioviapacra/Mei/a
Sic. 5. 55 napa
Hera
: at lalysos
/Sco/xoV
Crete:
century
2491
yJfz'//.
" "/.7"j/. -4M.
opevBrivat)
irapa
Basileia
e^fceroi'
70
C. /. Gr.
p. 124,
No. 6.
Athenae.
262
"^o-iyap
256
GREEK
82
with
83
Neapolis? :
84
Pandosia
85
Phistelia
(PnearCumae): Head,
85
a
86
of Hera
Ael.
Var. Hist. 3. 43
cf. Athenae.
Metapontum
521
Pliny 14.
Hist. Num.
'Ei"
2u/3apft
.
Metaponti templum
Steph.Byz. s.
head
p. 35,
v.
"/
of
dya"via
yv
r#
2v/3api?.
lunonis
vitigineis
stetit.
Slrabo, 215
'Ei'eroiySuo aXar]TO
rots
napa
SeiKwrai
p.ev"Hpas
'A.pyelas
AtYwXtSoy.
'Apre/xtfios
o"
!8
Ka\
Sybaris:
columnis
of Hera
of Hera
B.C.
head
92,
circ. 400
Hera,
TO
RELIGION
Posidonia
Strabo,
fie
Mera
252
TO
AfVKavia
2iXapt"off
rot!
o-ro^a
'laaoi/os 1dpvfj.a}
/cai
TTJS"Hpas lepovr?js 'Apycoas
"v
7r\rj(TLOv
7T(VTi']KovTa
TO
? Hera
(TTadiois 17 lloo-etSama.
Areia
or
Sicily.
89
Ael.
Syracuse:
(Te\(i)i"os}cf. C. /. Gr.
90
Hyblae
head
Thermae,
92
head
Himera:
Mythol.vol.
93
Selinus
of the
a
Inscr.
temples:
At Acrae
Clem.
of Hera
Alex.
Id. Strom.
eaTr)K(v
2iK(\ias
.
f)"
p.ev r\v
with
stephane
circ. 405-
128.
of
Kunst.
22.
Graec.
to
prayer
Hera
found
in
one
5424,
names
TWV
Trpoa-rareucrai/rcoz/
-worship.
cf.
coluisse
P. r?;? Ki^atpwvtas
"Hpas ayaX/xalv Qeairia
40
Arnobius, Adv.
ramum
pro
Nation.
Cinxia
(p.418 P.)ypd"peiyovv
6.
ridetis tem-
Thespios.
KaXTroi^rras
^oputvida
K.a\Bvadvoiat
OXi"/i7Tta8os
(3a(Ti\(ir]s"Hpr]s
f]arre'jLc/xao-i
'Apyeirjs,
I.
25
Protrept.4.
so
2.
Protrept.
4.
Trepi
irpoTfpov
p.
Hera
C. I^Gr.
Id.
Lacinia
inscriptioncontaininga
poribuspriscis
96
TrdXfts
"Y/3Aaf rpeZs-
Hera
of
TrpefjLvov (KKfKoyfjievov
95
i/aw
rf/s2tKeXias"Hpas
5367.
v.
s.
Num.
2, Munztaf.
Monuments
94
of
Hist.
Head,
B.C.:
350
83
Steph. Byz.
rw
'HpataKaXemu.
"\aTTO)v
91
eV
II
"IKU"V
avrov
TJV
Var. Hist. 6.
KLOVO.
40
jj-aKpov
P.
ro
o~avis,vaTepov
also Callimachus
6 TYJV
dvdo~(rr]s.
T^S Sap-ias"Upas
5e
eVi
in Eus.
co?
(aya\p.a)
,
HpoK\eovs
Praep. JEv.
3. 8.
REFERENCES
97
Archaic
FOR
of Hera
statue
TOV
AiytvfjTov
2/zt'XiSoy
fpyov
2a/xt06"v\ivovet^oi/ "W,
/cat
Samos
at
VII-IX.
CHAPTERS
Paus.
EI"K\CIOOV.
7. 4, 4
eon
yap
Praep. Ev.
Eus.
257
3. 8
8f]ai/Spo?
"Hpas Se
$770-1
KnXXt'/Lta^oy,
coy
fvgoov,aXX'
00770) Sp.iXtKoi'
epyov
eVi
T(dp.u"
dt)V(iiu
y\v(pdvo)vagoos r^dBa cravis.
Clem. Alex.
TOO
2/Jt'Xt^OS
T"7
41 P.
Protrept.
p.
TO
I
Eu/cXft'5oU 7T"7TOlt)(T0ai
(V
ZdplClKolsl(TTOpfl
'OXvfJLTTlXOS
cf. Lactantius,
quoted 66(i.
PaUS.
17, 4
2.
Se
TO
/ze'yn,
/neye'^t
ayaX^inr^? "Hpas eVt OpovovKaOr^rai
eV /calf\e(pavTos,
Uo\vK\fiTov
/cat
"flpay
tire
KOI
ipyaa perns
napdtvovTrjs "Upas
jjipa
ts
5e epyoi/'
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rov
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100
ai/TcS
Planud.
Anthol.
ot
4. 216
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ovov
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et Argissignum eius palmiteredimitum
de exuviis utriusque
insultantem ostentat novercam
privigni.
"
103
Martial
89:
tuus
luno, labor, Polycleite,
10.
Pheidiacae
14
ChryS. Or.
Dio
I, p.
cuperent
67 R.
quam
yvvai"a
avt owoiav
Anthol.
16
BoeoTTts
Grace. 5, Erotica
"Hp?;:
Trurvta
VOL.
I.
boopin.
(Vfi^
Ka\
manus.
XfVKrj
fffQrJTt,
p.(yd\r)v,
Se
TO
pd\i(TTaTTjv "Hpcivypd"f)ovcrf
Plutarch,
Ilesych./3oa"7rtyfjLfya\o(p6ahp.os.
meruisse
"
"oo"7rts^ Troths
magna,
gloriafelix
94
Quaest.Graec. 36
Novi
et
TOV
maiestatem
(Xtyet)cf. Varro,
/zeyaXd"p#"Xp.oi/
bourn, et
ab
his dici
pleraque
X.
CHAPTER
ATHENA.
THE
different
attempts
different
theories
tions
need
but
the
the
feminine
reverse
the
62,the
is
Attic
cult.
As
in
that
Ionic
tribes, or
This
very
which
is
Athena
from
that
reasons
have
we
anterior
the
testimony
legends,and
the
records13
we
Cf.
town-names
comenae,
which
other
many
similar
in the Greek
world
also
forms
:
the
origin of
the
conclude
'Achaean'
the
the
from
the
such
names
derived
settlements.
new
character,
Vide
Oriental
theory
that
her
many
of the
heroic
afford
ample
proof.
local
as
from
and
Dorian
universalityof
and
of
the
of Athena
can
we
the
goddess imported
of the
cults
by
in
celebrityof
discoverable
Oriental
local
city
by
any
of
Alal-
then
common
worship
in their
of Homer
Potniae, Eleutherae,Apellae,
illustrate
the
illustrations
As
have
cult
is
disguised
Asia.
are
tutelarygoddess
divinityof
by
comes
city,and
singularly Hellenic
all
at
Attic
form
world,
them
her
and
; hence
Boeotia
its
slightly,
adjective denoting
Greek
by
adopted
scarcely tinged
influence,are
the
to
find
we
primitive Hellenic
antiquity
of
longer
originallyworshipped
period, and
in
times
parts of the
a
was
this
any
in
place
explana
varies
as
base
to
their
on
the
earliest
various
she
name
city gave
That
of
sign
of
Attic
Athens.
in the
very
the
it and
word
old
as
'AOrivaia,
properly an
name
of
The
be
to
name
the
origin
discussed.
here
plural Athenae,
longer
Homer
Athena's
to
the
and
unknown,
explain
to
philologists
as
process
goddess
remains
name
'AOrivrj
appears
form
'AdijvaiAiaSes
a
of
be
not
the
of
meaning
cult ; it is
possiblethat
Thespiae, Syracusae,are
forgottencult-terms,
GeographicalRegister.
ATHENA.
Her
primeval
worship was
best
can
sion, there
the
was
name
wall-decoration
the
brazen
temple
heroes
Megarid coast,
have
there.
famous
centres
Boeotian
her
one
of
her,and
of her
worship ;
her
of Homer
There
and
of the countries
many
taken
it had
is record
of the
that claimed
root
were
of the
in Phthi-
and
probably
in Ithaca
of its existence
in
and
be the
the
Thasos,
Cyclades,in Crete,which
to
to
protected the
watchword
Byzantium
and
attached
was
of Athena-cult
find traces
and
XaAi^m
Alalcomenae
the
was
name
At
yoking of
the
Itonia
Athena
on
seems
period.
Athena
and
Greece,Thebes
same
and
Megara
Achaean
worshipsof
the
with
the
in Messenia
legend of Bellerophonand
North
islands.
Lemnos, Samos
the
with
otis,Pallene,Macedon, Abdera
western
this A
with
there
league,and
the time
the
and
her cult-titleAiantis in
Thessalians in battle. We
before
market
She
war,
the
Argolis we hear of
the Acropoliswhere
the
In
on
war-goddess,
One of
rgivereligion.
of ancient Arcadian
worship was Athena
in
Athena
Napjcaiain Elis and 'Ajzapfe
while
Pegasos associated
Hippia; and
In
and
Trojan
and
find the
we
and
primitiveaspects
worships at Mothone
connected
Corinth
law-court
more
said of her
be
the
shrine.
is interwoven
reveal the
be
to
state.
Pontinus
in the Theban
Achaea
the
inva
Dorian
temple of Athena
Mycenaean style of
the
continued
in her
buried
her
she
Mount
on
cult of Diomed
to
from
the
the
house, or
derived
and
her
her, recognizing
to
Sparta,before
Lacedaemonian
Acrisiuswas
may
the
At
place,in
her
consecrated
were
aspects.
Chalcioecus,a
the
higher
Sunium^
in
under
the
as
we
the
and
well
as
that
her
developments of
was
it is here
Attica,and
primitive forms
the
trace
in
of
birth-place
was
the
The
goddess,in Cyprus,Carpathus and Rhodes.
last mentioned
island,
according to Pindar's beautiful legend,
stood
only next to Athens in the favour of the goddess,the
water-born
Rhodians
having through
carelessness
S
in their
first act
of
ritual offered
coast
of Asia
traces
of this
and
Minor
Homer
Greeks
his contemporary
and
Athena, and
far to
not
for the
look
the
early
woven
have
we
fire117. On
sacrifice without
lepd,a
anvpa
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
260
cult doubtless
whose
identified
belonged
with
the
to
Pallas
Mycenaean
The
afforded
by the
Locrian
of this Asia
early influence
the
world.
Also
it
rites that
from
was
goddess, were
predominant in the
established
It travelled
the
and
to
cities
as
numerous
sites of her
place
to
be
can
in very
are
In
very
its
and
dealing with
few
rude
have
we
sacrifices
that
that
too
can
even
to
we
south.
Spain ;
possessing it,
than
old
of these
nor
and
in
the
actual
cities
places
anywhere
or
trace
are
the
religiousideas
notably primitive or
some
preserves
worship,we find
The
legend
savage.
of this
touches
of
early
very
the
goddess
semi-oriental
daughters
religionwas
none
north
as
fewer
and
cities,and
coast
Minor, both
originalseat,
Athena,
the
the
probably far
This
remembered,
regarded as
of the
and
any
of
Palladion
they are,
worship.
be
of
many
of Asia
settlements
inland
some
widespread primitive
two
seated
was
that
of
in the Greek
worship
type of the
it
Minor
Troy
below
mentioned
are
Artemis.
of
Cecrops,
who
and
Acropolis
legend of
to
has
human
whom
this
ritual
the
story
Also
who
flung themselves
been
with
much
sacrifice in her
a
Mommsen,
down
from
by
the
was
of
Athens
at
mad
driven
were
belonged
the
the
the
wrath
rock
of
probabilityinterpretedas
worship*; for we have other
Heortologie,
p.
12.
of the
evidence
other
in
tried
outrage
done
middle
of the
Locris
and
fourth
in
burnt
from
into the
but
story of murder,
Hellenic
the
But
informs
Athena's
took
Callimachus'
At
act a.
the
little doubt
takes
the
Tauric
saying
that
HfeV
The
the
'
name
the
that
Athena
combine
the
the
the
Attic
in
the
evidence
And
that
of
version
century
4.
in
on
women
and
religious
There
all the
escorted
cVi
Euripides
ills of
mortal
have
Ua\\abi"?;
been
for it is
4
//ndAAas
inscriptions
this
concerning
Berlin,is
b
an
if
the
we
ephebi-inscriptions
the Attic
the
applied to
is confirmed
view
it
wash
to
must
not
be
can
this pretext,
under
by Pausanias
vase
her
was
pomp
away
given by
narrated
fine fourth
Inachus5,
court
of
Possiblyalso the representation
the
before
Pallas bathing
Judgement of
a
the
Palladion, but
Paris, on
it in
coast
Attic
the
Polias.
legend
Argive
great
Ephebi
the
the
from
at
to
harm
yearly escorted by
Phaleron, and brought back-
cleanses
sea
by Suidas and
appropriate to
idol of
with
as
image
image
Palladion
called
a
just
sea-water,
purified
Scholiast
The
the
that
been
the
of Pallas
and
torches
mere
year
secular
sea-shore
the
city with
the
in
gives us a
the image
Athens
to
once
bathed
and
image
poem
Ephebi
that
us
cast
idol, that
the
of
washing
ashes
in certain
only
was
were
this is no
long
primitivecharacter.
religionpreserved a
Callimachus
the
as
it
sent
were
piacularrites.
of certain
had
they
bones
their
It is clear that
and
become
to
their
and
of Athena
worship
ceremonials, such
less
shorn,
first that
way,
the
yearly from
single garment
slain ;
reminiscence
till about
temple, where
The
and
lb.
sea
from
only
in Athena's
by night.
rites
secret
the
sent
were
hair
their
handmaidens
mountain
with
and
by the inhabitants
a
peculiar ceremonious
met
were
century, maidens
of
account
on
early times
From
and
priestesses
performed
Athena
of
Cassandra.
sandals,
no
rites
wrath
the
to
the
to
The
Locrian
appease
rock
cults.
in the
to
from
leap
Hellenic
discerned
to
261
ATHENA.
x.]
artistic motive
same
source.
Iph.
Taur.
1193.
the
origin
drawn
from
262
GREEK
of the
We
court.
washed
was
armed
and
youths
Athenians
and
of
the
the
image
of
of
torch-
lightprocessionto
Demophon and the armed
a
friendlyArgives,when
We
mistake.
captured by
was
in
that
suppose
to
borne
was
Diomed
upon
Palladion
it
brought back
night attack
the
commemorate
Phalerum
at
sea
that
[CHAP.
reasonably
may
in the
homicide, and
RELIGION.
the
then
must
dis
"
hear
not
"but
to
washing
all
place at
of Athena's
The
mournful
and mythically
solemnitywas
death
of Aglauros, the story being that
for her
the
off,the
the
idol
chief
when
f" g.
Alcibiades
well
the
could
was
be
done.
It
have
been
exile,and,
merely part
of
and
significance,
necessitated
the
whom
the
whole
human
word
sin,which
on
up,
and
which
no
afterwards
was
as
day
from
him2a"b.
and
its robes
idol
in which
fetish-ritual,
clothed
as
certain
though
it
acquire
to
such
rites
pollutesthe temples
there
is
though
no
other
and
the
moral
leading Greek
or
ideas
in her
he
Ephebi
-nXvvtiv
the
that
the
idol
was
washed
divinityto
attached
thought
savage
in the
assumes
roped
were
explains all
properly refers
to
account
given by
Mommsen
{Heortologie,
p. 429) of the
Plynteriagoes far beyond the evidence ;
clothes ;
one
face
almost
was
Artemidorus
little of crude
so
Athena, and
The
by
it
unwashed
6.
images
On
but
with
sorrow
this ominous
was
of
out
muffled
and
with
connected
temple
unlucky
an
from
returned
living person
moral
feast
its raiment
apparel
Plyntrides2 d.
or
year
the
were
as
veiled
Originallythe
may
for
went
stripped of
business
Loutrides
approaches to
of the
believed, the
The
was
day
important
the
of Attica
women
2 e'
garments
called
other
and
peplos
the
women
this occasion
on
by
the
official
took
worship
Plynteria,which is
though very probable, and
down
to
Phaleron
Plynteria with
without
the
he
did
not
not
told
was
us
taken
combines
procession of
warrant.
to
as
the
the
264
GREEK
Hellenic
Pantheon.
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
In
with
department of nature
especiallyconcerned, though she might
sion in a great many,
availing herself
there
is
She
leadingOlympian.
but
she
dew
or
he
that
heat
taught
men
moderns
in Messenia
Athena
hear
we
give
in Macbeth.
have
to
tory,
was
goddess
avert
or
it
speciallyconsulted
legend says is that
by frequent tempests,
would
All
that
was
troubled
be
the
have
to
say
gas, because
of Athena
shrine
either
by
ancients
or
Boreas
localitythe
that
in
of winds.
the matter
on
this
of
part
until Diomed
the
coast
prayed
thunder
or
remotely connected
8
Nap/cata
that
say
beneath
is thunder
effect of
who
dawn
with
in Elis ; and
therefore
and
tempest. Again
those
resolve
who
this
a
epithet refers to
midnight sky in winter
lightningmight
and
the
flash.
lightning-
this
petrifies,
would
the
so
translate
the
of
Dionysos, who
possiblethat
hero
on
has
the
grown
word,
built
here,
out
told
temple
in
as
of
contrary, Athena
of
but
many
hero
Athena
to
other
misunderstood
absorbed
go
the
in
who
goddess
the
wore
for
further
people
did
Napxaios, a
an
not
son
NapKcu'a. It
cult-name,
region
is
fictitious
instances, a
this
might
petrifying
the
goddess
less
the
it from
the
blue
effects of frost
Nap/ccua means
denote
his
Athena
an
those who
derive
or
more
hear of
we
numbing
; and
If
be
might
to
the
Athena,
ether
religionany leading
stood, then
have
to
the
nor
as
temple, which
prehistoric,stood
seems
olive,
wind
occa
of the
Aeolus
as
privilege as
might
was
on
produced
regarded
never
If that
been
as
use
of
as
saint, could
the
we
wind-divinity,s'uch
powerful deity,as in the mediaeval
any
her
of mephitic
personification
of divination.
mode
particular
'A^eju"ms7,but
or
else
it :
active
of
that
earth
the
nourished
men
be
Athena
the
was
Mothone
At
showed
therefore
not
was
Apollo
that
which
no
worship
and
ordinary legend
the
or
the
that
local
x.]
ATHENA.
title of
and
honours
reference
have
to
Thirdly, in
with
nexion
whose
Ncdovo-ia,
that
flowed
the
And
brook
stood
KtopaAio?, the
the
same
of
called
hear
we
the banks
on
of
the
island
her
hill 10,which
maiden,'
the Boeotian
river
NVSow,
gulf; and
perhaps gave
the
con
Athena
an
of the
in the
name
beneath
brook
'
might
obvious
some
Laconia
flowed
has
Strabo
Itonia at Coronea
that
Strabo
Athena
In
temple
from
Athena
cults
water.
worshipped by
was
name
Dionysiac hero, whose
stupefying effects of drink*.
certain
the
265
Cos9.
of
the
to
name
Alcaeus
which
but
she
calls
according
by
name
that need have nothing to do with the goddess.
But a lake
and
the worship of Athena
Kopr]o-ta,
Kop^o-ta14,are mentioned
by Stephanos as existing in Crete b ; and a lake in Lydia
to
is said
was
Eustathius
by
facts
These
toric
give
have
to
proof
no
at
settlers Kova/nos,a
she
Yvyaiair".
name
was
his
in
ever
prehistorictimes
a
essentially
water-deity,though
she may
been
sometimes
have
worshipped on the sea-coast
at
as
Sunium, Calabria,and other places12'13'470'57.
They
merely illustrate how a local cult could give as well as owe
to surroundingobjectsof nature, whether
name
river or
a
hill,
The
tree.
for the
sea-gullsabout the rock might account
or
curious
of the
Megarid
identified
way
At0waln, which
name
attached
Athena
to
on
coast, where
by
the
crag
some
was
is far less
occasionallyidentified with the quail. But Athena
a
water-goddessthan Artemis, who much more
frequentlyhad
"We have
va
in
Greek
veloped from
Artemis, Peitho
the other hand
on
Aphrodite;
Agamemnon, Athena Aiantis90 b.
b
Another
of the
given
illustration that
same
point of
in Cicero, De
passage
Nat.
nata
view
et
sion
from
Kopv^rj.
the whole
context
is the
of
3. 23
faint reminiscence
Coryphe,
shows
may
an
un-
speculativeattempt to apply
the
principlesof logicaldivision to
mythology. If there is any genuine
an
Oceanid
or
the
the mother,
came
there
shrine
from
sprang
have
confu-
near
Kopv"f"rjs,
upovs
Hence
This
of
speaks
tm
Athena
A/o?.
Kopv(f"ri
been
Coriam
Arcades
filia,quam
et quadrigarum inventricem
fortunate
Kopia
Clitor ; and
nominant,
ferunt
it is full of foolish
Pausanias70
of Athena
Zeus-
has
Deor.
myth here,
been
may
the
be
of
name
here
of
Tritogeneia.
theory that Ocean was the
originof all things. We find partlythe
confusion
in the genealogygiven
same
of the Etymologicum
by the author
or
the Homeric
Magnum
L7f,who
daughter
Koryphe.
of Poseidon
makes
and
Athena
the
the Oceanid
266
do with
to
it be
to
on
thunder-cloud
have
We
would
Still more
absurd
running water.
the
these slightgrounds that Athena
was
rivers and
say
watery
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
then
the
consider
to
ether.
blue
watery
or
of
evidence
the
word
a
TpiroyeVetaa,
and
term
in actual
worshipIGa.
rassment
even
the
to
the
That
caused
name
ancients, is indicated
embar
some
by
fictitious
the
explanation of
the
'
nymph,
the root
and
Triton
of the word
Aristophanes we
for the
meant
of water/
them
help
to
In
invocation
is
in the
the
nature
the term
that
that
believe
may
from
And
certain
fairly
be
can
lakes,we
water.
means
in
passage
TpiroyeWia
from some
kind
born near
or
ordinary Greek
call to Tritogeneia
the Lysistrate16 c, the women
the point of the mock
in bringing water, and
clear.
But
the grammarians' attempt to show
(
'
meant
place it
of
rivers and
to
'
from
is of
that
indicates
things the
'
head-born
'
the water
why in
it probably
what
mean
and, secondly,that they
did
they
should
word
interest,because
some
not
see
ing
Preller
to
Homeric
it contains
theory
that
Ocean
But
not
why, then, were
just as they were
Tptroye^ets,
far-fetched
more
regarding Athena
the
named
Ovpaviaves?
is that
concludes
strous
of the
dexterous
name
TpiToyeveta, and
at
on
certain
her
the
and
of
Welcker'sb, who
ether-goddess,explains
article
rare
her
casque
maritime
places,he
and
Hesiodic
the
all the
solution
to
the
was
in the
by F. Lenormant
Gazette Archcologique,1880, p. 183, is
full of wild symbolism. On the strength
a
The
as
allusion
an
the
that
the
way
crab
to
once
was
with
Athena
sign of
there
the
the
fish
word
a
mon-
extremities,
alludingin
Moon
and
some
the
Gorgon,
b
Griechische
Gotterlehre,
i,
p. 312.
x.]
'
as
of
ATHENA.
born
from
ethereal
Heraclitean
elements.
the
first necessary
that
convince
to
tion
of ether.
from
way
of
it
water
later
cognate
were
cult-
philosophy,and
that Athena
us
anticipation
an
interpretancient
to
of
medium
in
sees
light and
hazardous
it is
through
names
water,'and
doctrine
But
267
was
it is
personifica
Scarcely more
inter
convincing is Roscher's
is devised
suit
his theory about
the
to
pretation, which
thunder-cloud, that Tritogeneia denotes the goddess sprung
confirmation
generallyfrom
from
what
made
at
word
only
all
One
this
best
of
those
'
He
Greece
in
latter
'
Trito
for
by
come
however,
observation
is
in Greek
ever
finallywhether
for
adds
like to know,
would
the
had
there
is
was
supposing that Athena
Roscher's
interpretationof
the
thunder
the
doubtful
the
is
meets
the
world.
thunder-storms
proof is that
geographical sense, and
reason
cloud
At
the West.
also where
valid
that
meteorological report
this fanciful
any
limit of the
watery
if this
case
last
point
conceded.
ordinary
of
one
in
that
the
countries
Greek
Greece
Rhodius
any
with
Libya
mentions
three
Thessaly,and
ruined
mentions
as
near
called
When
of Athena
temple
it the
usually with
it
at
small
the
this part
on
Apollonius
one
in
Boeotia,
the
Libyan
Triton,
Libya, and
16d.
born
was
For
name.
Scholiast
the
in
that
word
rivers
one
of
water
the
associated
or
Athena
by
was
Pausanias
Alalcomenae
winter-torrent
in
is
in
describing
he
Boeotia
named
Triton,
and
in child-bed
at Aliphera in Arcadia,
Aexecm;?, the God
he gives the local legend that Athena
born
there, and
was
they call the fountain Tritonis, appropriatingthe legend of the
'
'
river Tritonis
shows
meant
that
16
for
f.'
him,
The
as
first of these
for
properlythe Libyan
Aeschylus
stream
passages
1G
g, 'the
and
the
in Pausanias
river
second
Triton'
implies
268
GREEK
that
the
Arcadians
Libyan legend.
of
RELIGION.
[CHAP.
at
In this
Zeus
already noticed, we
that, proud of
may
suppose
their aboriginalantiquity,they were
jealousto assert their
of Hellenic
divinities.
country's claims to be the birth-place
Now
belief which
the
the
just quoted
passages
into vogue
came
facie absurd
yeWm
that Homer
because
should
her
given
this
It would
title
from
appear
worship
from
this stream
have
spread
then
and
to
Cyrene
that
diffused
over
1G
tus
that
their
new
tale
the
colonists
found
the
them
these
the
Minyae and
evidentlyfrom
Libyans
maidens
This
"
to
their
with
was
Herodo
a
and
her
and
'
Trito-born
'
it is clear from
armed
Cyrene,
the
it is
the
may
Boeotia,
settlers of
Athena
among
character.
of
rest
with
and
far
not
worships
two
the
by
For
identifyher
flourished
Itonia
of
by
a.
worship
who
was
maidenhood
goddess. She
also apparently a water-divinity
like the Syrian Atergatis,
have expressed it a daughter
as the Cyrenaic Greeks
may
was
own
"
of
Poseidon
river
""
dia
"
was
So
of
name
fountain
with
stream
ancient
on
TUV
Athena
tradition
its banks
Strabo, 407 of
was
of
in Area8.
12.
7.
named
6' 'EAeuatVct
Tritonis
Libyan
some
closelyassociated
existed
irapa
had
lake
'AAaA"ro/iej/ei'as
7777777Paus.
an
once
the
and
already
Cf. the
ticular
"
served
North
temple
especial sanctity,and
cityin Libya
of the Libyan
world.
her
near
title
the
carried
Greek
celebrity
Greeks
Athena
been
prima
sacred
was
for the
mythicallyconnected
were
the
an
it is
of the
this
T/oiroyeWiaover
have
the
because
that flowed
fame
The
name
it may
Thebes,
of
the
of whom
some
b.
river in
that
of
where
had
'AAaA/cojucz^ts1
3A6i]vrj
less famous
no
Homer
called the
name
worship at Alalcomenae,
Triton
arisingfrom the stream
with
For
with
of her
T/nroyeWa was
the theory that
name
Boeotia.
have
of her association
have
well
may
first from
that
express
KOI
citythat
'AOfjvai
'AOfyas
Tpirowa-noTap-ov (vnt\afA/3avov
Whether
".
recalled
that
name
the
lake
"
Boeotia, and
This
ians who
afterwards
like
seems
the
to
or
to
swallowed
the
ruled
up.
of Athena's
desired
river.
to
connect
their
c
own
Paus.
with
I.
that
14. 6.
ATHENA.
x.]
country,
the
name
and
the
and
associated
We
may
with
any
legend
tend
would
for instance
would
this
to
when
Tritonis
the
of
others
added
be
may
in the
in their land
fore called
still existed
the
1G
l.
And
of the river
at
Tritogeneia prevailed,
we
a
may
remote
desire
the
have
may
the
had
river
rise
given
to
localities would
where
instances
this
already
Cretans, according
that Athena
sources
name
been
when
Athena
the
to
early time
any
of
Triton, and
declares
the
in
from
was
the
to
Zeus
there
that
fountain
that
suppose
time
born
was
stream
water
other
To
as
of the
land
have
may
at
legend
occurred.
Siculus,claimed
Diodorus
that
Athena,
the
with
for water
name
Cretan
old word
name
themselves
associate
process
parts of Greece
many
an
the
or
localityclaimed
or
sacred
celebrated
common
Or
of
was
river there
or
in Pallene.
city
country
name
lake
any
In either
offshoot
an
the
the
and
Triton
in
from
named
so
given
be
the
of Athena,
Tritonis
and
disappeared from
a
of
Alalcomenae.
opposite to
been
own
associated
emulate
to
their
were
even
attach
to
hear
we
Gigantomachy 1G
be the
in
questionof slightimportance.
a.
Boeotian
Triton
that
names
the
the
the
water
is a
Alalcomenae.
case
them
to
goddess
with
familiar
whether,
or
Athena
'
Triton
the
colonists
269
there
of the
legend
Achaea, where
of
the
associated
was
in Arcadia, Pausanias
Acropolis of Pheneos
found a ruined temple of Athena
spot
TpiroWa, and on the same
of Poseidon
bronze archaic statue
a
Hippios ; the legend said
to
that the latter had been dedicated
by Odysseus, who came
Poseidon
This
P- 355-
the
; on
is
more
or
less the
view
brieflysuggestedby
C. O. Miiller,Orchomenos,
GREEK
270
RELIGION.
of
neighbourhood in quest
this
there
suggest that
was
lost
does
not
between
the
possible that
it is
the
suggested
statue
title
of
goddess.
religionwas
between
Pallas and
that
we
suppose
no
Pausanias
But
In
he had
which
connexion
Poseidon.
Poseidon's
for the
Tritonia
local
any
and
of
presence
horses
some
there 1Gm.
again
of Athena
worship
the
found
he
which
and
[CHAP.
Poseidon
there any
connexion
originalaffinity
their cults existed
side by side,as on
Where
of character.
of Colonus
and possibly
the Acropolis at Athens, at the deme
at Sunium, at Troezen, Sparta, Asea, and
probably Corinth 17,
may
first.
To
Attic
land
that
say
is
encroaching
sea
untrue
Poseidon
and
the
the
divinities
two
the
of
and
for the
to
the
plausiblebut
very
Helios
between
physical explanation
: but
likely
it to be
know
we
territoryin disputebetween
Acrocorinthus,
was
been
in conflict at
allusion
contest
the
; for in the
wrong
analogy
had
Poseidon
and
receding, is
sea
natural
more
often
were
physicalchanges,an
Corinth, where
at
even
appears
of
the
or
have
we
cults that
an
placesthere
strife of Athena
the
symbol
of these
some
of two
final reconciliation
in
that
pointsto
which
height
the
in
never
threatened
of
memory
the
by
and
sea,
of the
prevalence of
Corinth,
which
paled
before
there
No
doubt
Helios
why
Poseidon
but
the
and
Corinthian
the contest
for the
of
Apollo
contain
of
the
earlier
an
"
and
locality,
Athena
Vide
1891,
Revue
pp. 1-23;
older
the
of
des
Les
be
grecqties,
cultes loniens
en
the
Corinth
and
and
Poseidon
by
introduced
at
Ionic
worshipped at
of historical
goddess
abundant
Helios-cult
Python, of Apollo
legend of the rivalryof
lonians
"tudes
were
cherished
or
worship of
why
physical reasons
later
the
similar
flooded
have
we
the
later
the
was
god
great
a
kernel
same
been
ancient
very
of this
other
many
worships
the
Attic
tripod,the
Athena, and
and
should
legend
had
secondly
evidence
Poseidon.
Greek
any
of
fact,an
the
by
the
strife and
is the
exact
of
aboriginalmen
Attica,
Atlique,R.
conflict
actual
settlers.
new
the
Poseidon
the
de Tascher.
opposite of
friendship
A
view
that
which
taken
in
GREEK
272
the
that
traditions
of
Eumolpus
For
god.
North
this
reveal
to
Eumolpidae
Greece
bringing a
legend the
as
cult ; and
new
of
of Theseus
alien
an
regarded as
were
in the
[CHAP.
the father
him
consciousness
is shown
Poseidon
Poseidon
made
seem
the
RELIGION.
and
immigrant
an
that there
attached
rivalrybetween
and
to
Pallas
and
Euripides'
Erechtheus
Attic
: the
king sacrifices his daughter to gain
the victoryover
Eumolpus, saying, Eumolpus shall not plant
the city's
on
foundations, in place of the olive and the golden
the
shall it be
crowned
with
upright trident, nor
gorgon,
be held
chapletsby the Thracian
people, and Pallas nowhere
'
17a9.'
in honour
The
of
worshipped
were
at
land
the
Poseidon
instance
in
Welcker
curiously explains
this
with
though
the
lead
be
myths
that
makes
this
no
We
with
combat
At
mention
but
she had
Athena
taught
to
decide
the horse
a
2.
GotlerlehrC)
with
Vide
Hippios
93a.
in that
the
stroke
'
Aristides,Panathenaica
use
the two
Schol.
she
chariot
altar
creative
(\avvcuv.
in
b,and
power
had
rj3
a.
said that
men
deities, had
her
with
not
that
which
produced
yoked
(Dindf.) tv rrj
TTJS deov 6 'E/"6x0"t"s
yfypanrai
p. 62
won
Giants
the
of the chariot
Hippia ist an
Tritogeniagetreten.'
291
the
of
legend that
that
asserts
an
reference
rarelya
In Attica
trial of their
is
battle
shared
in the
Again,
to
Hippia
Erichthonius
horses
the
in
Ares
with
though Poseidon,
was
yoked
Encelados
Olympia,
Poseidon
Poseidon, but
she
This
reasoning might
appellativescould
this is the only one,
Arcadian
an
as
his
Hippia, there
in Pausanias
of
connexion
displacedby Hippia.
goddess, whereas
they have in common.
read
borrowed
she
T/nroyeWta,and
of Poseidon's
any
explain Athena
because
name
been
noted
most
natural
name
for the
Soter, that
Poseidon.
to
that
expect
casuallyused
besides
of that
Hippia
of divinities.
though
as
the
the
union
to
one
this
in
expressed
water
in the
of this
Poseidon, because
from
of hers
seems
Attica
name
Athena
Hippios and
altar 17aG,is
common
of
at
him
X0
ATHENA.
bridled him.
and
it
the
not
was
In the
the
but
god
273
goddess
that
bridled
Pegasos or
Sthenias
and
whole
story
merely
b. The
is innocent
'Ayopam and
historic shrine
on
; and
character
Uoo-ftbcov
in the
Poseidon
latter with
physicalreference
recondite
need
be
sometimes
displacedor
was
by
the coast,
on
or
with
reconciled
affinityof
be
later which
noticed
which
sought ;
represent
the
to
water,
that Athena
sometimes
that her
no
these representa
that
peoples,and
maritime
pre
identityor
alludes
may
times
in the
at
Arcadia170,
together,or
that
of
in
near
tions
Asea
to
badge
some
has
and
temple
Poseidon
and
natural
Athena
the
monuments
and
that the
show
association
'Ao-^aAtos in
Soteira
on
The
sense.
Boreion
based
obviouslynot
the
historical
Mount
to
seem
physicalsymbolism,
any
of Athena
Sparta17d,and
bring
of
and
political
Athena
is
titles themselves
was
some
worshipped
her
temple
worshipoccasionally
of a natural affinity
general sense
have
been
between
Athena
and
Poseidon, it would
strange
that neither in the temple nor the precincts
of the temple of
the sea-god at Corinth,the most
famed
place of his worship
If there
had
"Mentioned
other
by
temples held in
by divinitieswho
with
one
affinity
mon
had
been
Pausanias
no
VOL.
I.
close
the other.
worshipor by the
among
at
common
temple-holdings
may
plainedby
any
Sparta
temple
natural
Such
often
statue
been
com-
be
for
theory
ex-
of
of
used
of
another,and
prove
about
the
this
have
or
too
that
originof
deity's
in
specialoccasion
to
vinities.
T
some
dedication
the
often
physical
Greek
di-
GREEK
274
Greece, where
in
reverence
common
divinities of Poseidon's
under
supposed
have
sense,
and
'AAea,'EAAam?, 'O$0aA/uTis,
of Athena
temple
Alea
her
and
Pausanias
hear
We
of
in recent
years
erected
to
Alea
and
Mantinea
at
wor
sculpture
monument
of the
instances
gives many
The
with
have
of her shrines
and
worship,
Arcadia18; her
in
embellished
and
of great worth
there.
Amyclae,
near
of Athena
vOyya.
high repute
in
built
at
discovered
to
was
Tegea was
by Scopas, and remains
been
many
originallya physical
had
been
ship
so
of her
in different centres
that have
are
to
mention
cult-names, found
Other
paid
was
a.
name
any
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
respect paid
her
to
asylum.
The
usual
warmth,
as
derived
from
the
rites
and
in her honour.
Telephos
of
powers
light.
and
birth, exposure,
Auge
a
in
her
forgottensolar
we
can
easilysee
myth
this
about
time
it
was
and
that
games
as
these
may
a
of
Athena
contain
Auge
this
that
Heracles
some
as
to
of
Telephos
usual
the
in
is dis
the
; and
names
this Arcadian
migration
in
called 'AAecua
confused, and
and
how
only
legend of
the
fact that
is the
necessary
been,
whatever
Paus.
be
to
came
that he
Vide
brought
having any
Telephos,
be
without
personages
have
national
could
Athena
physical symbolism.
function
anything
know
legend
was
her
was
son
Athena
between
it
corresponded to
nothing except
on
by etymologicalspeculation
connexion
that
however, is
physicalinterpretation,
This
covered
to
found
we
that
partlywith
Preller
and
the
But
is connected
Welcker
posed by
the
served
held
were
if
mild
means
this doubtful
in etAr;; but
it
corridor,and
sunny
would
or
was
is that
word
that is found
root
conception.
she
for
is used
aAea
derivation
of the
explanation
of
should
2.
chs.
regarded
Arcadian
an
be
and
2.
his
at
into
the
part in
original
an
early
migration:
patronizedin
some
X0
ATHENA.
by
way
born
was
is
of the
one
the
in
275
temple
of Athena
her
moon
or
In her
stars.
with
Among
all the
in Pausanias
passages
only one
Alea
regarded
health,and
From
the
that
the
view
point of
same
Pausanias
and
not
the
or
describes,
writers that
other
gives us
relation with
that
be
it may
sun
any
clue
having some
as
did
Hygieia,whose statues
by the temple-imagels c.'
close
is
rate, it
Asclepiosand
Scopas, stood
carved
any
divinities of the
temple,which
own
At
in historical times
consciouslyassociate
Alea.
he
so
we
the
to
as
goddess
divinities of
title
may
with
probability
some
explain
her
relations with
the
word
means
the
moon
the
livingnear
happens to
her
sent
the
identified with
goddess
to be in the act
supposed
of
\vyr]
Eileithyia
named
have
found
been
few
tv
that
perhaps savages
something like this
moon-goddess, why
of
and
child-birth,
form
the
idol possess
ancient
most
if
But
necessarily
boat by a
and
sea,
imagined
moon.
put into
was
the
over
have
sea
she
that
It is true
Auge
sense
some
she
was
light,'
'
in
of
was
did
why
kneelingwoman
of this
ago
years
kneelingdivinity0,
and
of
Auge
Or
istic
bearingTelephos in
'AA"a may
sense
iginalhero
may
such
have
adopt him
at
have
all : Aleos
of this
taken
and
no
character-
was
an
and
locality,
his
name
abor-
in order
8.
temple
"
Vide
The
of Athena
d.
p. 614, note
Eileithyia,
CQUrse
And
b.
may
also
Athene
to
4Paus.
the
48, 5.
T
be
GREEK
276
the
goddess
would
of child-birth
[CHAP.
naturallybe
regarded as
Athena
'Tyi'eto.
Alea
of Athena
ministrant
RELIGION.
interpretedas
Greek
a
religion,
goddess
interpretersof
birth is inevitablyalso a moon-goddess.
might abide
Auge, a cautious
person
For
some
by
some
that Athena
of the traits of
Are
this
under
EiAojia,or
as
in
pontum
and
these
cult-names
and
Athena
Hellotis.
'EAAoma
and
Dorians
in Athena's
the
perishedin
and
flames
demanded
have
here
explain a
the
name
explanation that
Marathon.
Others
the
name
present
text
of
by
came
it to the
this
sent
took
Athena
the
refuge
it and
she
pestilence
propitiation.
Hence
Hellotis.
myth being
games
fashioned
We
to
from
marshes
of
temple
Corinth.
at
less
no
the
to
scholiast
of Aristotle
intelligible
epithetof
due to a change made
of
Hellotis,
fire to
set
and
the
for when
Hellotis
goddess
games
near
that
us
of Athena
named
worship
is
connects
eiArj,denoting
part of them
angry
referred
EiAezna
tells
in honour
The
captured (eAeiz;)
Pegasus
The
He
process
the
torches
conquerors
and
rite.
or
here
epithetwas
explanation
also
scholiast
temple
common
existed
or
the
; the
Meta-
explanations given by
new
at
ritual
the
temple ;
root
the
maiden
Corinth, a
same
Epeios
have
the
20ab?
in
formed
torch-race
took
of
hear
Corinth
at
that
with
of cre'Aajand
instructive.
held
think
the
to
to
appears
Corinth,
torch-race
by legend
root
we
The
are
were
that
of
case
at
Athena
to
Another
the
light,as
20a
Pindar
attached
might
with
with
belong
to
name
marshesb.
the
from
warmth
on
Welckera
connected
we
'EAAom?
as
honoured
was
cult of Hellotis
The
Marathon,
derived
she
name
worship
light.
worship
her
EiA??iua,a
Philoctetes.
at
in
thought by
It has been
of
goddess
found
these
where
in the
But
terrestrial
for
of child
Hellenic
a
later
goddess
; but
copyistwho
p. 307.
this must
found
Cf.
'
be
the word
t\ois.
tv
AQpot'tTr)
ATHENA.
x.]
Aristotle
unintelligibleas
that
explanationproves
etketv
it from
277
he wrote
Aristotle's
it, for
wrote
EiA.6wa
eiAeto-0ai in the
own
EtA^zna, since he
or
of
being cooped
tells a story about Epeios being kept in
up in a place,and he
Metapontum againsthis will and founding the temple. The
the same
same
legend are
explanation of EiAe^ia and much
derives
or
the
sense
Etymologicum Magnum,
quoting
in this
version.
One
thing that
Greeks
themselves
words
the
more
Greek
it much
can
increase
with
do
thing to
tion from
celestial
the
o-eAa?
belief that
our
of these
meaning
in the
affirmative
period of
Nor
a
light-divinity.
had originally
some
as
she
words
the
in any
lights.
sure, the
were
from
quite ignorant of
help us to answer
were
that it cannot
so
quite clear
is made
historic
For
if the deriva
even
may
kept
Epeios, the
that
her
connects
for
of
limits
torch-races
at
being
that
then, to consider
arts
or
Athens
to
the
ritual a.
her
we
The
imple
some
way
same
fire of Athena
Athena
refers
might
the
of
honour
of
divinities
fashion.
find
important
in
run
Athena, the
in the
Or
most
those
were
and
thus
honoured
of fire in
it to
Hephaestos ; to
travel beyond
must
religion.
Hephaestos
Prometheus
arts
sense,
Greek
historic
the
him
from
attribute
raised
fellow-craftsman
her
with
Trojan horse,
demanded
and
use
non-terrestrial
it any
the
The
of his work.
the
she
when
propitiateAthena
ments
of
It is
of
the
safest,
usually to
her
possibly have
Note
I, p.
the passage
'AOrjvdKm
in Aristides
KCU
(Dind.
ffiirvpos 76
'H"paiaTO)
-yevo^evoj
a/xa
(Atovu-
were
offeringsto Athena
tros).The
usuallyenirvpa, as the legend about the
Rhodians
in Pindar
shows
cf. Plutarch
of Athena
Quaest. Grace. 3, the priestess
Tivas
Troieirat
on
vncKfcavaTpia,
Ovffias /ecu iepovpyias
diroTpoiraiovs.
called
RELIGION.
GREEK
278
heat, need
and
the
of
character
have
not
Magnum
the
connect
the
and
suggests that
of
Phoenician
of the
maiden, is the source
nifying
force in Baethgen'stheorya that
word
Etymologicum
with Europa, and
eAAoria,sig
name
there
and
represents
the
in the
story of the
possiblythe
a
preserves
alive
of human
noted
in the
sacrifice
temple
fire in
by
from
rite derivable
elements
already been
burnt
Hellotis.
Athena
Elloti,who
Non-Hellenic
have
maiden
reminiscence
vague
worship of
the
Athena.
identified with
is elsewhere
some
seems
'EAAom?
Athena
non-
the
feast
the
the
to
quite possibly
author
and
name
anything proper
it is
But
goddess.
Athenaeus
Hellenic.
from
arisen
[CHAP.
Moloch-
worship.
title
The
Achaea,
'Aua/ua,which
have
may
with
worship
Even
sky.
as
from
derived
and
'A^a/no?,
Zeus
have
instance
been
attached
once
was
applied to
an
appellativeof
Zeus
the
term
first
the
in
not
goddess
as
of her
association
need
her
been
the
in
Athena
to
of the
bright
to
seems
have
comparativelyearlyperiod b.
for interpreting
Other
Athena
as
originallya
arguments
of the moon,
slender enough. The
or
are
goddess of the light,
lost its
physicalsense
view
curious
moon,
and
of the Greek
sonages
According
historian
Istrus
the third
with
the
moon
such
Of
day
but
she
personal
was
that is
passage,
scarcely
Suidas
to
Attic
of the
month,
view
same
was
held
by
the
between
connexion
some
the
among
TpiroycWa being
connected
the three
phases
month, and
serious
no
the
ground of
the
on
enough
common
with
argument
be
could
derived
of
from
philology.
still less value
arguments
;1
1Gn
the
and
also in
were
religion
Stoics.
Athena
that
Aristotle,
in Plutarch's Tre/ol
TOV
rrjs
irpoa-^irov
seriously,
only illustrates what any philosophermight
uncritical physicalexplanationsof the per
c.
This
2eA?jr?js
possibly say,
to
appears
be taken
to
meant
attributed
of the
form
at
drawn
from
semit.
c
P.
for the
the
purpose
worship
of this
of
Religionsgeschichte,
p. 59.
93s
'AOrjvav
Xifoufvrjv KCU.
2t\T]V7)v
Vide
ovaav.
Zeus
-7,p.
43.
B.C., that
most
[CHAP.
GREEK
RELIGION.
unscientific
tendency
280
Greek
in
theory,and
the
as
of
goddess
in reference
of her
and
Eusebius'
read
to
interesting
^is
of
as
is very
of Apuleiusb.
descriptions
in the fervid
obvious
It
the moon,
to
often
more
Plutarch
moon-goddess, and
world, but
lower
the
of
condemnation6
the
his
were
day, who
mythic
always translating
into
^drj
physical facts,/Se/Siao^eW Kal OVK
personages
T"V [LV0MV TOV
eiVr/yr/o-a/ie^oi.
Ka\\(t"7TL(T[jidv
The
stronghold of the physical theory has always been
theorists
the
of
myths
two
slaying of
Diogenes Babylonius
of Athena
birth
the
the
and
the
myth d, has
because
it
which
different
regarded
the
as
dawn, she
let any
through point
point
to
of
the
one
take
then
of
he
whichever
it out
he
and
myth,
aether
with
Zeus
work
is
Athena
the
lightning,
head
the
than
observed, is the
be adapted
birth can
the
hypotheses and
various
this matter
has
the
the
or
he
chieflypuzzles
Lang
of
from
whether
see
Whether
interpretations.
leap from
appropriateness. But
of these
Mr.
myth
thunder
can
What
it
phy
regret it only
need
'
'
been6.
the
We
us.
to
interesting
physiology of
inquirer,as
suit many
the
in the
have
unprepossessed
pliancy with
to
been
have
might
writers
modern
to
down
come
successful
more
was
not
or
equal
pleases
rigorously
will
stumble
hopeless inconsistencies.
on
Now
if,without
any
of
descriptions
*
DM"""I
T' "
3'
T,
?L 'Vn*
De
DeNat
Dear,
Aristocles
9'
form
of
the
start
"Pen
15, 41.
no
myth given by
in
(Schol. Find.
01.
7.
66),
with
doubt
lism.
poets and
that
says
the
to
looks
with, one
ancient
Athena
'
The
hypothesisto
hid
Zeus
cloud
and
mythothe
then
"bo'-n
splitit
is intended
lightning,
"
at
also
is
graphers,one
thunderstorm
of
to
or
If
nature.
hymn
Athena
to
'
Zeus
to
she
is
like
rises up
wall, and
the
war
the immortal
earth
the
head
troubled,
are
in his
stays
sun
'
of
golden-gleamingweapons
of
head
holy
the
from
'
sea
recitals
embellished
she springsfrom
as
gods stand astonished
brandishing her keen spear'; heaven and
the
to
strikingphenomena
more
born
of
allusion
any
convey
fervid
some
conscious
not
are
of the
first the
find
they
taken
other
any
we
the
holding
be
notice
we
that
assured
soon
that could
using language
a
281
ATHENA.
x.]
course
until
Of far
the
allusion
to
be
supposed
records
snowed
gold
lost
full
from
paniment
it
as
The
a
of
that
later work.
deity
speaker
Later
on
the
at
this
of
treated
head
the
account
and
occasion.
the
largesse on
theme,
as
we
(1.1310)that
springingin
of Zeusa.
goddess
new-born
shakes
her
ecstasy V
'
there
but
leaps
and
brandishes
shield, and
is
no
accom
storm.
of the
cry, the
on
is filled with
whenever
unless
Apollonius Rhodius
first who
spoke of Athena
the
war-dance
Even
Stesichorus
the
was
is the remotest
that it thundered
distributed
Zeus
Lucian's
dances
an
scholiast
panoply
In
the
of
only
mean
may
that
by
Stesichorus
shuddered
exceeding great
an
legend
upon
poem
told
are
to
the
and
island
by saying
A
with
aloud
Pindar
their
earth
but where
of nature,
phenomenon
is said to cry
must
splendour ;
is full of Pindaric
This
shouted
(Ol.7. 38).
her'
before
sprang
with
mother
and
heaven
cry, and
exceeding great
through
when
Athena
axe,
of her
crest
'
narrative,
terse
his bronze-bound
and
Hephaestus' arts
down
is Pindar's
higher poetry
was
either
ignorant of
the
poem
of
b
'
Qwv
Homer,'
picture of
or
considered
AtaAcryot, 8.
282
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
allusions in
findingremote
searching after effective imagery, givesus
the
'A6r]vasyoiWa, fond
his
is of
he
as
subjectsand of
hardly any meteorologicalphrases.
her
panoply
secret.
bidden
are
the
attend
to
the
birth,even
rivers and
the
indeed, that
says,
like the
was
He
Zeus
In
intended.
symbolism
dwelt
I have
at
of any
this absence
lengthon
some
inten
tional second
this is not
made
comments.
In the
is stillless easy
symbolism
the
when
with
Athena
have
Athena's
or
raise
ques
be
been
Preller
then
admitted
supposed
and
symbolic
But
diction
what
the
that
did
Zeus
Hesiod
occurrence.
be
noticed
destitute
of the
in
armour
bolical
and
with
detail
'
language on
an
ancient
rather
of the Pindaric
to
the
axe
leaping forth
the
their
exceeding
loud
serve
highly
poetical
it.
primitiveaccount
directly,and
reference
to
of any
gives
imagery
hymn : there is no
Hephaestos, none
them
con
Homer
becoming stereotyped?
and
the sole
was
an
clearlyexpress
more
there
are
of
survivals
mere
these
Therefore,to make
must
regard
theory,we
as
traces
poeticaldescriptions
physicalfact to which they
that
to allude.
Roscher's
wrought phrases
knew
birth.
consciouslyexpress
not
will
if we
the
It may
the
and
tion about
do
discover
to
physical
dwell
not
full narrative
which
which
is
ode
the Homeric
or
altogether
of Prometheus
of the
cry.'
on
goddess
or
of
in full
partlyrely is not
found
before the date of the Homeric
Have
we
hymn.
any
right,then, to say that the phrases in that hymn or in the
Pindaric
ode are
survival of an
older symbolism, or that
a
which
"
modern
theorists
Imagines, 2. 27.
x.]
ATHENA.
these poets
natural
to
the
with
in
incident
the
that, as
say
specialrevelation ? It
Greek
imagination dwelt
with
graced
were
283
poets tended
the
which
of
powers
heaven
it
great cosmic
as
the
on
embellish
to
it
to represent
phraseology,
is more
and
earth
were
myth
is the
most
concerned.
in which
form
The
He
instructive.
Metis, who
Hesiod
is described
then
would
be
king
suaded
Mr/"?
maw.'
It
Zeus, by
this Zeus
later
We
means
of
and
in the
older
Now
the
theories
as
this
to
And
drama
only
maintain
person
that
story
Zeus
other
reason
expected
""
and
but
Pallas
face
the
on
Roscher's
head,
of
to
fly.
Athena
doubt
no
the
in
for
of
it, primitive
such
of
way
sane
to
be
the
very
savage
later than
of this
form
Metis
without
god.
of this
of the
that
swallowing story
from
imaginationb,and comes
oldest
it
would
The
ode.
because
savage
growth
no
version
swallowed
than
primitive folk-lore
was
The
clue
an
to
not
particularGreek
motive,
such
it does
or
for
no
might be
possibleexplana
act
as
Theog. 886-900.
Mr. Lang's chapterin
Vide
shape
to
weapons.
the Pindaric
than
in the
from
tion of the
the
of
(fesprit of very
period older
follow
story that
some
ignorant
Hesiodic
hymn
"jeu
in his
interpreter
phenomenon in the natural world corresponding
of the primeval ways
of Greek
providence.
the
Homeric
Metis,
stumbling-block
great
Preller's and
find any
her
and,
naiVe,
very
took
through Zeus's
story without
this
recital,is
of
out
sprang
per
persuaded Metis
swallowing. According
for
further
who
son
words,
complacently
nothing
alluding to
subtle
her
was
Zeus, having
Then
is
convenient
after
of
advice
Metis, who
that
bear
men.
Hesiod
his
she
legend
developed
is
form
him
i'8e
dbviav
following the
was
of subtle
means
that
hear
can
by
and
swallowing
Qt"v
nXdo-ra
as
warned
gods
over
seems
some
assume
a
'
story of Zeus
Pallas,would
with
pregnant
the
merely
Gaea, who
and
the
presents
with
begins
QVT\T"V av6pMiru"v. In
Ouranos
Custom
and
Myth
on
Cronos, p. 53.
Metis.
In
what
himself, it is obvious
Hesiod
is, connoted
the
abstract
used
this
term
that
this name,
was
sense
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
284
of
sense
As
regards
personal as it
calls her
he
thought, as
J the most
knowing
immaterial
the
and
of the
This
abstract.
latter dictum
but
gradual human
development
to apply it off-hand
to the
and
to
maintain
distinct
data
be
allowed
in
metaphysical
any
early pre-
Homeric
'Counsel5
being named
a
deity called Themis
to
that
must
one
underlying
forthcoming.
are
capable of imagining a
was
'Wisdom,'
as
or
Charis
Nemesis.
or
he
of
was
imagining
The
various
religionof personifying ab
Greek
afterwards
be
may
but
or
in
become
suppose
idea
abstract
rare,
life,
is should
people
savage
are
Greek
to
enough.
there
mistake
or
time
still confined
were
very
personification; instances
very
had
concrete, is hazardous
its
expect
the
course
speech
and
physical and
of
are
ideas
weight. It is a
mythology of primitiveor
the
not
their
of the
The
beginning of
period of Greek
earliest
of
true
the
from
race,
the range
be
may
For
noted.
the
present the
undoubted
the
little more
meant
name
In
that
the
myths
she
appears
that
than
mention
and
myth
she
or
Thought
a.
her, it is
as
operates
is
be
is nowhere
that
she
said to be
is
Preller's
or
Counsel
belief that
in
purelyphysicalbeing,a divinityof
so
and
Thought
Oceanid
an
interpretedas
the
In
; and
ancient
we
have
cloud-
records
right
no
there is
because
being of this element
a sea-nymph called by the adjectival
name
'I5wa, the knowing
one.' The fact that in this earliest and half-savageform
of
to
say
'
we
the
of
fount
of
Ge-Themis
the earth
oracles is the
source
as
wisdom.
as
helps Zeus
of
dorus
In
Hesiod
it is Gaea
againstCronos
(i.2, i) it is Metis.
; in
who
Apollo-
ATHENA.
x.]
285
with
moral
non-physical
qualityof
long
been
of
; and
wisdom
them
to
the
worship
her
course
it occurred
before
in vogue,
with
especially
character, and
mental
and
tell
to
had
myth
about
of the
goddess
artists.
divine
of life
arts
she
as
Lastly,the swallowing
be
any
already, before
was
wisdom,
to
be
love
and
story
tion may
was
mother-right:
and
then
that
Metis
daughter
and
inclines
she
was
not
if Zeus
rather
; she
one
of them
into
some
of him
to
born
the
and
she has
no
than
the
father
the
in
has
ordinary
swallowed
have
may
relation with
bearing
stronger
children, as
more
any
than
he.
It
seems
very
received
cutting short
fact of Zeus
the
child-bearing
swallowing her
would
paths
of various
explanation. It
other
would
could be taken
over
might
and
was
have
this
as
explana
else
this
the
be
born
prophecy
swallowing
easier ways
of Metis.
career
prophecy,which
myths,
to
already fixed
was
therefore
prevent her
to
unlikelythat
been
have
new
Metis
this
is
weakness,
Afterwards,
son
mother
;
and
of Zeus,
feminine
way
mother.
her
swallowing-storygained ground, it
swallowed
tion, namely, that Zeus
the
other
all the
like
these pre-existing
ideas the Greek imagina
upon
thus : she has abundant
have worked
Metis, and is
daughterof
the very
was
of
Then
Zeus.
been
goddess
most
each
autonomy
Olympians, whatever
once
enjoyed,she had to be brought
the
that Athena
chief
the
grew,
possibly
also the
the
than
in the
as
this
these
inexplicable
of Metis,
with
associated
was
But
of
if the
in the
imagina
floatingabout
passably well as an
from the Cronos-legend
do
it
where
addition
national
hero
The
above
Thessalian
it has
but
the
and
ancient
most
is
of
the
the
being suggested by
his
on
told
only
epic
of their
a.
account
own
in the
again
perhaps an
was
only given
course
advantage
concerning
the
over
form
ancient
most
ideas
used
which
myth
winning Thetis
explanation
hypothesis :
it
Thetis, where
and
the
to
it was
place,and
in
more
Peleus
of
drama
much
was
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
286
of
the
the
legend
goddess.
the
raise
not
tellingthis story,
when
meaning,
had
or
for I believe
only
the
that the
to
us
of
any
the
no
all derivable
at
with
concerned
the
authority,and he
in the
participation
tations
throne
slayingof
does
feat
of Medusa's
of
the
from
on
she
the
tuJf Mannhardt'
u
e,
"
2.
the moon,
Wald-
u"d
F^~
did
view
there
is
Athena's
of the
Medusa's
or
presence
in the
appear
first
our
represen
the
Cy^sejusand
earliest
is
some
of
one
encourage
In
fact,
her
of
death, and
in
show
vases
of the
late
pic-
Strom.
Alexandrians,
and
reject
For
Hesiod
Possiblethat
p. 4
Clemens
676, also
interest in
the
not
or
'
admit
her
the
hap-
it conveys
Athena.
chest of
have
modifying our
Medusa.
did
; nor
of
tells us
mention
not
death
is
pre
Roscher
though
may
of Pallas
ancient
most
story in
Medusa
the moon,
V
We
ordinarysignificance
those
physical theories,without
proof
the
slayingof
that
It is
implied this.
or
in its
moon
in his mind
nature-myth. And
opinion about
ancient
some
as
We
physical
primitiveGreek believed to
thunder-cloud,and Preller thinks that
the
to
meaning
legend of
its hidden
thunder-cloud
asserted
was
ordinary Greek,
the
something which
pened
the
or
generally believed
and
asserted
maintains
moon
of
aware
was
theorist has
no
the
question whether
of
other
other
The
as
5.
Gorgon meant
Plutarch.
It is
head, the
faint
moon.
face
is meant
resemblance
to
to
the
have
face
some
of
the
reading
the
If
RELIGION.
GREEK
288
word
the
above
natural
epithetof
the
was
as
emblem
goddess
the
and
emblems
the
explain
Erechtheus.
guardian
that
story
the
of
Gorgon's head,
Thus
hung.
by
the
Athena
arisen
the
pre-eminentlythe
city walls, on which
favourite
earlier than
be
was
the
told
was
fragment
she
sometimes
were
in the
the
wore
by
her
that
say
ropy"iris would
who
the
regard
could
we
goddess, as
of terror, because
war-goddess
could
we
TopycoTri?
; or
given
originally
which
similar
the
from
quoted
an
of
been
has
badge
proved sound,
were
abbreviation
an
as
[CHAP.
her
of
men
had
of
we
may
Tegea^ a
given
their
to
Medusa's
not
hair,
and
cult-title,
known
herself
slain
had
the
from
constant
from
breast,and
be
to
the
who
desired to exalt the fame
pride of the Athenians
patriotic
of their goddess and
ignored the Argive legend of Perseus.
A vase-paintingof the fifth century0 has perhaps been rightly
the pursuit of Medusa
as
by
interpreted by Heydemann
from
the
Another
Athena.
obviously arose
legend which
representation said
because
against Medusa
that
artistic
mere
kindled
her
beauty
; but
part of the
become
image
fourth
invested
of
The
mere
the
not
an
ideal
goddess
beauty,and
jealous of
was
as
the
a
was
no
in the Athena-cult
battle-charm,and was
of temples
purification
Vide
this
interprets
Eur. Ion
longer an
is another
Athena
belief that
: vide
'thunder-magic'
had
physicalterror.
aegis of
Roscher
the latter
countenance
was
anger
be earlier than
Medusa's
century, when
with
Athena's
as
Paus.
987.
kind
and
of
8. 47, 5.
it
sacred
as
object that
Lenormant, "lite
Arch.
have
in favour
regarded merely
was
aid to childbirth
an
was
been
Ctr.
used
for
67.
i.
75, and
Zeit. 1868, p. 6.
Vide Zeus-chapter,
pp. 97-100.
x.]
ATHENA.
There
appears,
then,
evidence
no
worshipped merely as
a
controlling
specialpart of
was
also evident
that at
Athens
to
convince
us
that Athena
nature-goddess,
personifying
the physical world.
But it is
ever
or
289
she
into
came
with
contact
some
latter
Athena
was
Polias,ministered
to
her
as
well
to
as
Pandrosos20"
in the
the
earth
her
2G
d.
appear
the
It is sometimes
the
Polias d.
Athena
to
been
have
shrine
And
doubted
the
consecrated
way
whether
the
that
could
I.
ritualistic law
curious
is
VOL.
some
to
of
word
in
the Acropolis,the
Aglauros on
cphebi took the oath of loyaltyto the state, and
the city-cultof
cult of Aglauros mingled with
In
Athenian
thus
rite which
sacred
Herse
mentioned
depersonage
the title of the 'Eporjcpopoi,
is
an
unreal
velopedfrom
is probableenough,
Monuments
In Mythology and
of
Athens
(Harrisonand Verrall,pp. xxxiv,
xxxv) it is suggested,for good reasons,
that the sacred thingswhich the maidens
little images of
carried in the box were
of animals (l/xrjj)"
the young
offerings
to secure
to the earth-goddess
fertility,
c
Different
forms
of
the
oath
or
2o b
illustrates
by Harpocration
'
if any
sacrifices
one
sacrifice
sheep
cmpoiov.'
Bekker
Pandora
for
probable emendation,
second
act
the
naturallyoffered
all sacrificed
chosen
to
festival
been
out
of Gaia
These
worship
of Athena
rites and
of
ideas proper
different parts of it
and
by
are
Plutarch250.
grace
desert
arms
'
entrusted
to
the
the
Pollux
to
lished
ordinances.
formula
includes
some
.'
the
dis-
I will net
my
the
land alone
the estabPlutarch's
curious
words
of agriculin the
appropriate
enough
ture,
of
the
earth-goddess.
worship
the Apolline
Strabo,393. Similarly,
to
referring
an
the maintenance
oath
absorbed
of
was
Demeter,
without
an
religion
may
have
of Gaia
in
but
through
a worship
dispossessed
of the earth-snake at
Ge-Themis
of the
originalaffinity
goddesses
two
and
many
worship
ancient
very
happen
I will not
me,
that
for
reasons
early date
very
given by
According
existingbetween
nature
worship
serpent
service
the
have
to
may
we
entered
of the
this could
b; and
Attica
at
on
a.
some
are
supposed
be
may
; and
and
sacrifice
annual
otyus,the
KuxpetS'/s-
the
Salamis
of
as
appears
earth-goddess,whose
ancient
of Athena
merged in that
by the legend of
was
driven
sheep
familiar
of the
symbol
Iliad, and
for her
Erechtheus,
with
identified
ally
and
oxen
the
cow,
The
Acropolis117.
the
than
on
exceptionalvictim
an
as
of
bull and
The
offeringof
in the
mentioned
is
mention
first rather
the
be
double
This
in ritual.
Acropolis is
the
on
would
Pandora
sacrifice to
the
other
no
which
2C
according to Aristophanes
cult,and
in Athena's
Pandora
have
we
an
but
earth-goddess;
the
the
proposes
title of
was
called
was
also to
necessary
this sacrifice
and
Pandora,
to
earth-nymph
the
Athena, it is
to
ox
an
more
once
earth-goddessor
the
and
Athena
between
[CHAP,
RELIGION.
GREEK
290
Delphi,where Gaia
reigned before
had
the
of
physicalinterpretation
the Erechtheusevidence.
worship
far
beyond the
x.]
ATHENA.
external
that
historical
It is noticeable
causes.
of the savage
291
cruel
the
at
time
same
ritual
commonly practisedin
associated
primitiveearth-worshipto ensure
was
ever
fertility
with Athena.
This agricultural
character
of hers is entirely
at one
with her civilizing
function ; according to Aristidesa it
she who
the use
of the plough, and
was
the
taught men
rhetorician could
have
appealed to certain cults and cultnone
support his
names
to
called
the
(3ov(vyr]s,
ox-yoker/
Acropolis;and
priestessof
He
statement.
'
the
on
or
Athena
we
are
Polias
mentions
the
belonging to
told by Aeschines
taken
was
from
According to a scholiast
Boarmia, the yoker of oxen,
Athena
the
as
the Eteobutadae.
an
functionary
service
that
the
the
family
of
Lycophron 3~,
on
worshipped
was
in Boeotiab.
of the ancient festivals
Lastly,the details givenus about some
at Athens, the H\vvTi]pLa,
the 'I2"r;(o"/""yHa,
and the religious
rite
of the n/aoxaptoTTJ/ua,
afford many
illustrations of the primitive
life of Attica under
the patronage of Athena.
And
agricultural
we
how
see
that of
The
about
'!l(Txo""o'pio,
Athenaeus
and
performed
'
in
Aristodemos
which
Hesychius, appears
the worship of Athena
tells
that
us
at
of
running-contest
the
is the statement
the
a
spot
Vol.
i.
Cf. the
the
Phaleron
at
of Athenaeus27
where
the
p. 20 (Dindorf).
attached
epithetTavpoir6\os
the
2"^pd
latter could
the former
to
appears
with the
not
have been
as
festival,
they were
an
offshoot
of
the
there
was
having
ran
course
was
Sciras0.'
This
chalk
was
rock, and
(393)the
ancient
2*"pas. These
Sciras
according
are
to
of Sala-
name
the
only two
part of
held at
the
con-
sacred
shown
may
temple
have
refers to
by
examination
and
way
of
the
are
silent
has
a
evidence,
Skiras
phorien,Berlin). The
the
U
Eleusis
to
fiction (Athena
Salamis27c.
on
S^ppd
they
of Athena
temple
white
Oschophoria ;
have
Phaleron.
at
the
ritual
According to Hesychius,
Strabo
mis
Aristodemus
fused the
feast of
l.
been
Sciras
Athens
Athena30.
to
have
to
from
something
: and
youths at
hands a vine-spraywith grapes, and
temple of Dionysos to that of Athena
in their
from
hear
we
pointswith
many
und
been
careful
to
be
die Skiro-
best authorities
and
concerningit 27ft,
it is only
RELIGION.
CREEK
292
stood
called the
was
Athena
of
had
that
reason
[CHAP.
Dionysiac character
rise to the legend in
gave
Kto-o-ata,
by which
Athena
also
Epidauros29,may
Ariadne.
and
refer to
some
beginning
was
to
sacrificed to Athena,
his
Lvcurgiis in
refer to the
must
is
called
and
goddess,
speech
sacrifice
ancient
most
right
in
of
return
the
sprouting of
the
During
which
mentioned
the
them
as
dice
of
resort
there.
The
of
the
haunt
string
and
by
Eusta-
it is mentioned
gamblers who
by
played
is in
statement
does
of these
mention
not
Sciras
there ; it
tonius
has
place
on
itself
name
of the
Robert
is
no
temple
sufficient
Athena
Sciras
phoria
or
on
but
characters,
of
Athena
temple
any
is probable that Suethe
Eleusinian
further
scholiast
bad
confused
the
at
tries to
of this
name
Way
with
Phaleron.
show
the
Prof.
that there
authorityfor connecting
with the Skirodirectly
Skira
festival at
2:
'
The
Athens
doubt
no
or
Athena,
of
the
"
the
Suidas
for
his
Anecdota^
of the
season
TT)S deov
avobos
in Bekker's
sacrifice
Persephone/ that
Plynteria,the
the
called 7ipo\apia-rYipia
with
resurrection
more
winter,when
magistrates of
sacrifice
already described,
27a7
of
2S."
occasion
the
streets
Pollux
by
end
still
is,
corn.
feast
has been
through
the
correct,
are
goddess
was
the author
by
'
records
Persephone, yet
the
connecting
Athena, namely,
refers
priestlyoffice speaks of
the
of
return
commemorating
H, who
one
the
on
Trpo^apiaTrjpia
is confirmed
statement
the sacrifice
and
been
the
all the
grow,
Plutarch
the
and
ear
have
may
known
was
That
Oschophorium.
all:
who
Aristophanes ftl,
the
is the
it
of
festival of
the
was
figs,a
only writer
with
Kore
his
called
connects
explicitly
it,admits
doubtful
bear
to
ceremony
who
Skirophoriaas
custom
Athena
that others
a
regarded the
festival of Demeter
opinion,and
o\\n
of Photius
statement
her
the
and
more
27a:i,
weigh
little
this
with
as
ceremonies
tion.
a
in other
Theseus,23.
ATHENA.
x.]
2i
regarded
have
But
No
olive.
Welcker
attempts,
produce
the
men
of
Phytalos a,
is
or
so
Athena
esoteric
other
any
olive
theme
furnishes
lore that
are
the
of creation
the
whether
it ;14,
on
Euripides
to
of the
spray
cultiva
places in Greece
goddess0, if we
reveals
the
Attica, and
exhibits
Athena
that
divine
have
may
sacrifice at
strong
tive
the
of these
meaning
as
times
conservative
life
She
importance
that
ideas
was
the
is par
ft
the
the
borrowed
the
of
people
the
goddess
whom
to
sowing, harvest
feeling attached to
of
to
concerned
were
and
political
excellence
Pans.
c
Greek
civilization than
with
the
civil character
and
i.
37,
2.
P"or instance
of
at
vintage.
this
side
the
these
alone
7^roades,798.
Sicyon,vide Gcogr.Register.
of
able
were
Athena's
she
of
they
time-
primi
physicalwants
divinity;
political
the
and
feasts
of Themistocles
religion; so that the enemies
extension
to urge
against his projectsof maritime
traditions of the worship of Pallas.
honoured
more
few
are
with
her
Of
crown
there
associated
so
was
first
Athena
to
Academia,
at
Attica
prehistoriclife
ceremonies
And
olive
but
man.
where
olive,
Outside
the
inquiry into
far the
offered
Salamis,
olive to
'
supposed
is
Acropolis or
the
those
except
for Athena
grey-green
the
where
folk
Athens.
from
tradition
So
the
to
in Greek
myths
of the
use
in
and
few
of the very
one
revealed
have
to
created
revealed
to
reallymyths
according
or
the
on
grew
the
of life were
have
for
peopleof
only
civilization
of Greek
not
as
value
religious
wild
the
also
it ;
on
such
explainthis
to
source
almost
an
of the
symbolism,
physicalside
the
Attica, and
from
drawn
be
the
with
cultivation
the
as
to
appears
teaching of Athena.
closelybound
up
the
to
depended
much
to
need
reason
the
Demeter
of
worship
Attic
ancient
the
of cultivation
art
no
of
attributed
here
elsewhere
fig-tree,
cultivation
gift of
as
been
the
and
ia
293
of
cult.
shares
RELIGION.
GREEK
294
with
of Polieus
function
the
Zeus
[CHAP.
Polias
Athena
as
in the
legends or cult-names, or
poetry and prose, is always that
her
moralityexpressed in
the
; and
reli
of political
of
gious utterances
this religionso
inter
else was
civil society. Nowhere
or
and
with the city'slife as at Athens, the very
name
woven
of
the growth of the city probably being due to the union
other
that, whatever
tells
sacred
was
Athena,
to
in honour35'
that
us
in the
established
worships were
the
none
land
whole
'
and
Pausanias
Athena.
have
we
record
to
supposed to have
the Acropolis
on
fire of Vesta
Her
Attica.
in
district
every
fallen from
'
that
heaven, and
in the
shrine
petuallyburning
of the city's
perpetual life.
the
of the
founder
certain
ship 35
the
times
i.
the
The
lamp
was
the
per
symbol
'Apwyeris she
was
Acropolis,and
sent
shared
who
race,
the
cleruchs
the
Polias,as
Athena
temple
tokens
of
shrine
and
at
gratitudeand wor
attaches
the legends
to
same
politicalsense
adoption of Erechtheus, the primeval ancestor
concerning her
of
As
was
the Tro'Aiy.' As
so
of Athena
and
state
Rome,
at
statue
in her
stood
formerlycalled
was
maintained
was
ancient
most
her
supposed
was
be
to
buried
and
to
new
of Poseidon
divinities,
the
Pallantids,
men
the founder
of
of
and
and
in her
first the
in later
on
the
temple 35c"d,
Aphrodite,and
Pallas,but who
Athens
new
is at
worship
attacks
myth
of
votary
the
becomes
The
not
this stubborn
Pallas
of the
spear
is lost V
When
Athena,
to
foundation
community
was
earth-born
'the
committed
the
the
their
by
guardian of Athens
men,
cause
city on
the
35
decree
of
the
of
e.'
primitiveagricultural
commemorated
by the greatest
Suppl. 711.
RELIGION.
GREEK
296
[CHAP.
its
was
corn-god Erichthonios,which, according to Mommsen,
This view rests on
the singlefact
earliest form and meaning.
not allowed
to wear
were
that,accordingto Lucian, the men
gar
of dyed colour during all or part of the festal period 3G e.
ments
In fact,Mommsen
to exaggerate greatlythe reference
appears
a
Erichthonios
to
in the ritual
referred
have
him, and
to
who
mythographers,
Panathenaea
does
not
if
and
at
the
be
of
knew
we
him
the
that
citizens
they
did
The
the sacred
the
which
back
bring the
of the
the
were
received
public vote
work
under
Hecuba
look
Vide
note
on
It is doubtful
in later times
used
was
with
The
was
and
to
for the
pit pa
the
ireVXos
Uai
aBrjvaia,
or
every
four
years
peplos to lay
this rite,
festival,
goes
the Iliad
already
The
arts.
of the
the
latter
that
had
was
of
scenes
only
the
slaves
in the
women
the
it
weaving
tpyavrlvai,
sometimes
they
about
con
function
workwomen
captive Trojan
the
authorilies
are
always
yearly
custom.
"*
\\teDeUionArchaiologikon,
1889,
10"
probable
agri
function
variance
are
remote
in
d. Doubtless
at
of this
its
at
women
embroidering
ritual,p. 320.
whether
harvest
weaving
for the
were
Athena,
that
therefore
skilful
the
as
the
believe
was
36n'
'App-qQopoi
forward
woven
would
important political
gathered together to
Trojan
the
was
Heortologie,
p. 37.
an
may
do
of thanks
them,
of
whatever
their Pallas.
robe
public importance,
ft
had
we
of the
patroness
whom
But
Attica
for
offeringto
the
as
among
to
from
little to
embroideringthe
of
always
ceived
and
facts.
birth
the death
way
earliest times.
same
the
some
have
to
the
have
of Pallas c;
statue
to
have
may
in
way
the
countrymen
hill of
seems
some
from
it must
aspect.
on
in
the
in Lucian
passage
equally remote
character
later
of
more
date, and
founder
The
cause.
cultural
the
to
mourning-garments
be only able to guess
wore
should
we
known
are
quote
the
one
Erichthonios, and
both
to
as
rites
useless
it is
mention
that
prove
of the
sure
of
or
of the
; none
p. 15.
ATHENA
x.]
Gigantomachy
to
weave
; and
masters
of
the
we
hear
of
3G
of the deities
company
the smaller
Both
greater Panathenaea
of
doubtless
3G
who
after
the
night and
have
been
earlier
is difficult
The
Acropolis.
afterwards
that
century
the
with
sacrificed
the
at
for
their
aid
sacrifice was
victims
the
was
at
offered
same
time
Marathon.
performed
then
from
the
Ccnimicus
in
followed
have
The
course
divided
on
to
of
form
the
in
perhaps
maritime
the
clothe
on
car
ship,
the
fifth
supremacy0;
the
was
Cows
Erechtheum.
of Athena
the
ancient
were
and
Acropolis,
Athena
to
prayers
Possibly also a
The
the Areopagus.
the
among
simultaneous
flesh of the
officials and
the
rest
of
people.
Eq. 566,
has
been
ir(ir\ov,
wrongly
d^ioi rov
as
interpreted
meaning that this practice
in the days of the first
even
prevailed
a
forth
to
people,including the
of the whole
d.
the
in
Polias
specialsacrifices were
Nike:iGz;
:""(1
spear
designed
was
on
and. at least in
and
of the Athenian
it
Athena
of
statue
whole
The
shield
introduced
was
time
which
image
d" x.
their demarchs
constructed
was
the
in
'"6
which
innovation
an
belonged to
peculiarto the quin
was
have
set
to
procession appears
to Eleusis
and, returning thence,
which
performed
all that
with
athlothetae
by
period,marching
acts,
procession to the
The TTO/^TT?/began at
there.
ordered
by the hieropoei,
what
the
arranged by
was
was
essentially
solemn
charged
celebration,while
annual
quennial
the
z, were
festal
to
appear
the
in
were
central
the
which
Acropolis and
sunrise
year
every
embroidered
be
low
so
n.
and
religiousceremonies,
the
Macedonian
its
being passed
should
Antigonus
and
figures of
decree
a, it sank
self-respect
the
peplos
on
Demetrius
its
and
When
in Athens.
Pallas
of
robe
city had
as
the
on
297
The
Athenian
passage
empire.
in
Arist.
Mommsen,
Heortologie,
p.
190, vide
36n.
c
It
comic
is first mentioned
by Strattis,
fifth century-6".
These
many
were
The
the
were
have
to
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
298
chief
her
been
3G
invention
own
hopliteswho
apobatae, the armed
athletic practicepeculiarto the
an
said
was
lampadephoria
was
the
procession,by competing
the
torch
one
of the
KVK\LKOI
the
lyre
ascribed
The
of the
recitals
Plato
of
of runners,
each
for which
arts
fire
passing
to
Athena
was
used
consecrated
was
Homer
the ideal
were
Hipparchus
to
recognitionwhich
as
Boeotians,
and
as
3G
ln.
by
goddess
chariots,
and
rhapsodical
chains
divinities
The
Athenians
the
the
instituted
been
down
from
sprang
of
contest
3G
The
v.
by Erichthonios
performed,probably on the evening before
have
to
The
"i.
3G
fruitful
s.
find in the
we
incarnation
innovation
Panathenaea
of the
many-sided
of the
Athenian
life finds
'
city,guardian
all
in
Euripides,in
sion
to
the
and
guardian
thee,
do
nor
unheard, and
as
had
race
and
higher key,
come
the
companies, which
'
last
service
the
has
thou
Heracleidae
the
unmistakable
an
is the
of sacrifice is
the
waning
young
differentlyties
this
competition
it
by
his
between
have
had
and
of
allu
basement
of
mother, mistress,
art
ever
month
and
fulfilled for
by
pass
the choral
the maidens'
windy hill-top
it
be
in
lady, thine
of the
single runners
to
of
days
the songs
on
city,whereof
; for rich
describes
between
probably
time, when
is the
are
Pausanias
still
the
silence,nor
lands,and surpassing
power,' sing the chorus in the
Panathenaea.
land,thine
our
of all
lyrical passage
a
a
holy
most
poesy
and
land
and
war
Knights
of
voices
in
strains
in
certain
holy
inscriptionsprove to
period,
been abandoned, perhaps because
been
of its expense,
x.]
ATHENA.
acclaim
dance35
".'
Public
resolutions
of
299
feet beat
the
earth
in the
nightly
cementing of an
alliance or the declaration
of a war, were
often accompanied
Polias.
The
to Athena
or
vows
by prayers
ephebi sacrificed
of their militaryservice ; slabs incised
to her at the conclusion
with state
decrees
fines
set
her temple, and
were
near
up
incurred
to her.
by certain public offenders were
paid over
And
the
Athena
of
the
Parthenon, who
Polias, was
the guardian
theoretically
from
which
sums
state
and
In
often
the
the naval
Greek
brazen
with
'
house
the
'
holder
also
under
hear
of the Athena
Tegea,
the
of
attached
title of
citywhich she
pregnable by the giftof a
existed
Phalanna
at
the
island
her
cult-titles derived
her
with
attached
of Rhodes
Zeus
of
as
title of
cult
was
The
'
its founder
:;n;and
Megalopolis,of Troczcn,
was
supposed
lock
from
have
to
Medusa's
to
rendered
hair;
her
her
acknowledged
from
the
The
names
same
her
as
Polias
of its
we
and
at
of
im
Daulis
city-cult
Polieus.
and
los ;
gave
cities,uniting
politicalimportance
to
her
her
her, and
Polieus.
consecrated
were
in
of Zeus
'Ap^y^is
Polias
slaves
to
Athens, the
of the
goddess of
Sparta was
styled according to Pauthe city,'
and perhaps was
worshipped
the
enfranchised
besides
states
that
at
public treasury,
noAiouxo? was
or
combined
sanias*
and
other
many
FloAtay
were
the
of
Athena
also
was
in
38.
Besides
the
civic
worship
of Polias
there
arc
others
that
found
latter titles were
at Amyclne
inscription
suggests that the two
the Roman
distinct,but Pausanias may
theoretically
period,mentioning the
in maintaining
priest who
performed the religious be right on the whole
services of Poseidon
identical.
Athena
that
the
two
worships were
Asphalios,
Chalcioecos, and Athena
IIo\mxos38b,
A
of
The
RELIGION.
GREEK
300
consecrated
were
her
to
the
as
[CHAP.
land
the
of
guardian
of
or
find in an
At
inscription
Anaphe we
people's union.
Patrios and Athena
of the worship of Zeus
mention
Patria,
and 'O/ioAcafc,
attached
to Zeus
the cult-names
and
'QjjLoXvios
have
in Boeotia, may
and Athena
signifiedthe divinities of
the
derived
she
league 41,as
Achaean
Zeus, and
which, originally
possessinga physical
and
was
changed into the form 'O//a/na,
given
meaning, was
a
sense
designating the goddess of the confederacya.
political
functions
of the city-goddesswere
the
The
probably much
in these places as in Athens
same
; she inspiredcounsel, and
the pledge of the continuityand securityof the
her cult was
her
state,
the
temple
localities other
certain
same
character
political
alone
by
Two
the essential
of the
cults
At
Thebes
ing of which
Argives, the
home
is
there
the
city under
so
no
was
chorus
temple
in the open
ing to
the
co
; and
her
class
or
During
Onka,
as
We
learn
for this
erected
possess
the
and
Athena
remain
to
Zeus
honoured
was
her
gates.'
In
to
come
this
"O/ya
\\Br\va.
to
archives.
their nature.
Athena
pray
state
belonged to
belonging to
name
our
image
it
; but
is unknown.
word
near
worships might
rightof
Boeotian
considered.
for the
storehouse
mean
the
attack
of the
holy
queen,
whose
from
that
Pausanias
an
there
introduced
divinity
"OyKab, the
cult,but
worship
legend indigenous,but
as
be
was
altar and
not
an
accord
by Cadmos, who
the slaughter,
as
serpent,
symbol
ft
Vide
The
root
where
name
of
the
as
child
of
Ares,
is
of the earth c.
Zeus-cults, p. 43.
the
as
although spoken
may
Boeotian
Poseidon-cult
contain
Thebes
the
same
'Oyxyvros,
existed; but at
town
be
can
Hermes,
c
One
no
association
with
Poseidon
(vide Wilamowitz,
1891, p. 235).
that the
conjecture
might fairly
discovered
ATHENA.
x.]
Of
significanceof
political
the
temple
whose
Coronea
at
said ; and
have
we
specialcharacter of
some
mystic manner
is called Hades
by
speaking of
is
Itonia
to
had
at
Coronea
conclude
Itonia
Athena
the
for
It is not
show
her
festival at
forth
its
proved by
This
Plato
and
it
Palladia
that
idols
which
here
four survivors
after
the
Harmonia
"
Laws,
the
Greek
hung which
were
Greece
of
cult
cl c'
Amorgos
an
of the
ancient
totem
Sparti are
and
changed
745 B.
on
Cadmos
to
the
d.
named
and
serpents.
title
her
As
she
was
not
of the wilds, it is
by
rare
nature
to
mountain-top consecrated
often
was
to
Zeus.
Athena
of
her
The
oldest
\\npia""-'
the
Acropoleis''. Among
; the
is
Itonia
the
among
tells ; and
over
explainswhy
Hellas
cities'heights are
tradition
temples
serpent ;
are
and
temple
the
guard
refers to her
serpent was
Athens
the
of
where
her
in
was
victoryof
of
hear
indigenous in
was
shields
last
the
in
it
We
character
is
Itonia, exclaims.
Boeotia, and
to
religionof
political
of the
consecrates
of
war
that the
Larissa
adoption at
survey
Hestia
worship
her
barbarism.
poet, who
song.'
of
device
divinity of
the Gauls
from
won
Also
deities.
The
the
probably travelled
and
Pherae
between
of
contest
Crannon, and
it
who
delicate
chief
the
was
chthonian
the
was
and
earth
the
she
that
must
sittingstill or tarrying,but we
temple of Itonia of the golden aegis
for
some
Thessaly, whence
of
in
which
musical
the well-carved
and
and
especially
poetry.
peace,
task
to
were
not
the
fare
she
from
was
of
arts
preparing
'
some
Athena
character
Athens,
growths
be
must
that
be
may
of the
at
affinityto
we
may
had
the
fostered
had
of
she
who
who
If this association
Zeus.
something
in
world
lower
Pausanias.
in
but
accident, it
local
some
therefore
of the
the
Athena
It associated
god
of
evidence
ancient
cult, is named
same
who
goddess
the
Strabo,
primitiveworship
her
a
the
due
not
meeting-place of the
festival,
something has already
some
with
Itonia,
the
worship01.
this
of Athena
cult
the
was
confederacy and
Panboeotian
been
301
many
goddess
lonely
find the
to
her, as
it
RELIGION.
GREEK
302
the
temple
worshipped
warlike
on
the
guise,her
and
pose
she
ritual is that
shield
of
decree
Elatea
between
alliance
an
in
in imitation
of
being carved
in her
peculiartrait
cult, the
this
inscriptionsreferringto
represented her
by boy-priests. We
served
was
the
in Athens.
Parthenos
that of Athena
of
most
Polycles,and
of
sons
prominent was
KpazWa58, the goddess
hill ; her
temple-statue
Athena
'
head
the
of the
one
of
Elatea
near
by
carved
was
of these
recorded
instances
[CHAP.
two
containingthe
one
Tenos
and
have
which
to
was
be
interested
bride
in
the
led
was
life and
the
to
up
her name
Hence
comes
Acropolis and consecrated to her63.
or
\\7rarovpia
^parpia,containing a reference to the feast of
solemnized
by the fyparpiaiof the Ionic tribes646.
a-rrarovpLa
At
relation
closer
Athena
Troezen
the
to
'
'
than
gentes
to
seems
that Zeus
appear
have
been
did
in
stood
Athena
still
but
at
the
speciallyregarded as
and
that
how
told
to
the
on
custom
bearing
the
was
Cos
Another
by
which
we
of
Phratria with
in
just as
with
compare
the
of
newly
Zeus
Troe-
the
priestessof Athena
married
typarpiosis
people.
The
recorded
also
d.
title which
she appears
as
of the
one
When
of
the land
in the
presents Athena
by
their
legend
Aithra
deceived
may
visitation
same
aegis to houses
cult of Athena
c4
the
had
and
aTrdr??,
told
misunderstandingwas
at Phanagoriaa.
Aphrodite 'Airdrovpos
rite which
Athenian
zenian
at
Athena
explainthe worship of
The
with
connected
barren
which
Otol
she
same
and
light,
is 'Aflrjm
Kovporpofyoi,
was
honoured
in Elis.
"
men
Strabo,495.
RELIGION.
GREEK
304
inspiringcounsel
Zeus
were
nated
were
that
refers
at
deities
of wise
known
and
the
they
Athens
In the
lepovof
council-chamber
the
title BouA.ata72.
her
in
and
[CHAP.
men
deliberation.
also
worshipped
probably
their
to
At
shrines
the
latter
city
a word
'Ayopatot17d,
as
in
the
Agora,
and
in
and
the power
directlyto the presidency of the law-courts
the counsellor
of persuasion. The
is
as
aspect of Athena
vividly presented in the Odyssey and in Greek
mythology
generally.
Her
worship is also
of legalideas,at
ment
Zeus
As
kindred
blood,
illustration of this
humane
rule
and
called
riaAAaSiw
eiri
the
this court
It
who
was
night and
them,
not
was
legend about
then
Pausanias
knowing
Argives,and
of
on
the
fiftyAthenians
and
The
which
legend,of
they
; and
of the
was
as
court
the
illustrate the
the
and
of the
an
was
The
court
ameliora
same
connected
again is indirectly
to
of
involuntary
legendthat explains
try
cases
the
of Pallas.
from
slew
were,
on
is
accused
Troy,
territory.Demiphon
Attic
kinsmen
74.
principle
the patronage
his
deaths
said to
he
under
been
Argives.
slightlydifferent
landed
and
his horse:
first
by
attacked
happened
of the Athenian
have
Diomed,
of them
some
return
Athenians
the
foundation
the Palladium
who
the
trial of Orestes
retributive
the
been
shedding
involuntary or
of
equal
givesus
put under
bringing home
ignorantlyon
put
Athens
instituted
was
the old
have
the
the
institutes
were
homicide, which
bloodshedding; and
why
whole
votes
at
about
develop
of homicide.
to
blood-feud
goddess
abolishes
constitution
with
the
if the
ideas
protected
The
the
that
acquitted,and
TO
moral
the Eumenides.
from
law
seems
MeiA.i)(ios
the
from
the
regard to
Athena
so
righteoushomicide
and
least in
with
for the
importance
some
and
TIpocrrpoTraios
speciallyconcerned
of
of
and
to
he
the
composed
many
a
has
preserved by Harpocration,
of the court
explain the nature
version
evidently been
at
Athens
and
has
invented
the
been
to
presence
ATHENA.
x.J
305
in it of the
source
of
nected
with
of Zeus
this
Palladium-court, and
IlaAAaSio?;
"7Ti
74a.
Once
we
year
ultimately the
hear
of
the
be
to
comes
con
worship
statue, which
taken down
to Phaleron
certainlya wooden
"6avov,was
and dipped in the sea, a rite which
probably had in the later
period the moral intention of purifyingthe image from the
was
miasma
of
the
of homicide,
court
Miillera
wrong
with
them,
and
that
collects
of outrage and
the
attribute
the
dark
attached
should
and
her
to
cruel
conceptionsabout
ancient
most
idol.
the
many
originof
gods or of
and
erected
be
to
that
herself
goddess
It is strange then
that it
have
of more
to a law-court
advanced
given its name
equity. Those legends in fact do not lead to that conclusion ;
they are mostly aetiological:
invented,for instance, to explain
why the image had fallen from heaven upon the hill of Ate,
why it was the image of Athena and yet called after Pallas, why
it had closed eyes, why it was
set up in a court
to try involun
tary homicide
the
stories of Cassandra
and
the
suppliants
between
the most
end
sacred
the
of
Eumenides,
'
and
of
the Eumenides
all the Athenian
play
of
With
my
I will escort
righteously,
to
your
nether
Aeschylus
of the
courts
Areopagus,
was
held
the
; at
goddess says
handmaidens, who
guard my
you with the lightof gleaming
habitations.'
The
reference
is to their
the
where
to
the
the
image
torches
cave
on
VOL.
I.
Pallas
she
worshipped
was
associates
in
viewed
cult
with
this
case
as
period,she
lawful
At
of Justice77.
personification
It was
probably as the goddess
who
Athena
that
interest
public
the
for
more
later
Themis,
foresees
the
won
epithet
the
Athens, in
identified with
been
have
to
seems
once
the
; and
vengeance
legal reference.
legend
homicide,
justifiable
of
idea
the
the
But
Sparta.
near
this
has
probably
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
3o6
the
as
advises
and
Hpovoia.
name
an
as
epithetof the goddess is
history of this word
mean
peculiar. As applied to a divinityit could apparently
either 'prescience'
or
providence : but it inclined to the latter
it in reference
to
uses
although Sophocles once
signification,
In the Oedipus Coloneus (1.1180) the Ttpovoia
rov
oracle.
an
Oeov probably is an
expression for God's providence,and it
this either in philo
denote
often used
have
been
to
must
The
'
'
sophic or
language
common
before
have
could
irpovoia
'
without
word, as
qualifying
providence of God
any
the Stoic vocabulary b. In this sense, then, the word
'
attached
in
compound
and
she
as
the term
sense
quasi-adjectival
the cult
and
certain that
almost
all others
before
was
Nike
like Athena
name
they
was
Hpovaia, which
worship of Thebes.
This
and
78
from
in
could
be
as
Aphrodite
or
to
Pausanias
form
Peitho
'stands
that
with
the
in
the
that
learn
so
it did
epithets of Athena
title can
only have
of
Athena,
suggested by
were
one
the
have
might
to
denoted
local
before
the
shrine/
statue
of
Athena
found
hear
we
has
been
form
with
both
Track.
of
made
of the
Apollo, where
824;
fMVTLKrjs-rrpovoiav
question which
name
several
in this
Delphicworship.
'
dentia
Mens
Now
(ppovr)o~.3. 51).
mundi
prudentia vel
appellari
potest.
Graece
is the
two
'
cf.
(Stobaeus,wept
b
of the
Cic. De
in
provienim
Aul.
864.
we
original
that
know
Nat.
Deor.
2.
Euripides: SiTvxr),
ovs
eyw
0"\a)
Iph.
x.]
ATHENA.
there
was
of the
shrine
temple of Apollo,and
goddess there,standingbefore
who
expect the
should
we
307
the
more
obvious
artificial. And
more
the
and
the two
this
mention
of the doubtful
'
of Athena
temple
Upovoia just as
also calls this the
And
Pausanias
and
the passage
the
enter
you
temple
main
of Athena
shrine/
Upovoia,
in Photius
of the
was
epithet (Tlpovoia)
given
she stands
before
the shrine at Delphi, others
her because
her providence provided for Leto's delivery.'
The
because
latter part of this curious explanationis illustrated by a state
that a temple was
in Macrobius
erected
Athena
to
ment
epithets:
two
Some
'
Artemis
and
an
That
the
title
cult at
same
into
DpoVoia came
clear,as in
seems
'9
of the
offshoot
been
the
of her
because
Delos
Upovoia in
of Apollo
think
common
in Attica
have
79
c.
in later times
use
of Greek
fictitious account
Prasiae
birth
worships insti
of the
tuted
and
wars.
the
on
the banks
on
it
that
time
irpovaCasome
after the
Persian
was
change of name
suggested through
played in repellingthe Persian attack
part that Athena
the temples ; for it is noteworthy that Diodorus, after
Perhaps
narrating the
recoil from
goes
from
arose
on
to
miraculous
the
say,
Bk.
the
terrors
the
precinctsof
TO
2, sub
IJL^V
ovv
"v
which
made
temple
of Athena
Persians
Upovata,
rwl
fj-avrelov
AeA(/"oio-t
baifjioviq
Jin.
X
the
Diod.
Sic.
u.
14.
function
and
Athena.
She
of
side
far
the ideas
From
or
nowhere
had
she
hear
of
goddess
the
as
4"?]fuo"",
Zeus
we
as
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
3o8
81
omens
pavrelov,and
any
but
as
Aristides,
of the
give a complete account
concerning her prophetic character
goddess, says no more
oracles and
her guardian of his own
than
that Apollo made
sacrifice first to her 80 ; he is obviously referringto
bade
men
evidently tries
who
Athena
Upovaia
of
means
to
certain
Delphi.
at
attributed
pebbles was
her,
to
this
of divination
kind
of
goddess
recognizedby
not
was
as
by
any
cult82.
warlike
Her
it is hard
of
original.Some
times, and
pre-historic
inseparablyblended
was
social ; and
and
political
the
character
to
served
they
as
her
of the two
mentioned
Palladia
the
which
say
with
was
belonged
symbols
of
of
and
war
to
men
were
city'ssecurity.In fact,the goddess under whom
brought together into a community of villagesor clans, and
who
have been a deityof battle ; and
guarded the 710X19,must
the
Alalcomenae
her
and
worship
derived
from
two
divine
and
Athena
word
we
Boeotian
at
she
war
believe
no
through
secure
dread
relief-work
the
on
cult of Athena
of
ranks
we
the
have pro-
Theog. 924.
latter
the
goddess
leader
'
of
The
of the
the contest
with
in the
The
evidence
Hera
from
Hesiod
battle, the
As
and
in company
The
city,though small,
remained
always
cult 83.
Homer
in
name
legend
of Achilles.
is
'A\a\Kofj.evrj
immediately
that the
the
of the
form
shield
in which
the
position,had
of
arouser
the
the
the
adds
conspicuous
marshals
derived
sanctityof
in
delighteth
Gigantomachy,
The
from
was
records
advantage
goddess, the
is she who
that it
Strabo
appears
host,who
of
Alalcomenae, and
having
cherished
arose
'A\aA.Kojmei;Tjts
; and
town.
goddess
and
Athena
may
cities that
of it,is itself a
by means
'the helper in battle V
'AAaXfco/xeVij,
the Argive
in Homer
Menelaos
are
that
aiders
oldest
of the
Boeotia, one
in
Ares
legend
Heracles
of it in Ithaca
of
are
It
the
the
83,83 b.
ATHENA.
x.]
chief
which
from
and
combatants,
309
she
poeticaltitle
the
won
of
version, the cult-name
and, according to one
yiyavro"l"6vos,
is spoken of as
she
myths in which
'iTTTua;the countless
in their battles; and, lastly,the
befriending the heroes
aboriginalprevalence of
temple
temple
the
of
Eumenes
Tegea, Corinth,
these
we
is also the
She
that
Ar/iris,
goddess
of the
where
the chorus
But
is
there
worship of
Athena
goddess.
Of
death
the
befriended
much
of
For
instances
in Athens.
worship
the
Tydeus
dedicate
to
'AA-xi'S^os,
Rome
M).
epithet
Olympia,
the
at
to
the
her
Sophocles'Ajax^
Ajax' trouble may
of
cause
the
goddess.
and
the character
either
93a:
war
statue
in
that
this
poetry
point of
view
whom
and
intended
his
dying
of Athena
with
or
whom
cult.
moments
stood
in the
It
in the
embodied
was
Thebes,
career
in
Greeks, and
the
to
before
all his
and
of Attica,
in
between
from
abandoned
85ft
see
side
interest
through
the
by
and
spoil,
offeringspoilto
the art of
and
by
strugglewith
the
in
contrast
abhorrent
immortality, but
a
gives
rarelyassociated
is very
is civilized valour
of
as
at all times
strife,
Athena
in
marked
of his Thracian
because
the
his remissness
sworn
this class85,and
to
inscriptionsthat
by many
spoil8T,and by the passage
tithes
been
before
and
in Homer
occurs
is illustrated
have
who
oath
cult of Athena
Macedonian
sacrificed
Perseus
whom
of
cults
in the
Olympia, belongs
the
add
may
name
is mentioned
found
Hippia
the
the
in
in the
occurs
god
between
that
taken
she
where
title
and
the
Athenians
the
between
were
title
same
Pergamon.
The
Ares85.
to
the
Areia; and
Athena
of
Magnesians,
to
with
alliance
; of
dedicated
Athens
at
and
Smyrnaeans
of
oath
The
war.
Lacedaemonians
and
altar
an
ranks,'
the
probably referringdirectlyto
but
Areopagus,
of
dess
of
of
hear
Troczen
far from
not
the
to
We
her.
fightsbefore
Areia, mythicallyconnected
Athena
on
and
Plataea
at
of
aspect
Bouporthmos,
of
the mountain
on
this
'who
Dpojuaxop/xa,
of Athena
testimony
Greece, bear
of
cults
public
numerous
is the story
Athena
to
had
raise to
through
temple
of Ares
RELIGION.
GREEK
3io
Tydeus failed
invents
in
Cadmos,
who
Ares
of
none
the
Pyrrhic dance,
at
which
Sparta was
instance, the
armour,
and
militarydrill,
is
rTupptxoV1,
When
she
the
the
it to
has
Dioscuri,
legend
of the
ritual of
of the
is
it
say
was
Athenians
Egypt
sacred
which
existed
have
been
in
she
teaches
with
accord
the
she
them.
the
The
was
part
close
island,is
in the art
important advance
mythb. Aristides,who
religious
the
had
who
that
shields
were
in his mind
had
have
of Zeus
hoplitedance, which
her, where
may
Spartan
Athena30q.
to
originatedamong
Egyptians, and
to
part of
necessary
head
would
full
in
movement
the
in
For
an
beyond
Athena.
Gigantomachy
worship
in both
Athena
and
rhetorician
Zeus
ascribed
discovery of
from
of
fosterling
were
to
which
legend
the
attributed
the
it
that
explained by
usually advances
the
accounts
Kouretes'
the
parallelto this,as
be
story which
war
many
considered
after
or
of
measured
to
some
Spartans
Cretan
Ares,
the
in
life,
Norse
or
and
to
arts
full-armed
Pyrrhic ;
of the
war
in
sprung
claims
of
said
was
named
dances
Athena
inventor, but
their
as
of his great
her
Moreover,
of Ares.
to
with
explain why
to
reward
alluded
Iliad, is also
skull
in the
pleased Dante
hostilitybetween
the
appears
the
have
would
which
The
saga-poet.
myth-maker,
obtain
last to
at
motive
Greek
his teeth
fixed
he
when
[CHAP.
Epidaurus
90
b,where
such
the
marshaller
'
was
the
district in
The
dedicated0.
worship as
to
that
goddess appears to
of the ranks,'
if we
of her
cults at Thebes
former
city by
for the
war
the
vented
as
arparionuca.
an
in the
to
harness
oa/ri^a
ITTI ra
veu.v
the
seems
7:
in-
and
of
temple
armed
where
himself
she
was
express
war
in the
explained
Amphitryon
near
Deipnosoph. 14.
raw
Athens,
that
this name,
girtthemselves
Athenae.
legend
at
against Euboea
worshipped under
men
and
under
her
auspices
Vide
Aristides,vol. i, p. 18 (Bind.).
Vide
Zeus
l56
"".
the
called
his
older
Greek
about
her.
the
her
assigns her
of his
goddess
of
daughter
related
her
merely
to
place in
earlier
the latter
the
Zeus
of
have
known
can
find for
to
than
of
he gave
Athena,
Pallas,who
into
the
understand
as
the
but
he
for
theogony
Athena
to
the
why
the
Titanomachy as
to
perhaps
was
already related
were
we
former
latter
was
giantsb.
evidence
some
Greek
figurethat
that
Athena
Greek
religionand
Nike
determine
the statement
accept
the
prevalent
almost
can
we
was
before
art
of its introduction
the date
Titan
or
in the
the
As
form
another
in
associated
was
present Nike
not
being brought
least
to
artistic type.
theological
system
Hesiod,
at
both
winged
per
that
been
wished
his
If Nike
with
he
but
Athena,
as
prominent
battle
We
in
figured in the
Nike
say
giant
fictitious
be
in the
Hesiod,
these
have
it may
contemporaries
or
the
to
time
should
have
not
therefore he could
specialpurpose.
in
this way
in
Pallas,that is
an
is
silence
disproved by Homer's
religion seems
We
explain the curious parentage that
may
imagination
with
she
antedate
to
could
Nike
that
and
sonifications,
Hesiod
inclined
chronology,is
sacred
Hesiod's
and
But
Pallas.
Titan
the
of
daughter
In
trophy.
assists Zeus
Theogony* Nike
[CHAP.
of the
existence
of the
evidence
have
RELIGION.
GREEK
3J2
of the
scholiast
yet
the
on
of
statement
the
scholiast,which
fanciful,
impliesthat there
Greeks
and
statues
were
earlier than
regarded as
whom
representinga personage
the
be
cannot
known
period
to
graph
de la Victoire
Italic: his
JSike
The
written
mono-
appeared by Baudrillart
Dimmtes
Les
en
has
was
agrees
arguments
theoryas
on
the
to the
whole
Grhe
en
on
et
originof
with
mine.
againstM. Baudrillart's
the
later
of Archermus
"
purely
in
the
are
not
Classical
Review,
convincing.The
bv Mr.
1895
Sykes
p
seem
evidence
afforded
280
ATHENA.
x.]
this
and
doubt
no
was
only
313
described
that
name
in her
goddess Athena, whether
other, was
naturallyregarded
any
Athena
character
NI'KIJor
as
This
for
in
Athena
instance, and
found
three
and
was
that
local worships, at
enjoyed many
the Acropolis of Megara, where
Nike
on
temples,one
third
the
on
Aiantis
Athena
to
another
Athena,
to
Acropolis
the
; but
most
of Athens98.
In
wingless.
Erythrae
Pausanias
Athena
to
as
Nike,
celebrated
cult
Pausanias
the
of
name
the
on
official
and
us
wooden
left
derived
from
the
mentioned
and
Nike
first book
of
then
'
her
in
tells
he
Harpocration gives
Athena.
a
wingless
that
us
Heliodorus
his
is
account
irepl
6 -n^piriy^ri^
of
"6avov
is the
and
right hand,
little shrine
the
ordained
inscriptionspeaks
spoil won
ephebi
of the
pomegranate
a
'
This
For
found
has been
by Pausanias ; and an inscription
sacrifice
about
a
Propylaea containing a decree
TTJ'A6r]varf/HoAtaSt KCU rf/ \6i]va rr? Nur/36z. An
the
other
Nike.
type
helmet
1SW.
a/cpo7ro'Aeo)9
her
the
idol, holding
her
near
Athena
was
descriptionof
in
name
in
war
her
at
refers
who
sacrifice,
offered
crown
third
; a
1JCa.
honour
of
to
assisted
the
appeals
to
Polias, who
worship
and
character
Nike
the
of the
in
Athena
title
procession held
PhiloCtetes, where
him
saves
in
names
the
Ion,
Odysseus
ever.'
The
peaceful
in part the
evidently express
goddess, who
the
from
her
by these
goddess is invoked
century90'*;by Euripides in
The
the
to
her helmet
after
pre-eminentlya goddess
of the
has
laid aside
battle.
As
arts, and
In
as
it remains
her
warlike
carver's
to
to
was
be
as
nature
man
dear
cunning,for
this side
;
to
in
Homer
her,
her
consider
regarded
She
she is
goddess of peace
'
Pallas Athene
He
skilful craftsman
the
hands
whose
loved
him
above
//. 5. 59.
Od.
20.
78.
had
is
all the
all mena.'
Pandareus
supposed
to
the soul
added
have
fashioned
mysterious
of the
form
the
giftsof
the
gives her
souls of
There
men.
it is not
which
are
the
to
him
which
man
with
that
artist
could
have
not
its
of
that
it
which
they
excel.
was
how
taught
he
the
of Homer
the time
the
she
in
arts
have
must
potter'sart, and
Plato declares
Athens, and
sacred
were
who
defrauded
Athena
in
crated
Colonus
at
with
it from
and
on
it and
Zeus
h.
Pausanias
first to
it is
temple dedicated
a
in
one
to
give her
her
IToAtouxos
conse
was
the
Athenaconnected
was
for
name
it
was
embroideringof
passage
supposed
he
the
the
places mentions
in many
'Epyai^,and
the
probably
another
beginning,for
mutilated, and
of
in
that
and
Athens
at
of crafts
race
day
were
the
dishonoured
the
Athena
the Athenians
speak
1()0
Hephaestus
title 'H^aiaria
Athena,
and
Academia
and
whole
the
feast of XaAKeia
part
the
peplos began
is here
The
some
and
'A0r/rcua,
of
workman
later times
played
that
Hephaestus
to
a
a.
cult
cult
story,
early was
women
and
the
entirelyinvented,though
was
men
disentangle.
begrudged
to
And
marvel.
who
Before
patroness of the
the
in this story
but
meaning, shows
Athena
belief
the
produces
distorted
have
may
who
try
again who
beguilethe
to
ideas
to
present purpose
friends
Hesiod
which
shawl
confused
many
embellish
the
not
man,
gods were
happiness,is an ancient view of the Divine providence
is here presented. But
Athena's
dispositiontowards
she has nothing to do
is not in question here, because
of this creation, but is merely the
the moral
purpose
skilled
been
Athena
of
one
creative
as
and
better
wherewith
arts
Pandora,
fashion
; and
maiden
the
That
she
the
of
Prometheus
presented
are
who
Hephaestus
and
which
clay out of
strange myth
divinities
the Greek
it is Athena
powers,
[CHAP.
the
to
in the
And
men.
at
RELIGION.
GREEK
314
this title.
that
under
he
he
this
was
name
says
that
The
text
going
on
to
the
ATHENA.
x.]
Acropolisloob.
tion
evidence
wants
indeed
these
have
may
altar at
an
the
Olympia
Megalopolis,and
Thespiae
; and
Delos
at
KaAAiepyo*
Perhaps
Athena
as
of
Bdo-Kavos
We
skill
of
were
attributed
fine
music
of
of
that
the
her
of
handicraftsmen,
and
how
her
to
pupils according
have
and
and
the
legend
odec
and
explained by
motive
for the
recorded
by
the
Mitt.
d. dcutsch.
3. p. 305, and
Inst.
of Athens, Harrison
414-418.
The
only evidence of
and
merits
cult of
Ath.
'EpydvT)
at
Athens
are
less
The
Monn-
Verrall,
recognized
lines
104.
inventions
but
with
the
The
concern.
Boeotian
myth, an
Apollo himself
titles
The
the
to
inventress
in the
Pindar
1889,
the
warlike
art
was
'A??"w^
in
goddess
of the
twelfth
scholiast,
gives as usual
invention.
had
the
agriculture,
of
influence
the
as
arts
attached
105" 107
and
primitiveartist
Corinna.
to
been
Boeotia
the
taught, and
practised and
'Opyarr/
Samos
at
goddess
in the
was,
at
"
some
or
Plutus
at
the
she
poetry
flute alone
Bo|ui/3vAiu
may
Pamphylia
teaching
and
music
Athena
among
and
the
arts
some
noticed
have
at
Megalopolis108.
TeAx^'a interpreted
Maxims
the
pp.
'Epydns
refer to the
may
"
and
cult of Athena
of
Sparta,
at
Herme-statue
Ergane
of
Polias1'.
called themselves
sacrificed, a
the
goddess
guild that
Athens,
Epidaurus,
at
the
but
'Epya^rj,
of Athena
temple
of this
evidence
at
as
supposi
inscriptionshave
Athena
to
of Athena
group
have
well
as
which
Pheidias
we
in the
temple
on
of
descendants
Acropolis
dedicated
records
that this
shown
has
improbable :
is
the
on
been
Pausanias
But
and
found
been
Dorpfeld
Dr.
But
315
flute,
Pythian
dramatic
tural Athena;
but
far in
that
I think
she
goes
'Epyavrjcould
too
have
saying
to the working of
referring
the land (Classical
Review, 1894,p. 270).
Possibly by the time of Sophocles the
been
name
XIKVOS, from
in the
its convenient
form,
had
who
to be used
as
an
fragment of Sophocles100",
come
ordinaryrecepthe people of the handicrafts
tacle for cereal oblations.
Hesychius
into the public ways,
word
who
defines At/era as KO.VO., which was
a
worship
Athena
with
rather
ritual
than
set
to
to
winnowing-fans
Ergane
agrireferring
culture1001*.
is perhaps
upright.' Miss Harrison
11. 6-12.
right in explainingthe winnowing-fans
of
the primitiveagricula
as
memento
summons
'
lamentation
of
cries
callous
the
story that
curious
the
to
on
particularmotive
the changeful air
7ToXvK""f)a\o$,
hence
sisters
Gorgon
Athena
that
sentation
Python
ticular
strain
the
it
It appears
had
So
little
curse
they
Marsyas.
reference
The
had
of
of
the
it is
proof
stand
An
that the
around
her
natural
the
to
The
the
from
rival
Alcibiades
flute-playing,
had
also
they
of the
fond
were
had
practised
laid
disgust and
in
of inferior persons
probably
cult
malicious
of
the
artistic
with
the Panathenaic
and
festivals
Itonian
the
by Pliny,
statue
of
quae
Minerva
by
appellatur127,'
musica
'
is sound.
last
Athens
before
The
the hands
appears
Athena
it is the
features
recognition in
ft
to
par
Medusa
with
familiar
the
worship.
Demetrius, mentioned
reading
of
death
dislike
is
the
the
that
discovered
it away
there
of
that
arise
that Athena
if the
would
Boeotians, who
this
may
slaughter of
story about
the
we
worship
the
are
from
fell into
goddess
a.
pantomimic repre
the Gorgon, just as
the
We
flung
all
Boeotian
to
of
and
story how
In
evidence
character
of the
it ; it then
upon
like
told
it, but
on
unbecoming
was
flute.
commemorate
Athenians
because
a
it to
Athens.
at
that
instrument
sisters' lamentations.
her
myth
on
was
death
the
the
invented
goddess
and
Delphi.
at
there
the
of
representationsof
Then
the myth
musical
of
hear
flute of
the
on
general
part
vopos
definitely
states
10"
of the
sobbing
simple explanation;
very
that
and
Athena,
Boeotian
flute-playingwas
that
suppose
we
of
called
Siculus
in
flute-music
invented
story admits
This
to
in
the flute
on
was
the
which
Diodorus
set ; and
was
sounds
flute
the
various
Athena
sister,and
dead
lugubrious
their
uttered
Gorgons
two
their
over
imitated
way
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
3i6
the
earliest monument
on
inscription
close of
potsherd
mentioned
to
the
that records
the
be
have
sixth
dedicated
is that
here
in vogue
been
century
a.
by Callis
basis
gieia109a. The
of
her
in
statue
Athena
to
of
Hystatue,
ATHENA.
x.]
bearing
Athenian
to
people,and
Attica.
The
The
poses.
altar
an
same
outside
cult-statue, for
placed in front
idea is expressed
was
existed
was
the
by
consecrated
was
have
Acropolis
the
on
Acharnae
at
scarcely to
seems
statue
basis
oblong
an
that
worship
this
Acropolis dedicated
the
on
31?
the
in
epithet riaiawia,
the inter
and at Oropus 110,of which
appliedto her in Athens
in Pausanias.
certain by the context
It is
pretationis made
probable,then, that before the introduction of the worship of
Asclepios at Athens,
of
attributingto
matters
physicalamelioration
first celebrated
supposed
it may
been
taken
have
daughter
dedicated
tion, which
been
him
and
constant
proves
by
the
monument
temple
the
Athena
to
to
c.
declined
have
But
of the
to
of
statue
after
the
death
late
on
this dedicaPericles.
the great
Hygieia,
of health,
on
the
Hygieia
Athena
basis
from
the
of
I Hero
101'
Epidauros
near
Bull,
Girard.
Vide
pios
was
all of
inscriptionof
an
156-160, Wolters
architectural grounds that
tion
Epidauros
god
A.I),
association between
of
temple
scarcely
that
be
was
Athena
before
it may
companion
the
pp.
the
of Greece
near
are
1877, p. 164.
16.
; and
seems
to have
name
sculptor's
Kiinstlerbeen
Pyrrhos (vide Lowy,
inschriften,53; Journal of Hellenic
peopleand
con
Athenian
the whole
the
rest
Athena
also
have
We
by
second
century
inscrip-
the
was
plague that
new
worship
the
In
a.
Plutarch
to
preservedwith
raised
who
repugnance
The
and
in
and
Asclepios cult
according
Pericles,is
healing seems
of the
advance
with
in Athens
even
of
was
goddess, and
Acropolis,in which
the
on
the
to
Hygieia
Sophocles who
of the
precinctsthe dedications
art
tended
Athena
certain
other
in
as
of the great
Asclepios
recognized
And
It
z.
to Athens.
over
been
in its
for the
B6
ritual
the patronage
under
this
sacrifice to
the occasion
on
affinitybetween
period.
have
all that
erected
Asclepios was
occasionallyassociated
this
the
goddess
Aristophanes manifests
have
then
and
their
of life.
Epidauriancult passed
to
in
the
have
to
servative
was
Athenians
was
to
the
Athena,
Apollo, was
chief
the
"
There
at
appears
to
dc Corr. Hellcn.
have
Athena
Tegea18*,and
been
and
perhaps
some
Ascleat
All-
phera16'.
c
We
have
one
late
referring
inscription
merely
was
Athena's
theory
would
be almost
in any
case
late
certain
that she
in the
there
The
myth
one
of
healing power
Proetus, who
of
Athena
and
of
Hygieia
supernaturalforms
to
very
that
aware
myth
about
of
their
madness
of disease
virtue of hers
may
we
in
parts of
later than
the
expresses
the
Athens.
at
am
such
some
be
is the
cured
were
; and
which
Athena
in other
is mentioned
supposingit to
for
is
evidence
of her until
hear
not
The
worship
reasons
are
thus.
arose
do
we
circle of
her
where
cases
Greece
that
only negative:
period
most
proved
be
could
and
detached
nature
goddess, a part of
personified
; in fact,if Koepp's
first at Athens, it
Hygieia arose
the Attic
from
emanation
an
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
318
the
daughters
Hermes
by
in
dealingwith
the
suppose
of
words
Aristides
her the
The
myths,
to
appears,
be
then, to
because
with
her ; but
Artemis
ideas, with
mystery.
we
cannot
Dionysos,
or
warlike
maidenly or
say
was
her
that
with
of
great indictment
to
common
worship,like
Oriental
with
tainted
orgiastic excess,
The
nature
or
them
of
that
barbaric
impure symbolism
Arnobius,Eusebius
or
and
Orphic literature.
'T7/em :
probably to Athena
Archaiologikon,1888, p. 206 :
'^vaia
Mfvcia
Deltion
HYGIEIA)
which
is interpreted
with much
probabilityby Reinach, in the Bull, de Corr.
Hell. ii. p. 261, as meaning that Meneia
had
seen
by
vision of Athena
been
her 'virtue.'
P- 26"'
and
Ath.
Thraemer
ancient
aveOrjiffv
t'SoGcr'dpfTTjvTJ)S Ofov"O^iv
healed
1885,
(Roscher's Lexicon, s.
that she
assumes
have
must
from
belonged to the
EpidaurianAsclepios cult,but he fails
to bring forward
any real evidence or
against the theory
any stiong reasons
of the Attic origin of Hygieia. Her
worship at Titane was
perhaps early,
hut cannot
be proved to be as old as
the Athenian
potsherd (Paus. 2. n. 6).
Apollod. Bib. 2. i, 5.
c
times
v.
RELIGION.
GREEK
320
NOTE
As
dite,
of
find
we
Athena
noXian?
or
fire
we
pig
the
times
and
male
in
accuracy
important
bulls
this
and
naic,
bulls
without
very
be
regarded
is all
and
as
in
of
records
consecrated
in
as
the
to
belonged
other
his
more
time
as
from
to
to
of
Athena,
to
fifth
and
the
A.
is
the
sen
that
the
and
Mommsen
Panathe-
the
sacrifice
the
it
For
and
is
of
be
would
Panathenaic
downwards
Erechtheus
of
to
not
Erechtheus,
that
Erechtheus,
century
while
and
if, as
sacrifice
thinking
sacrifice
strange
of
that
facts
the
rhythm
by
in
p.v
the
Athena
no
used
was
that
is
is
(2. 546)
Iliad
that
is
Athena-cult.
Peisistratus
sacrifice
the
the
for
it
birth
the
death
the
the
but
of
and
reason
referred
to
of
respect
Peisistratus
the
view
legend
there
the
Athena;
to
not
own
line
one
refer
was
the
and
the
once
be
must
that
spoken
authorities
tioned.
at
pause
sheep
in
My
there
to
tenable
as
speak
there
strange
should
is
should
and
both
the
to
show
some
sometimes
dictum
to
was
were
was
on
cereal
where
but
Therefore
This
of
oblation
victims
bull
her
Athena
rarely
according
critics,
is valueless.
usual
scholiast
female.
Erechtheus
to
the
case
to
Rhodes,
case
the
the
boy-priest
was
at
her.
to
the
it
Aphro
of
priest
commonly,
and
the
modern
some
referred
interpolator
then
by
grammatically,
the
and
used
the
most
that
and
be
character,
sacrificial
the
Marathon
must
refers
view
interpolator
of
Athena
sheep
TavpojroXos,
Eustathius
argument
;
one
holds,
of
sheep
Erechtheus
then
been
passage
that
tence,
to
has
and
them,
bull
the
places
conclude
may
called
was
dictum
the
victims
the
show
she
as
At
we
was
Ilium
In
Lindos,
the
of
as
and
sacrifice,
other
and
cow
goat.
and
sacrificed
Theseus
that
the
female
her,
offered
and
in
; but
the
animal,
slaughtered
this
worshipped
m,
priest.
of
and
her
regards
that
ritual
her
hear
Amyclae,
conclude
may
in
used
was
As
the
and
We
and
of Athena
masculine
Zeus.
and
Elatea.
at
her
to
with
cult
Phaselis
at
Kprmu'a,
bloodless
the
of
in
victim
male
due
probably
Tegea,
at
Athena
no
is
connexion
frequent
the
infrequently
not
this
ritual
in the
but
by priestesses,
served
was
victims
of female
sacrifice
with
goddess
Greek
the
rule
RITUAL.
ON
offering
that
in
it
always
is
scarcely
men
the
XL
CHAPTER
OF
MONUMENTS
the
AMONG
Athena,
the
the
the
coin-representationsin
Not
important.
most
illustrate
that
monuments
find
we
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
do
only
respects
some
they give
manifold
us
that
belonged to her in
testimony of the character
national
more
clearlythan
religion,but they also prove
other
evidence
monumental
The
large
very
have
appears
worship
the
shield
probably
and
regards the
As
that
especiallythose
and
of
of very
Pheidias, are
have
We
art.
of Athena
images
Pallas
contained
and
thought
have
that
down
come
did
either
of
goddess, or
ft
The
refer to
VOL.
words
some
I.
not
the
to
So
of the
of
seated
of Tertullian118
formless
us
far
070X^0
as
the
type
seem
con
few
'
of
ancient
but
the
any
many,
creations
ideas
judge
religionof
the
'
of
earliest
can
we
which
wholly aniconic
survivals
The
monuments
that
the
primitive
arc
most
already
archaic
nature-goddess,but
Palladia, embodying the
as
characteristic
of
to
in Attica,
the
existence
nothing.
Y
her
historyof religious
that
shown
express
her
represent
type
for the
been
few
with
prevalence
comparatively
primitive ritual.
the
to
very
connected
the
it has
a, and
relativelyadvanced.
images
of
of
type
arc
great value
proof
no
as
in
Polias.
attached
be
public
holding
sculpture, those
can
figure
with
Athena
the
Athena
any
goddess, preserved
warlike
spear,
of
be
can
than
certainly recognized
the
of the
works
cult-name
definite
of
brandishing her
and
Palladia
be
is that
cult
with
of the
her
which
upon
the
cult.
of her
diffusion
mythology
only type
can
wide
vases
with
do
to
vase-paintings,which
nected
of
number
more
perhaps
the very
of
worship
of the
of
were
war-
goddess
which
we
of
know
Homer
state, and
the
the
But
forms.
most
primitive,
may
We
powers
cannot
The
Poseidon.
1G
archaic
been
bore
of Troezen
coinage
Poseidon
of the two
divinities there
head
we
that
lished
the
by
is
allied to
the
brow, and
few
the
us
not
large chin
countenance
dess of
be
the
are
the
she
Acropolis of
were
vicinityby
myth and
associated
actual
is most
of
advanced
solemn
Commentary
that
lip;
and
well
accord
than
Athens
in the
hieratic
pose,
M, i and 2.
Lenormant, Elite Ctram.
1846, Taf.
other
no
the
with
the
goddess
could
such
forms
and
such
we
know
that
Pallas
and
Erechtheum
the
standing
over
hand
39,
Die
i.
4-5;
PL
78;
Klein,
god
scarcely
by
which
her
is
The
'
of Athena.
as
of cult
P. 47, PL
Zeit.
of
styled at Troezen,
was
b, on
goddess holding up
Arch.
worship
Troezen, pub
as
its immediate
or
well
as
by religious
religiousas
black-figured
this
representation. And
strikinglypresented by a
archaic
style,painted by the
vase-painterAmastris
of
in the hair
forms
communion
mythic
sociation
the
to the
style(coinPL A 2 1 ),
fifth-century
broad
cheek, the majestic eye
characteristic
so
as
strength,'
Poseidon
in
of
trident
surelybe Athena's
it must
divinity,and
male
vividly depicted
expression.
vase
ancient
the
more
On
the
of the expression.
deep earnestness
of these coins, according to Professor
Gardner, show
head
same
wearing earrings,and therefore they do
represent
the
of
have
to
the
in his Numismatic
work
dignityand
masculine
A
And
b.
device
reference
of archaism
Pheidian
the
17
Gardner
noble
with
that
us
the
Poseidon
appears
coins
fifth-century
faint traces
very
its usual
for
two
on
Professor
has
one
other
see
informs
of Athena,
the head
and
Pheneos
at
Pausanias
assured
of
of
bronze-statue
temple
; and
the
demonstrably
not
cult-connexion
the
illustrate
site of Athena's
the
on
association
convenientlyconsidered first.
earliest period any
the
from
quote
with
her
be
representationsthat
goddess
of both
aware
illustrate
that
Nature, though
of
the
been
have
to
appears
monuments
with
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
322
the
divinities
two
against
drawing
Griechischen
signaturen,p.
Athenian
43.
Vasen
each
is
appear
other,
masterly
mit
JMeister-
XL]
its detail
delicacy of
representationof
in the
; for
present
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
MONUMENTS
instance, on
A).
relief in the
In
least
at
Erichthonios
of
birth
the
XIII.
(PL
323
one
Poseidon
is
Louvre, of which
the
trident
sceptre
or
It is hard
trident
was
of God
took
of
Greek
title
of the
various
Smyrna0
hand
figureof Poseidon
his
thigh
olive-trees.
In
coiled
it
round
grouped
on
The
the
on
the
'
the
the
on
behind
and
is
on
we
is
rival
version
relief in
see
his
the
on
trident
helmet
the twelve
and
divinityare
Athena's
taking the
Zeus
each
altar with
an
here
alabaster
right resting on
wearing a Corinthian
above
voting-place
Such
which
A. D., on
to
near
concerning the
his
centre
snake
divinities
votes
from
are
an
the altar.
on
rendered
by certain monuments
subjectwas differently
Pausanias
Acropolisof Athens.
saw, probably not
d, a group
the Erechtheum
from
from
Poseidon's
where
country.
each
that stands
us
with
and
urn
to the
first century
of the
on
Acropolis and
divinities
story is presented to
the
land, and
suggest that
to
seems
and Athena
of Poseidon
left the
the
The
the
on
the
the votes
claims
that
monuments
place in
divinities
two
sacred
the
cult of the
separate the
to
Acropolisfrom
the various
a.
of Athena
and
far
Poseidon, the
two
11
Mon.
deir Inst.
Whether
i.
xii.
it
was
sych.Zeus
i.
Tlfaaoi:
vide
Atos
or
ifsfjtpns
Frag. 4 (Meincke
18), Suidas s.v. Ato? ^^o?, He-
Atof
Cralinus, Archilochoi
2,
p.
PI.
d
Mitt.
i.
i.
m|.
d. deut.
Fig. 2.
24, 3.
Inst.
1882, p. 48,
RELIGION.
GREEK
324
[CHAP.
"
the
before
made
it
it that
from
conclude
can
of the
destruction
the
was
figures.And
central
victorythat
of
moment
we
what
does
drawing
Attica,
hardly
can
we
help
not
anything
that
of
the
the
but
On
olive-tree
of
of Athena's
it has
in
survive
Acropolis
token
olive,and
the
adjudged
the
the
that
suppose
be
been
decide.
to
us
rightwould
traces
strife had
the
creation
beneficent
the
held
been
of
centre
the
pediment.
In
have
been
the
of
representations of the
other
Parthenon
b.
emblem
burg
supposed
the
strike
downwards
this action
he
final
strikingand
why she should
say
olive-tree
his
with
Parthenon
a
what
has
The
and
value
representation has
Kunst,
In
her
121.
very
loom,
the
the
weaves
contest
with
Arachne
Percussamque sua
Prodere
cum
bacis
at
Poseidon
de
simulat
Published
by
been
foetum
the
given
why
Dionysos
to
of the
exaggerated ;
described
story
to
is after the
she
much
of
what
it easy
is
nor
to
and
doubtful
nor
by Ovid,
of
her
Pallas
strife with
cuspide
Met.
245;
3,
p.
p.
1395.
terrain
olivae
canentis
Mirariquedeos.
c
yet
as
centre
about
been
der
the
apparently be running
as
vase
in
spear
purpose,
thyrsos should
of the
St. Peters
the
it is very
in
appear
be
Miiller-Wieseler,Denkmdlcr
altcn
b
with
Poseidon
as
wieldingher spear
already been produced,
panther
her aid.
interpretationhas
of Pallas and
is
olive-tree
weapons,
significant
vase
whom
of
which
reconstruction
as
appears
the
us
their
with
the
to
well-known
rivals,both
two
No
olive
the
shows
Kertsch
between
trident.
instance,
clue
the
group,
For
from
afford
to
myth,
sacred
same
6. So.
Baumeister, Denkmdhr,
MONUMENTS
XL]
it may
but
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
the
of
reminiscences
certain
preserve
325
Pheidian
drapery of Athena.
Of still more
importance as a survivingcopy of the Athena
in
from Epidauros, now
of the western
gable is the statuette
Athens, representingthe goddess moving rapidly to her right
with
her
the movement
We
also
her
on
left ;
life,and
number
shield
seem
styleappears
have
her
and
outstretched
right arm
the Pheidian
figureand
the
especiallyin
group,
a.
illustrate
the
and
the
goddess
the
on
threateningPoseidon,
a
menacing gesture.
her
left
tree
In
sign.
little resemblance
it may,
for all
group
that
Pausanias
In
these
and
peaceful,and
standing
with
of contest,
just
as
XIV.
faring.
PI.
b
free
strife.
On
the
at
are
meeting
their
they
middle, there
in the
in
seems
seen
are
is
and
of reconciliation
scene
published
sign
no
concord,
ArMologique*
forming the vine (PL
Gazette
On
Ath.,
of her
in
Mythol.
Harrison
and
and
relations
of South
Alon.
Museum
Verrall,
17. 4.
46.
Gardner
Pans.
and
Z.
Imhoof-Blumer,
n.
12.
A 'nut.
14. 16 ; tiritish
JVum.
we
the
with
coins
of the
some
Poseidon,
with
association
record
Published
Comrn.
the
the
in
very
Carrey'sdrawing,
coins c, where
jointly engaged
her
monumental
Anc.
presents
a).
Besides
olive-tree
them
find
we
the
the
pointing to
scene
in
reproduction of
Acropolis.
above
other
two
if
of
deities
mentioned
on
the
on
saw
cameo
the
motive
know, be
we
with
shield
and
spear
right as
central
possibly a
but
on
her
representationsthe
black-figured vase
the
bears
composition
the
to
stands
out
olive-tree,
the
which
around
and
Athena
holds
hand, and
her
as
who
them
between
right,and
is seated
her owl
which
upon
and
and
sea
and
Italy,Thurium,
Catalogue of
Conuji.
17.
d
water
other
have
1886, PI.
3.
i.
Coins
Paus., Z.
Attica,
15.
and
RELIGION.
326
GREEK
of Athena
PI. A
22).
explain these
To
need
we
is that
say
in
maritime
occasionallya
divinitymight ; and
yeVetato the Pallas
the type was,
for the
of
fish-tail ;
do
we
from
birth
all.
character
and
All
that
acquired
do not
we
probably a cult-title,
was
cult.
blue
that
any,
The
not
know
speciallychosen
was
blue-eyed
certainlydid
the
know
even
localities Athena
was
of that
of
shape
not
at
Lenormant
maritime
if there
Ceramicus980
in the
her
images
on
we
this
though originally
what
follow
not
this
that
helmet
originalmonstrous
an
a
wearing
need
we
about
T/nroyeVeiawith
Athena
an
is found
holding
Scylla,sometimes
which
[CHAP.
of Athena
statue
allude
to
story of
the
Pausanias
imagined. The
bronze
statue
at Aliphera 119,wrought by Hypatodorus, was
probably a representationof Athena TptroyeWia,but Pausanias
its size and
on
only remarks
beauty, and saw
nothing in it
The
in Rome,
speciallycharacteristic.
Rospigliosi statue
water,
as
us
published by Gerhard c, shows
hand
enveloped in her large mantle
at her feet is
adorned
with
expression.
regarded as
d
to
with
few
monument
with
fertility.The
in which
Guide
she
to
P- 59;
b
Gazette
water-born
Brit. Mus.
Hut.
Num.
be
And
a
of the
hip ;
aegis is
sentimental
scarcelyto
be
it is absurd
similar
Tritogeneia.
conventional
earth, with
of the
3. C, 17 ; 4. C, 16 ; Head,
Fig. 35
Pallas with
representationon
is seen
by the side
the Coins
cult.
left
her
her
languid
work, and
signs
her
restingon
public
may
the
wears
is
with
of
the
merely
are
her
late
robe
or
Athena
and
monuments
association
ft
is
this
simply a
symbols of the
no
are
But
be
may
at
her face
starry aegis
the sentiment
stars
Triton,
stars, and
from
argue
and
female
an
expression
The
pose
decoration,
or
at
and
the
least
divinity.
Athena's
quoted illustrating
of
Dionysos, and the powers
the fine
cameo
of Poseidon
Minerven
quoted above,
assistingthe vine
Idole:
Akad.
Abhandl.
24. 4.
d
AS Hettner
argued,Annalideir
Inst.
MONUMENTS
XL]
to
is
grow,
at
grape-cluster
festival of the
the
Petersburg discussed
St.
new-created
We
in Munich
which
illustrates
the
Athens.
On
find
we
the
of
vase
Dionysos coming
to
interested
was
in
olive-tree.
the
regard
may
above,
327
who
Dionysos AevSpiVrj?,
which
motive
unique
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
back
these
divinities
the
lyre,and
her, as alludingto
upon
in cult
chariot
in her
who
by Dionysos
association
some
festival.
and
black-figuredvases
mounted
represent Athena
certain
on
scene
between
herself
Athena
stands
playing
Sciras
jointlyhonoured
were
c.
identification with
have
to
appears
Tyche,
been
of the state.
the Fortune
But
there
belonging to
representation
some
the
Greek
the
describe
clearlyto
seems
female
figuresin
holding
shield
hand, have
the
terracotta
the
on
recentlyfound
and
arm
supposed
been
an
with
the archaic
Athena, and
belong
gested above
partlyas
her
the powers
Jahn, Vasensammhtng,
784" I13I-
O.
353"
*
Auserkscne
Gerhard's
a
and
futile ;
which
attempts
element
the
gems
and
on
which
wor-
Sciras
terracotta
publishes(Akad.
7, 8, 10, 13),
dis-
to
in the
festival of Athena
he
Itonia may
are
relief
Abhandl.
he
finds
the
the
Acropolis,
Maenads
have
regarded
for this
reason
world.
We
of the lower
have
should
dancing before
wrongly inimaSe
Denkterpreted(vide Miiller-Wieseler,
clasping or
of Atnena
lhe
Vasenbilder, i. 37.
further
Dionysiac
cern
ship
112,
on
and
in
apple or pomegranate
to represent
good reason
period. It has been sug
and
divinityof vegetation,
25.
to
1-"
of this kind
statue
mater,
14 a)
there
orgiasticcharacter
an
Scirra,
nor
consecrated
d
A then.
are
is
no
is it certain
that
it
to Athena.
Mittheil.
of
evidence
in the festival of
1894,^491.
was
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
328
could
of this cult if we
inter
monument
interesting
pret the figureson a largegem publishedby Miillera as those of
seated
the Coronean
worship (PI.XIII. b). We see an Athena
the left,and the god of the lower world with Cerberus
on
on
the flame
and the goddess is pouring a libation over
the right,
an
possess
this
That
of Coronea
the Zeus-Hades
Itonia and
them.
between
is the view
is Athena
of Overbeckb
and
divinities
And
Coronea.
at
is at least
Overbeck
local
The
have
reason
to
power,
have
the
other
any
On
of
hand
and
chiton.
As
might
of
garland
in
Auge
Villa
Athena
an
Co
the
obverse
of
to
d. alt.
Kunst,
Pans.
here
allow
to
us
helmet
2.
p. 47.
p. 90.
2 2
5.
we
of
head
this and
rendering
and
can
of Athena
Alea,
reproduction of
foolish and
the
the
has
Sciras
temple
take
among
mysterious
with
armed
comic
see
is too
attitude
Albani6, in which
mm.
Oriental
representation,and
no
the
have
discover
to
i.
Kunst-Mythologie,
Num.
the
them
is the
Auged: above
column, holdinga patera in her right
her left,and wearing a high-girdled
we
the
statue
Denkmaler
Of
or
prove
between
distinguishing
representation of Athena
the
might
terms.
their
on
at
and
that
but
attempt
A
all that
have
surprisedin
was
meaningless
cessful.
as
goddess.
South
Italy we
on
suppose
too
The
way
of Heracles
temple-image;
butes
bear
of
vase
goddess
that
Hellotis
of these
we
Miiller
by
of the
type
myth
statue
no
us
late
of the
we
of Corinth
coins
give
been
at
precisemeaning
and
Tegea
at
monuments
no
Hellotis
Tegean
Alea
Alea
worshipped
been
left
illustrate the
Athena
goddess has
the
cult that
interpretationoffered
valid hypothesis.
cults of Athena
Corinth, in which
other
no
the
explainsthe monument,
and
is
there
as
the
the
attri
figureseriously.
monuments
some
been
equally unsuc
ghostly form exists
discern
the
outlines
in
of
and
d
Mon.
Gerhard, Akad.
del?
Insl. 4. Taf.
Abhandl.
12.
Taf. 24. 3.
XL]
head
foot
to
enigmatic
that the
in
statue
have
of the
he
'which
that
on
occasion,
far
more
probable
of the
image
of archaic
ritual
type,
of
We
of
hear
believe
that
it
Athena
name
seem
Sciras
to
playersat
Sciros
has
was
ever
the
lightsof
for
we
The
crescent
statue
from
b
the
und
in
The
stars
the
is
coins
not
practice of smearing
Alpheionia
Abhandl.
the robe
on
the robe
on
with
has
as
9.
been
Taf.
clay
Mon.
Cf. Etrus-
Campanische Vasenbilder,
Inst
d
the
monu
religion
or
moon
at
19.5.29,13;
no
way
shown
Ined.
On
Taf.
vase
also
reveals
already ;
p. 291, note
is
Raoul-Rochette,
56.
published Jahrb.
1892, 102.
Vide
all,
vase-scene.
one
shield-device,and
uncommon
the
in
in
Athens
of
dice-
nothing
mean
of Creon
26
the
Greek
with
idol,
unlikely(i.
and
is unproved
but
of the
the
between
anticipationthat
in
Alpheus.
Akad.
kische
Sciras
said
also
moon
type of the
the
connexion
moon-goddess,
of Artemis
the
been
on
as
Cf.
Athena
heaven.
find them
Athena
the
and
and
spear
them
behind
stands
discovered
the
with
no
half-moon
the
that
in giving
justified
was
goddess
repre
that Athena
sign whatever
identified or by kinshipconnected
give
ments
the
Gerhard
and
he
on
if we
and
already
board
that
have
not
Parthenos,
was
; and
draughts
or
published by
vase
might
Pheidian
It
above
similar
for in another
earth-71'3,which
of dice
vestment
should
we
so
xoanon
primitive fetish
the
to
divination,practisedat Sciros
seated
the star-embroidered
even
the
did
nor
procession. It is
alluding to the veiling
white
means
on
scene
in this manner,
the
of
process
warriors
two
sents
submit
to
used
was
Plynteria.
was
probably
Sciras
The
for olives a.
good
Way, by
a
in the
with
daubed
Eleusinian
it had
as
be
to
Polias
Sciras
that
sculptorwas
of Athena
being
supposed
the
of Athena
cult-statue
The
the
that
this ;
as
the
heat.
the
sunshade
gives is
of Athena
from
know,
we
as
this
procession of
image
covering such
play any part in
not
Sciras
idol of Athena
the
Gerhard
the
to
sheltered
and
is that, so
difficulty
explanationof
which
goddess
supposes
covered
329
The
allusion
an
conveys
been
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
mantle.
ample
an
appearance
in
Scirophoria,
to
OF
MONUMENTS
d.
d. d.
found
sometimes
on
the
for which
it
purpose
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
330
has
Archaeologicalevidence
on
danger,
to avert
used a.
sometimes
was
charm
it appears
found
been
Roscher
by
to
of
the personification
was
theory that Athena
the thunder-cloud, namely, in certain coin-typesof Macedon,
Athens, and Boeotiab,that show the goddess stridingforward
We
can
brandishing the lightning in her right hand.
his
support
scarcelycall
this
period,and
may
type, which
represents Athena
this
that
the
coins
of
Homer
Pindar
that
lightning,'
weapon
but
is to
it is
Alkis
is there
the
has
but
been
if these
works
Hesych.
oirep
baneful
have
(-fKp(/j.ara.i
Jahn, Ueber
den
bei
Sachs.
Gesellsch.
den
52. Wieseler's
Kunst,z. p.
Alten,
side
bronze
Mus.
Berichte
d. Wiss.
in
O.
bosen
d.
1855, pp.
K.
Pyrrhus struck
at
15.
variety
the spear
in the hands
deal with
the
supposed
that
Medusa
even
slighter
theory
herself is
on
Syracuse Pallas
d:
Medusa
the
prove
is
spear but the thunderbolt
B
rit.
Cat.
Mils.
Thessaly,
field,
"c., PI.
20.
have
we
dishingthe
Centr.
holds
relief in
marble
shield and
in the
42,
coins of
The
embody.
to
Syracuse and
Gorgon-
physicalforces
various
alt.
this lunar
Cat. Attica, PL
of
discussion (Denkm.d.
68) of
the
of Athena
symbolism
appliedto Athena is scepticaland sane.
b
Head, Hist. Num.
p. 203, Fig. 146;
coins of Athens, Brit.
on
third-century
1
his
wield
in support of the
Aberglaubendes
Blicks
been
TraiSiois. Vide
TOIS
the
to
nearest
and
that
ffeXrjvis1
fyvXaKTrjpiov
s.v.
sometimes
suggestion of
literary.A
Messina
the spear0;
might
monuments
archaeologicalevidence
than
in
that
sat
place of
the
wields
common
Athena
know
not
Promachus.
or
Athena
personifiedthe
'
do
we
merely
the
in later art
takes
any
that
facts
or
that
only
in the
Nor, lastly,
myth
to
coin-
thunder-goddess
Philip V
and
Zeus, and
of Pella she
later
Macedonian
But
as
all of the
are
the
by
Alkis.
allude
only
and
influenced
Antigonus
need
coins
recognized
the coins
on
thunderbolt
in
all be
divinitywas
Macedon
and
12;
on
Greece, PL
coins of Phaselis
6.
she
3 ;
stands
Cat.
certain
on
on
bran-
ship's
d. alt. Kunst,
Brit.
P.
Mus.
287.
2.
223.
Cat. Macedon,
p. 90.
Polias
in it the
tern
spindlein
each
and
holding
upright
sculptor.
or
ancient
later
There
is little value
seated
but
her
on
there
is
figuresof
in Attic
that
tombs
if there
even
her
were
been
of
dead
the
only
; we
demonstrably
interred.
a
De
from
the
One
his article
because
the
their
origin
the
on
was
mother-city;
the
that
cult.
seated
Acropolisand
the
are, there
its favour.
Polias
hear
levied
small
Athena
of the
should
There
is
of
way
tombs
all,or
of the most
Minerv.
Poliad.
Antiqiiiss.
A
ncient
Miiller,
Art, " 96, 24;
P. 689.
burial
and
to
the
priestess
G4
compensation f. Again,
is very slightindeed ; for
are
not
Gerhard
known
to
simulacris,
96, 9.
d
ought
that for
Akad.
Abhandl.
Taf.
22.
not
are
have
cf. "
ritual,
probably
enacted
paid
for
proved
no
that there
eccentric
figurespublished by
at
Attic
e.
Furt-
evidence
thinks
be
123
scanty
by Hippias,who
sum
the Attic
seated
againstProf.
the
and
so,
on
form
virginal
of
is too
be
may
of Athena
statues
always
were
This
strong arguments
city-goddess by
of
some
found
generalgrounds
on
citizen
the evidence
Prof. Curtius
and
contention
that
Athena
exceptionaldeath-tax
each
from
Pelasgic
cities
no
between
have
marble
there
althoughGerhard
to
his
in
positivelyin
pronounce
connexion
of the
strongly main
questionablytraced
declares
wangler's view, as
to
the
on
12'2,
was
was
that
borrowed
ancient
Acropoleis of
But
same
he considers
Polias : and
reproduce Athena
in
of a peaceful maternal
goddess is most
this form
the
temple
Furtwangler, in
argument
was
and
terracotta
her
O. Miiller
by
the
weight
more
us
his
the
throne,
in
'
'
question whether
Lexicon^, pronounces
in
Athens, therefore
to
the
goddess
polos
to
olive-wood
Prof.
and
wearing
latter view
also
Roscher's
in
and
on
from
enthroned
attributes
Polias
archaeologists;but
Athena
on
spent
The
he
which
Athens, carved
of
hands,
of Athena
image
Acropolis
of her
been
has
of the
pie-image
work
discussion
Long
the
crown,
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
332
been
in
an
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
Attic
a, is
tomb
small
her
wearing
arms,
clad
blue
in
Athens, and
that
the ancient
if
than
monuments
there
Besides
the
the
on
of
sanias
few
form
before
seated
seen
on
of
her throne
and
it is the
supposed
to
Nike, which
cup
is
in
reproduce
find
in
name
the shrine
der Hel-
The
But
I
as
the
this is
am
and
aware,
worship
is
goddess
1893,
the
latter
whether
on
maintains
one
no
it could
the
seated
finds
Acropolis,is
the
almost
with
Grec.
on
idol,then, was
;
M.
Lechat
the
assigningthe seated
Acropolis to the period
Persian
incredible
connected
the
for
reasons
Athena
be
of Athena
xoanon
have
to
far
which
the
measure
after
belong
by Pau-
temple.
own
Polias:
testimonyas
Stackelherg
containingthe
inscriptions
of Endoeus
published,
mentioned
helmet, but
later.
p. 142.
two
often
and
receivingsacrifice
her
some
raised
mentioned,
Taf. 57.
/";/"?",
fix
no
preserved in
direct
be
may
described
Berlin, on
of Athena
image
was
which
of her
Athena
'provenance'; but
vouches
for it, Grtiber
tacitly
b
idol would
existing
energeticgoddess of
of Athena
image
wearing
its
to
might, the
the various
only representation,so
well
ancient
the
interesting
type of the
in her own
city,can lay aside
the
Polias
and
erect
the door
seated
left hand
that
the ancient
Acropolis,which belongs as
might be the actual
century0 and
black-figuredvase
on
her
the
the
sixth
the
Endoeus, the
in which
is
been
if this type of
so,
we
of
more
have
to
among
among
terracottas
side
cult-image. The
no
be
aegis
an
iffar
copies of
to
of the
statue, often
north
regards style to
work
of
that
is the marble
found
be
urged, as
we
and
known
were
common
head,
would
and
most
that conceals
a). But
(PI.XV.
existence,and
of
itself most
her
on
the dead,
monuments
representation of
ample drapery
polos
temple-idol? We
the seated
divinitywere
argument
in
red mantle
333
terracotta
with
buried
coloured
and
goddess, seated
the
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
invasion; but
that Pausanias
it is
should
fifth-century
sculptor
mythic Daedalus.
Rev.
1893, p.
des "t.
23.
RELIGION.
GREEK
334
evidentlyin
some
custom,
which
Athena
with
is far
than
more
we
armed
and
and
conclusion
ancient
words
the words
they
Athena
erect
a, the latter
are
has
collected,and which
of the
Two
his mother's
evidence
both
from
ancient
who
is
xoanon
of
murder, is bidden
to
the former
go
to
and
b.
an
There
which
dramatists
In
in the
sense
seated
in the Electro,
d.
Athens, with
no
same
the
contrasts
at
the
c'
probable
very
between
point clearlyto
Aristophanes 322
of
the Birds
of the
pose
erect
; there
Greek
in the
threat
the
by Endoeus
being the
better
was
Athenagoras,
are
striking
most
and
draw
contrast
express
accord
Polias
can
olive-wood
idol of
an
city-worship.
cumulative
of
general
ancient
carved
city-idolof
unless
inter
the form
We
figureof Athena,
seated
the
were
to
say,
of Athena
monuments.
from
the
were
figureis proved by
literature
the
form
actual
the
that
can
than
of the grave
ening figure,
though this latter
temple-image of the most
very
And
if it
; and
the
the peace
with
at Athens
vogue
[CHAP.
Jahn
conclusion.
Euripides and
Orestes,after
Athens
to
the sacred
the
head
left arm,
cityof
guard
the
the
is
'
asks
right?
How
hard
complete, and
it (IToAioSxo?)
for whom
:
Epops.
these
to
understand
Why
could
could
Polias
:
at
to attribute
Athenagoras seems
Endoeus
:
granting there may
not
Athens
both
be
in
hold
her
shield
shield
raised
over
her
on
Still
peacefulattitude.
allow
card
the wool
of the
Polias
Athena
her
when
city be well-governed,
have
for Dr.
her
shall
stands
woman,
words
of Athena
'
how
But
goddess, being
statue
in
passage
'
peplos?
usual
Clouds
seated
were
is the
could
with
erect
were
if she
but not
most
Polias,who
if she
convincing
more
to
of Athena
image
Orestes'
/Sperasof Athena,
sacred
most
in full armour,
"c. ?
been
written, unless
were
erect
and
'
the
armed, is
Furtwangler'sexplanationthat
some
in
corruption
of the whole
passage
invalidated.
MONUMENTS
xr.]
Attic
the
Pallas
poets
unnatural.
unless
Athena
The
whole
in
temple on
temple-image of
the
of the
sacred
fallen from
of
conceive
for the
stiff
divinityshot from
also that in Alciphron
rTpo/otaxos
; the
is elsewhere
interpretedas
ing
Athena
to
noticed
bridal
Polias
in the
; and
b), has
contains
form
type
no
so
much
pose
of her
these
Hellenic
with
as
Polias,who
styled
u'2
attitude
e.
published by
the
by
has
been
he has
that he should
her the
with
olive and
already
wor
by
have
her serpent
the
chosen
the
sketched,
are
column
reference
the
doubt
If
the
whom
peacefulness of
the
single Doric
goddess
dominated
been
not
the
of
shield.
and
upliftedspear
of accord
offer
character
and
name
of the goddess to
city-temple
all
of the
Polias.
easier
representation,
Journal, i,
p. 202, PI. 7.
of
may
altar,receivingher
her
temple is indicated by
symbols placingbeyond a
Another
We
well be
not
been
of the
is inconceivable
out
Behind
rite to Athena
men,
is addressed
people
doubt
her
and
all.
interest taken
behind
stands
due, it
was
ceremony.
be
can
sacrifice
was
than
imagination had
vase-painter's
the
there
warlike
shippers in
early
thence
in warlike
and
it
evidence
marriages
divinitywho
of the
of
Athena
she could
marriage-rites.The
preliminary
of the state
Poliuchos
have
to
representationthat
processionbringing a bull as an
the TrporeAeta ^ji^pa,
the day
on
a, which
a
very
and
and
naturallyto
Smith
Cecil
Mr.
sky, throne
erect
were
lost,
is the
fabled
was
imagination
Athena
be
is
Acropolis.
naive
the
very
archaic
of very
she
is forcible
of cults.
ments
'
panoply
Athens
Poliuchos, and
unless
there
Also
wrould
prayer
called
Promachus
her
log-likeidol descending
seated
note
energetic
heaven
probably easier,even
to
Homer's
of
seems
city-idol,
Aristophanes'joke
of
point
335
own
standing
'
goddess
Polias
their
of
never
The
the
always thinking
were
Athena,
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
to
interpretand
that does
but
the
not
in any
appear
case
goddess of
we
the
pointing to
quiteso
have
city,
probable ;
sacrifice to
336
GREEK
the
same
the
Berlin
RELIGION.
conclusion, is found
Museum
a, that
to an
altar,behind
spear
upliftedin
her
large
altar
stood
Athena
which
that
Polias
on
shows
stands
right hand
before
be
must
[CHAP.
black-figuredamphora of
worshippers bringing a cow
the shielded goddess with the
a
(PI.XV.
the
supposed
c).
The
Erechtheum,
have
to
altar is the
of which
out
receive her
to
come
sacrifice.
third sacrificial
b.
Museum
from
that
is
there
nothing
tion
able to
We
in
earth
this votive
the
Polias:
coming
as
appearing
also
idol
far
The
Miss
by
Monuments
b
2b.
was
coins,
sculptorwas
Polias.
in
rarelyused
of her
because
the
asso
goddesses
connected
in
of
some
has
Harrison
been
in
Ancient
Fig. 76, p.
519.
with
for
for alone
well
among
described
Mythology
Athens, p.
and
457.
Vide
and
vases,
bronze
And,
statues
peplos,in
Athens,
reliefs0.
marble
Jahn's view
Also
votive
some
of
yet forth
the latter in
of Panathenaic
in
worship
throne.
of this type, is
monument
from
as
her
on
than
reproduced
Acropolis,and on
reason
the
cult-
in
appears
evidence
seated
that
monuments
Athena
such
large'
group
the embroidered
scenes
Attic
and
is much
with
of
the
with
from
in vogue
more
Acropolis;
are
vase
the
on
no
goddess
the very
on
wrought
of which
have
we
type
the
on
for
present ques
very
naturallyconnected
important
an
which
been
warlike
and
the
there
finally,
Pallas,
the
her here
have
evidence
erect
regards
figuresfound
fl
direct
and
Attic
on
attributes,except
or
animal
festivals
slab may
most
are
Athena
the former
to
mentioned
an
sow,
certainlydifferent
concerns
to
as
sow
Arrhephoria.
then
that
scenes
attitude
allusion
the
is
last
by
figure,
rites and
type of the
the
is
that
certain
have
We
casual
form
What
Athena, is offered
; and
with
way
her
in
Acropolis
bringinga
are
monuments
of the
pose
believe
ciation
two
her head.
erect
the ritual of
worshippers
warlike
on
convey
may
the
in
relief in the
on
goddess, whose
the
seen
appears
of
group
offeringto
an
scene
the
gods
Mythology
of the
copy
of Athena
small
and
and
this
squares
the
giants,
Monuments
of
coins
Thessalian
a
usual
in the
of the
above, presents
tioned
with
stridingforward
ally,as
have
we
much
without
as
"
men
Alkis"
b.
the
also
on
Occasion
of the
place
in the pose
of
part
been
she appears
takes
change
lower
has
Mesembria
thunderbolt
the
seen,
in her hand
spear
shield
and
spear
idol
of Athena
form
the
with
us
of
coins
the
of the
coinage of Pella,which
the
And
body.
on
goddess
the
resembling
Herme-shape
the
Melos, and
of
the armed
see
Palladion,but
in
Ephesian Artemis
the
coin
island a,we
in that
of the
pose
On
24).
(Coin PI.
relief found
marble
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
338
probably
or
in the idea.
find
We
spindlein
the
of
device
Palladia
soft
or
right hand
in her
spindlein
of
hear
we
by Alexander38
Polias
Pallas
the
appears
with
the
spear
with
and
her shoulder
level with
with
accords
head, with
her
on
cap
preserved the
her left c.
Priene, where
At
on
which
city on
Phrygian
it
his account
and
TriXos
one
of the older
forms
the
idol
The
marked.
is most
character
earlier
the
123
Ilium, according to the descriptionof Apollodorus b,
of New
held
peaceful
peacefulpose or more
city-goddess,although in
more
her warlike
monuments
the
for the
chosen
attributes
held
times
at
the
temple dedicated
worship
for the
carved
image
Athena
to
masterpiece
of
peaceful type
more
evidence
can
very
which
a
Vide
Brit.
207 ; ib.
well
have
must
far
but, so
still be
the
as
the
regardedas
in the later
will
to
given vogue
Polias ;
of the Athena
decide,the militant
the
period.
kindred
that of
art, was
to
may
Parthenos, which
Athena
dominant
A
in
Pheidias, the
described,
afterwards
be
her
this
name
can
be
given, we
c
can
put
Gerhard, Akad.
Head, Hist. Num.
aside
Abhandl.
p.
24.
508.
in
the
12.
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
339
be
ingenious suggestion of Jahn% that the trophy may
sometimes
regarded as her (3per as or rude image ; for none
noticed
have
of his proofs suffice for the theoryb,and
we
the trophy always as the ayaX/xa of
for interpreting
reasons
of Victory, was
in all pro
Zeus.
Nike, the personification
from
emanation
babilityan
herself,but
Athena
in the
monu
be
must
libation to
warrior
or
in actual
goddess revered by that name
the Acropolis of Athens.
on
cult in Megara, in Aegina, and
We
of course, say that the largegroup of representations
may,
of the goddess bearing the Victory in her hands, the great
Nike, the
Athena
Pheidian
statue
descendants
remote
or
torious
Athena
of the
goddess.
Nike.
present
Yet
But
for instance,
Parthenon
we
none
with
us
of these
have
are
reason
no
the
to
near
of the
idea
actual
its
and
vic
cult-typesof
doubt
that
(;
the
statue
De
The
wooden
'
described
Minerv.
Simulac.
pp. 23-24.
that the
slightresemblance
post
with
the
helmet, shield,
and
Vide
p. 313.
the
inscription
show
a
that
in
thank-offer-
it was
regarded
unpublishedblack-
peacefuldispenserof blessings.An
the
as
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
340
it
by Prof. Furtwangler a, has upon
figured vase, mentioned
but
the seated figureof the goddess holding the pomegranate
and
wearing the helmet ; and another, published by Gerhard
the
Jahn b,contains
is seated
who
other.
statue
in
That
thisc, but
than
the
work
represented
Nike
is
in
must
some
else it is hard
the
was
to
why
see
goddess herself,and
and
personification,
belonging
Nike
criteria it
other
to
gives us
to
Athena
found
is
always
be
to
is held
to it raises the
also
suspicionthat
wooden
archaic
appliedto
tine
tained
works
a
of
kernel
of the work
is
seems
applied
it was
Pheidias, which
The
wood.
elaborate
too
impute
antiquity; although
to be able to
to
it
it
i.
i.
an
is
con-
motive
for
us
very
well
may
be
the
temple,
would
be serious,
difficulty
chronological
older
than
the
actual
as
applied
pomegranate
bare-headed
the
Niked.
be
may
But
reason
the
we
carved
were
Olympia
this
wrought
was
Calamis,
by
'floruit' belongs
d
to
in
statue
at
imitation
of
whose
a
an
sculptor
earlier period,
instance, the
For
bare
headed
in
remote
is what
simultaneouslywith
construction of the temple, and if
chryselephan-
the great
of
Athena
later work
no
the
figure of
if it
this term
idol, but
In
there
1-2
be
may
in her hand
Simulacr.
which
foavov
term
name
of
the
was
question
Athena
out
it
it
winglessness.
interpretedas
the
symbol
the
whether
Minerv.
Antiquiss.
De
the
the
and
survived.
have
bearing
the helmet
where
public cult ;
judge whether
that
it is doubtful
and
monuments
is Athena
to
Nike,
of
of
representation
well-attested
one
Nike
that
the
on
Athena
forgottenthat
have
commented
have
seated
form
believed
have
latter
Besides,
c.
from
the
it, that
the standard
should
men
the
Nike,
conclude
figureof
the
resembled
have
way
9G
erect
type, and
unusual
most
Athena
or
may
we
mentions
who
goddess
the
was
and
the helmet
and
be earlier
they must
probably a standing
Nike
at
Olympia by
Athena
type,
same
Athena,
to
reproductions of
are
latter
of
in Pausanias,
context
hand
one
because
not
statue
of the
was
brought
Wingless Victory
the
because
the
figure; since
Calami's
of
improbable;
is somewhat
in
cup
of these
any
shrine
the
sacrifice
holding the
and
in the
of
scene
also
on
the
peaceful situation,
on
vases
of the
and
appears
Furtwangler,Meistcr-
werkc, p. 14 (Engl.ed.),note
5.
PLATE
XVI
for
named
was
and
the
figureas
the
naming
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
we
marble
the measured
stateliness
falling down
into
olive
the
of
the
on
of
House,
after
the
origin of
Attic
of
manner
the
show
to
seem
Athena-Nike
Lansdowne
in
folds
columnar
sculptureof
religious
austere
by Harpocration
illustration is here
an
described
xoanon
recognize an
may
341
owl
The
work.
the
the
and
The
body
surface
of the
art was
form
and
drapery
The
softlyand lightlyrendered.
beginning to be more
gives a profound expression of victorious
representation
were
relief
Athena
of
absence
the
by
that
be
It may
style
and
peace.
characterized
sometimes
was
and
helmet
Pheidian
of
Nike
beautiful
aegis; a very
in
noble
expression, now
shows
the
us
fragments of three
Acropolis Museum,
ephebos standing before a winged Nike,
figures,a naked
the
who
usual
attributes
entirelydifferent
An
Nike
tion of Athena
with
above
ning, and
the fourth
Nike
and
Anc.
Num.
seen
is
on
the
this
certain
one
Athena,
representa
coins
Boeotian
lacks
almost
here
to
name
own
scarcely less
carrying the
mentioned
and
Ath.
Comm.
p.
none
of the
p.
PI.
AA,
24.
or
arms
136.
d. A.
367.
Pans.
The
Palladium.
goddess
of Victory, the
representations
for
bear
personification,
Harrison
is
who
she
merely Nike,
the
but
in such
the helmet
Mon.
than
her
rests
goddess, who
Athena
though
other
;
and
another
and
of
head
his
crown
her would
with
be
to
neck
the
scarcelybe
can
group
all the
left hand
round
right arm
a
her
raises
K.
other
cannot
mere
attributes
220.
of
RELIGION.
GREEK
342
this
And
Pallas.
in the
known
type of the
rare
[CHAP.
Athena
winged
period,for it is found
archaic
already
was
the
on
treasury
for the
can
only account
Siphnians at Delphia. We
them
from Nike.
wings by supposing that she borrowed
Of the other political
conceptions that attached to Athena
be illus
in the literature,
recorded
and were
only a few can
of the
from
trated
surviving
We
monuments.
might
interpret
of
the scholiast
this title351.
bearing
descriptionof
this
But
as
the scholiast is
bear
of her
on
the owl
Athenian
which
decide
; and
be
hand,
for both
would
The
symbols
the
colony
of
name
such
many
them
among
that
in which
one
that in which
or
be
representations
not
are
we
in the
able
to
the
holds
she grasps
the
corn
the spear
goddess
who
land.
new
and
Srafyu'a76,
she
appropriate to
of the state
commerce
are
that Athena
of
It may
'Apx7?ye//ri?-
planted
there
coins,and
natural
It is most
cult-typewith certainty.
should
the
Aristophanes,was
was
protected by Athena
of Alexandria
coins
on
under
find the
we
bronze
the
of Athena
statue
forum
of Constantine
thirtyfeet
in
Byzantium.
at
folded chiton,and
long and elaborately
Her
long
historian,an
de Corr.
was
Hell.
BtdL
Miiller- Wieseler, D.
the
was
clad
aegis and
in
helmet.
bare, and
'
2i9a, where
wore
She
in
stood
neck
'
height,that
whole
1894, p.
d. A.
190.
K.
question
2.
is
discussed
"=
Brit.
643.
with
Mus.
negativeresult.
Cat.
Alexandria, PI.
4,
PLATE
XVII
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
MONUMENTS
XT.]
343
half open,
0"rjuajjv)
f]bovr)v
; the lipswere
was
passing through them, her
els
soft voice
languish
were
eyes
if her
as
ing,her
folds of her
direction
spiteof
verbiage of
the vague
of
ment
later
the
same
In
have
we
reason
no
presented to
of
us
an
'AyopaCa,full
Athena
the
pointing.
was
this account,
clear type is
its accuracy.
in the
inclined
was
right hand
outstretched
her
as
doubt
to
was
was
of the
the
and
outstretched
hand
one
other
and
the
generalcharacter
and
that is stretched
its
but
the
small
the
And
type
same
for
the
from
tions of Orestes'
it,Athena
relief upon
aegis,and
no
wears
The
and
pose
strongly against
which
work
Mr.
Stuart
with
the
(videAncient
ture, p.
b
the
goddess
fightingpose,
seen,
must
go
by
the representa
to
the most
She
her action.
stands
de
over
the
identification,to
Jones inclines,of
on
this
Promachus
Greek
'
Sculp-
121.
2, PI. 20,
/"". no.
320,
d.
A.
217.
207.
Baumeister, Denkmdler
Alterth.
78).
Kunst,
urn
Sctdpturc,PI.
Clarac, Muste
'
its
illustration
for monumental
we
took
expression make
Pheidian
Writers
certainlyin
was
have
we
as
is of
important is perhaps
the figureswrought in
cupd. Among
is recognizedby her helmet, though she
of which
trial,
Corsini
beautiful
Athens,
But
Palladium.
of the
of this function
at
the
title.
same
in the traditional
AyopaCa.
Miillcr0
the
law-courts
the
of
claim
may
'
Athena
an
side
and
the same,
are
publishedby
whole, and
law-courts
of the
one
name
the
the
on
at
case
sentiment
statuette
The
one
bronze
left hand
are
reasons
out
it is the
here
described
that
p. 1119.
des
Class.
RELIGION.
GREEK
344
it the
into
dropping
regarded
as
The
casting-vote.
of
copy
[CHAP.
of the
one
that
two
is
cup
bore
generally
the
same
carved
scene
is much
earlier
who
Athena,
Of
Athena
protected the
The
ceivingthe
family,
or
infant
or
Erichthonios,,may
of hers ; and
function
clan
Apaturia
ment.
of the
union
Athena
bearing
express
the
the
child
the
in her
But
idea.
same
in the
statue
allusion
an
convey
Berlin
be
aegis,may
these
re
this
to
Museum
of
intended
to
merely mythological
are
a.
representations
She
every
and
cup
on
Athenian
monument
was
solemn
refer to any
the
found
on
Athens
of
'Ergane';
at
Erythrae
but
on
the
the
and
is
car,
we
in
evidentlyderived
the
from
acquired by
represents
the
hands
Athena
that it does
not
this
to
the
same
it
is
source
in Crete, and
not
identical
form
nios
pi.
with
The
which
security
her
riding
aegis the
sacred
Grecques, 1895,
12.
Op.
No.
Griechische Reliefs,
D.
cit
d. A.
2.
on
emerges.
But
representation
Athena
holding in
chest from
function.
can
Miillerd,of
Polias
Athena
of
cult.
actual
child, for
found
her in
of the cult.
alluded
Ilium
at
published by
Athenian
an
represents
suppose
may
monument
Z". d. A. K. 2. 236. It
Miill.-Wies.,
to
interpret the Berlin
impossible
Athena
as
statue
^parpia holding a
ago
the
Acropolis, and
is
long
at
the
spindle
with
gem,
statue
worshipped
figure of
the
chariot,was
existing representationsthat
no
connected
as
Athena
peace.
at
yet
be
new-born
the
the
as
of the
goddess
have
in her
myth,
at
we
of
and
war
she appears
which
it to
erect
pose
The
monuments
attach
may
we
the
frequently in
more
appears
240, 240 a.
Kunst,
2.
225.
136.
has
the ram,
work
supposed
been
the
and
with
standing
has
a
for
of doubtful
work
The
representationof
the shipb,but we
345
interest in wool
her
to
it
probably
more
in Florence
statue
her
round
but
snake
allude
rolled
something
taken
been
to
loom, but
the
of
arts
sacrificial reference.
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
be
may
of
Athena
an
which
right arm,
a
skein
wool, is
of
than
have
more
interpretation.We
the goddess assistingat the fabrication
cannot
that
say
such
alluded
scenes
has
one
of
inten
The
of Ergane.
potter who
tionallyto the cult or the name
in his art, on
a fifth-century
brings a thank-offeringfor success
form
whose
Athena
of Athens, is making offeringto an
vase
is that
of the
Athens
any
cult-type or
the
'Epydvr],
of
goddess
We
find it here.
to
Parthenos
Pheidian
skill
potter's
on
been
at
have
rude
there
had
; but
allusion
an
the
of the
patroness
d,showing
Museum
Berlin
in the
vase
to
perhaps to her
standing by a potter'soven
; also
in the lampadephoria, the ritual of fire consecrated
Athena
interest
the three
to
as
appears
potter,
on
Berlin
represents her
that
vase
allusion
forming
the
conception of
well-known
and
Pandora
touch
as
in
the
British
scarcely
Museum,
to
Abhandl.
Gerhard, Akad.
E. g. Miiller-\Vieseler,
D.
37. 4.
d. A.
K.
and
described
Mon.
by
Anc.
Miss
Ath.
is
f
between
adding
and
which
on
the last
the
idea
Beschreibungder Vascnsamml.
Miiller-Wieseler,D. d.A.K.i.
this is Wieseler's
238.
Published
beautiful
figure
animate
Published
Mythol.
Fig. 50.
and
for
popular
is the
of Athena
power
and
p.
creative
cylix
appears
Athena
2.
the
horse
801.
235
probableinterpretation.
in Harrison
Mon.
Anc.
and
Ath.
Verrall,
p. 450,
346
GREEK
in this is also
expressed
the
illustrated
CapitolineMuseum,
with
and
myth
of
form
is
of the
with
curse
took
them
is
which
flute,
by
the
to
; and
in
in Boeotian
monuments15;
of the
myth
threw
has
of them
none
of
human
association
appears
series
small
Lastly,the
up
presented insert
butterflyinto
cult, is illustrated
who
in
sarcophagus-relief
a.
fashioning
Marsyas,
by
Athena
which
on
the art
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
goddess
her
the
and
away
and
figure any
religioussignificance.
We
then
cannot
of monuments
group
reference
useless
just examined,
find in them
or
the
from
Ergane
clear
any
as
particularcult. And
regards the statue
Musica
attributed
12T,
by Pliny to Demetrius, it
difficult to
be
type of Athena
any
the
to
called Athena
is
derive
speak positivelyas
search
to
for
of
copy
any
it would
to
existing
it among
monuments.
On
the other
undoubted
two
Central
Museum
the
upon
former
of
of which
basis
her left
on
is stretched
arm
the
to
out
Athena
and
in front
type of Athena
the
Nor
can
we
derive
from
Baumeister,
the
type
Denkm.
des
Class.
Fig. 1568.
Miiller-Wieseler, D.
d.
A'.
A.
Overbeck,
Griechischen
Plastik,i. Fig.50:
Geschichte
cf. vase
in Berlin,Beschreibimgder Vasensa
lung
im
Antiqitariunii2418
; and
mm-
the
the
in
; her
right
moving rapidly
type of
It is the
must
we
second
is
of
representation
clue for
no
monument
one
that the
suppose
other
among
of the
existing works.
d
special
any
reliefs
ex-voto
Published
1886,p.
314
in Milt.
; and
34.
Instil.
d. detttsch. 7ns t.
Harrison
her
discovering
vase
2.
der
in the
gives us
; this
is
back.
head
us
Epidauros,
near
she
her, and
; and
Hygieia
characteristic of the
Alterth.
he
statue
her breast
first traditional
him, and
left
the
of the
health
has
inscriptionmentioned
aegis on
in front of
her
Hieron
at
wears
turning her
charging
that occurred
is the
goddess
arm
rightwhile
first is the
Athens, found
chapter. The
shield
The
monuments.
Hygieia
and
Verrall,
1877, p. 164,
PLATE
XIX
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
found
her
Hygieia
is
there
been
wrongly
to
statue
with
restored
the
of Athena
two
each
on
latter
side
for
Athena,
b.
Ludovisi
be
they
of
stephane
to
of
Attic
markedly
we
in
she
horizontal
wears
position
for this
Hygieia
in the
the
Vatican
see
rather
head
of Athena's
surfaces, that
rounded
of the hair
same
with
head
the
in
does
severer
sharper
originatedprobably in
on
of
the
the
Villa
not
seem
and
more
lines and
the
these
type
way
Hygieia formerly
style of
The
has
naturallyregard
arranged
undoubted
an
maidenly type
from
found
are
worship.
Vatican
helmet
her
most
may
borrowed
symbols
as
we
of the
and
thoughtful expression,
of it,and
rests
gorgon'shead worked
serpents symmetrically carved
with
stephane
with
probably belonged
The
health-goddess (PI.XIX).
instead
; but
Athena
an
way
her
that
head
behind, the
long straightmass
and
the
usual
the
of
statue
name
idea
see
we
must
left hand
her
which
shield,on
the
in
is armed
she
but
helmet, aegis,and
which
the
by
in
347
in the
Athena
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
less
Peloponnese
it is the
because
only
seems
that
double
the
the
which
ideal of Athena
are
name
forms
combined
is
and
with
justified.
inferior
be
to
publishedby Mullerc,
in
monument
that
the serpent
hand
holding a spear and in the same
that Hygieia usuallyholds,and standingbefore the seated Zeus
the types of
figure appears among
(PI.XVIII. c); the same
of Athena
also give the name
Hygieia
Etruscan
art d. We
may
helmet
"
and
Mon.ddT
Inst. 9.49;
Annali, 1873,
MUller-Wieseler, D. d. A. K.
2.
no.
226".
p. 5.
b
Vide
Helbig, Fiihrer,870.
Gerhard,Akad.
Abhandl.
Taf. 34. 4.
348
RELIGION.
GREEK
to the
representationof
candelabra
of the
the
Vatican
her
The
Hygieia.
less.
The
served
he
work
to
easy
wished
with
of this
the
manner
here
have
we
otherwise
pre
Parthenos, and
than
divinities of health.
relief has
of the Vatican
wholly ground
is not
of the
have
character
religious
that
Pyrrhus
he could
embody
to
from
reminiscence
how
say
of
and
sphinx
details
in certain
it is not
Hygieia
its
on
Loeschke
conjectureof
of the Athena
copy
with
helmet
in relief
that appears
goddess
a
[CHAP.
The
pointedout
been
by Woltersb.
But
we
that
ments
conclude
may
the
from
of
statues
this
the
paucity
cult
of
of
the
Athena
monu
com
were
ex-voto
parativelyrare, and the discovery of the numerous
reliefs in the Asclepieion may
incline us to believe that the
health, the daughter of Asclepios,
goddess who personified
took the placeat Athens
of Athena
Hygieia.
The
of Athena
monuments
name
with
may
but
number
enough
to
attached
certaintybe
the
record
which
to
both
the
of
especiallyat
closely with
the
hopes and
public life. The
and
expressive of this,and
by way of conclusion
already examined,
Polias
they
do
not
belong
the
to
put
group
the
goddess.
togetherhere
of the ideas
some
of
character
of
Die
can
92-93,
pp. 151-154,
PiStolesi,// Vaticano
be
no
Reliefs,
p. 63,
169;
reasonable
Hauser,
nos.
published in
descritto,
5. 28.
Athena
cult-monuments,
most
There
most
most
are
illustration of
strikingmonumental
in honour
of
of the state-religion
imposing ceremony
afford
cult,
frieze-reliefs,
though
Parthenon
The
monuments
to
is
art
people, their
the
illustrate
that
the
especially
and
Boulaia.
and
few
well
be
it may
a
Attic
and
linked
was
in
be few
national
the
of
sorrows
to
literature
fortunes
found
are
her
prove
definite cult-
some
Bausteine,
that many
of Pallas
but
doubt
2 1
of the
stand
separate statues.
on
24-2
still
the
most
the
city-
that
the
29 ; he also notes
figuresincluding that
a
PLATE
XX
MONUMENTS
XL]
subject representedis
with
spondence
certain
of
Panathenaic
the
scenes
the
on
349
procession treated
The
artistic laws.
of certain
observance
due
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
OF
the
with
frieze
corre
written
is,as Overbeck
concerning the details of the ceremony
conclusive.
We
have
others
pointed out*, sufficiently
offered by the state
and
the sacrificial animals
by the
record
and
find
scaphephori and
allies,the
with
chariots
the
in the
peculiarfeature
'
cannot
the
that
prove
part of the
anything
of
service.
It would
be
out
of
thallo-
'
been
incredible
that
group
here
discuss
to
Pheidias,
this,
say
which
of
motive
forms
the
to
whole
the
the
many
sufficient to state
are
To
clearlyalludes
frieze
place
have
be
the
leading
conviction, which
own
that
whole
peplos,the
the
essential is omitted.
conviction
of the
centre
bringing
of my
and possiblythe
ritual),
whole
most
of
implies the
however,
water-pots,
elderly men
bearing branches ; and
representationis undoubtedly incomplete, we
band
the
phori or
although
the
armed
their
of
carriers
the
two
in
the chief
in the
first
reasons
place,it
which
representation
the Pan
to interpretas
reasons
compelled for many
athenaic
procession,should have omitted the chief feature of
that procession: secondly,it is inconceivable that the greatest
sculptorof the city should have placed in the centre of his
herself the figures of a priestand a
Athena
frieze next
to
are
we
them
garment
or
piece
of
drapery
which
is too
Turning
played by
"
Gcsch.
The
Review
an
other
Athena
Griech.
most
question is
to
in the
Plast.
recent
Attic
the
(1895,p. 268), by
of the
Classical
Dr.
illustrative of the
we
publiclife,
1893, p. 438.
discussion
article in
monuments
Furt-
may
wangler, whose
Harrison's
select
perhaps
arguments againstMiss
theory that
question is a
convincing.
as
part
arpca^vr)
the
object in
appear
to
me
GREEK
350
the
of
interesting
most
certainlythe
and
covered
all the
of the
Acropolis Museum.
the
the
contains
slab about
half
leaning on
restingon
her
folds
shows
also
and
Such
such
the
represent
she
that
lead
of
mourning
tion with
the
of
We
names
also
have
of these
of
the
stone
written.
in
whose
form
Pheidian
M.
Cavvadias,
immediately
to
fourth
which
the
may
have
The
Tanagra
that
relief and
on
the
or
is
Athena
been
dedicated
we
written
on
the
inscrip
Acropolis
the
accordance
the
Pheidias
later years
other
period
Mr.
E.
of the Pelo-
other
with
vote
is
states;
filled the
inscriptionof
usually
Archaeol.
to
and
century and
state
can
Deltion
Athens
the
Athenian
assignsit
before
The
singlecitizen.
public griefin
masterpiece,the
1888, p. 103,
Gardner
upon
The
no
; and
been
and
should
period
Egypt
lost.
unique
divinity the
ordinary grave-relief:
the battle
in
is
that
some
names
between
of the
are
and
relations
political
or
is
of this age,
art
austere
some
as
have
may
of the
over
that
now
of cheek
What
a.
this
be
can
whose
the lower
testimony
the people.
column
right hand
her
in the
divinity,and
citizens
those
of
such
Athenian
over
small
contour
rare
found
are
one
commemorated,
fall of the
by
melan
to
assign the monument
and though
slightlyearlier,,
or
mourning
diplois
to
is very
This
be
the
us
work
sorrow
here
cannot
stands
and
eye
of this
Athena.
conquering
Doric
expression of
an
drooping,and
fifth century
instances
unparalleledis
height
in
expression of pathos
yet other
She
head
in the
of the
with
and
in
now
The
indications
middle
the
hip.
faint trace
chin.
as
and
is
metre
dis
was
icS883and
wearing helmet
Acropolis,
which
one
in
figureof Athena
the
on
Parthenon
strangelypatheticpose,
choly in her face (PL XX).
in
reliefs found
mysterious,that
most
the south
on
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
the
represented
the
trace
city by
ponnesian
war
part
upper
decree
was
by Athena,
influence
the
most
male
or
(Journal of
The
of
the
female
Hellenic
earlier
date appears to me
after examination
the originalfar the more
probable.
of
PLATE
XXI
a
"
H$U04"ANrAIANI
E Y
OF
MONUMENTS
XL]
ATHENA-WORSHIP.
351
it or
by its tutelarydivinityor hero.
figure that personifies
The
most
interestingand beautiful of this series is perhaps
the Acropolis
relief that adorns an inscription dedicated
on
a
a
in the year
of Athens
tude
who
remained
clad
in
b),and
last distress
her
in
the
faithful to
and
grati
of the
Samians
democracy.
Athena
mantle,
Attic
the
expresses
those
to
Athenian
chiton
low-girtDoric
(PI.XXI.
B.C.
403-402
and
on
equipped with
the right,
grasp
chiton
figure,who also wears
She
and holds a sceptre upright in her left hand.
and mantle
her forehead, but is more
the stephane above
wears
probably
the tutelarygoddess of
than Hera
of Samos
a personification
ing the
the
hand
of
statelyfemale
history of
The
island.
with
sentation
and
of Athena
of that island
in
Eleansc
362,by
On
we
of
monument
her
see
wearing
a);
relief on
her hand
calathos, whose
the
which
to
name
the
her, and
demos
she stands
by Zeus and
Peloponnese.
Schone,
inscriptionrefers
Thracian
and
Neapolis, the
the worship
Pallene,where
Athens
between
repre
the Arcadians
probably personifiesthe
kindd
the same
published by
extending
above
inscribed
(PI.XVIII.
maidenly figurewho
first half of
the
in
fourth
and
Athens
to
treaty
coast-city,or
of 'the Maiden'
must
city in
have
a). A decree offeringhospitality,
prevailed (PI.XXI.
to another
by such a repre
TTpofeina,
city is commemorated
has published of Athena
Schone
in
that which
sentation
as
the
attitude
an
leaning on
friendlystate.
and
of the
Demos
few
of
with
the
Boule
at
in Delt.
Archaeol.
Sketched
124;
p.
pp.
b
for
Athens,
inscriptionvide
staff,and
ib.
to
and
1888,
1889,
who
her
Hell.
878,PI.
1 2.
1 1
,
the
in
the
personifies
close
connexion
title BouAata
Arch.
Schone, Griechische
Griechische
Pheidian
is half-clad
her
27-29.
Bull, de Corr.
figurewho
reliefs allude
these
ft
male
from
derived
immediately
form
and
and
the
as
15.
i,
2.
no.
Reliefs,
Methone.
beliefs,no.
62.
48.
divine
counsellor
figure,
whom
of
is
the
of
of
meeting
These
was
secrated
to
them
in
the
to
the
matronly
personification
of
Athena
This
refer
may
is
the
to
that
is
the
Athena
distinguished
who
soldier,
girl-priestess
who
then
how
an
ritual
preceded
it
reliefs
while
a,
prayer.
prayers
other
to
crown
had
the
fulfilled
b.
monuments
prove
in
rooted
her
much
so
than
manifold
Grieck.
of
her
she
Reliefs,
hearts
the
invested
devotion
to
and
On
or
Attic
worship
whose
the
well
duties
side
representation
council.
athlete,
victorious
the
the
sacrifice
be
to
by
hand
and
majestic
proves
his
the
the
giving
appears
her
and
eiVir?j/Ha,
state.
standing
seen
relief,
the
inscription
raising
is
citizen
of
the
fiov\ri,
ex-voto
more
RELIGION.
GREEK
352
their
with
possessed
of
the
in
Ib.
81,
life,
literature.
85.
this
con
deeper
older
94.
private
character
the
who
people,
and
public
deeply
and
and
CHAPTER
IDEAL
THE
TYPES
sculptor who
with
associated
archaic
greatest
his
name.
been
said
about
character
there
maternal
idea
the
seated
older
and
Apteros.
add
drapery
she
a
mantle
from
it
a
on
much
often
wears
beneath
the
work
is
the
form
that
those
looped
aegis
Sacken
and
VOL.
I.
Nor
later
in
the
have
Broncen, Taf. 8.
A
does
the
period
period
falls down
the
in
before
a
see
we
could
art
published
i.
this
over
girdlingand
significanteffect
arc
face
Aeginctan
that archaic
The
the
the
archaic
sleeves, and
western
it had
proportions
shoulder, and
the
Kennera
n
the
Nike
of
aspect
parallelzigzag folds,as
a).
known
of
type
character.
in
the
peace,
expression
and
with
utmost
with
century.
the
as
already
goddesses, and
one
from
chiton, which
used
on
up
represents the
scarcely
forms
the
the
such
and
maidenly
the
chiton
XXII.
are
the
even
of victorious
of
limits
ideal
goddess
in stiff
of Athena
are
it is
predominant
monuments,
the
of other
the
Ionic
the
Acropolis :
individual
or
to
an
which
worship
these,
; her
art
brings, under
usually
from
of
show
to
clear
rarely any
archaic
narrow
own
able
but
this
accomplished by
the
as
peace
its
scarcely distinct
understand
been
some
on
depicted her
been
war-goddess
has
in
appeared
Within
sometimes
of her
is
that
fertility
the
had
in the
figures found
had
art
dealing with
form
her
in
monuments
To
what
transitional
and
all others
the
remember
to
necessary
ATHENA.
OF
surpassed
XII.
gable,
do
in
the Doric
Pheidian
the
statuette
fifth
of
Athena
at
wearing
that the
drapery down
we
as
diploidiongirded with
it
see
advanced
more
faces
serious
and
it with
connecting
does ; it is
much
the
the
and
of
attributed
the Athena
Nike
been
mentioned
have
survived
us
Olympia
and
discussed
the
advance
earlier
The
at
of the
As
have
type of features
and
have
holding the
of the
Zeus
sculptureof
cleansingout
The
at
the
this age
'
an
Attic
of
triangularformation,
sombre
new
and
austerer
manifest; she
the upper
wears
Athena
type.
Doric
from
is
presence
her
temple of
represented
the
of Athena.
shield
is
on
the
and
But
at
of
centre
her
face
the
drapery that
is
and nobility,
simplicity
it is in
chiton, a
the shoulders
History of Greek
21);
fine severe
style
in peacefulpose,
Heracles
the
severe,
remnant
interesting
metope
and
style,aiming
a
of
with
us
(Coin PL
hair
An
show
rendering.
presents
helmet, and
earnestness,
that
is little
feet ; there
of
works
earnest, and
of the
'
has
fifth century
of Troezen
is the
few
except
which
characteristic
of the Louvre
except
the
ideal
Olympia, on which
Augean stables in
goddess wears
ground by her
the
the
olive-branch.
and
spear
Olympics
But
of
strikingrepresentationof
Murray
monumental
by Calamis,
masculine, arrangement
we
Dr.
great
above.
coins
red-figuredvase
for
a).
no
carved
towards
almost
on
sur
reason
first half
two
broad
Pheidias, as
well-known
any
from
marked
to
their
archaic
an
sufficient
no
effect
pre-Pheidian period,retaining
action.
or
pose
is
style (PlateXXIII.
archaic
symbols
shows
treatment
; there
earlyart
of
probably
of the
The
expression
fields,
in the British
noble
and
b),
aegis,so
similar
Promachus
archaic
an
the
into three
find
Murray a, which
Dr.
and
drapery
We
of Athena
girdlingon a bronze
Museum, published by
of
is divided
Athena.
the Pheidian
on
XXII.
period (PL
serpent under
the waist
to
of
scheme
late archaic
of the
Vienna
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
354
to
Sculpture,vol.
the
diploidion,of which
justabove the waist,
2.
PI.
10.
xii.]
IDEAL
where
there
which
is formed
the
over
chiton
delicatelytraced
of the
have
beautiful
see
on
355
and
of
some
chiton
here
edge of the
being drawn
of
one
up
earliest
the
statelydispositionof the
the figuresof the Parthenon
use
fold
which
con
ceremonial
a.
purposes
Another
Pheidian
which
we
ATHENA.
the
frieze and
in
OF
by a part
girdle. We
that
of
which
tinued
the
appears
hidden
instances
TYPES
still
period
Athena
more
has
interestingmonument
already been mentioned
of
the
the
pre-
relief
on
is
that
work
has
Pheidias,and
style of
the
Athena
from
appears
been
even
great
himself1',is the
master
Portici,
to
in
the
small
Museum
before
earlier
bronze
of
of
Naples (PI.
XXIV.
a). She stands with her weight restingchieflyon her
her
and
rightfoot,her righthand holds forth a libation-cup,
head, that is guarded by the high-crestedAttic helmet, is
is held
turned and slightly
inclined to this side ; her left hand
up
on
level with
drapery is the
same
her
now
head, and
in its
arrangement
chiton
overhangingthe girdleis
richness
of execution
was
grasping a
as
spear.
that of the
here
smaller.
has
But
Her
Olympian
sleeves and
the
in softness
and
\Ve
find it
on
one
it is far
of the
female
carved
figures,
probably a divinity,
the drum
of the Ephesian column
the
b
on
Conrad
p. 35, Taf.
in
British Museum.
Lange,
2.
Arch.
Zeit.
1882,
GREEK
356
free from
should
But
the
face
the
largeeyebrow
locks
back
The
car.
broad
of the transitional
ful,and
and
of
copy
Athena
than
we
the
was
; but
only
was
we
it to
by
certain
archaic
of
type
which
and
goddess
the
goddess
spear,
but
with
his
should
We
that
of the
same
work
age
and
much
the same,
icsembles
that
no
less
If
him.
to
of
her
of
Pellene
near
words
that
that
may
the
ascribed
that
be
to
appears
compared
PL
j-; the
and
the
of
the
pose
be
with
of the
of the head
that
astonished
figure,
claimed
Pausanias.
in which
we
temple-image
to
of Athena
diploidionis not
are
girdle; her arms
up
held out rather stifflythe left might be
holding a spear, the righta cup ; the expressionof the face is earnest and pure,
drawn
over
the
"
b
are
drapery closely
Portici
legend
the story.
certaintybe
as
type of idol
the embarrassment
believed
b,
local
have
find
Pellene
of
If this archaic
well
from
us
coins
we
upliftedshield
in
tightly encased
limbs
is divided
Now
it.
with
pose
earliest
the inclination
limbs
the
peaceful
that
Pausanias'
imperial
shrine
marked
the
regard
with
Another
the
to
temple-image
from
lower
sculptormay
honesty saves
be placed if we
can
in
in warlike
her
chiton
for its
may
darkens
ascribed
are
that
of horizontal
bands.
by means
reproduces the temple-image,
But
temples
revealingthe
earliest
Roman
on
show
Pheidias
the
of Pheidias' work
character
Athena
closelydrawn
few
direct evidence,
or
legend,no inscription
struck
Pheidias,and that he himself was
ascribed
the
the local
that
a
type
on
consecrated
conclude
can
hips.
maidenly, thought
impressivefor its reserved
chryselephantinestatue
134
Achaea
it
the helmet
was
Pausanias, his
trust
may
Pheidian
believe
may
of the
statues
seven
it
as
art, but is
dispensingblessinga.
gather from the records
We
the
is most
that
temple-statue
of the
marking
at
face has
countenances
carried out
beneath
appear
is not
the
in
eye-socket of
and
of hair that
drawn
are
and
body
the
shows
[CHAP.
this distinction
weight,yet
be in the upper
RELIGION.
Imhoof-Blumer
Comm.
Pans.
and
Gardner, Aum.
p. 91, PI. S.
10.
PLATE
XXIV
IDEAL
xii.]
dedicated
Areia
of
cost
kernel
in her
the
of wood
laid
she
as
dedication
the
and
war,
battle,she would
his colossal
this aspect
was
which
been
has
there
though
called
is
be
historian
of Athens
the
sack
the
walls
one
may
to
then,
see,
fact
In
her
pose
which
was
no
ancient
no
writer
and
spear,
of
of
What
simply
is
stood
in
'
the
the
arisen
with
the
she
that
air
Athena
between
at
she
and
crest
the shield,
bore
was
armed
the
point
the
with
could
Sunium
from
famous
work
it
and
Erechtheum
the
to
as
where
Acropolis,'
the
all
representationof
and
on
supposed
goddess.
actual
clear clue
any
Centaurs,
which
bronze
open
has
was
vision of the
Pausanias
chased
Alaric
seen,
to
to
name
the
in
be
Promachus,
Error
passage
gives us
the
with
Lapiths'contest
Athena
writers
under
Acropolis 13(i
the
on
Demosthenes.
on
statue, but
learn from
we
of
goddess
presented Athena
statue
statues.'
subsequently
was
helmet
as
in her
her
see
the
as
but
'
saw
and
armed
survived,
Byzantine
that Alaric when
recounts
sailingto
the
moving upon
fightingAthena
about
to charge the enemy,
as
one
who
Zosimusa,
and
of materials.
has
there
head
misunderstanding
the
that
bronze
the
of
the
image commemorated
represented in warlike attitude,
modern
by
ancient
no
formed
was
combination
temple
But
spoilsdefrayed
shield.
and
spear
of the
of her
probably
with
advancing
in commemoration
of this statue
copy
in her
worshipped
was
body
gold, and
unique
357
the
with
over
other
or
tithe
of which
marble,
numismatic
ATHENA.
at Plataea1
temple
statue,
feet of Pentelic
No
OF
victory of Marathon
of the
the
TYPES
the
the
approach through
Propylaea.
discard
must
and
in discussingits motive
Now
pose, one
conclusions
the
and
the
illegitimatetitle of Promachus,
clear:
it.
One
that
from
thing seems
might be drawn
;1
to
Hist. Nov.
The
allude
5. 6,
epigram
to
the
of
statue,
2.
JulianusI36*
warlike
pose
seems
of
the
refers
machus'
but
to
it is doubtful
the
statue.
Polias
or
this
whether
to
the
'
Pro-
358
GREEK
the
must
spear
the
on
have
been
and
its
ground,
Pausanias
could
Sunium
could
RELIGION.
the
the
statue's
basement, which
the
exceeds
which
view
for if the
the
ground,
the
was
than
depth
coins.
We
the
And
are
have
small
basis
least have
of the
ought
from
bronze
to
least in two
at
the
the
held
rightarm
the
of the spear
But
appears
to her
they
the
or
have
we
Athena
was
has
with
standing
with
ft
M.
Propylaea, and
examination
and
held
has
the
been
Parthenos,
the
and
'
from
Promachus
these
'
is that
rightangles
at
was
nothingtangibleabout
a
too
conclude
the
of
the pose
drapery.
different type
face, but
with
shield
her
on
her
b,on
which
her head
left
turned
at
arm
right
the
torso
Pans.
Z.
en
body,
on
spear
ground, but not
the body (Coin PI. B 26). It is this figurethat
great probabilitybeen regarded by Lange as show
of the
'
in the
Imhoof-Blumerand
Comm.
b
and
us
holding the
her
tell
as
greater
even
"
die-cutter
dispositionof
angles
parallelwith
to
the
so
equal, or
the
this statue
can
the
on
buildingsthat certainly
for the
we
former
Acropolisrock, the
and
But
right,and
of the
two
Parthenos
All that
; and
body
he
cases
of
Athena.
disappointing;
distinguishbetween
the
is most
careless
and
the
be
to
them
between
statue
about
evidence
been
conclusions
number
for the
Parthenos
supported by
of
discovered,and
originallyplaced
that
dimensions
breadth, makes
at
from
voyagers
The
been
been
these
shield
feet?
has
had
would
with
depth.
and
spear
breadth
case
the
shield
otherwise
shield
the
the
resting
the
her
by
end
air,,for
that
distance
crest
its butt
the
in
believed
in the
with
point
have
not
see
held
[CHAP.
i.
Z. 3-6.
2.
Promachus.'
torso
For
Medici
Central
Gardner,Num.
it agrees
in the Louvre
Museum
of
in all essentials
(PL XXIII.
Athens6,
Arch.
Mon.
dell' Inst.
Zeit.
MitL
"
and
b),
with
1891, p. 197.
3, Taf.
13.
360
GREEK
is the
merit
and
Medici
torso
the breadth
preserves
of
stateliness
Athena
of
guardian
who
the
on
stood
this
the
the
belong
to
decor
Arts
; it
in the
Pheidian
for
reasons
before
mysterious
folds
of
the
originalfamous
believingthat
the
The
entrance.
is mentioned
name
cited
Cliduchus
and
of
Beaux
this
bronze
armed
of Pheidias
des
large fullness
pose,
strong
are
[CHAP.
Ecole
the
in
and
RELIGION.
by Pliny a,and
the
among
by
called
statue
bronze
by
works
of context
the
should
no
vanishes
if
Propylaea,but
it
warder
hand
who
have
we
alone
epithet
in Greek
of the
gate.'
'
the
is
But
as
"
is
objection
well
in
may
but in
literally,
only, then, is this
not
"
Not
stood
before the
testimony of Aristophanes
goddess at Athens :
cityand visible power
our
which
the
we
Promachus,' who
the express
to
world.
usage
Athena
applied
was
in whose
and
'
epithetfor
natural
the
its constant
of the
sense
that
understand
we
with
accord
be
symbol
the
could
35
of the eate
'
the
maiden
and
might,
g.'
In
the
warlike
Pheidian
and
form
of
predominated. But
ivory temple-statue of the
Athena
which
was
dedicated
Pliny,34. 54
Minervam
dias)
n
"
Ex
critudinis utformae
Fecit et Clicuchum
l)
in the year
Phei(fecit
pulacceperit.
acre
tarn
eximiae
cognomen
et
aliam
By Preller in
Allg. Encyclop. sec.
Ersck
who
Cliduchus
considers
the
more
Minervam
und
3, vol. 22,
Gruber
p. 195,
to
have
been
the
masterpiece,the
Parthenon, the ideal
manifold
438
examined
in his
the
accepted by
was
hitherto
character
gold
statue
of Athena
statues
B.C.C
and
Greek
profound.
; the
of
whole
most
The
detailed
priestessof Athena
a priestess
in Aesch. Supp. 299 (cf.Iphig. Taut:
1463). For the key borne by the priestess
vide Callimachus, Hymn
to Demeler, 44.
U6b
Schol. Arist. Pax
605, acceptthe
correction
ing
QeoSwpov for IIvOoa
statue
Zwpov
is appliedto
IDEAL
xii.]
of
account
136
sanias
of which
the centre
crests
of
her
the other
breast
was
shield
it
near
the
of the statue
in relief a.
drapery and
the sandals
gold
head
cubits
in
the
on
side-
wrought
height,in
side
same
serpent, the
symbol
wrought
the
was
on
as
of
base
of
ivory,the
Plato
that the
be
learn from
we
of the
each
would
flesh-parts
The
of
in
Gorgon's
the
coiled
helmet,
wearing
her feet
lay at
was
in
four
Nike
Pau-
given by
upright figureclad
under
and
was
is
us
an
was
sphinx
to
feet,and
the
to
hand
; a
it
that
her
one
spear
down
was
: on
griffin
ivory,in
come
us
reached
that
chiton
tells
b,who
OF
has
it that
361
ATHENA.
TYPES
the eye
material
same
that
wearing
was
inscriptionb proves
An
of the face.
the rest
as
herself
Nike
of
were
golden
impression
the
from
work
the
conceived
Thus
of
Zeus
the
the
goddess
gives
us
the text
and
Homer's
in
expression when
mentioned;
little
'
and
this is
no
the
an
spear
serpent
giants
been
on
the
'
writes
as
if
he
had
never
seen
of
the
'
the
the
say
by Pheidias,
from
learn
\ve
battle
the
rather
religion,and
Attic
on
inferior
way
of this
of
ideal
the
no
the
contest
concave
him
Amazons
side
convex
is
was
of
of the
gods
'adeo
momenta
the
and
omnia
more
no
helmet,
less than
no
might
shield,and the
unnatural
had
in
all that
wrought
maiden
crested
We
the
that
Maximus
beautiful
realize
'
statue;
general
the
Athena
of
secure
spear
says,
poetry/
evidentlycorrupt ; sub
under the point
onlymean
and
spear,
Tyrius
to
as
|:
and
represented,the
was
thought to
is
could
cuspide'
her
bearing shield
Maximus
I36b
Pliny'sdescription
"
of
and
Pheidias
being, as
Homer,
to
aegis,and
an
so
in
'
was
constructed
but
account
as
a
Tyrius, who describes the Parthenos
of high stature
and gleaming eyes, wearing
girtwith
form
; her
crown
for art.'
b
C. I. G.
Vide
i.
130.
\Valdstein,Essays
of Phcidias,p.
280.
on
the Art
362
GREEK
whose
The
work
RELIGION.
possessed the
vision
of Athena
Pheidian
goddess
present, according
tion
of the
her.
And
her
Aristidesa
sculptor and
ancient
ranked
was
of the
having been
the imagina
worthy
art
great
the
among
sculptors.
vision
writer,to
with
rendered
the Parthenos
is
saw
perfect form
full and
another
to
minds
that
[CHAP.
of
great works
of Greek
merit, we
ing the
Pheidian
the work
to
expressed
from
that
could
it,and
wrought
gather
her
in
that
triumphant
threaten
whole
the
her helmet
shown
in the
olive,her
righthandb
have
and
art
a
an
as
while
as
the
Vide
i, p.
as
been
shield
she
and
stood
peaceful;
dominated
was
the
typifiedby
wisdom,
may
in the
of
and
can
we
the
idea
of
that
powers
the
head
Pausanias
on
sphinx on
was
power
perhaps
in the
supported
and
her breast
wrongly
calls
'
her
the
griffins,'
to
infra,p. 365.
the
creation,whose
possiblyhave
Medusa
will appear,
allusion
holding
by
against
lie
spear
is the
goddess
her
possiblyto the
of bridling
the horse
Vol.
the
; the
after battle
product, which
:
of
shield
and
spear,
scene
Pegasi,which,
we
have
of hidden
; and
character
warlike
helmet,
pose,
such
contest
goddess
The
For
by which he
gather much
can
we
gave
work
won
order.
the
accessory
must
he
complete presentationof
battle
was
whole
hand,
peace
bolism, of the
she
merely
her
the
to
great
shield
feet,and
Victory
wanting
the
this is
But
of her attributes.
undisguised;
in
her
on
Yet
her
at
there
concern
possess
countenance
of his ideal.
be
never
of the
forms
the nature
was
tell of
part.
of the
or
we
as
spiritual
qualitiesthat
Zeus, of the
consideration
Athena
record,such
distinct
no
c.
c
It would
anachronism
be
to
merely
search
to
commit
in this
case
an
for
PLATE
XXVI
But
of
wealth
that
of the
treasure-chamber
and
was,
hard
was
no
Botticher,but
posed by
the city.
Most
fortunatelywe
proved
copy
be
to
the
omitted
base
other
of
and
on
written
(PL XXVI),
with
Pausanias'
the
accessories
the
shield ; and
sup
was
worship
of
of this
records
marble
which
can
be
unimaginative,
it is
miniature
account, and
it has
relief-work
the
except
the
between
the well-known
have
of Pheidias
Parthenos
to
Parthenon
chief
of the
than
Peiraeeus
entirelyagrees
none
the
and
faithful,
though dull and
very
of the Athena
that almost
the
in
attached
distinction
no
shrine
the
found
statuette
is
was
temple
the
in
festival-edifice,
as
or
have
stood
con
foster-mother,she
Athena,
Polias
the
treasure-house
great work.
ancestor
Erichthonios
to
sometimes
fact there
In
and
mere
relation
xoanon
was
the
guardian and
name
herself.
Parthenos
her
in
archaic
whose
and
by,
Parthenos
the
his
Polias, whose
Athena
The
a.
city-life.As
the
Opisthodomos,
of Athena
tinuous
of
in the
her
temple
form
regarded as a
the worship
in her
reveal
monument
behind
stored
was
363
of
guardian
ATHENA.
OF
this
clearly did
most
character
was
TYPES
IDEAL
xii.]
on
portionof
technique.
display the
courses
of
followed
cross-lines
The
forms
deep sharp-cutfolds
of metal
edges
and
the
only
work, and
of the
chiton
lines and
main
the
the
that would
have
been
physicalmeaning or symbolism in
the sphinx or Pegasos or Medusa.
The
denoted
sphinx may have once in Egypt
the sun, Pegasos and Medusa
once
may
have been the lightningor rain or moon
;
but this had been very long ago.
any
3.
Vide
20
domos
Boecldi, Economy
who
shows
which
held
confederacymust
Parthenon,
temple.
not
that
the
have
of
the
of the
of Athens,
Opistho-
the
treasure
been
that
Athena
of the
of the
Polias
GREEK
364
material
dazzling
something of
original. We
yellow
of the
of
gold. He
splendid effect
the
colour
and
sphinx
the
on
Gorgon,
well
as
as
which
he
the
of the
manes
in the
saw
plume,
on
border
goddess,of
the
on
reproduce
to
of the
hair
tried
also
of colour
the
on
[CHAP.
has
of red
traces
note
of the
the face
RELIGION.
sphinx, and
winged
horses
the
on
He
Pausanias.
shows
of Attic
less
or
more
that the
much
in his account,
something
show
on
are
later,it is
imagery, for
forms
alluded
found
further
were
doubt
Vide
the
there ; and
the
forepartsof
of Athena
visor
that
title of
Gardner, Ntitn. Co
with
mm.
of the
gem
in the
XXIV.
the
b.
d'Athenes,p.
is chiefly
associated
griffin
Apollo
and
has any
symbolic meaning
other
the
than
helmet
Artemis
mere
of
it is doubtful
decorative
Athena.
at
richlywith
of
with
traces
Boeckh
Athena
e
any
on
men-
to Athena
griffins
and
that
may
owl
the
And, lastly,
and
earrings,as
ears
see
we
d. Ath.
Staatsh.
Parthenon;
find them
It
of
on
Comm.
(Num.
of
gem
Athena
5r.
value
animal-
other
We
the
if it
all,or
the side
2.
p. 252, 1. 15.
andria
Eeule, Monnaie
again
on
most
of ornament6.
The
laden
the visor
over
of
relief
the
on
mentioned
in low
was
this fabulous
Parthenos
be
will
necklace
Pans.
is
coins
some
as
Hippiad: possiblyeven
the richness
adorned
proves
Still Pausanias
not
this accumulation
enhance
to
no
not
was
probable
her
to
place in
Parthenos
were
have
11
it is
reproduce
though he omits
that he saw
state
positively
c.
that
now
and
short-sighted,
Petersburg, which
carved
probable that it was
of the helmet
works
of Athena
of St.
medallion
the copy
and
side-plumes;
in this detail a.
which
above
seen
helmet,
two
other
helmet
he would
statue
and
and
distinctly1',
griffin
the
animal
coins
been
the
under
correct
have
to
the
on
griffins
the
faithfully
copyistwas
known
not
of
horses
winged
us
evidence
the
speaks
the
Aspasios, on
of
the
them
on
Y.
Pans.
Villa
the
25),on
visor
Albani,
visor
of
of
and
the
Antiochus.
appears
on
the
St.
Petersburg
freedom
himself.
that
the
goldsmith
allowed
366
GREEK
maintain
that
of the
statue
'
the
he
goddess
maintained
all
at
and
was
of bars
weights
itself ; but
these
statement
writers
last contribution
external
regard
Athena
towards
petual triumph,
victoryfrom
the monuments0
very
serious
whether
hailingher
to
If she
the
and
support
have
been
in
copies.
Nike.
the
Victory
the
from
her
Either
pose
The
wrritten
turned
was
be illustrated
can
but there
either
the
spectator, and
in
goddess of per
if dispensing
as
the
as
are
real
she would
frontingAthena,
were
of
knowledge
of
if she
view,
is its evidence
objectionsagainst accepting
motive.
was
mechanism
some
our
as
away
people.
that
no
might
statue
action
turned
or
her to her
from
Pheidian
if
as
stele
on
'
Newton's
in the
statuette
whole
doubtful
us
'
'
statue, is reasonable
of the column
of the
golden
sufficiently
explain Plutarch's
not
position and
leave
records
the
the
b,that
by
pillar-
inscribed
this
Nike
of Athena
within
of the
motive
the
to
figureof
do
the presence
or
The
the
hidden
'
was
Dr. Waldstein
the hand
on
name
Sir Charles
a.
the
as
his
the
to
carved
suggests that
developed by
secured
and
Pheidias
that
and
[CHAP.
actually refer
monument
necessary,
poised and
'
context
does
that
says
for the
pillar :
13G
Plutarch
support, when
RELIGION.
effect would
be
cer
were
to be
goddess, she would seem
the whole
lose in unity. The
statuette
composition would
shows, no doubt, the originalposition and testifies to the
the
skill of Pheidias
be
could
face
her
whom
arr]\T) could
late writer
though
the
this
in
K'IOJVwould
spectator
been
the
be
not
used
is not
sense
be
is
Athena
to
up
have
it may
That
looking
from
for Nike
the
more
by
Vide
2.
clear,
usual
no
Pheidias, pp.
account
on
The
the balance
hand
who
275-281,
tries
explanationmay
be
Turned
coins, Num.
on
to
athlete,
the statue
the outstretched
on
Olympios, where
external
there is
support,
towards
Athena
Comm.
Pans.
Y.
coins
fourth-century
Attic
on
18,
20;
of Cilicia,
statuette.
given for
Michaelis, Parthenon, PL
to
of the column
the marble
of Nike
of Zeus
hint of any
also
successful
bring up
to
Studies,
the
from
or
custom
word.
b
15. 7*
xii.]
his
receive
to
addition
in
IDEAL
TYPES
crown.
And,
the
to
OF
ATHENA.
the
lastly,
which,
crown
367
statuette
according to
was
wearing on
the
regards
accurate
copy
appeared
the
see
we
figure of
the
on
drapery,
the
the
Athena,
bronze
Attic
her
head,
the
doubt
no
Doric
girded
same
the
it towards
is
statuette
that
proves
an
diplois as
which
and
is
Parthenos,
by the coins that reproduce the Athena
and which
maidenly character of the
belongs to the austere
goddess ; it is so arranged that the whole front-surface of the
body is divided into four fields,and the heavy straightfolds
below
perform the function of columnar
supports, and give
to the temple-statue.
the solemnity or (rcfj.vorri'sproper
idea of the proportions
We
gain also a fairlyaccurate
may
attested
and
pose
ratio of
normal
the
original. The
of the
to
one
parts the
upper
have
not
Pheidias
take
into account
emphasize
to
they
should
the
left knee
is
pose,
and
side
one
the whole
form
is
noted
in the
hips are
the
But
Doryphorus.
the
canon
by
image,
distance
rightand
the
on
free
as
see
we
the fine
is not
of the
and
rhythm
found
the
in
as
something
that
'
'
for
lower.
has
or
four-squareoutline
quadrilateral
ancients
of his
the
the
in
necessary
height
the great
gives to
but
was
bent, and
Polycleiteanstatue,
same
of
out
seem
regards the
As
the upper
excess
some
felt,for it
been
need
and
of
appearance
the
in
body
helmet
seven,
originalthis
to
the
is to
head
the
and
here
that the
believe
here, too, we
right. And
may
accuratelyfollowinghis model, and that Pheidias,
copyistwas
of his colossal temple-image, which
in determining the pose
than
was
the
an
architectural
construction
as
well
as
preserved something of
religioussculpture,intentionally
of the ancient style;of which a trace appears also in
rigidity
symmetrical dispositionof
It is incredible
that
the locks
this should
be
of hair
due
to
on
of
great work
the
the
the shoulders.
lack
of skill
or
368
GREEK
knowledge
the
Parthenon
not
of
somewhat
archaic
is
sides
architectural
certain
precise,and
very
modulation.
earlier
tions of the
of
with
the
in its treatment
in
is
only
allows
statuette
of this
lacks
blank
have
is
eyebrows
and
mouth
lack
show
to
of the
judgement
height and
other
an
the
with
reproduc
spiritualexpression
scheme
feel
to
us
the forms
full,
countenance,
from
thought
to
of the
distinct
examine
we
if
Pheidian
heads
were
the
show
begin
we
other
the
nose
be
genius
face also is
line of the
the
when
head,
copyist has,
ethos, and
the
the effect of
But
Parthenos
of the statuette
The
also
they might
of the material.
nature
are
might
qualities
reckoned
sculptor,who
The
the
it
as
the cheeks
parts about
These
style,or
type than
severity;
the
belief.
plane being
though
and
of his
four-squarethan
more
[CHAP.
frieze,the work
refute such
more
RELIGION.
the
of
forms.
Yet
the
of
solemnity
austere
and
the
original,the
of the
impressiveness of the measured
pose
limbs, and the purity of the drapery.
To
gather an impression of the face of the Parthenos, we
other
should
examine
two
copies of far greater technique
and
A
has
imagination.
head has recentlybeen
not
instance
the
yet known
helmet
piece.
note
we
published,and
yet been
ivory original;
found
of
it is
which
reproduction of
marble
undoubtedly
head
of the
the
of
eyeballswere
of
traces
a
gold
to
the
on
different material
of
gold and
Athena, although
a
Pheidian
resemble
have
hair ; the
fallen out.
oval, and
full,rounded
are
eminently Pheidian,
the
Parthenon
frieze
an
the
epithet with
furnishes
us
to
and
ivory ;
As
contour
master
red-coloured
and
which
remarkable
is the most
is
The
(PL XXV),
in Athens
there
here
traits of
which
describe
sculpture.
correct
to
the
the
The
is
;
no
the
the
face
work
on
dominant
forehead
PLATE
XXV
To face page
368
and
is broad
ATHENA.
OF
TYPES
IDEAL
xii.]
it ; the cheek
from
away
369
is
large,
the
between
breadth
the
contribute
eyes
the
to
extraordinary
in marble
the Parthenos
work
The
the
found
in
ordinary life-size.
of
importance to this is a representation
the St. Petersburg gold medallion11,
on
South
Russia (PL XXIV.
b). The face is
in
next
head
Parthenos
the scale of
on
in
grave
full ;
given three-quarters
and
can
we
see
whole
the
of the
may
believe that
The
face
the
closelyresembles
the features
full and
are
justparted, the
in
nose
broad
and
tranquilpower
that
by Kiescritzky
school
is not
The
copy
Reproduced
dentsch. Inst.
15, with
VOL.
aus
long
I.
in the
of
the
Parthenos
expressed
in the Pheidian
head
in the Berlin
now
specimen
of
found
Museum
in
Mittheihtngend.
also
and
b
by Kieseritzky
;
B
in
Mon.
Ant
Harrison
Anc.
and
the
b,is only
polychromatic sculpture;
trained
earnest
reason.
gardens of Sallust,and
as
interesting
mild
the view
masterly,and
without
marble
the
in this also.
justbeen described :
rather large,the lips
forehead, the eyelids
expression of
The
is
has
the chin
line with
Pheidias
it is
Verrall,Myths
Ath.
ike Denkmaler,
1886, PI.
3.
GREEK
370
Roman
small
and
lack
showing.
The
gem
are
is
important
and
grandeur
of
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
the
breadth, and
or
of the
work
Aspasios,a
teeth
later
are
period,
for the
two
of Pheidias
statues
would
least may
at
left many
have
be
that
quoted
free
as
Villa
name
have
may
the
Minerve
with
the
Antiochus
a, and
Collier of the
Louvre.
been
au
in the
statuette
in the arrangement
of the
contour
right hand
the
the Nike
the
and
has
had,
originally
the
style proper
appear
so
much
hair,which
the
is twisted
forehead.
balance
and
in
original
other
by
in the
The
in
respects the
of the
same
of the upper
as
agrees
limbs,
upper
is
But
the
it
not
of the
rings above
shows
the
same
to the
probably nearer
the drapery,though in
of the
garment.
does
arrangement
Louvre
b,and
that
restingon
figureswhich
of concentric
the
the
left
metal-work
in the
as
arms.
as
former
and
of
to
series
statue
the motive
restored, and
into
of the limbs
pose
the addition
drapery
known
restored,but doubtless
are
on
school,whose
statue
The
drapery, and,
arms
holding
was
Attic
of the lower
pose
copies of itself,
be regarded
may
formerly in the
statuette, is modified
The
much
can
but the
preserved something of the stateliness of the original,
sculptureis cold and dull,and dates from the Graeco-Roman
period.
The
notice
Albani
It
a
the
among
arises how
far it
surelycannot
Mon.
delV
Pallas
(PL XXVII)
ideal
can
types of Athena
claim
be derived
Inst. 3. 27.
is
with
affinity
from
b
work
; and
that
deserves
the
question
original.
the Pheidian
type created
in the
Miiller-Wieseler,
Denkmakr,
2.
22.
period
211.
PLATE
XXVII
IDEAL
before
shows
body
and
Pheidias,as
TYPES
has been
advance
some
beyond that
weight is thrown on
supposed
the
is
head
371
For
a.
in the direction
the
is turned
the pose
statuette, for
figurebeing
the
side
though
is continued
be in the statuette,
to
appear
to
of the
of greater freedom
side,the motive
same
left,and
ATHENA.
of the Parthenos
ease
the
OF
lower
which
on
than
the
the
weight
this
thick
double
himation, which
its open
borders
of the other
some
between
the
this
Pheidian
Doric
idea
columnar
the
with
have
we
the
older
effective distinction
an
appropriate with
the
free ;
fine freedom
folds to
back
line of the
wavy
milder
sleeveless chiton, so
and
plicity
with
folds,and
is
the
over
up
severitycontrasts
stronger and
looped
the
marked
are
style,but
severe
of
of the
most
over
of which
is
its
But
here
the
girt
sim
severe
temple-image of
the armed
maiden
of costume
that is
goddess,we have an arrangement
aims
majestic and stately,but which
at
imperial display
rather than expressionof character ; it is matronly rather than
maidenly. The face;too, has little of the Pheidian form, but
has the sharp mathematical
lines and angles of the Peloponnesian
nothing of Pheidian
type, and
expression. The
is severe,
countenance
almost
sombre, and
takes
sculptor,who
wished
to
For
may
allude
instance
the
placeof
have
her
been
vaguely to
can
be
traced
period:
of Athena
we
unique
helmet, an
device
b.
Dr.
is
entirelydifferent;the
show
the
Albani
statue
Pheidian
and
of the
who
or
The
whole
bronzes
arrangement
same
are
all
of
some
her
on
innovation
thinking of Heracles,
Furtwangler in
Reseller's Lexicon, pp. 695, 696. The
examples he quotes merely prove that
the peculiararrangement
of the drapery
by
and
this is enhanced
of
that
the
as
the
the
postRoman
back
style,
e.g. Gerhard, Aiiscrlcsene Vasen116. 147. 143. 18, but the effect
bilder,
B
Meistcrwerke, p.
that it is
80
wolf 's or
(Engl.ed.),note
a
dog'smuzzle
i,
that
GREEK
372
figurehas
it
time
less effect of
impresses us
the statue
as
with
sculpture. It
is
by
different
Pheidias
cated
it has
his
others,appears
conception of the
same
interest
have
inspired
'grand style'of Greek
to
and
the
was
interestingrepresentation of
very
famous
Lemnian
statue, which
Pausanias
of the works
of
air
"
the
; at
historic
an
the
on
Athena
of squareness
strongly,and
all
[CHAP.
of the
height than
which, above
Winckelmann
end
RELIGION.
Pheidias,and
that it
that
avaOww,
rcoz-
of
dedi
was
13G
Lemnos
is, because
c.
remarkable
most
called the
was
Athena
Lemnian'
its dedicators
have
been
belonged to the island. These
usually and very
naturallyregarded as the Attic colonists,
who, as Prof. Kirchhoffa skilfully
from
epigraphicaland other evidence,
argues
allotted
were
the view
put forward
erected
was
but
cleruchies
cannot
quite
some
the
on
the
on
in their
home.
new
as
who
from
this
token
about
prosperity
this work
Pausanias, the
it is
Athens
to
their
priori
Lucian, who
only
borrows
are
other
traits
it for his
of its
symmetry
nose'; and
perfectachievement
most
Pausanias
that
It seems,
in
bronze
of such
of "formosa"
refers
on
most
Pliny
that
of Hades,
head
and
we
expresslytold
are
natural
'
surpassing beauty
(?) ; and nearly every
the
Lemnian
; and
the
chthonian
character
name.
of Athena
a
Abhandl.
who
Minerva
of
We
in the
the
assumed
may
have
should
worship at
d. Berlin.
it.
the
has
about
this work
it received
writer
Athena,
such
to
wrought
that
'
to
refer
to
Pheidias
or
some
styledKaXXijjiopipos
the
evidentlyregarded it as the
We
Pheidias' art.
gather from
the Acropolis, not
the
far from
is all that
however,
statement
he
of
it stood
This
Propylaea.
covers
; it is
proved
records
Besides
mentions
explicitly
the 'contour
this
be
sent
ancient
monument
departure,is probable,
for
thank-offering
The
unfortunately vague.
writer
their
of
Now
B.C.
settlers
the
448
451 and
existingevidence
afterwards
years
between
Prof.
by
occasion
likely that
as
there
Akad.
title
that
been
gather,
Coronea.
1873^.33.
IDEAL
xii.]
TYPES
was
the
as
speaking
of
sure
that
Athena
form
the
on
And
balance
Pliny,Pausanias,
in any
know
of
and
case
probability
Lucian
are
cannot
say
we
the
even
of
the
statue,
can
far
so
of Pheidias
powers
did
forms.
He
maiden
with
always
instead
as
the
Himcrius.
Lemnia,
evidence
his
devoted
to
art
the
of
helmet
blush
blush
divinities
other
might
as
serve
these
her
helmet; it is far
found
near
site of
the
tested
been
restoration, would
the
second
to
that she
mean
the second
did
not
this line
war.
mean
Therefore
to
any
that
we
restoration
she
do
had
not
century
need
of the text
her
here
sure
any
13G
B.
c.
c.,
But
left behind
find
to
inscription
her
shield
make
tokens
allusion
or
be
cannot
that would
these
when
arms
the
was
allusion
Aphrodite
is
have
of
an
in the
arms
dedicated
of Athena
mentioning a statue
unhappily the text
theory might
Paphos,
have
to
her
without
type of Athena
Pheidian
supposed
are
this
that
conclude
to
that
without
Athena
unarmed
of the
much
too
Lastly, we
Lemnian.
a
type
new
the
into
Pheidias
the
in bronze
cast
nor
maiden-goddess, infusinga
the
cheek, that
Zeus,
carve
but
her arms,
adorned
and
be
the natural
pains to inform us that
strengthened by the discovery of new
were
not
we
'
takes
rhetorician
of
material
The
quotation from
literaryrecord can teach us.
the records of the Athena
placed by Overbeck
among
is mere
hazy verbiage,and can give no scientific
the
also
Pheidias
was
motives
and
we
Lucian's
that
goddess by
But
should
we
of
same
statue.
same
the Lemnian
which
'
certainty that
absolute
with
the Athena
still reckon
may
of the
Athena
of the
statue
of the belief
in favour
judgement
Athena
bronze
We
of bronze?
the
it that
another
there
373
work.
bronze
Lemnian
came
'
known
the
ATHENA.
identification,
assuming
also
judgement was
if
:
difficulty
bronze, how
was
this
accept
once
OF
to
of
an
type of the
unarmed
a
RELIGION.
GREEK
374
work
of Pheidias
at
dedication
as
monument
possessed
with
type of it among
say
about
the
after effect
is another
the
merely signifythat
grace.'
the
definite
it is for
and
which
of the
this
in
Lemnian
the
on
figureof Athena
type of Pheidias'
interesting
there
All that
the
we
can
quality of
'
Parthenos
'
was
as
certainly,
excessive
striving
the Parthenon
frieze
any
The
discover
can
we
statue, yet
sculptor,without
about
difficult to
reason
is that
work
appeared
in the
the
a.
literature
from
question whether
existingmonuments.
evidentlyenhanced
was
Pheidian
nothing
character
beauty
Pheidias
need
to
describes
effect the
any
the
formal
'
Athena,
Lemnian
pursue
learn
we
reference
certain
any
nor
"I"ei5iaK?}z;
y^apira
Therefore
the
goddess :
[CHAP.
creation
for she
is
her
helmet,
peaceful goddess without
carved in forms of simple maidenly beauty ; the arrangement
of the drapery, a singleungirt Doric
chiton,has nothing of
hair is
the severityof the temple-image; the short unbound
b.
of the figure
in keeping with
the naivete
seated
from
statuette
terracotta
lished
the
as
Prof. Gardner
by
and
that of the
Cyprus has
been
pub
by Ohnefalsch-Richter,affording
further
in
Salamis
The
c.
type
pose
the
on
Parthenos, the weight falling
resembles
rightside,and
the
the chiton
above
the
but
hangs
the
drapery suggest
mantle, and
columnar
down
no
to
seem
See
Appendix
We
have
the
war-goddess :
girdlingis visible,
the
waist, and
the
an
Dr.
B.
exact
figurein a
Louvre, noticed
thenon
the
folds of the
features
The
the
does
Neither
breast.
copy
small
and
of the Parterracotta
of
publishedby
PL
Waldstein
be
copy
in his Art
of
later
of Pheidias,
9. p. 214.
c
Hellenic
Mitt.
Journ.
d. dentsch,
2, p.
Inst.
326,
6, p.
250.
PI.
16;
XXL]
IDEAL
The
TYPES
chryselephantinework
OF
ATHENA.
375
of Pheidias
completely expressed
the ideal that the Attic religion
had developed of the victorious
whose
goddess of war and peace, the guardian of the city-life,
maidenly form was combined
by him with an almost maternal
fullness
of countenance,
earnest
but
nated
still free
It is
most
distinguishedfrom
the
Corinthian
of features
cast
is
structure
wisdom
the
is
by Pheidias, predominate
the exclusion
of the
of the
goddess
and
forms
the
in
find
and
of features
Cyzicus
the
of Corinth
sively
Athens
the
had
; for
and
of the
goddess with
prevailed*.
coins of
30);
the
Vide
Thurii.
same
and
most
thought and
sufficiently
expressed
ideal
that of Athena
was
and
its
but
on
head
and
of the
but
it cannot
broad
hair
on
be
the Attic
beautiful
which
type
Leucas
helmet
is also
the Attic
and
instance
of it is
type
coin
the
in
It is commonest
B. C.
in
rendered
of
coinage
called
exclu
coinage
most
firm and
is austere, self-centred
it
Syracuse, of
Ambracia
The
the
is very
is narrower,
idea
colonies
her
Doric
Perhaps
and
430
periods.
arrangement
severe
of about
Attic
helmet
Corinthian
the
later
the
of her, to
representation
conception of the beneficent
Pheidian
exceeding beauty
of
mouth
been
had
The
The
wisdom.
vogue
in this other
origi
in
of intellectual
power
deeper
people.
which
the
the
was
former
virginalcharacter,which
the
prevalent in
as
the
strength;
and
considerable
stronglymarked, the
expressed in the face
more
; what
severe
of
had
the
became
slimmer
and
expression profoundly
an
of
fifth century,
in the
fourth, and
with
of this
influence
and
the
of
type of
countenance
on
the silver
strikingexample
in
of the
sculptureof
later
this Athena
'Corinthian7
type
on
with
coins
of
from
statue
her
right
out
in
the
lost
has
it, but
the
In
can
face
thought,
the
later
note
life
its
the
its
rectilinear
the
it
holding
with
character,
The
of
working
in
with
Peloponnesian
accords.
remains
period,
in
the
Corinthian
with
type
Athena
the
as
of
of
surface
later
high
free
chisel
seriousness,
sentiment
being
Agoraia
city-life
of
representations
charged
the
and
and
left
the
force.
decay
of
long,
hair
her
her
spear,
and
from
expression
becomes
her
on
is
represented
slim
the
of
Alexandrine
original
referred.
outlines
intellectual
and
purity,
its
very
arrangement
face
upon
the
of
is
which
resting
xn.
expression,
corresponding
Louvre,
and
face
severity
the
in
raised
The
the
the
the
hand
the
and
Velletri
cup.
which
we
helmet
Corinthian
the
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
GREEK
376
the
or
preferred
of
the
city
with
to
Louvre
decayed,
goddess
of
excess
this
period
may
be
378
GREEK
names.
The
very
unsubstantial
works
whole
ascribed
Praxiteles
of the
could
fourth
of Calamis
of
the
have
better
why
believed
have
temple of
; the
Praxiteles
replaced the
charioteer
in the
Hera
the
when
of the
one
any
elder
supposititious
by the famous sculptor
could
and
designed figure,
appears
the
carved
could
Praxiteles
reason
the ancients
as
city by Philip;
Plataea
valid
been
Attic school
a
elder
an
criticism to
recent
not
with
the statue
; there is no
century
of the younger
about
theory
by
[CHAP. xn.
RELIGION.
have
built
Thcbans
first
destroyed
of the
early period
Peloponnesian war,
have
commissioned
scarcely likely that they would
Athenian
sculptorto carve the image. We should never
heard
of
elder
an
mysterious
Praxiteles, if it had
(i.2, 4) about
in Pausanias
statement
tion written
in
pre-Euclidean letters
of Demeter
at
Athens, ascribingto
there consecrated
was
too
altogether
eccentric
elder Praxiteles
an
has
be used
to
who
the wall
on
have
the
inscrip
temple
that
group
the statement
reasons
is
If there
in evidence.
all that
achieved
an
an
for
of the
Praxiteles
for many
; but
been
not
it is
was
years
been
The
rest
of
Dr.
Furtwangler's theory
accepted,namely,
the
Lange
Dr.
Parthenos.
already
Furtwangler,startingfrom
torso, shows
by
in respect of the
was
had
somewhat
in
minute
was
the
drapery
and
advance
marks
this
than
;
and
of
style that
which
that
later work
be
in certain
of
probably
maintained
same
analysisthe
will
is
revealed
in
the Parthenos.
APPENDIX
THE
recent
of
investigations
supposed discovery
to a question of the
archaeologyto
B.
of
decide.
the
very
By
Dr.
Lemnian
Furtwangler
type
have
highest importance
a
very
brilliant and
at the conviction
and
given
for
his
rise
modern
fascinating
that the
Bologna
APP-]
IDEAL
head, hitherto
even
misnamed
in
statues
Dresden
copies from
Athena
the
of
be
true
adverse
to
yet
appears
(ib.PI.
article
June, 1895.
This
The
which
proved, namely,
reallybelongsto
second
Museum
evidence
the
head
The
Furt
involves
real and
two
fruitful
contributed
it is
Plate
something, but of
Furtwangler ; he has
Dr.
to
Dresden
from
2,
the
the
Bologna
torso
of the
an
entirely
which
authorities
The
(PI.i)
statue
replicaof
fits into
exactly
on
Dr.
first is
of the
removed.
The
have
We
and
of the Dresden
restored
Dr.
Cassel
the
statue
same
originalwork
accept the
must
(PI. i) has
figure,and the
the
on
to Dr.
Furtwangler,
bare-headed
work, for
famous
Athena, and
have
we
gem
with
the
2.
an
at
statues,
"
(M tiller-Wieseler, Denkmdler,
has
to
reason
no
type of
been
it in
Furtwangler
of the
again
beautiful
to
which
set
is
first statue
recovered,thanks
then
the
third
of the
and
have
originalmust
head
judging from
to me,
appears
copies of
bust
as
Lemnian
of which
the Mcisterwerkc
have
latter
statue
least four
and
been
replyin
figure,that
certain.
as
remarkable
the
the
has been
harmony.
a
in
is due
the
rightly restored
whole
has
suppose
been
two
Dr.
at
others
that
Dresden
alien head
the
or
connected
this is the
points,some
points.
greatest credit
that
be
to
that
theory
theory in
discovery,to
head, and
Amazon,
or
accepted with
certainlymost would confess that they desire
but no
one
except Dr. Furtwangler himself
have
tested
it by searching criticism ; an
Grecs (1895)
concerning it in the Monuments
distinct
the
379
Ephebos
2),are
and
original,
same
separate and
which
of
and
ATHENA.
the head
Pheidias.
enthusiasm, and
it to
OF
modern
TYPES
ill-
210)"
Athena
held out
the left arm
was
(Meisterwerkc,
p. 6, Fig. i):
doubt
no
almost
the shoulder, and
was
at right angles to
This is the type of the peaceful
goddess
restingon the spear.
hand
38"
GREEK
which
was
vases,
being especiallyused
another
in vogue
the earlier
with
evidentlystill popular at
gather from the Lansdowne
other
to
So
in
far Dr.
waif among
relief.
Here
fault.
In
that
discoveryof
lost
literaryrecord
without
of the
first there
Classical
his
led
is
as
we
travelled
M.
to
of
she
that
last
not
in many
extreme
the
Lysippus.
anything
nor
have
or
Nor
this cannot
be
be
the
his
Athena,
head
to
exact
are
be
to
me
consists
we
any
had
not
we
the
Dr.
in
the
are
Athena
Lemnian
of bronze
carved
as
is
know
we
if
the
words
from
conclude
the
Apoxyomenos
clues
Lemnian
therefore
grant
least that
important
about
can
we
at
that the
and
are
rightto
that
but
no
Athena.
are
found
give little
Lucian's
words
helmet.
by elimination,so
reveal
statues
Parthenos
Lemnian.
Furtwangler
argue
these
the
It is doubtful
clear
so
heads,and
again can
example, that as
no
these
contour, tender
ancient
Lemnian
which
is
proved certainty,but as a
such
that which
as
probability,
Doryphorus of Polycleitusor the
as
and
using the strigil,
Beautiful
head
to
point of
appears
was
he
Jamot,
this ; for
as
quite so much
Doryphorus was carryinga spear,
tells
leads
works
Bologna
that
evidence
discover
to
us
of the
the
know
him
must
have
the second
archaeology
we
no
theory
Apoxyomenos
was
to believe
Bologna
Now
by inscriptions.
of most
combination
the
; and
and
Review
states
clue
greeting
antiques among
existingcopies,scientific
impossible unless we are helped by clear
helmet, and
shown
'
is
reason
it may
of his research
of
part
or
I have
one
is
these
But
statues
throughoutthat
assumes
of
is the type
the method
is almost
certitude
was
There
monuments.
this type
copies.
has
Athena
the
Furtwangler'sstudy
he
red-figured
i.
thesis is that
was
the
xir.
art-centres.
longera
at
where
scenes
and
paintersof
(Lenormant, Elite,
person
that this is a
[CHAP.
RELIGION.
Such
or
the
as
to
Pheidian
prove,
for
type, and
it
Promachus, therefore
argument
is useless
unless
we
IDEAL
APP.]
know
that
have
we
of what
and
Pheidias'
works
ments
forms
the Parthenos
be
real test
artists in
is the
wanglcr
admits
Bologna
does
of
horizontal
of theirs
is
theirs
and
its
recalls
the
that is
The
the
of
though
it has
upon
it,yet
upon
the authentic
of the
than
The
of the collar-bone.
the
which
young
and
the
the
mouth
its firm
top
nose
on
closed
there
have
is
wholly
to
Parthenos
the
lips
of shoulders
expected
is very
countenance
impress of
an
the
expression
faces.
Pheidian
goddess presented
that
the
not
while
top,
angle of
should
we
in
the breadth
breadth
The
reserve.
head
at
any
this,with
and
self-contained,
ideal
ideal
is there
style,but
this
slightlyrecedes,while
the chin
nor
Dr. Furt-
show
; the
our
sculptures
oval
an
have
For
Now
to
imposing
of the
we
hand.
broad, while
not
resembles
Parthenon
stamped
narrower
tend
are
and
expression of cold
character
Attic
cheeks
that
features
It has
the
features,which
statuette.
these.
straight;
frieze that
and
earnest
; its
the
been
But
the Parthenon
are
Parthenon
have
long study
Pheidias'
to
the treat
may
conclude
its essential
resemble
and
indication
more
in
is different,and
is firm
Parthenon
head
Parthenos
conspicuous
the chin
with
the
the
line
only
can
of his work
that
not
heads
the
a
such
of less value"
and"
after
the
figuresof
elsewhere.
even
; and
correct, I
direct evidence
only
Athens, and
Furtwanglcr'sanalysisof
penetrating and
rightto attribute
no
the female
on
notes
disposition of the
Pheidian,'but this
'
countenance
of Dr.
and
cast
called
main
part from
generalstylein
The
regards the
lower
the
or
is
certainlythere
other
by
statuette,
monu
folds,but he
the
these
Pheidias.
as
the
of
resemble
not
of
Parthenos
treatment
does
that may
used
another,
or
by Pliny,evidently
hand
important differences
very
the Parthenon
ment
writer
one
if all
And
it clear that
the
the
of
the
partly in
drapery on
is
that
downwards
knees
make
original by
resembles
and
himself
by
this?
mentioned
Furtwangler
an
prove
drapery
sculptor'sworks
know
we
mentioned
'alia Minerva'
381
list of the
sculptordo
were
Dr.
does
Nor
ATHENA.
in Rome.
known
well
OF
complete
ancient
is still the
there
TYPES
us
in
this
embodied
half-developedmaiden
type
; it
is
is
deity,
and
self-contained
the
that
tempted
place
to
it
regard
ideal.
But
support
of
few
Dr.
the
origin
the
the
ness,
right
than
is
places,
there
and
tion
of
out,
the
and
solidity
Parthenos
of
earlier
transitional
girlish
type
the
and
On
the
the
the
be
relief-figure
of
almost
as
so
the
head,
remind
lest
old
as
mourning
youthful
flaps
and
440
pliancy
the
c.,
Athena,
simple.
broad
rather
deep
the
should
B.
pointed
austerity
more
of
these
inclina
the
has
the
under
at
in
and
us
we
grim-
statuette
hand,
some
later
and
required
Bologna
And
the
and
Furtwangler
other
countenance,
not
is
Dr.
by
archaic
achieved
rhythm
as
period.
could
Parthenos
temple-statue
pose.
upon
but,
of
the
in
strong
softness
more
later
somewhat
the
of
girdle
much
free
more
as
face
the
impressed
earlier,
is
of
of
surface
shoulders
the
centre
mind
the
in
seen
the
by
with
treated
are
arm
back
less
and
the
to
Parthenos
reserve
of
style
think
we
be
time,
is
suggest
has
Gorgon
the
at
that
the
indeed
may
the
of
visage
of
argumentation
preceded
first
at
point
from
life
rich
intellectual
might
in
transition
it
details
One
full
keen
the
nor
Parthenos
the
that
few
drapery
the
the
the
neither
type.
Furtwangler's
view
years.
after
it
has
reveal,
slimmer
pointing
as
face
the
Parthenos
latter
the
of
cold
the
of
heads
traits
to
RELIGION.
GREEK
382
may
which
that
bear
is
the
this
in
still
REFERENCES.
REFERENCES
Primitive ritual
Human
Koi
fV
Cf.
25
sacrifice at
AaoftiKfia TTJKara
CHAPTERS
FOR
cult
or
383
X-XII.
Laodicea.
Porph. De
Alst.
fdvfTo
56
2.
yap
'
Supiai/TIJ AQrfvqK.UT
vvv
Trapdevos,
eras
5e
f\a(pos.
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1141
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RELIGION.
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KOI
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141
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p. 1273.
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ot
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Schol.
2265.
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C. I. Gr.
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REFERENCES
a5
Plut. Vit. X.
Bodrov
Kal
Orat.
'Ep^"W
8e irivaKa
843
CHAPTERS
jrivaKi
X-XII.
387
Lycurgus'familyKaT^yov
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REFERENCES
b
Athenae.
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TOV
FOR
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fjLvppivrjs
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21
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vide
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FOR
CHAPTERS
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391
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oVXoif
CHAPTERS
X-XIL
397
iraXatrepov
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Beule, F Acropole(fAthcnes, 2. p. 313
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b
TICT\V dpxn'tKd'is,
dpopos.
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a/ipaa-t
ifpovpyiais
C. -t. A. 2. 968 appari TroXf/zif/r^/n'a)
(i/tKijtras).
roty
rwv
Boat-races.
IMeineke, C(?w.
6
StOcleS,
y
Time
C1. /. yl.
Grace.
2.
trbs 8e ru/j/3o$
.
and
date
p.
2.
a/iiXX';/ raw
Procl.
rj/J-epas Travrjyvpi^ovT"v.
the
of Themi-
tomb
dedcreTcii.
vewj/
7rdvTa"v Atirjvaicav
trvvtovTcov
6i]vaiarjveopr?)'A.Qr)vds,
'EXX^i/coi/
Tecraapas
Plato,
d/j,i\\rjs.
ve"v
viKr)T^pia
to
679, referring
^coTrora^
of the
965
Hec.
469
e'/cettre
/cat
111
Tim.
Se Ilaz/a-
ra
laToprjrai. Cf.
eprrpoadev
Schol.
Plat.
Rep. 328
A.
aXXcov
ran/
p. 9
us
Tpirydntovros,
e'yt'yvero
'EKaTop-ftaioiivos
TOV
p.fyd\a(lilaviidrivciiaj
TOII-
Cf.
ra
KU\
yap
TOVTO
DeniOSth.
398
GREEK
RELIGION.
'E/caro/z/SatSi'os
MVOS) TOV
Ttpoicp.
p. 708 deodar?/(ro"
Kara
K"V
vdfjiov
eiVqi
fita ^(pt'ovofioderas
dia7rpagdfj."vos/ca$t'"eo-#ai
npo(pdo-ei.
TiavaOrjvaiwv
C.I.
A.
2.
the administration of
LycurgUS" OTTOS
"v
a"s
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raXXa
KOI
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ova
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ra
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ra
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ovv
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trap
ry
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oCnol.
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24
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rou
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re
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r}\ico
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.
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dyop,evr]v
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re
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^ nop.^
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'
aapevr)
inscription? during
/cat
/cat
ert
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Trj
yap
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eVt fie'/ca.
fE/"aro/i/3aia"i/os
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de
ev
TTJ
38
Athena,
At
els 'Adfjvas
trvvoiKia
eopTrjv
/careo-r^a-aro.
Paus.
8. 47. 5
citygoddess.
l7
b.
At
Tegea
IToXtartfios'eKdarov
'Adrjvas
fiea7ra"erovs
tepeus
A0T]vasavaXcoroi/
e's roi/
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XPOVOV
e^at Teye'av.
dovvat rpt^aii/
e's(pvXa/CTyi/
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b
fieeVrt
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e'savTo
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ra"
ficopea
a"s
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Kr](pel
Epu/zaros tepov ovo[jid"ovo-i,
TOV
Trapa
the
Troezen, vide
a'XXo tepov
feat
ro
ATTIKJ]avvoiKKTas
At
Sparta: PaUS.
3. 17,
fie
'EnoiTjo-f
*at
ao-para
at"ra)
(pavlv
rcov
'Ei/raiJ"i'AfyvasIfpbvircirolrrrai,
/cat
Acapta6 TtrtafiasaXXa
re
/cat
vpj/ov
e'sr^v
REFERENCES
6(6v.
FOR
8f
eVe/pyao-Tat
CHAPTERS
Polyb.4.
yw.
Arch.
Eph.
1892,
'
Tloaidcovos
At
35
Kara
p. 23
Daulis:
At
(jLr)$f}f
TOVTOVS
"vcriav
Paus.
67TI
TOVS
rals
ei"
p.ev
TJJS AdrjvdsT?]SXa\KlOlKOV
TOV
VfWV.
Amyclae mentioning 6
at
8. 31, 9
tpeiVia5e 'A^i/5stepoGnoXiaSos
Dialect. Inschr.
CollitZ,
avtdrjKfKdXXco^
ovs
eSa
Ttarpiov
found
inscription
a"' ov8es
'
'Adavas
A.(T(f)a\iov
Megalopolis:
noXui^o i/uedcfc
raura
Ttl/a
7"P
07rX")Z"TTOp.7TfVflV
T]\lKtaiS
/JLfTCl TWV
399
TCO
X-X1L
6e
/u;)(earaSouX^ao-oro)
1523
*A^avai
A"/za)TCU
/cat
eVt
IloXiaSt.
rat
In
Rhodes45.
Crete
of treaty between
Hierapytna,inscription
Lyctus : Cauer, Delect.11 117 (C./. Gr. 2555) 'o^co
and
iiXfpt'ai/
.
at
'AGavaiav
KCU
IloXtada
Cauer, Delect?
121
C. /. (?r. 2556
OTao-fii/Tcoi/
8e
Adavaias
Tay
At
Chios:
s
At
"
tepoi/
h
Cnossus
Herod.
Au
TCOI
.
At
los
160
9. 40,
Pi iansus
tfpw
'Adavaias
ras
ffpw
T"S
fie,e'"Ipoi"'Adtjvairjs
Uo\ioi"xov
Bull,
1891,
dra^twu
"
HoXifl
KOI
T";
JA^i/a HoXtdSi
oiV
p. 582
TO
'Atirjvai
TJJ IloXuiSt.
jcat
TW
3.
tvBtvrfv
Cos:
At
I.
eV
Ilpiai'crtot
Dreros
TW
ei/
fiei/ 'ifparrvTvioi
ot
noXtdSt ?).
'Aflji/a
r(j7
1
Paus.
At
HoKiov^ov.
rav
kQavaiav
cf86
Xicoi/
vno
Amorgos
TO)
oraXny
01
'
rav
/"ai 'hdyvaiav
SaX/icofiai/.At
\\0avaiav
roj
HoXtadof,fcal
ras
At
dSos-.
'O/xvi'co
TCU/
Hierapytna
1891, p.
Cf. C. /. Gr.
Corr.
de
2263
Hell.
Au
172
TW
C.
1881, p.
220
rcXctav.
k
At
Erythrae:
Priene
Paus.
in
inscription
dv(6rjKeTOV
ov
KU\ 'Adrjvas
7- 5, 9 vEo-rt Se "V 'Epvffpals
TU"
'Aflrjvas
(V
vabv
British
Museum,
IloXtdSt.
^Adrjvairj
Hpitjvrj
vaut
C. /. Gr.
Paus.
7. 5? 5
At
TrtdSa Evdi/^ou
T))I/
yevOfJLfinjviepfiavTTJS Tlo\iddos
KCU
ftovXrj/cat
Kal UoXiddos
n
KXavStav
6^/iosfTfip-Tjaav
At Ilion
Dion.
in
Inscriptions
"
'AO-^XJ/ftfjiJ-os
'Adqvds
Nixr](p6pov
Cf.
oKTco/caiSe/caToi? NtK^cpopt'oir
evfica.
(vae'fteias
TOIS
eveKct*
dyuXfj-aros
TOV
tal Ni^cpopoy.
UoXias
Pergamum : Athena
Ergebnissed. Ausgral. zu Perga?n. 1880, pp. 7^-77
m
2904
C. /. Gr.
fv
3553
KXavSias icpeias
NiKTj(f)dpov
/u^Te'pa
49.
6.
69
yap
avru"v
f)yep."bv
TOV
GREEK
400
At
diro
NauTioy
yevovs
Phaselis
TloXuidt ol
At
"i
I.
Gr.
Heraclea
'A^va?
39
in
3048 apoypa^cu
Macedonian
Zrjvus Tlarpiovxal
Athena
35
tepoi/
Aristid.
Sparta:
TO
TO?
7. 20,
i.
p. 608
(Athensand Sparta).
de Corr. Hell.
Paus.
'Atirjvas
vcios
KCU
TO
etj
accordingto Boeckh's
2155
Patrae
at
nai/a^aiV
i. At
ufjifpoivrciiv noXfoiv
Anaphe : Bull
\\6r]vas
Harplaf.
TIJS AaCppias
fvros
'A$a*/a noXidSi
period.
at
Uarpm
doypa
TO
C. I. Gr.
Athena
C. I. Gr. 5774-5
at Athens, vide
*Apx"?y"rt?
Lemnos
41
\\ddva
1330
Heracleenses.
^ KOII'J)
(Dindorf)
/zei/ apxnyeris
40
Inschr.
Dialect,
Collitz,
Graecia
Magna
noXiaSos-.
TO?
Athena
? At
$fa"j;Se/Sacrrcoj/.
rcoi/
ovefaiicav.
TTTo\iapxot
At Istl'OS: C. I. Gr.
/cat
uTroiKtW,rjv'kfyvas ifpev
lepaTevo-avra
T?}?irpoKadijyfriBos
TTJ
4332
in Perrhaebia
the Tabulae
on
C.
IloXiaSoj
At Phalanna
"ji"vAtVi'a crretXai/rcoi/
TTJV
rwv
RELIGION.
restoration.
1892,
143, No.
nepipoXov
rov
27
8e e'o-Tii/
Hava^atdos.fXecpavros
eniieXijO'iv
TO
(iya\p.a ^pucroi).
KOI
42
43
Athena
'O/zoXcois: Schol.
Lycoph. 520
Athena
A^juoKpar/a
: C.I. A.
first century
stood
B.C.
the
near
Titles from
44
p.
?rapa
on
altar,
1672 'A^va? ArjfjLOKparias
2.
base of
on
165, same
inscription
Atticus.
Parthenon, periodof Herodes
cities and
Ti/uarai
statue
(?)that
localities :
the
mountain
in
(Geogr.Register,
Boeotia
419).
b
Athena
45
: Herod,
'Ao-o-r/o-ta
Ibid,
LTjs.
'laXvo-ta in
Athena
aSof
Corr.
46
Hell.
1894,
I.
recos
Kai
.
'iXias :
Plut. Akx.
everrpr]o~av
Arch.
AivSia
at
'Ao-eViKX^o-u/
e'v
X^P1!5T*ls MiX^fftiys
1867,
p. 30,
No.
^ai Atos
DoXietos
71
de
10.
7.
43
Sep^s
es
TO
lipid^ovn/pya/zoi/
rfj*Adr]vair)
ry 'iXiaSi e^ucre /Sous^iXtas. Cf. Xen.
15 ;
0ao~tTO
fJ.evK0)p.t]v fivo.1
Slrabo, 13,
p. 593
TTJV
de
rav
'iXeecoi/
rwv
lepove^ovo-av rijstA.0^vas
piKpbv
ifpov.
'A$a'j/as'laXucrms IloXtaSoy
Herod.
'Adqwu^s
^oD
7?^.
Athena
p. 31, No.
Se
8ea.o~dp.evos
I, 4;
19
Rhodes:
imperialera.
Athena
dve(Br)
^//.
i.
rov
rrjstA0rjvaujsf
vrjbv
rov
)^ajAu/8i'as
vvv
5e
; 3.
'ApdKwQuisfrom
'O^oXons
KCU
evrfXes,
re
TO
Koo~p.fjQ-at,
FpapiKcoVIKTJV dva6fjp.ao~i
63
T?/
Xen.
Scepsis:
At
Hell. 3. r,
6 8e
21
Ovo-as rrj'A"jva
AfpKuXidas
ei
TO"I"
54
Se
Elis,eV "*po7rdAei
Paus. 6. 26, 3, in
Se
e\e(pavTos
8e
RELIGION.
GREEK
402
ayaXpa
TO
dXeKTpvvveVi
55
/cat
Kpdvft,art
r"5
'Adrjvas aya\fuieWiz/
56
Megara
At
TrdXfcos
57
i.
ro
TrpocrcoTrov
Athena
: Paus.
Kopvfpaaia
4.
o-raStW
Kpavaia
Elatea
near
e'iKOcriv
a(p"aTT]K"V
.
Se tepea
TOV
10.
Cory-
8e
7 'EXare/ay
34,
6Voy
eVt Tourep
dvrjPuv
iralo"v aipovvraiTUV
eic
IIo\VK\eovs
TOVTO
KOI
TO
Paus.
of
the promontory
on
2,
Kpavcuas lepov.
ciriK\r]criv
'Atirjvas
Xo^"a" lepov7T"TTotr)Tai
fie ayaX/xa
tirolr]"Tav
pev
TO
Aiairioos.
Kopv"paaias.
*A^i/Sse'lri"rjoriv
ea-nv
Athena
36,
aXXo
KQt
eVt
7T\rjV
eirixpvaov
etmv
eXecpairo?
eariv
Se jcaleV di
xaX*o{)i/
6e eV T^ X61/3'1
"XOU(ra-
oe
3 wKoSo/ujTcu
42,
'AOrjvas,
aya\[M Be
vaos
5e Kai
raura
Paus.
vnaitiptp,
Kopuvrjv
eV
TO
rqs
4. 34, 6
Paus.
"'Ld\"KTpvoves.
paxa*
es
cxovviv
Trpoxfiporara
in Messenia
AtCorone
*"8tov
/xei/"17
eiwu
xpuaov.
Ifpov'A0t]vds'
a"rqy,
TrenonjTai
^k"riv
eVrriv
'HXaW
TT;
rw
5e eo-Kevavpevov
ear*
iraio'es,
piprj^aeirl TTJdanridiTTJS
'ABfjvijffi
cireipycurTai
TTJ do^rioi
in Bull de Corr.
KaXovpevrjs
'AOrjvaiav
UapBtvov. Cf. inscriptions
'A8r)vqTTJ Kpavda. Ib.
Hell. 1887, p. 318 'Ovr]"ri"p6pov
IfprjTevo-avra
dvaOtro
^ai(pio-pa
(decreeof alliance with Tenos) amypa^ai 8e icai
a"s
TWV
KOI
puxrjVj
es
VTTO
'
'
pev
59
TO)
ev
tepa)
KQavas
'ABrjvas
Ifpoveorii/
22,9
Larissa
At
PhilipV
from
o-TaXXay
60
ev
near
Asopus
RuTrapio-o-ia
Athena
Tas
ev
Athena
the Laconian
on
coast
Paus. 3.
napaKVirapio-aiav.
TWI/
'A^atwi/
TroXecoy epeiiria
Kahovpevrjs
TTOCTI
B.C.).
Se a^po-
KarBepev
oyypa\^ai"Ta"
Trjs
eirii"r)"ri.v.
TJ)aKpono\"iKvirapiffffias
ev
Thebes
*OyKa at
p.ev
TtpwTov
dKponoXiv
ev
TCLV
Sept.501
Aesch.
"OyKd
Tas
'Adavds.
rjS"a
HaXXas
dvSpbs \6aipov
Trv\aio-i yeirov
vabv
TOV
eip^et.
11. 164:
av
p.dnaip(ivaao-'"OyKa,
Te
enTdnvXov
PaUS.
2, at
9. 12,
avaOclvai
oe
TrdXeco? eSoy
Thebes,
Kdfyov Xeyovvi
CLVTO
^v
eari
eirippvov.
/3"op.oy aya\pa
vrraidpcp
."Oyya
3"umW
yXwo-crai/
TTJV
"OyKa yap T) A6r]vd
Kara
'
Steph.S.
'Oyieaiai.7fi"\ai Qr]$S"v
V.
fort
670
686vTas
(pr)0~i.
Athena
'ITWW'O.
TO
lepov
.
KOI
es
TOV
6 pev
Near
KOIVOV
'
KOI
ev
Kara
KaXeiTat.
3"otviKas.
^TrjaixoposEvpa"7reiaTTJV 'Adrjvdve"rrrapKCi"ai
ev
Coronea
Paus. 9. 33,
oe
TW
FOR
REFERENCES
va$ xaXKoO
'Afymr
n"7rou}fi"va
'AyopaKpiW Strabo,41
TO)
Kal
QeTTaXiKw
Kopeov/asfVt
trio-few
II
ag.
23
TW
2" YaoV
KwpdXtoi/Xe'ycoi/,
"
edpas
o/wxpeowoy T"p
'A"9ai/daTroXepafioWa
Trot
ndpoiQevdpfa"aiveis
KcopaXta)
otfais."
TroTapaiTrap'
vav"0
6 "Aidrjs
KOTU
\\Brjva
oi"x
403
(Bergk,Alcaeus,frag.9) tWav^a
OpvTai fie T^
e'er"
TrapappeWaTrorapbv
Kovdpiovnpoa-rjyopevo-av
TOV
'AXKaTos fieKaXe
"".
X-XII.
fie (oiBoiam"l)
TJ}s Kopcom'a*c'v
i:parij"raw"
T^J 'irai/ias"Adrjvas
icpbv idpva-avro
opwvvpov
Trefit'o)
TO
awr^s
Trpo
CHAPTERS
fieKal
ot"6" dp/3oXaydXXa
fpyov
"rvvfT"\ovV
avyKadi-
Bacchylides
pvo-TiKrjv alriav.
(pan,
ws
Tiva,
Uanpoi"na
Ta
'iTcoi/i'ay
^pi)Trap'
^puo-ntyt'fioy
Athena
KeXTtKoii/ ec
i.
13, 3
TO
dvaTc0(vra orrXa
KOI
p."Ta"i"
T^S 'A^j/i/ay
tepoi/ T^S 'irmvias "E"epaii/
TO
eV
fTriypappa
TO
Thessaly:Paus.
'ITWW'O in
TO
TWX/
Aapivrjs,
KOI
a^Toi?
'A^dra
Gvpeovs6 MoXoo-o-oy 'iraviaificopov
TaXarav.
0paO""av
TLvppos
eKpepaaev
Tovy
OTTO
PaUS.
IO.
I,
IO
TO
ovv0T)p.a
ynp
'irwvias.
'A0r)vas
Schol.
^? Exaraio;
TJ/ irpwrr^
TP
ev
Athena
festivalTO
e'fit'SoTo
eV
.
ap. Rhod.
r^?
551
I.
pd^ats-Geo-Q-aXot?
THIS
Icnopiutv
X/yet. At Crannon
TU"V
pej/
eV Qftro-aXia 'ircoviasTrepi
Polyaen.
Tra'i^ovaiv.
ev
f)Trdvres KpavvaivioL
KaXovpcvuv'lroWa"i/,
54 fopTTJsovarjs r"v
2.
'lro"i/ia
worshipped at
in
'ir"w"m mentioned
T^
Amorgos : 'A0i/i"a
de Corr.
there,Bull,
found
inscription
the
'irwi/ia and
century
e
C. /. ^4.
At Athens:
At
B.
i.
'iTavias (latter
part
'AO^vaias
210
of fifth
c.).
in Phthiotis
Thaumakoi
1459
P.TJVOS Iratviov.
TrdXets*
S. V.
A0fjvai
oteph.I3yz.
.
CKTr) Ei/'/Sotaj
.
Cults
S'
TavTas
the
to
referring
KaTa
pev
Qpov
irevrf
fie ^tXcova
Kara
e"
Atdfiay XeyecrBai.
'AOr/vas
family.
ovop.dfovo'iv,f/els
S. V. npoTe\fiavf)p.epav
PhotillSj
ev
oi
yap.ovp.cvr)i"TrapOevov
ayovaiv
yovelscos
TTJV
Qeov
KOI
BvaLav
TTJV
dxponoXtv
TTJV
emTf\ovo~iv.
Athena
or
'AnaTovpia
KOI
302
b
D
At
Zfvs
fie ypSiv
.
Troezen
fieKal rols
epKflosfie Kal
Paus.
2.
33,
(ppaTpios, Kai
(on
the
(ppOTpt'a.
yA6rjvaiT]
island
the
just off
shore)
'AnaTovpias
'A0r)vas
'^
dvaTiOevai Trpbydpov TTJV ""avT]v
TTJ
napflevois
Tpoi"r]vi(t)v
AWpa
vabv evravda
Ttj AnaTovpia.
Dd
RELIGION.
GREEK
404
c
At
At
C. /. Gr.
Sjros:
Cos:
pvavuKTiSdv
(?fourth century
Herod.
147
I.
civ
ora"
y5
dnoOavovTos
TO
avro
'AdrjvStv
yeyovatri
an*
"icot/ey,
oaot
KOI
Ko
KOI
'E"pe(7tcoi/
TrXfjV
8e ndvTfs
''
tepei'a
TTJrrjs ABrjvasTTJStv
rfjre
KOI
xi)"iVI-Ka
Kpi6(i)V
(ptpeiv
'Adavaias
3"parpt'ov
Ato?
c.).
iravrts
p. 1347
7rcu8apioi/
yevrjrai,
Athena
6e
eto-t
B.
6pr?p. uyovcri
ayovcriv
TOV
""pa(rpiav).
q 'Adrpa?
2347
Ka\
6jBo\6v)
ere'pav
KOI
nvpu"v
("eKf\tV(Tcv
'imrias^.
TOVTO
tw-nviav
: Ilippocr.Trepl
Kr^o-i'a
Kuhn,
eVi /*""/
10
2, p.
66
Oai
Athena
Tfl
Mi^n/p
PauS.
\\6r]vq\"yovrai
.
5. 3, 3
Ka\
8e 'HXctcoi/ ai
ro""/
yvvalKfs
Kai
ar(pi"rivereXea-Qr],
r] "V%T)
(v"aa-
*A0r)vas
lepov
Mrjrpos l8pvcravTO.
07
? Athena
Ao^/a:
lepavaiyi'Sa
(pepovcra
Trpos
fliriTTJV
'3
? Aihena
rei/eTuXXty
yth. Grace,
9
Athena
vide
Niketas
HapBtvos:
C. I. A.
I.
de
ras
Suidas,j.
v.
fjSe
alyis"
etcr^p^ero.
^toyajuoi^s
\\6rjvair]
TTOKOV
^vrj/jia
Athena
Cleitor
Kopt'anear
oraSiot?
Kopv(prjs
Trarrjp dv-
ITap^eVw'EK^)di/rov
^e
374
eiroirjadTrjv.
17 n"p^eVosin State-decree
70
Cf.
p. 355.
vlos ev6d$
Kai
fdrjKe
vApeoy
.
circ. 420
in Arcadia:
KptVtoyxai
B.C.,
Paus.
C. /. ^4.
8. 21,
r^y
drrcoTepa)
rpiaKovra
i.
51
TroXecos
vnos
/cat
a
Kopi'a?. Cf. Koprj"i
Political titles.
ri
r2
Athena
: C.
Elpr]vo(b6pc"s
Athena
BovXm'a
73
Atoslfpe"os
Athena
Athens
BouXaiou
Kat
"A"pas
BofXai'ou Knl
Ato?
272
at
I. Gr.
6833,
on
Antiphon,
BouXai'a?
at Sparta:
'A/jj3ov\ia
Paus.
3.
789
p.
iepovecrn.
Cf.
BoiAatas.
'A0r]i-as
of statue, cult-title.
base
683.
1*3, 6
Aior
'A/ij3ovXtou
KOI
'
/Sco/ndf.
'A"qvasearrlv Afj.[3ov\ias
74
Athena
vide
'Ayopm'a,
'AQyvaeVt
century Attic
C. I. A.
I.
XpTjo~avTOS
TOV
e"
(ravOai,
century
XlaXXaSt'o) and
(i.
mentioned
Ar/piovfia)
eVi llaXXa5/a)
inscriptioncontaining schedule
273.
Hvdiov
T""V i8iW
A.D.
1T
Ib. 3. 7^ tcpfvs
TOV
Aios
norjaas
rot?
re
religiousfunds,
ort
'ATroAXeofoy,
^pj)"Tfpov
^eots 777
of
Kat
TroXei
in fifth
? Second
dvedrjKCV.
REFERENCES
b
PaUS.
28,
I.
riaXXaS/o
/caXoOo-i,
Cf.
es
Eur.
Taur.
^.
KdXovp-cvrjs
iepov.
Athena
lo-fjpfis
oaris
cos
Athena
yap
6e
3.
'Afyi/Ss'A|io7rotW
rot's
\\6rjvas.
'oA^opou (? OuXo"p6pov)
323
Delphi:
\6(pos
cv
S("iq rcoz/
fv
/^//.
1887,
bronze
'Atfai
nv\wv
iepos
p.
tcmv
."//;;/.
21
Trpoi/aia 8' fV
8e ""-n
92 Kpoi'o-a)
Se TIpovTjLTjs
TTJS
pottery and
CVr.
Kai 'Ep/j.ijs
tAdr]va
r^i/Se 'A-Qqixiv
^fiSt'ar,
XeyeraiS^OTrac* perd
Kara
Aesch.
of
^////. ^
rrfv (croduv
8e avrbv
TtoiTJcrai
I.
fmticTov
Z'.
Thebes:
at
CTTI
IlaXXas
Herod.
3. 15,
'
A.
fragments
p-ei/ S))\tdov
Trpoora
At
Xa/3/;.
^T](povs
av
Ifpbv'AQrjvas
7rpjvrrf)p"av,
iSpufrai.
npoiWa
IO,
9.
Upovaoi.
npovaia and
inscriptions
ye
in Attic theatre.
seat
on
TOVTO
S")a^iufo^ej/os 'HpaxX^y'in'TroAcocoira
/cat
Qfjus: C.I.
on
Athena
PailS.
/SpeVa?
(ppovpovcriv
2ra^p/a : Hesych. J.
Athena
'.
/cara
TOTTOVS,
fs
Opeora, Kai vdfiKTfi
/car'd^iav,
jj.fTrj\6f
u"v
78
x"ovbs
/carco
'A^toTrowo;
at Sparta: Pans.
Athena
Demosth.
1469:
WKai/,
77
eV Trayoiy \^/}""ous
TrpiVo-' 'Apei'otsicraf
Kpivao"
76
eVl naXXa5/w
aiT"
TTpocnroXoKTtv,
"cat
75
eVt
/cat
/wjrr. 814. 8.
Rang.
405
evepQf /cat
rovs
(rvv
Cf.
rots
1022
X-XIL
drroKT"ivaa-ii"
a/couo-t'co?
Kpiais KadecrTrjKev.
Cf
Eum.
CHAPTERS
Harpocrat.j1. ".
and
4b.
4*
Aesch.
8 OTToVa
KOI
Pollux, 8. 118
"71.
FOR
/cat
ev
dvadf]p.aTa
rfj'EXXtiSt
aXXa
darrls
A(\(f)ol(Ti
Xo'yoty
\pv(rer)
yueyaXr/.Aeschin.
K.
rroXXa
108
KrrjaKf).
dvaOeivai
"
"
eV
"
ra"
'A7roXXa)"/t
roi ITu^ia) Kai
/cat
rty
Sta
AeX^oif 'A^r;i/a
npoi/at'a
Rei. p.
825
inscr. 43
and
iKfTtvovras
45 'A"ij/a
cv
ra
ro
TTpo
rep(fpw
roy
r?ys
i/aoi)
llpovataf. Curtius,Anecd.
Ger.
Delphi.
79
Athena
fie (vabs)
TeYaprosDelphi: Paus. 10. 8, 4
Tro'Xecri
A. p. 780 eiVi TOLS
npovoias.DemoSth. K. 'Apto-roy.
Kal
irdo-ais/3a"/xoi
KOL
TO
npo
ndvTav
vca"
TJ ArjTO).
Sic.
Diod.
I I.
of 5e
14
TO^
fJL"VfJ-^XP1
ws
'A6r]i"ds
Ilpovoias
Km
AeXfpoisKaXXiaTos
avrrjv,
ol Se
eVi TTJV
(nepa-at)
VUOV
OTI
Trpovvorjo-ev
OTTCO?
TOV
pavTeiov
o-v\rj(Tiv
'A.6TJVO.S
IlpOVoldS
TT)$
KCII
S. V.
PhotillS,
fepo'i/.
AeXcpolsea-rdvai
eV
rov
vaov
fie TOVTOIS
'AzrdXXcoi/iev
T"U
Trapa
e'yTO
eV
6(S"v,
TCOV
6fov}Kal
p,eydXr]s
dyaOrjs
fj."yio-Tos
At
Upovoia.
KaXclTai
'A6r]vas
dia
RELIGION.
GREEK
406
TO
...
p."V
QVV
diecpvyev.
ai^oviaTLV\ irpovoiq
TTJV O-V\Y]"TIV
b
Macrob.
Delos:
At
in insula Delo
Ideo
divinae
sed
Providentiae,quam
aedes
17, 54,
i.
vaov
fidem
ad confirmandam
appellantapta
Upovoias\\6rjvas
celebratur.
religione
? At
ovofjia
Prasiae in Attica
fv
TOV
AeAcpoT? rrpo
Anecd.
Bekk.
TOV
vaov
TOV
TTpovorrjO-aTo
Koi
fTreTa^ev.Id.
TTpoOvfiv
ISpvpcvW Ilpovota 6e
Aio^Sovy.
8' 'A7roXAo"i"TU"V
'AdrjvddydXparos
Ilpovaia
'AnoXXuvos
VTTO
tdpVTai
Trjs'ATTIKTJS
A6r]vaev TIpaaia'is
299
p.
)(prjo~iJ.(ooiS)v
TavTrjv
OVTOV
6 M.OVT)Se
Ka\ Ilpovoia
'Epydvrj
K"K\T]Tai.
!l
Athena
""?//uaat
Sylloge.
370, 1. 27
Erythrae: Dittenberg.
Kal 'Adqvds^rj[j.ias
$rjfiiov
.
Zenob.
F.
eirvviov
tyrj
Athena
Horn.
:
'AXaX/coueV?;
a
Aotoi
9. 33,
Oedcov,
'ASrjvrj.
'AXaXKOpevrjis
6e KW/JLTJp.ev
'AXaXxo/zei/ai
fieri
dprjyoves
p.fv MeveXdto
Kal
"Hpr]r' 'Apye/7;
Paus.
//. 4. 7
CQ-TIV
ov
fjLfydXrj yei'eV"ufie
.
avfipopaiiTO^Oovos, TOVTOV
'AXaXKo/iej"eW,
eV
fie TTJSKW/U^S
eVerroir/ro
'ATrwrepco
'AOrjvav
TpacprjvaiXryovtrtV
avTfj TO
6Vop-aof
p.tv dnb
VTTO
vabs
X0ap,aXa"
r^y 'A0r]vas
Kal
fie
rco
cXt"pavros. Cf.
ayaXpa tzp^aloi/
Steph.BjZ.
TO
('AXaX/co^ei/ai)
e^ei
.
ye
S'
"ai
fepov*A^i/ascr"pofipa
dp^atoi/
rt/nco/xei/oi/,
cvddot
T^J/^eoy yeyevrja-Bai
ovo~a
fj.fydXrj
OVT
ev
cvepKflX^P
0ao-i
del fitereXeo-ei/
/coldnopQrjTos
17 Tro'Xts,
REFERENCES
TO
Bull, de Corr.
In Chios:
Sc
: Paus.
llpop.axdpp,a
TrerroiTjTai
34, 8,
2.
IfpovArj^rpof
p-ev
407
'Afyj/a'AXaXKop.%
KarafTKevijs.
lepov7rept/3dXou
TOV
Athena
X-XIL
BvpfTpiKOV
Trr/yp-a dvedr/Kev
84
CHAPTERS
FOR
Kai
Tr/y
Hermione,
near
eV
8e
TrniSds1,
TreTroLTjrai
/3cwrop0/i(u
'A"jvaV
eVi-
I.
Athena
'Apt
At
f(TT\v
Plataea
Areopagus :
Paus.
B.C.).
Paus.
the
near
or
r'H\iov,'fApr))
op.6arai
'A^vaious p-ey AaKfdaip-ovtois
333
2.
\6rjvav'Apdav (circ.
271
b
on
*A.6r)vas
'Apdas,oi/ dvedrjKCV
dno(f)vycc"v
('Ope'f/T^s)
TTJV
torn/
28, 5 /3o"p,ds
8iKY)v. C. I. A..
f
Athens,
At
ia.
de dno
Ifpov. wKit8op.r]6r)
Se
IlXarateCo't
9. 4,
\a(pvpu"va
'
'A.Qr)vas
"TrtK\i)"riv
TTJS
Smyrna: C. /. GV. 3137, in the oath dictated by the SmyrAt'a r^v "'HXioi/"Ap?/\\6r]vav'Apfi'ai/
the Magnesians, 'Op-i-uw
to
naeans
(periodof Diadochi). Athena-worship at Smyrna, id. 3154.
c
At
At
Oath
of EumeneS,
8;
sacrificio
op.vvu" Aia
Inschr.
.
42.
Minervae,
regaliter
quam
Athena
\\pTepidiflvovvi
KOI
Kal
ni
Paus.
8l""s
'AdrjvaiTj
\TjiTiftt,
CollitZ,Dialect.
Inschr.
\\6rjval
dv"0r)K(V
(circ.
450
Athena
rpvaivos
TCI
o?rXa
l"
At
Century
'A%aff
avBa
c
90
8vo
//.
460
IO.
'OSvacrevs
Toi'8*
Megara
3001
Trennra
rjvda.
OTTO
\atas
rav
beKarav
C.).
B.
Paus.
Thebes:
Zcoo-rr/pia at
9. 17, 3
8e 'Ap."/un\rj"riov
evTavda.
C.I. A.
Athens:
B.C.). Cf.
I.
PaUS.
Kal 'ATro'XXcovosKat
I.
Athena
z;.
'A^i/at'as
Zcoor^ptas
273
31,
cV
'Apre"iSos
*ai
(paa-i Xvcrao-#a" 6e
Hesych. J.
a
Kal
rerapra
Xa/3eiz/
Za)(TTT]pias.
yap
'AdrjvdserriK\rjaLV
dydXp-ara\i6iva Xeyouati/
avTov
ov
6i^dp.e^osfnos
KOI
89 a
14,
5.
dvecr^fde^fipi
{/v|/da'
88
facto.
Alcidemon,
vocant
'
13,
hostiis
Ipse (Perseus)centum
51
Olympia:
AT/Irt?at
vol. i, No.
Pergamon,
von
"Apr/\\6i]vav\\pfiar.
Liv.
'AXK/S^os:
Athena
^7
Frankel,
Pergamon:
TOV
Zojo-T^ptSe
A^ToCy.
T"*cfii/
(fifth
TOKOS
feat
^aXao-o-77?
pev
ovv
TOVS
{waTr/paCDS T("op."i"r]i".
Zaxn-fipa' 'AdrjvdsenidfTov
SrpaTta
CTTI
H.
Plut. Praec.
ev
BotcoTia.
Rei. Ger. 80
"Apeos'Ei/i/aXi
'A.61JVO.S,
t'aat
'
408
11
92
Wta
Athena
at
'EywAaSor: Hesych.j.
Athena
'
Argos : Paus.
'Hye'Xeooi/.
2aX7uy"
Athena^
tepoV(paviv
2a'X77iyyoy
93
RELIGION.
GREEK
r6 fie "VaXMa eV
MavQovpew, 'innla
Sfoov
p.eV
^wi; (KOf^iadrj
e"/"'
STL rai
elxtv "7riK\n"riv,
6ovp(vo-iv
rov
"
'
";
21,
Paus. 8. 47,
Tegea :
at
2.
tiuivaw
Teye'ar6
fie jrapa
Xo'ywyivopevrjs
rols
rols Mav-
Beols irpos
C. I. A.
Olympia: Paus.
ro
ITTTTO)!/
2.
At
e"j8o\oi/
/xeV
KaXov^vov fa-odovrfj
rov
Cf.
Athena
KtXtitfcia at
Sparta: Paus.
3.12,4
5e r^^
rov
0ifi,aiWa^"'w
Kai oi/o/zaVai
lepov'Odvao-fvsfe!8pv(ra"r8ai
eo-Tiv'Adrjvas
ayaX/xaXeyfrat
TO
fie r^p
lopva-aro
oi^sniyi/eXoTriyr
pvqo-nipasSpopcp
viKqaas.
Qelas Ifpa
4
rpia,fiieoT^/coraaXX^Xcov.
dpi6p.q"
air
Uapcia
Athena
lovaiv
'A^i/a XaXmrtff
'AtiTjvav
tepili;'
yap
at
Corinth
^acri*cai cot
...
evQfitra avrq
/cat
X".p("(rcifj."VTi
fan,
Sparta: Paus.
at
20,
3.
fie eV
r^
'Adrjvas
TlapfiasayaXpa
^TrdpTrjs
corrjKev ciriK\Tj(rtv
(K
fie"
*ai
^eipey
Trpoa-coTToj/
rep
/cat
Paus.
a^pot
4,
Athena
Nuo;
vnai6pa".
XaXmYtfio?
^nXii/oV. ro
fie ayaX/zaof
?rc)SeyetVt \CVKOV
at
74
i, p.
fie
WfXovnwrjs
rovro
678
f)vKai
avfiTT"iJi\l/avTfs
ctivtrav ev
Ion
Eur.
Trpocrayopeverai.
1528
(TTi.
KopvfpdsAtdf,
Eq. 581
36
supra
z.
rrj6e"$. Ib.
aKpoiroXfi
OTTO
'Kedva HoXias
Arist.
22, 4 TS""
'Adrjvq
NIKTJ o~Tt(f)avos Xrjiuv. Soph. Phil. 134 NIKTJ
Et. Mag. 605. 50 Mtv Kal rj 'AOqvaNIKT)
^ del.
f,(rco^et
I, 15
goavov
Ib. 2. 471, 14
'AOrjvaias
NtKi/r "TTc"pavos
^pv"rovs.
"'aX"S
Kai r^y ^tnas
T" 'A^m
r^ NiViytrvwTrd/iTreuo-ai/
itnl "vo-Xr]p6va)s
fiovv
2.
'A^Sff
\i6ov.
ev
C.I. A.
*ApKaMas
Trapaftoir)
U^yaa-ovol (BcXXeptxpovrrj)
TW
ITTTTO)
2.
eV
: Paus. i.
Athens,called later*A7rrepof
Cf. 12'" b, vide
fie irpoirvXai"v fiesta
vaos.
'Arrrepov
Nim/r eWw
90
KeXeu-
a"
ITdrva
Nt/en.
:
a)
IloXtoC^eIlaXXas
'
dcpiKovXa/SoCcraTTJV
Trore
RELIGION.
GREEK
410
b
Paus.
At Athens:
I.
24,
Soph. Frag.
'Epyavrfv.
paa-av
yopyamiv
XfiKvoiai
XeiKfa
7rpo(rrpeVecr$ai
etcrt
2.
eWt
...
e'0'ofs
Kai"a
found
inscription
1434,
the
of
Acropolis,Platter part
x"p"ira"
ot
Xqi'aeVere$ero,
ra
fourth
Epydvr],
a"v
trfjv.C. I. A.
2.
oTc"j"ava"Qfls
VTTO
the base
on
century
duuiiais Gpf^a^evrj
reKVvv
re
rdApfJtsr^rjv, 6fa
nvpivoi.
Kapnot
C. I. A.
eTTCOI/O-
686i/ 81)Tra?
/3ar'ek
724
yap
r??!/ Atos
aTrep
peV
Trpamn
of
statue
Xcptri
B.C.,
ao\
MeXivva
dvcOrjice
yevfav
r^vais
Kal
T"
the
on
rrjvSe
Kredvoov,
nolpav dirapgapevr)
n^waa
fTrovrjcrfv
\apiv
airapx^v dvedrjKev
BaK^ior rfj 'Adrjvaret 'Opydvrj
the theatre of
found near
inscription
OiavtoTtov,
1329
T"V
Herodes.
d
Sparta: Paus.
At
3. 17, 4 eVn
'Epydvrjs
'A.6rjvas
lepov.
Olympia: Paus.
At
HXetW
oi 'HXelot)
'Epydvg.ravrrj
(Bvovaiv
"i-
rov
Qvovcriv ivravda
f
e/cra
6e 3"ai8pvvrai,
/caXou/zet/ot
dnoyovoi"b(idiov,
Trapa
yepas
KaOuipciv,
Trpoo-i^ai/oircoi/
ayaX//aa;r6
(i\r)"pOTfSAtos
^Pyavfl Kfu
T!l
5. 14, 4
: Paus.
Megalopolis
At
OVTOI
TO)!/
ro
8. 3.2, 3
upxovrat.
etVi W
8e Kai
"9eot,
7rapeXovTai
Thespiae :
At
PaUS.
9.
TTJV Se
26,
'A^wli;r^i/'Epyai/r;i/
/cat
IlXoCroi/
oi
\\0rjva'Trapa
ro
T"V
icai
XaX^eTa
8e
pov
i"7ro
eVicrraretv,
ravrjyf
epyoov
ray
cvpafJLevrjs
etrn
TWV
vea
Iv rj KOI
Ilvai/e^taii/o?,
TOV
8e (prjrriv
dppr](popoiv TTtnXov did"ovTai. ^avodr]p.os
: cf. Harpocr. Et. Mag. s.v.
coprrjv, aXX' 'U(paio-T(o
TOV
101
Athena
'Epycm?at Samos
102
Athena
'Opyai^ at
OPTANHZ,
Athena
varc-
ev
X^KOV
ort
"Hcpaia-rus
rrj*A.TTIKTJ
re^i/troij/,
rjyfro
de evrj Kal
flpydaaro.
103
re^i/as.
d rives 'AQfjvaia
KaXoixnv.
'AtirfvyiTi,
Suidas,J.Z'. e'opr^
novav
AOHNAH2
'Epydvrf fj
Delos
OVK
Hesych. s.v.
Bull, de
trapa
lepeiai
pera
'Afyvadvca-Qai
T""V
TTJV
5e SO/LWOW ff'Adrjvd.
? fifth century.
at Epidauros:Eph. Arch.
KaXXiepyos
'ATroXXcbi/ioy
(?
rrvpo"popr)(ras
Acopat (?Awpaiou)
'A^T/i/as
Ka)XXiepyou
=
pr)"ras)ZP1
TO
14
Athena
e'ros:
at Teumessos:
TeX^ti/t'a
eorii'
N7i"oXdov
imperialperiod.
ayaX/ta O^K
tepoV,
e^oj/.
Paus. 9. 19,
Cf.
"ai 'A
Stobaeus,Florikg.38. 56
e^oai/(rvvaywyTJs.TeX^ti/ey
dvdpairoi
.
re^irai
Se
ovrts
"FK
/cal
REFERENCES
ra
rwv
npoTepuv
et
15
Athena
36
411
/3acrKa'i/ou.
'Adrjj/as
Xe'yoi
TIS
: Hesych.
'ArjSou/
s.v.
17
C. /. yl.
? Mouo-tK"7at Athens:
'A%a
Trapa
69 T^S-p,ouo-"d)s
(Ad^ms coniec.
2.
Cf. 527.
Boeckh).
17
X-XIL
CHAPTERS
epya
cbarncp
O-O.VTO,
FOR
'
eV Boiama.
Plut. De Mus.
Hesych. s. v. f) A0i/i/a
'ATroXXcora UTT' 'Adrjvaias
avXelv.
1336 B 77 8"i Kopiwu Ka\ di"ax6r)vai
(prjai
Schol. Find. /^'//$.
12. 11.6-12
e^per6 ^e'Xo?
77 yap 'A%5
Athena
Bo^v\ia
TOV
18
Athena
Ma^aj/ms
Paus.
8.
36, 5,
?o-n
Megalopolis,
at
ea-rlv f)6ebs
ort
f$ov\"V[*a.Ta"v
(iriK\r)"nv
Ma^ai/i'rtSo?
oi/
Arist. vol.
fvpens.
109
Athena
TravToluv Kal
Xapires 5'
i.
5,
23,
the
on
I, p. 22,
'
eT
Kepi
avrr)s
rraida flvai
r)i"'A.aK\r)7nov
'Yyifias
rf,
tcmv
Bind.
Paus.
Athens:
'Yyiaa "at
dyaX/jLUTa
I, p. 24,
6e
Acropolis,
Kal
Xeyouo-t.
'A
Dind.
Kal 'Yyifias
j3a)fj.ov
i8pv"ravro.Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath.
'A^//va9
TrpfafivTaroi
EPOIE^
AUU*
VPIEI
1887 (xii.),
p. 388: cf. p. 154 0EN
ol
..
KaXXts
'Yyi"ia
:='A^'?I/ai'9
published in AeXrtoi/ 'Apxtuo\.1888,
inscription
E"
K A IAN
vyifia
C. I. A.
(Ho)Kfpapfvs
av(6fK.e)v
Ev(ppovios(ft
TratSi Aioy
av
(H)
peyaXo.
rovra)
Kal
(6 YlfpiK\rjs}
dveaTijaev
'\6rjvds
^aX/coCyaynX/ua7779 'Yyteta?
Kal rrporfpov f)i",
a)j
Xeyoucrt. C. I. A. 2,
os
TQV
(3(ap,bv
TO
aKpoTToXfinapa
163,
a-rvap\"v
'A^i/aioy.
r^ 'Yyieia
IIvppos eVoi^crei/
r^ 'A^r/i/a/a
'Adi/paloi
Pericl. 13 ewl
(on the occasion of the recovery of his
workman)
ev
p. 95, 3
335
I.
Cf. Plut.
vide S6z.
At
Acharnae
At
Hieron
Second
Paus.
eWii' *Yyt"'as.
'A^/i/as
j3a"/itos
31,
Epidaurus: Cavvadias,Epidaure
near
century
i.
A.D.,
TOV
*".6r)va
'Yyida6 ifpevs
49,
inscription
MdpKos
SuTijpos'Ao-KXriTTiov
'lovviosAa$ov%os.
0
Athena
Ilaiuvia
Athens
at
PaUS.
I"
evTuvOd
2, 5
COTIV
'Adrjvds
Haiuvias.
"iya\fj.a
11
At
Tvape^fTai
Kal
Oropus
de 6
? Athena
KaddpviovavTJjv
113
115
Athena
Aio?
PaUS.
I.
fla^bs pepf)'
fTi
IlavaKfias,
12
34,
"
"
8e 'lao-oCsKai
'flpWTrtWi"ao'sre
$e eVrt
TfTapTT)
TOV
eoTTii/
'A/n^iapaov
.
'AtypodiTrjs
/3a"/iou
fiolpa
ILaiotvLas.
'Yyteuis 'Adrjvds
: Arist.
Ka^dpo-toy
/cat
Dind.
eViKaXouvrat.
Syll.370.
at Erythrae: Dittenberg.
'ATrorpoTrata
a
Kal 'Atfr/i/
dnoTponaiov
1. 70,
RELIGION.
GREEK
412
b
Rome
At
114
Athena
At
'A6dva arrorpoTraiq
2a"r"pa
Athens
Asea
aat
C. I. A.
fdvnv rds
6vaias
re
/$.
Kin
Cf. inscription
on
ave6r]K.av.
17
'ATToXXaw'ai/
1387
KOI
/. y4. 3. 281.
theatre,C.
Hell.
Corr.
de
inscription
containingtemple-accounts,
1882,
22,
nXegavri ets
o-recpdvovs
TOVS
ro"
SwTeipa
2cor^ptyA.6rjva
Ovcriav 'ATroXAcoi/i'Apre/ziSt
A?/roi Ait
SCOTCH
r""
/eat
Bull,
Au
T"
Au
O-COT^/JI 'A^/yi/a
o-a"Teipa
p-fjrrjp
of Attic
Delos
2a"rftpa in
Athena
seat
5939.
vide 17e.
305
2.
C. 1. Gr.
oraculo
ex
(secondC6n-
tury B.C.).
15
Athena
Sums
lepov
(rovTlovTivov]
re
Cult-titlesand
116
Athena
SvXXav/as
"a
tepov
SvXAcw'a
at
Sparta:
eVi
Kopvcpfjrov
Athena
with
'A-norpoTraia
(1
Athena
\JLQVO..
Plut.
Lye.
6 Ai6? 2vAXuWou
Kal'AQrjvZs
Sparta: Paus.
Zeus
e'o-n
3. n,
/cu
at Erythrae1I3.
'ATroT/^oTralof
AeV/3ou,e'v
^copi'oy
'YnfpSegiov.
: Sieph.Byz.S.V.
'YTrepSf^ia
'YTrcpSe^/a.
'YTrepfte^ios'Afljjva
Zfi"s
KOI
ZeUS
and
2a"TJ7/3
Zeus
and
Krfja-ios
Zeus
In
1:"b.
'Adrjva
Scbrfipa,
ndrpiosand
the Peiraeeus
earl
iA0rjvas
1882, p.
avdpfvs
TOV
343
Athena
65.
Kr^o-t'a,
Athena
Paus.
Atos- refievos'
KCK
Delos
At
Zeus
and
Athena
.
KvvBia)
Au
Zevs
a^iovTWV
KwGia
o-cor^pa
IiTo\(p.aiov
(Vfpyerrjv
'AdrjvaAivdia and
I, 3 feas de
ei"
KOI
UfipaifludXtara
dyaX/inra,
e^ei
^aX/coi}
p.ev a/M0oVepara
Kvv6ms
Bao-iXe'a
eavrov
I.
Zeus
Zcvs
and
^rjfjLios
Athena
and
'O/xoXcoi'os
'A\"^'ApdosIlToXf/Jiaiov
'AOyvqKvvffiq.
Uo\i"vs, vide
45
; Athena
81.
"r)p.ia,
Athena
'OpoXwisin Boeotia,42.
Ritual.
ll7
"Vf-yK(1v
TTvp
(TTidelvai TO.
pfv
e
'HXtaSas fita rrjv "nrov?)T)V
TOV
BvfjLura,
6e 6
opovs
I8pvardp."vov.
36, 8
2.
with Zeus.
cults shared
S"^/a at
Paus.
en
Athena
Satridos epe'mia
'Adr/vcis
at
Lerna
near
de
Tore
ftcKTiXfvovTara"v
'
REFERENCES
"ri
KeVpoTra
Trvpbs0v"rai
roO
Worship of
6"/.7. 48.
CHAPTERS
T^V 0eov
18d
Athena
X-XIL
413
dionfp(pacri
6\ap."W ^Xpi
vvrtpov.
TTJV 6vviav
Kara
FOR
Alea,
eV avr^
rov
vvv
TO
Kadtdpvadat.Cf. Find.
Athena
Honoris
38
Tegea,
of Athena
priest
at
Reg. p. 421 ;
priestof Athena
; of
"
Athena
Lindia
Phaselis,
38";
at
Carpathos,
Geogr.
at
Amyclae, 38b;boy-
at
Kpavaia at
/3oC^ayfXet^i/.
Ovid, jl/f/.4. 754 Mactatur
yXawca"7ri8i
Airap 'A^i/ai'jy
Sow
Minervae.
//.
^Xea
547
2.
8e
Arch.
relief,
.""/;.
votive
on
rrj'A^m
Bvovatv
Male
6eu.
^uetp
ou
Varro, De
24
on
the
Bvvai
r"y
Xeytratrfj
2.
e'^oy ^
'Afyi/Sy
vide Zeus-ritual,
Acropolis,
caprinigenerisnihil
etiam Athenis
nomine
KOI
Se h
Tbv
10
ri]vtipctav
8e, (pan, n"
2, 19 ut Minervae
i.
27,
i.
in
non
arcem
sacrificium.
ad necessarium
semel
inigipraeterquam
Kal
hoc
propter oleam
immolarent
the
in
Schol.
9.
eXdaai
dicpciroXiv
rrjv
of goats
Rust.
re
fs
victims
dp.vf)v. Sacrifice
100.
p.
female
and
889.
p.
Orjaevs
vartpov
ravpov
1886, ntV.
Tavpopfaos: Paus.
Suidas, s.v.
Bull-sacrifice,
Uapa6"vi
cf. 35^
3^1
vacca
Cult-monuments.
Nat.
Ad
Tertullian,
Pallas Attica
i.
Raria
et Ceres
a
distinguitur
rudi palo et
effigie
quanto
12
sine
quae
crucis
stipite
informi ligno
prostant.
9
120
At
Anth.
Pal.
1G
Tritogeneiaby Hypatodorus,
Athena
Aliphera:
576
9.
ri
dopv
KO\
UpKfl TO)
Cf. !'sc.
TpiroyeVeta,
crbv
f.
TTJV
Kvrrpiv apri
(TCIKOS
KflvOS 6
p.T]\U)
TO
p.e
7Vp\V7TO\fp,OS.
Seated Athena.
At Ilium
Strabo,60
epfpaivct
Oprjpos $e Ka6rjp.fi/ov
.
Kaor)p.tva
b
dctKVvrai,
Kaddnep
ev
Paus.
i.
26,
TT/S
II). 7.
5?
8e
ru"v
4"a)^ni'aMaa'O'aXia
4, at Athens
*E"m
6e
TroXXa
"6avovvvv
TO
on
KaXXtas
uyaX/Lta,
tTTiypafifjM*x.()V *"s
c
'A^^mf
fv
the
%tipu"v
elvai. Cf.
Koi
"\fi,
enl rrjs
Acropolis,
de
"
TroirjO'ftf
p."t" nvadeirj
'Epvdpms
TloKidftos
*A.6r]vas
KOI
Christ.
C.
14
TO
vabs
/cat
fjXaKUTrjV eKarepa
ev
'Ei/Soi'ouT(xvr)v
TOUTO
770X0^,
KcfpaXrjs
Athenag.Leg.pro
oparat,
rrjs
dp^at'coj/
'PaipyXi'a)aXXaty
p.ev fCTTTjKos
p.(v yap
lv
fTfKp.aipop.f6a
'E^fVo)rrjs'Ap-
GREEK
4H
Koi
TTjs'Afyvas
TO
Koi
RELIGION.
"Ev"oios etpyaVaro
Kadrjutvrjv
Tr)V
AatSaXov.
d
Seated
Minervae
122
Minerva
in Rome:
Suet.
gremio imposuit,alendamque
Athena
Polias'
Schol.
image
at Athens
Androt.
DemOSth.
exaXflro IloXtttSoy'AQrjvas
8ia
Arist. Av.
826
"V
rpia
p,ev
26,
i.
Drusillam
commendavit.
6
vide 35.
dyaXuaTa
yap
r\v
rfi
ev
f" dpx^js
e" eXaids,
yfv6fJL"VOV
avrrjsflvai rf}VrroXiv.
TO
EY.
v
HE.
T'L 5*
EY.
Kal
ra"
avovj,ev
TOV
IloXtdSa
av
yivoiT
en
'
TroXts,
CVTCIKTOS
av
eo-TrjK
Elec.
P'urip.
ernt
'A.0r]vaiav
eoo/iei"
OVK
Trios
OTTOV
1254:
'EX$coi" 8
Seivols
IIaXX(iSo9
'A^j^i/ar,
8paKov(ni")
uxne
crov
Alciphl".
Ep.
3. 5^5 4
crcfjivov /Spe'ra?
pr)
yopyaxp vrrfpT"ivov(Td
e
Paus.
R
p. 597
luliam
instituendam
et
Cah'g. 25
tpolyevoiTO,
KVK\OV.
Kapa
'
Trpop-a^f
Kal TroXiov^e
$.(FT"OS
A.drjva.
Kal (BiovdnoXiTTflv.
'A6f]vr](n ^fjcrai
KOI
123
Palladia:
Schol. //. 6. 88
$*
rj^ffjiecrdai.!
f'xflv
arep/xara
Kal
cpaal
TO
eV
^XaKar^y,
dvSpos(Fmyoj)
8opav
Kal
r^ K"(pa\yrroXiv (?rroXovj
StoTrcrey
Se
^opu.
Ttj8f^taXflP*1
cv
Apollod.3.
12,
TJV Se
(TO StOTreresnaXXaSiof
/zeye^fi
rpiTT^u,
TW
icat
e'xov,
-VjU^e/Sr/Kos,
r^ /ueVSf"ia 8opu diripufvov
rll
Kai
TpcocovKaTotKias
KOI
'PtofJ-y
fv
KaTap.vo~ai
Kal
AaovtvLcp
Amphissa
PaUS.
of
'iXi'onKal dvai
e
nalis
Adv.
Arnob.
iKfTtdv
TU"V
dT7oa"rrwp.evu)V
fj,v6fvovcriv
ev
AovKfpiqKal
38, 5
IO.
esse
Xacpvpvv rwv
Nat.
"K
TO"I/
eV
2ipm8i
Kal yap
'
'iXias "6r]vaKaXeirai
eV de TJJaKponoXd
'
vaos
Qoavros
o-fptcriv
(j)ao~iv
Tpot'a?.
4. 16 Nonne
speciesMinervarum
cunctis dari.
Heraclea, -njs
Tijs'A.dr]vas
I8pvTTJS 'iXtriSo?"6avoi"
de virb
/co^iicr^i/ai
ayaXaa opObv ^aX/Koi)
TTfTroirjfjL"vov}
Kal
e"
At
TO
T"Kfjir]piOV TTOLOvvrai
fjifvov avTodi,onep
Iv
erepa
arpaKrov.
$*
et
vides
in
omnibus
Capitoliis
virgi-
ab artificibus
FOR
REFERENCES
f
Acham.
Schol. Ar.
ayaXpara
!4
CHAPTERS
eV T"TS 7rpa"palf
IlaXXaSm
546
'Ayopaiaat Byzantium
Chthoniata,
pp. 738-739
o-r^X^eV
eVrof eVi
TO
TroS^p^ 8i ^
^ aroX^'
dxe 8e
lTfpu"r"f"iyyfv.
"v
a^tVa)!/
0^171;
wpAffro
"at
IKW"S
?^v duiXrjQvla
.
avr^v
6 fieye
ai/areii/d/iej/off
""aXo!/eZff ^So^y
doXtxo'Seipo*
TW
"/)a)z.^
Trpoo-pe'i/ei
/zetXt^oi/
et
TTOWI
o"p#nXp.ouytpe'pa)
TOL/S-
rJ)ff
(pdpa,
m"8a"8" "Wi/8u/Li"
Niketas
'iroS"J
rpia/cafia
"
a"y
t"s
Xei\r)86"av Trnpel^ot/
Ta
Tpiijpaw
TO} Kwi/trrami/ei'w
6'p"OI/
T" ^X^W
pe*
TOW
///"/. ^.
Cor/.*SV;v"/.
a^atve
'A"Var tfyaX/ia'
r,v
415
"5X"/arqy 'Atfjji/
ni/a
Athena
Mapa
X-XIL
peo/ifi/oi/
iTrnovpis
erriKft-
ra
f"r0f)TOs
ai/fVreXXf,
drepa 8' eKreivop.^rrpos K\1p.aTO
iXf TTJV
Kf(pa\T]V
rjpepa
NUCJ;'A^i/a:
TJ;
pev
eV
8e^ia poor,
8e
Athena
aydXpaTa
(paaiv
Paus.
8e
TO
row
I.
8,
"Apeco?
eo-Tiv
eV^a
t'epoV,
T^
'AX/capeV^y,
"Apecoyfnoirjaev
AoKpos.
Minervam
Pliny,34. 77 Demetrius (fecit)
(libr.
myctica)appellatur;dracones in gorgone eius ad
Athena
musica?
Movo-"^:
citharae tinnitu
Cleonae
quae
ictus
resonant.
airrepov,
eVtparoTrap''Atirjvaiois,
'AyXancpuvraTTT^TJV tpyda-aaOatTTJV
of 5e
CIVTU"
Kpavos,
oai/oj;
*ai Tov"Epa)Ta
eirrcptbTJ)I/
Nt'/cr/i/
TO
'AfppoSirrjs
Kf'iTm,
8e
Nt^s 'ws
rreplaKporruXfcos.
at Athens:
(?'Apeta)
fiyo pei/
8e
ort
fva"vvpa"
vewTfptKov
'Afyvavavrjp Ildpios,ovopa
7
TV
7;.
ev
"ApXcwoi"yap
!6
Harpocrat.J.
Trfpit]yr]Tr}S
Schol.
"r6aC
eVcel.
eyjcXei/o/zei/^i/
Trcoy
6
'HXto'Scopos-
Kfv
8e
"
vortov
PaUS.
2.
15,
K-prjrrj
.
work
'A0r)va
Trapa KVOHTIOLS,
TO
fepov'AOrjvas,
eW^
dc fivat AatSaXov
ical At7roii/ov,
80? re'^i/i;
p.(i6jjTas
o-^ay
de
.
of
ayaX/za2/cuXXi-
(eWXoucri).
'
19
Kpavos
At
e7riKeip."vr]vKCU
dual Mcdovros
180
J1
Athena
86pv
temple of
Hera:
Paus.
5. 17,
rfc Ati^a*
Xeyovatvcpyov
AaKedaipoviov
peV Aoj/ra).
(leg.
by Endoeus, 18*".
Alea
Athena
by
ZStvuis
TTJSdfov
IpydvaTO
132
in the
Olympia
TO
Gallon:
Paus.
2.
32,
5, at
Troezen,
GVTO
8e
"a\ ["o]^iu(g)
Lowy, Inschr. Griech. Bildhauer, 38 KaXXt'Jas
(Troirjo-dTrjv.
'Qddev. KptVtJos N^o-[t]a"T;;ff
dnapxr)V
^ 'A^Jf/i/ai'a
/tat
At
Samos
in the
temple of
Hera:
Strabo,637 rpiaMvpwos
epya
416
GREEK
o.
Am
RELIGION.
rfjv'A$/paV Kai
'HpnicXtn.
TOV
tov
Be
6"oi/
es
....
Pheidias'
134
Athena
Pellene
at
in Achaea
3""i8iavSe etVat
xpvo~ov'
CU
re
uKpOTToXei
CLVTOV
7. 27,
r^
*ara
f\e(pavTos Se
eVi^coptou
i/ao's,
p-tv
KOL
TlXaraicus
cv
ro
e'rtr)ev
elpya.o~ij.evov
"pao~t Trporepov
roi"
A0ijvaia"v
rrj
Paus.
TroXti/ e'arii/*A0Tjvas
\i0ov
rr)v
TTJ
works.
rrjs'A^va?
Troir/trai
ra
dyaXuara.
!5
Plataea
At
de ol
em'^'pucroi/,
TTpocrutTrov
p.eyedos
p.ev
fitrt*
Se
130
Athens
At
drjTI
TTJV "K\
ot
"7Tfipyacrp."i"a
DeniOSth.
F ah.
rnyr^o"!
.
(TTfloV
vrapa
f]TToXtS
es
Mvi"'
.
Sovw'ou
tcrrus
7rpoa7T\eovo-iv
" 272"OX//?
p. 428,
ovo-^s-
fj.6vov
'Ad^i/ds)
(ayaXpa
onep
npop-d^ov*A0r)vds.Anthol.
els
TiTrre
rj
p. 597
oi
TO.
a?r6
ro
^aX"oi)
MapaOcovi e/caXeiro
ev
Graec. Planud.
'E\\t)V(i)V
TtoV
4. 157
Se
6fO7iXoi/ tA6rjvdv'
'Adfjvais
fv
TTJV
Soparoj
Androt.
firoirjtrav viKr/aavTes
eVrtj/
aXAa
r^s-
"fpa?
8oVTO)V
(Bctp@dpOVS
7TO\6p.OV,
TOVS
TTpOS
4"e6Sioi"'
rrjs'Aflrjvas
r) TOV
Tavrrjs
28,
i.
Mapa^coi/a
aTro/Sairooi',
Tf%vr]
ra{)r'dvfGrjKCV.
Schol. DeniOSth.
Xpf)f.iaTa
ToCro
^eiSt'as
.
Paus.
Acropolis:
Ti^y^'aXicTji/
r?)fpfyaXrjv^AQqvavCK
TOU
IIei/reX^(7tou
KCU
ova
Kevravpovs (p.d^r)v\
rrpos
Kpdvovs OTTO
Leg.
the
on
ru"v
Mr]8u"i"
XeyovcriropfvaaL
TOV
Kai
Tijsd(TTri$n$Aamdcoi'
"ai 6 \6fpos
ai'x/n))
juei/
rrjseV aKporroXei
^a\Kr)s
Athena
(iyaXp-a'Adnvas
xaXxovv dno
Knt
imodd
ro
TO
r^? ^Adrjvas
ayoX/xanoirjaas.
bronze
9. 4,
%f~ipes
axpai
/cat
TTU\V
ov
nXarntefo'ii' ^
/cat
85b;Paus.
vide
TpiTuytveia
/zeVcra)
;
acrrci
Kopvrrcrfai
et'^fIlocretSacov' (peidfo
KfKpOTTtrjs.
^
feat
Athena
xpvaov
Parthenos:
TTfTroirjTiii.
*ra$' fKaTfpov
de
p.ei"o^y
/ueaw
eV ^ITCOVL
e\e(pavToseVrtv
24, 5 atn-6
I.
Kpdvovsypvnes
TOV
^A6r)vas
op66veoTW
crr]S
PaUS.
eniKCirai
flatv
Kat
xai
ot
ol
ro
e'Xe'0avros
"yaAp.a
re
Kpdvei2(piyy6?
rw
fiKtav
eVfipyao-peVot
.
TroS^pct,
KOI
(p.Trenoirjfj.fvrj,
rfl(erepaj
^ftpt fiopue^et,
?K
oe
Trpos
ot
Kara
ro
NIKTJVovov
rot?
ro
crTepvov
re
Troo'ii'a^rTrif
5' di/
f'irj
Se
TTTJ-^WV^ iv Be
TrXfjcriov
KeZrat,fat
eVri
6 Spa*ca)i/'
TOV
Phidian
famam
clarissimum
nemo
intelligunt,
qui opera
eius
esse
per
gentes, quae
omnes
dubitat,sed
ut
laudari
ayaX/zar^s
OVTOS
dopaTosopaK"v ecrTiv'
'Ept^^oftos
^V.
(BdOpa*
dydX/juiTos
fVetpyao-peVr;
IlavScopa?
yei/eo-ty. Pliny,
TOV
f)K"pa\rjMeftov-
reo"o~apa)v
re
merito
lovis
Se
ZT.
ra"
36.
Olympii
sciant
videre
etiam
"
"
4i8
tva
RELIGION.
GREEK
avr\
virb
Kpdvovs
N.
Ross,
Paros,
rrjs
TOVTOV
Mus.
Rhein.
oi
fleov
7.
KaXXos
TO
521
p.
IlaXXas
NeiKf/p
xfP"L
@l
XP11"
ou
'
Dind.
8e,
ro"ro
556
p.
2,
137
Pliny,
Minervae
138
139
T(S
ev
#.
Athena
iipovaia
Athena,
6p6va"
by
KOI
Athena
Trapf
Thebes,
at
Praxiteles,
(TTcno-as
Kpavaia,
TOVTO
y',
8r]p,Lovpyu"
ei
8e
rois
jSouXet,
r^i/
e'Xe^ai/-
r^i/ Arjp.vi.av,
r]8ovfjs
Ofarais
intus
clipeum
qui
jLiev
pinxit
e\et'
Elide
Colotes.
edca(rdp.r]v.
vaov
Xeya)
i^j)Aia
Kai
rw
aXXiyy
es
^apira.
Panaenum
54
35.
fecerat
quam
Sfdrpto
140
TV.
aperr}?
p.ev
Trarpid'
OTTO
yA6fjvr](Tiv 'A"pa,
r?)i/ ^aXfc^,
7ai'??)
e"7r*
"
ep^op-evrj'
3"ei$iaKr]v
"y
/3oyX",
ei
Trdrprjs
dvedrjKG
TIa(f)Lois
Aristid.
KvTrpiv
ffpos
"
^f'""'
("
at
"
"O7rXa"i'
from
Inscription
KpvnTOiTO.
by
at
Scopas
Mantinea
fifol^crav 'AOrjvav
by
the
sons
8e
Upa^ireXjjs
of
Paus.
78a.
8.
ayaX/iara
ra
Kal
vide
"H^rjv
Polycles
TralSa
vide
9,
avTrjv
"Upas.
58.
*Hpas
*"u
T"
-rrpos
Ka6rjp.evr]V
GEOGRAPHICAL
REGISTER
ATHENA
Attica:
64
]18
b
c
121
72
71
C9
67
122
unde
vidos
At
simulacrum
fif
coelo
109
106
'lU
110
lo.
est.
ol
nepl
Lydus,
'
2.
De
nubibus
fuisse,
tantum
'
Mens.
Ifpa
166
3.
21
"/
egrjyrjral
KCU
27rep^6t'ou
Trora/zoOleparfveiv
TOV
JMiill.
Pherecydes,
^H.
Athenas
ndrpia
TO.
TO
Serv.
lapsum, quod
depositum, apud
dicta
Cf.
worship
Graec.
Hist.
Frag.
i.
trefivov
yap
of Athena
C.I.
HaXX^is:
Ipov.
naXX^i/i'cW 'AQrjvalijs
62
V.
de erepos
31, 4 Naos
I.
S.
A.
Eur.
At'as *A6dvas.
e*c7repcoi/ Trayoi/
Paus.
Phlye :
101.
i.
222,
Heracl.
Ib.
1031
273
224,
849
naXX??-
Stay
napoiOev
Hapdevov na\\rfvidos.
ex."l
Popovs
Atoy
.
KTT)(TIOV
'A.8r)vas.
Ttflpwvrjs
Kal
f
lOOb
y^vpiar^s ?
99
ni.
Pallene:
Herod,
08
Athena
ye(f"vpdioi
iravres
Oropus,
d
b.
yecpvpio-Tys
naXXadco).
T""
1S6
ponte
dia
tiiVOfMa^ovro
unum
in
et
TrdXai
TO
10D
alii
sane
et
89
127
126
93a,
advectum
85
1-4,
",w.
Acharnae,
dicunt
77
125
"a
Colonus,
74
CULTS.
"a
2, 4a-b?
Athens
OF
34.
Academia,
Sunium,
deposited
and
XaX/ti'Si
ev
C. I. A.
17
2.
Athens
between
Aegina:
A.
I.
C.
Chalcis:
13.
i.
528
tv
opos
ifpa"
rrjs 'A-drjvaias.
Tf^vovs 'Afyvaias,dedicated
by
Athenian
cleruchs.
Boeotia, 107,32,16d.
Thebes, 42,60,78a, ^a.
Alalcomenae,
16e,83.
Coronea, al.
135.
Plataea, 85*",
At
Thespiae,
At
Teumessos,
Thisbe:
98g.
Roehl,
104.
Inscr.
Ant.
Graec.
B.C.
148.
C.
I. Gr.
'
1592