Sei sulla pagina 1di 497

THE

CULTS
OF

THE

GREEK

LEWIS

STATES

RICHARD
FELLOW

AND

IN

TUTOR

FARNELL,
OF

EXETER

VOL.

AT

THE

OXFORD

VOLUMES

THREE

WITH

COLLEGE,

M.A.

ILLUSTRATIONS

CLARENDON

1896

PRESS

'1

v.

PRINTED

AT

ItV

HORACE

THE

HART,

CLARENDON

PRINTER

TO

PRESS

THE

UNIVERSITY"

MEMORIAM

IN

FRATRIS

DII.ECT1SSIMI

ET

NUPER

AMISSI

PREFACE

THE

by

ture

and

has

long

certain

recent

of

mythology

Greek
less

thing

in

apparent

the

broken

stimulating
myth
at

is

to

being

and

Until

religion
scholars.

and

this

labour,

of

research,
in

many

in

hope

play

concerning
life

now

many

interest,

new

ritual

Greek

that
one

is

of

work

the

begun,

of

it is still

of

Greek

ancient

book,

was

displayed

effect

has
The

bizarre

apathy

this

quite

confusion

to

even

the

the
of

parts

since

fruitful

edition

every

interesting

away
of

religion

Fortunately,

most

passing

Greek

nearly

forth.

put

years

with

"

apparently

that

"

and

Greek

perhaps

was

litera

public religion,

and

ignored by English

neglect

this

should

that

English

of

importance

deals.

Greek

by

it

prefaced
it

scholarship.

German

contemptuously

cause

of

the

be

cults,
left

in

defective

which

with

popular

the

desideratum
in

years

been

is

of

extent

not

record

the

monuments

need

Greek

of

account

been

and

subject

the

estimate

and

faulty

statement,

for

compendious

analyze

however

or

apology

any

method

in

be

may

work,

present

quarters,

and

especially

Cambridge.
The

signal

comparative
aid

from

the

studv
scir

.,ce

of
of

religion

has

anthropology,

received
to

which

viii

PREFACE,

has

England
supplied

contributed
indeed

not

"

much

so

with

'

key

all the

to

mytho

that
unlocks
logies/ but with one
many
mysteries of myth and reveals some
strange
of early life and
thought. The influence of
work

late Professor

the

as

the Semites

of

has

been

this line of research

indebtedness

recentlypublishedby
nor

interest

the

can

pioneer-work in
has, however,
tried

I have

dealingwith
reveal

or

complete

the former

and

from

the

Zeus

venient
order

with

and

group

that

Lang's
book

of

these

illustrate

to

seems

and

religion,
only

aimed

names

giving

at

ideas

that

were

consecrated,

were

their chief divinities.


that

are

of

side
the

This

now

appearing I

the

Zeus-cult

subordinate

order

seemed

it is natural

to

by side, and
other

appreciate their

to

it

as

Bough

own

any

from

have

of certain

them.

Hera
to

far

account

adopt,because

to

from

treatise

Mr.

ignored. My

my

have

to

the

worships of Hera, Athena, Artemis,

Aphrodite,and

one

of

to

volumes

of the

associated

of

of the

states

two

examination

importance

of the ceremonies

the Greek

proceeded

and

latter,and

account

In these

Golden

aim

powerful in

very

Frazer, The

so

such

Religion

Mr.

different

the

secrets

the valuable

to

as

of

acknowledge

to

disentanglemyth

to

attached, and

by

glad

am

this field be
a

the

Smith's

will be

and

well

it,as

to

Robertson

been

have

we

reasonable

study the
because

goddesses

traits of

personages

cults of

it is

with

and
affinity

Hera

con

in

points

contrast.

Partlyto
tions

at

avoid

the

the foot of each

awkward
page,

accumulation

of cita

partlyto bringthe literary

ix

PREFACE.

before

evidence

methodical
cult

each

the eyes

form,

I have

table

of

siderablyswell
think

It is vain
is relevant

and

that

month

brings

research

my

modify

one's

collected

here, and

references

to

been

all that

been

nowhere

inscriptionsthat

I have

that

wasted.

include

has

hitherto

utmost

available

able

been

the

may

exclude

to

regards the archaeological


chapters,I have
all the cult-monuments, so
far as
enumerate

As

thing

definite

difficult a

fine

been

in

Europe

have

It has

possibleto

and

coldness

of

because, while

work
tone

and

sane.

An

task

to

con

of which

thus
;

restrict
the

myself

my

far

as

facts, and

not

region of hypothesisand
and

Greek

Greek
picturesque,

In the

collections of

and

of

statement

far into the


One's

tried

so

personalknowledge.

object to

my

have

those

museums

any

divinitymy

; I
to

tried

not

comparativelyfew.

part

various

the

too

troversy.

most

this is

types of each

given me

been

them

of selection

for the
the

are

ideal

mainly one

studies

about

these

the

myself

wander

is known

task,as

chapterson
has

are

is irrelevant.

what

to

con

encouraged

important points;

on

these

difficulties,
nearly every

other

is that the chief data

hope

can

views

of

am

have

not

light fresh

to

citations

these

fault,for,apart from

at

that

account

Though

of the work
will

sifted and

the

to

Schriftquellenor

labour

hope

to

in

'

'

bulk

the
the

that

appended

classical authors.

and
inscriptions

to

of the student

incurs the risk of


the

risk

mythology was
religionwas, on

emotional

is all the

as

to
con

dryness
greater

passionateand
the

exposition of

whole, sober
it may

be

of

PREFACE.

great value for the purposes


of science

purposes
far

in
possible,

as

In the earliest

ject I

had
that

view

placein
owe

the

first

and

and

that open

the

are

mythologists;
method

even

and

and

but

hostile criti

regret that
take

I regret this all the

the

of

their doors

so

prominent

more

because

which
gratitude,

German

warmly

universities,that

importance of
so

sub

prevalent in

now

should

work

recognize the

to

was

point of

book.

acknowledge, to

field,I

distrust

personal debt

in this

studies

the

German

my

facts, as

contemplated writing on

then

of much

cism

scholarship
;

German

the

exhibit

of German

sect

to

were

of my

days

come

to

the

for

but

dry light.

before

time

some

it is best

in the strictest

bred

of literature

were

this

subject

the

foreign

hospitablyto

student.
best thanks

My

who

museums

many

of the

sonal

friends

due

are

have

and
plates,
who

have

of

the

Ramsay

of

Aberdeen,

Mr.

that

hope

to

some

I may

to

that
extent

add

procuring

Macan

Warde

two

tillthe end

rather

word

ample

Professor

Lincoln

of

of

St.

John's

should
it

the

University

Fowler

volumes

in

me

of

Smith

per

many

assisted

index, which

an

atone
one

Mr.

Pogson

these

reserve

the

to

Mr.

to

appeared without
convenient

the

to

more

kindly

in

me

proof-sheets,
especiallyto

College,Oxford,
College, and to
College.
regret

still

of various

Directors

the

readilyaided

revision

to

was

have

thought

of the third volume.

table

of

contents

may

for this defect.


in conclusion

on

the

English

PREFACE.

of

spelling

Greek

"againstthe

raised

over-lax

system

by

two

those
tried

possible
of

are

keep

the

the

more

usual

familiar

less

with

OXFORD,

COLLEGE,

December,

1895.

as

names

Greek,

the

against

English

the

the

spelling
while

form.

R.

be

between

occurrence

common

LEWIS

KXETER

well

as

easily

can

compromised

have

for

as

that

to

over-precise
;

adopting

consonant

as

Objections

names.

FARNELL.

for

VOL.

OF

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

1-12

Object

of

applied

to

the
the

important

as

work,

present
of

study
as

religion,

Greek

record,

literary

the

value

12;

i,

ANICONIC

different

the

of

evidence

2-9;

methods

the

monuments

9-11.

CHAPTER
THE

of

I.

AGE

13-18
.......

The

religion completely

the

whole

13-15

still

aniconic
of

meaning

the

tree

and

(Sownis

the

and

ICONIC

16.

period,

earliest

but

on

cult-objects,
16-18.

REFERENCES,

II.

AGE

Traces

of

'

shrine

of

the

deity,

REFERENCES,

19-21.

'

theriomorphism

19-22

.....

the

Homeric
the

stone

-yAai/Kaiwis,

CHAPTER

THE

the

in

anthropomorphic

doubtful

slight,

and

regarded

as

religion,

Greek

in

idolatry

against

protests

idol

the

22.

CHAPTER

III.

CRONOS

23-34

Cronos

primitive
ful,

cults,

the

Cronos

legend

Greece,

human

23,

be

to

Cronos

the

24

to

sacrifice,

the

explained

of

27-30.

his

of

theory

Cronos

real

conflict
of

of

origin

very

doubt

cult-period
of

older

vegetation

harvest-ritual

REFERENCES,

figure

Phoenician

pre-Olympian

as

divinity

pre-Hellenic
feast

but

supposed,

belongs

probably

under-world,
of

Welcker

as

Titanomachy

25-27;
the

in

religion
25

24,

Greece,

with

abstraction,

no

32-34.

and

connected

associated

in

later

with

CONTENTS.

xiv

CHAPTER

IV.
PAGE

ZEUS

Zeus-cult the most

The

of religious ideas, 35 ;
elements

extraneous

36-38

; Elean

for the study


manifold, importance of cult-epithets
Hellenic
the
all
Zeus-cult
to
tribes,36 ;
common

of

worship

Sosipolis

to

associated

Zeus

sacrifice at Alus

42 ; human

meaning,

cult

on

of
elsewhere, 42 ; cult-epithets

and

his

'OAi^Trto?,'A^aptos, Atiwafos, 43;

42-48;

primitiveHel

the Earth-mother, 38-40 ;

40 ; Arcadian

god,

Dionysos,

to

Mount

Lycaeus, the god of the wolf-clan, 40-

sacrifice to Zeus

human

Lycaeum,

compared, 38

be

there with

oracular

cult-titles of the

and

akin

of Crete

cult,the Zeus

in the Cretan

lenic cult at Dodona,


cults

35-101

"

.....

physical
scarcely

cult

sun-worship or star- worship, 44 ; the god of the


and
thunder, 44-46 ; Zeus KaTTTTwray, 46 ; omnipotence of
rain, wind,
Zeus
Zeus in the physical
world, Zrjvo-UoaeiSwv,
Tfaipyos, Zeus Ev0ov\evs,
the creator, 48cult
either
literature
in
Zeus
or
as
rarelyregarded
46-48 ;
the mountain-tops,Zeus 'OAu/imos, 50-52
cults on
; titles referring
50;
the
and
rez/e'tfXtos,
social
life
to
'Ep/teios,
state, 52-64 ; Uarpyos, Ta/j.rj\ios,
connected

all with

at

52-56
Qpdrpios,

UoXifvs, ritual

; Zeus

at

of the
Athens, explanations

'ox-

of war,

god
59,
61-63 ; Zeus the god
'E\(v9epios,
IIa.v6\\r]vtos,
of the city,
64-75 ; the cult of
par excellence : titles of moral significance,
ritual and significance,
'laeVio?,
MetAt'x'os,
KaOapaios, 64-67 ;
Tla\ajj.vaios,
kindred
of
of
blood,
primitiveconception
67-69 ; perjury,
sin,shedding
Zeus "O/"/a
conceptionof sin,Zeus in relation to Dike,
os, 69, 70 ; extended
and Philios, 73~75 5 doctrine
71 ; Zeus the god of grace, 72, 73 ; Xenios
of retribution in Greek
religion,75-77 ; protests against the current
belief,77, 78 ; relation of Zeus to Moira, Zeus Motpayerrjs, 78-82 ; ten
towards
dencies
monotheism
in Greek
cult very
slight,but certain
principlesof order and unification in the polytheism: the circle of the
murder,' 56-58,

Soter, 60, 61

Zeus

60;

philosophyon

and

Frazer's

animal

in

Ammon),
the

Zeus

0eos, 85, 86;

as

IV

The

rites of the

theorydiscussed,88-92

; other

Zeus-cult, 93, 94 ; sacrificial animals, the ram


(Zeusthe bull,95 ; Zeus Aiyotyd-yos
and the goat-sacrifice,
meaning of

aegis,96-100; higher view

CULT-MONUMENTS

of sacrifice,
101.

V.

ZEUS

OF

Aniconic
103-105;

108, 109 ; Zeus


Polieus doubtful, in,

vios,

"

period,102, 103; earliest iconic, the tripleZeus,


of the thunder-god, 106, 107; of
representations

7"W7?,

Ta^Atos,

Smith's
Diipolia,Robertson
instances of the 'theanthropic'

the

CHAPTER
THE

of Greek

little influence

cult,86, 87.

CHAPTER

TO

as

deities, 83, 84;

twelve

APPENDIX

cf. 88 ; BouXafos, 'Ayopaios, 58 ; Zeus

doubtful

112

meaning

116
'Q/Myvpios,

119,

of Dodona

120.

Zeus
of the

; monuments

and

veil,115
of Zeus

Kprjra-

type

of Zeus

Ni/oy^opos,112-114

; Zeus

Aetnaeus,

"Apetosand

Zeus

102-121

109,

; Zeus

no

Uavf
'EkevOepios,
\\rj-

MftAtxtos and

$t'Atos,
117"119

"

CONTENTS.

xv

VI.

CHAPTER

PACK

IDEAL

TYPE

Standing and

seated

(i)THE

types,

Zeus

the

on

REFERENCES

123

of

arrangement

; the

friezes of

the

the

drapery and treat


youthfulZeus, 125
and

Theseum

ZEUS

OLYMPIUS

CHAPTERS

IV" VI

OF

FOR

CHAPTER

....

128-139

....

140-178

VII.

HERA

180,

throughout Greece,

wife

the

as

181

of Zeus, and
Welcker's

and

as

of any
personification

theory discussed

Euboean

periodHera

earliest

in the

179;

not

cults, Hera

that

the

Hera

was

of

mother

regarded
of

part

nature,

earth-goddess,
Typhoeus, 181-184;
the

Argive
prevalence and meaning of the itpos yapos in Greece,
preted as physicalsymbolism, but as a consecration of
with

179-204

Prevalent

the

127.

STATUE

(ii)THE

122,

relief,on

Bologna

126,

Parthenon,

122-127

.....

pre-Pheidianperiod,124

of the face in the

ment

ZEUS

OF

not

human

inter

marriage,

ritual

survival

be

to

of primitivemarriage forms, 184-192;


Samos,
at Plataea, 185-190 ; Hera
riaptfeVos,
Argos, Falerii,the feast of Daedala
TfXtia,Xrjpa, 190-192 ; very few of the ordinary characteristics of an
Hera
earth-goddess found in Hera, 192-194;
merely the married gocUiess
and

the

goddess
A

APPENDIX

marriage in

Discussion

recognizeZeus
APPENDIX

of

and

The

Greek

cult,195-198.

theory that the earliest cult


belonged to a period of gynaecocracy,
of the

Corinthian

at

cult of Hera

and

Acraea

the

did not

of Hera
199,

200.

legend of Medea,

200-204.

VIII.

CHAPTER
THE

CULT-MONUMENTS
Ariiconic

HERA

OF

period, type

205-219

in Samos,

205,

206

Hera

TeAe/a

of Praxiteles,

of the lipus-ya/*o?, terracotta


group from Samos, metope
Selinus, Pompeian wall-painting,relief in Villa Albani, 208-211
;
of
the
Hera
Lakinia, 212, 213; Polycleiteanstatue
Argive Hera, as

207 ; monuments

of

illustrating
Argive cult, 213-219.

CHAPTER
IDEAL

TYPES

OF

Difficulties in

HERA

220-240

of Hera,
recognizingthe representations

peculiarattribute,220-223;
Hera

in

art, 223,

inspiredby
with
of

224

the Homeric

work,
Polycleitus'
Hera

on

IX.

the Homeric

no

specialand

ideal falls short of the ideal of

works, Farnese
fifth-century
at all
nor
conception of Hera Boo/ms

head

; earlier

225-230;

Argive coin,

232,

the work

of Pheidias, 231,

not

connected
232

233 ; probably inspiredby the

; head

work

of

xvi

CONTENTS.

created the ideal type, 233-236 ; fourth -century repre


who
Polycleitus,
works
of the later period,
sentations of Hera, Ludovisi head, 237-239;
239- 24"-

REFERENCES

VII-IX

CHAPTERS

FOR

241-257

....

X.

CHAPTER

258-320

ATHENA

widely prevalent, 258-260;


survival
washing of the idol,260sacrifice,
262 ; but the worship comparativelyadvanced, physicalexplanationsof
with
connexion
Athena
though she had some
parts of the
erroneous,
262-265 ; her association with
physicalworld,Athena 'Avepuns, Na/wcu'a,
of
265-270; Athena_and Poseidon, rivalry
Tritogeneia,'
water, meaning
and

worship aboriginal in Greece,

The

human
of primitivepractices,

'

and
(Poseidon-Erechtheus)

of cults at Athens

at

Athene
'

physicaltheory of the
possibleexplanationsof the story

Alea, Hellotis,
Amaria, 'O^aA^f-ny, 273-279;
bhih. of Athena

Troezen, 270-273
the

'

improbable, 280-283
of Metis in Hesiod, 283-286 ; Gorgon-myth throws no lighton Athena's
with the Gorgon, 286originalnature, for she has no originalconnexion
288 ; Athena
associated occasionallywith the earth -goddess,*Ay\avpos,
ndvSpoaos, 288-290 ; Athena's sacrificial animals, 290 ; agricultural
',

Sciras and the


IUwr/;/jm, "nax"(t""-"pia,
festivals,
UpoxapiaTrjpia,Athena
more
prominent than her
^Kippa, 291-293 ; her politicalcharacter
Polias in the Greek
cities,
physical,the Panathenaea, 294-298 ; Athena
the
clan
"Oyya, 'Irwia, 300, 301 ; Athena connected with
299 ; 'O/""\ans,
the family,Athena
and
QpctTpia,Mrjrrjp,302, 303 ; Bov\aia, 303, 304 ;
Athena

law, 304,

305

the law-courts and

with

connected

; Athena

more

conception of

advanced

Upovoia and Upovaia,306, 307

character

titles of the

cult-

and

the

goddess
war-goddess, 308-311 ; Athena-Nike, 311-313;
with Hephaestus, 313-316 ; Athena
Hygieia,316Homeric
general character of the worship,318, 319. Note on ritual,

of the arts, associated

318

reference to the

Panathenaea,320.
CHAPTER

MONUMENTS
The
and

OF

ATHENA-WORSHIP

earliest reveal
the

city,321,322
sea, 322-326; with
world, 326-328; no
with

the

moon

331 ; Athena
of the erect
other

XI.

her

not

nature-goddess,but

Dionysos, the

warlike

type, 33

states, 337, 338 ; cult-form

her connexion
on

with

relief in the

the civic

J of Athena

was

of
and

the

war

the

under

identified

ever

Sciras,Auge, Alcis, Gorgo, 328Polias


of Athens
probably

-337 ; the
of

same

type in vogue

Athena-Nike,338-342

state,Parthenon

relief referring
to
Acropolis,

monuments

in many

'Apxvyt",

representations of

Hygieia, 346-348 ;

the Athenian

life,
348-352.

goddess

Poseidon

types, the Athena

Srafy/a, 'Ayopaia, Kovporpofos, 342-344;

goddess, 344-346

deities of vegetationand

evidence that Athena

monumental

Athena
thunder-cloud,

or

as

her with
associating

; monuments

Polias,two
and

as

321-352

the

art-

illustrating

frieze,
mourning

alliances of Athens

Athena
and

to

xvii

CONTENTS.

PACK

XII.

CHAPTER
IDEAL

TYPES

ATHENA

OF

Pre-Pheidian

types, 353-355

works, Athena

'

of

examination

Athena

with
A

; Portici

bronze, 355, 356

Promachus,' 356-360 ;
literaryrecords and

Pallas,370-372;
Corinthian

Discussion

Lemnian

353-382

statue

the

Albani

APPENDIX

...

of

; earlier Pheidian

Athena

Parthenos,

surviving copies, 360"370

Athena,

distinct

371-374;

type of

helmet, 375, 376.

of Dr.

Furtwangler'stheoryconcerningthe

Athena

Promachus, 377, 378.


APPENDIX

REFERENCES

VOL.

I.

Concerning the
FOR

CHAPTERS

Lemnian

X-XII

Athena, 378-38.2.
.

383-423

LIST

xx

PLATE

XVIII.

(a)

Athena

and

Corcyra

(")

Athena

and

Hephaestus

Athena

Hygieia

(":)

Head

XIX.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

Athena

of

(a)

Athena

with

(")

Athena

and

(a)

Athena

from

Bronze

(a)

Bronze

(")

Torso

(a)

Bronze

(b]

Head

of

Head

of

of

Attic

of

Ecole

Athena

Athena

on

St.

Athena

Parthenos

of

in

Athena

Villa

Aegina.

British
des

Arts,

Portici.

Petersburg
in

Museum.

Beaux

from

Parthenos.

Albani.

in

Vienna.

Promachus,

of

relief.

relief.

temple

Athena,

in

Attic

relief.

Attic

of

Vatican.

in

column,

pediment

statuette

Statuette

Athena

before

Samos,

Athena

gem.

gem.

Athena

of

on

Parthenos,

statuette

relief.

Attic

Hygieia

standing

(6)

on

on

Athena

XX.

XXI.

PLATES.

OF

Athens.

medallion.

Paris.

GREEK

THE

OF

CULTS

THE

STATES

INTRODUCTION.

THE

The

origins.

of

question
and

Greek

often

is

country,

of

main

the

from

may

be

fully

and

In

working.

the

of

the

Greek

the

touching
followed
VOL.

out
I.

they

pure
birth
within

with

actual

of
the

actual

the

rather

the

Tor

nation's
of

limits
B

is

this

that

other

unless

fact

dictum

this

method

beliefs

in

only

aspect
of

student
line
can

the

prehistoric

the
the

as

consider

to

religion,
nation's

not

phenomenon

than

the

concerns

simple,

and

facts, the

Again,

arose.

advisable

history,

origins

practical

of

docs

Yet

it.

surely

is

of

one

of

complicated

so

it

that

than

knowledge

directly

that

problem
world

the
have

we

which

from

germ

first

which

of

people,

and

separately
age

dealing

of

religion

ideal

the

more

expresses

of

of

approached

question

true

concep

archaeology

character

present

embryology

the

knows

be

may

the

texts

student

hitherto
The

side.

it

the

know

perfectly

also

of

although

aside,

been

has

subject

the

of

the

historical

different

concerns

student

archaeological

the

put

the

its

not

religious

at

evidently

is

important

most

communities

than

the

although

rather

one

less

no

work

actual

the

express

study

the

our

concerning

present

of

in

neglected

discussion

the

survey

much

so

of

Greek

various

Such

Greece,

but

that

literature

for

scope

origin,

the

epochs.

religion,

mistaken

monuments

tions

of

of

history

of

the

inquiry,
never

literature

be
and

GREEK

such

is

dealing with

an

of which

age

and

there

is

solid

neither

and
religions,

of

parative study

final.

nor

far the

so

Great

results

methods
philology,with new
applied to the explanation of

is

this

result

The

personages.

perhaps due
was
philologist

First, the

has

been

to

three

newly discovered Sanskrit


for theological
deductions
considered

Greek
meagre
causes.

the Vedic

was

originsand
Aryan peoples.

the

Secondly^
Greek
myth

earliest of them

literature, which

when

it

Vide

Maury, Histoire
antique,vol. i.

dc la Grece
b

Apart

coveries
chief

from

about

the
the

contributions

des

name

not

of Zeus, the

philologyto

ground in
of

our

knowledge of the originsof Greek rehave been supposed


ligiouspersonages
of 'Epivvs
with
to be the identification
Sanskrit Saranyu-s,and Hermes
or Hermeias with Sarameyas ; these were
first

myths
the

But
and

the

gives

religions

the
unscientific,

period when the phonetic


understood, and
sufficiently

then

would

fashion b.

amateur

have

later of

the

and

Saranyus would

which

p. 32.

often

the

was

interpretersof

the

consonants,

the

etymological dis-

of

been

that

religions

of

many

affair of

an

merely skirmishingon

them
a

only

was

development of

religion has

belongingto
changes were

of vowel

laws

philologyof

and

when

working under the influence of the


language,and his point of departure

little clue to the


other

is

myths and divine


and disappointing,

be

to

com

material, was

new

primitive,and to give the key to


and mythic religionof Greeks, Teutons, and Slavs3.
Yedic
religionis already comparatively advanced,
of the

that

reconstruction

expected

were

and

first

but

To

direct evidence.

no

primitive thought requires all the aid


suppliedby philology,anthropology,and the

be

and

inquirer is generally

the

the

reconstruct
can

especialdifficulties attaching to
remote
more
originis probably much
are

inquiry,for the
commonly supposed,

an

than

there

And

monuments.

RELIGION.

have

been

become

atpwivs,

fffpcivvs and

'Epivvs
unaccountablylacks
the rough breathing,and
contains
an
unaccountable
which
in
never
long i,
Greek
takes the place of (i.
And
the
word
of
Saranyus has the appearance
Sanskrit
of specifically
being a word
epfivvs:

derivation, which
from

the

'

has

Ursprache.'

not

Nor

come

down

is there any

foundation
in Greek
and
Sanskrit
publiclyputfor\vardbyKuhn(Z)z"/ifcra"for
identification
"c.
des
2nd
the
Fetters,
ed.
kinift
thology
; for
pp. 6-8),
nnd
are

have

been

condemned

philology
;

the

widely accepted. They


however
recent
by more
originalform in Greek

story of Saranyus taking the form


a

be

is not

mare
a

mere

in the

Rigveda, and

invention
aetiological

mythe
of

may
of the

INTRODUCTION.

have
themselves
mainly devoted
Thirdly, the philologists
the view that the myths are
maintain
accounts
allegorical
physicalphenomena, and the mythic figuresare the per

to

of

of the elements

sonification

the

and

of nature.

powers

It is

is a new
supposed that this process of interpretation
science of the last generation ; but in
discovery of German
rife
realityit is as old as the sixth century B.c.a, and was
in the fifth-century
philosophy, in the poetry of Euripides
often

of the
theme
comedy, and is a constant
later philosophiesand the earlypatristic
literature. Of course
the modern
writers'1 have dealt far more
seriouslyand fruit
fullywith the theme, and by a comparison of the various
the

and

younger

of national

groups

suggestionshave been

luminous

myths, man)-

phenomena may be worked


But as applied to the origins
up into legends of personages.
of Greek
religionand the explanation of its development, the
theory has produced only inconsequenceand confusion : and it
that
for the possibility
for foreign
leaves little room
influences,
been borrowed
a
as
a deity might have
fullyformed concretehis new
having among
worshippers no physical con
person,
The
whatever.
notation
assumption explicitor implicitof
that each Greek
writers of this school is generallythis.,
divinity
of the way

made

in which

natural

department

represents some

force in

or

myth which has


been
supposed to correspond, about
UemeterErinys beingpursuedby Kronos
in the form of a horse, has nothing to
The theory
do with the Erinyesproper.
that Sarameya-s is to be identified with
'Epfidasfounders on the firstvowel : the
be 'Hpc^d-os.
Greek equivalentshould
For the views expressedin this note, I
commentator,

indebted

am

and

Vide

genes

sees

the

to

friend Professor

Schol. Yen.

//.

20.

in the

mistaken

my

67

certain moral
as

; Thea-

elements, and

Kuhn's

and
dcs Fetters,"-"":.,

DerUr

of

battle of the

in the Homeric

In such works

kunft

kindness

Macdonell.

gods the warfare


the oppositionof
b

the

Die

ideas.
Herab-

in Schwarz

much

and

etymology

been

sifted,though valuable

and

generalhistoryof folklore
than for the study of Greek

ritual

stillgreater scientificvalue

religion.Of
is Mannhardt's

Wald-

nnd

Feldkultc.

Griechische

Gotterlehre,
Naturgottern
p. 324, says
sincl alle
personlichen Gotter
hervorgegangen: the object of the
historyof Greek religionis,according
of
to him, to discover the nature-origin
the divinity
and to trace it out in the
The
principleis accepted by
myths.
Maury in his Ilistoire des religionsde
la Grcce
antique, though his work
of
is chiefly
occupied with a statement
c

Welcker,

'

i.

Aus

interpretation, subject-matterof
B

has

for the

the historical facts.


sprung derMythologie,'m"s"v\teQi
and

the formula

material

valuable

gathered
more

and

nature0,

The

method

and

Preller's Griechische

RELIGION.

GREEK

which

they

put forward,

often

for

take

to

of that sphere
personification

it is doubtful

But

department.

deity is

the

granted,is that

least appear

at

or

this formula

whether

is

or

ot

ever

; whether
explainingthe originsof any religion
is a phrase
of a natural phenomenon
personification

avail for

any

'

the

appropriate to the process which gives birth


The
religiousconceptionsof a primitiveracea.
the belief that, for instance, the primitiveancestor
voluntary effort

;i

them

gave

when

he

he

he

under

was

chose

the

treading on

not

was

being,and
own

doubtful

illusion

no

the

him

certain

clearlyconceived

mountain.
have

The

held

Mythologie is
Perhaps the

based
best

hurt

on

the

the

idea.

same

exposition

of

found

in

has yet

the

K.

about
O.

appeared,free
origins, is

from

to

Mliller's Hellenische

Mythologie,takes

him

more

Ursprung
correct

and

der
view

this

exhibits

in

than

many

says

in the

writers
fur

unsere

tried

have

may

stones

'

der

supernatural

or

sky

Theophrastus

sacred

he

non-sentient,

believingin

lived

which

of his

to

definite

or

in the

seems

he

to

daily

school,when

alteste Zeit

existirt

Bcgriffeintr sogenannten Symbolik


noch gar nicht,'
"c., p. 12.
Dio
Chrys. Or. 12. p. 233 Dind.

ware

/cat

TroXAot

TOIV

ffapPapaiv -rrtvia.

/rai
Te'x^y opt]
airop'iq
teal devdpa dpya
fj.d"ovai
re

Schwarz, in his Der

But

regarded the
sentient15,
possessedwith

as

be

Stdmnie.
a

natural

have

may

who

historical facts of certain parts of Greek


that
religion
theory
any

natural

man
superstitious

about

the

and

rites,without

person

this view

of his

and
religion,

sentient
human

to

or

living

the

that

another.

Greek

the stone

sky, or

it with

appease

well

person

aboriginalGreek

the

help

to

the

between

The

or

sense

between

distinction

mountain,
power

this

lacked

phenomena.

and

in

It is
tendency or power.
could personifythings thus, for
of the limits of personality,
or

primitivemind

border-line

or

by

form

for purposes

then

personifyit,knowing

to

if the

probably

the

then

flesh of

and

bones

one
thing, the
phenomenon was
at quite the latest epoch of
was
probably a relativelylate mental

it

of the Greek

undoubtedly happened
of the mountain.
of the personification
Ordinarily
case
well enough
knew
walking up Olympos the Greek

in the

that

suggest

like this

imagination. Something

his

words

phenomena as such, and


a
personaland human

natural

of certain

aware

was

earliest

the

to

Ai0ou?.

Oeovs

nal

(irovo-

INTRODUCTION.
distinct

with oil.

anointed

stage would

man

Olympos
supposed

it is proper

in

be

to

about

or

is

it,had

first know

we

divinitywho
personal

has

wholly

to

who

those

may

have

personified

has

attained

happen

may

the

action

no

in

of that

the laws

or

Greek

objectof worship

reside

to

is

certain

sphere,but

complicatedexistence independent of it and not


Now
to the laws of it.
be explained in reference
of Greek
have followed the physicalinterpretation

real

object,and

administer

and

of nature

sphere

which

definite person

the

that

at

third stage is that to which

life independentof ita.


as
religion,

the

the late Greek

as

this view

to

that

be

early Greek

the

the object,as
personifies
the Sun or the Moon, or
personified

the

rarelyexplicitas regards these distinctions. We


told that the etymologicalproof is complete that the
are
of the Aryan
branches
various
family worshipped the skyethnic
of the
the various
chief god
names
god, because
contain a root which
means
'bright'or sky (dii"or dyn)}\
But the questionof great importance concerning the original
divinities

are

'

still remains;

idea

worshipped

tribes

Aryan

fetish

thing, a

or

limited

lived

OvporiWs).
It would

primitiveAryan
that

that

idea

the
"

various
Oceanos

such crude
"

and

But

in

might

sort

that

from

the

mere

are

instances

chief
of

personifications.

Mullet's
Prof. Max
p. 115the Science
of Language, 2.

of the

presence
does

god

of

to

p. 49 T" appears
root
a

dyu

found

the two

in the

tion of the

and

then

meanings
before
divinity

taces.

sure

from
'

root

that

the

be

the

div

'

in

all

us

at

the

original

appliedfirst to

was

sense
spiritual

fused

be

to

answer

tell

not

his

elsewhere?

have

we

called

be

detached

some

say

and

power

personal goclwho
the sky-god (just

be

but that
p.i35.Preller-Robert,6W^/m^A^M0-

view

with

but

divinity,even

Welcker, Griechische Gotterhhre, i.

logic,i.

personal being

heavens

have

animated

an

physicalinfluences

can

we

of the

names
Gaea

as

primitive

though we may
physicalor derived immediately

idea of

was

physicalworld.

or

the

as

called

could

must

we

questions,before

these

hand

the

who

moral

that

seem

such"

as

therefore

one

as

that

lastlyas

; or

living in

exercise

and

element

but

other

sky

was

divinities

all the

as

sky, and

the

in

sky

clearlydefined,

the

to

the

the

on

anthropomorphicand
functions

philologyprove

does

to

God
the

had
the

in

sky ;

become
separa-

RELIGION.

GREEK

what

in

sky

the

sense

desperate sceptic in regard

own

the

root

equally well

serve

word

the

Now

certain
much

other

the

Demeter

that

in

such

names

would

tried

goddess by

and

been

and

very

the

the

as

result

; sun,

the

the

substance

of
same

in

equal use

has

writer

the blue

proved

sky

The
and

moon

dawn,

twilight.What

and

Die

not

of this

of the

god

of
M.

Griechischen Kulte

wid

Dial. p. 80.

the
and
of

realm

whole

stars, storm-cloud,

Ploix

that

is most
are

or

evening, have each


this or that divinity,

the

in

every

and

an

Greek

remarkable

sometimes

all the myths


explaining

Ahrens,Dor.

do

we

writers

found

extra

and
is that
to

be

all the cult of the

personage.
a

that

say

myths attachingto
enough,
disheartening

is

Latin

the storm-cloud

an

desperatewith

seems

etymology, the

book

the

if

be

to

Athene.

and

ordinarilywrong
deity is

this

originalmeaning

French

recently a

for

the various

sky,

taken

of Yrj,

religious

ancient

And

case

physical theory.

blue

been

turn

the

the

of

aid

ransacked

the
lightning,
in

fix

to

might discredit
has

ex

translation

right to

no

mother-earth.

of the

And

personage.

nature

have

we

means

analysisof

an

be

to

seem

meaning of Demeter,
as
Apollo, Artemis

have

possible

dialect-form

etymology and
philologyb pronounces

modern

Deprived then
sect

the

explain

to

attempts

with

accord

Demeter

the

know

AT) is

and

goddess,

impossible compound,
name

All

to

to amount

seem

and

earth

belief; but
the

not

with
divinities,

of

'mother-earth'

Demeter

the

and

Dionysos, have been unsuccessful.


undoubtedly regarded by the Greeks at certain

an

as

does

supposed.

names

Semele

was

times
so

Greek

of

ception

meaning sky

word

it says

first

at

was

was

of
in the whole
only name
which
philology has anything

upon

what

say, and
as

sky

is the

of Zeus

Pantheon

to

that the

prove

a.

name

Greek

the

the

form

to

God

meaning

even

whatever

sense

have

may

not

"

his

than

systems

"

by all the tribes,but that


could
signified'bright'and
originally

in any

worshipped

so

that it does

maintains

"

other

to

Gruppe

Otto

worshipped.

was

My then,pp. 119-120.

RELIGION.

GREEK

One

deduced.

To

theorya.

oneself from

preserve

that

allow

if we

even

of the

absurdum

ad

reductio

the

seems

help feelingthe unrealityof this,which

cannot

this,,
one

it without

into

brought

the

goddess might become


that would

race

her

this, it

Granted

that

the

fact,as

progressive

name

the various

must

then

be

be

could

concepts
on

of

background

of
pre-eminent divinity

with

connect

their progress.

dependence

any

the

moral

or

that,

maintain

may

physicalfact formed

personal idea,the intellectual

the

physical-allegorical

stages of

allowed

not

the
origins stands
apart from
but that the discovery
question about the later historical facts,
but little lighton these.
of the originwill often throw
The

is that

attempted by scientific method

first who

of

chaos

the

into

order

some

of this school

of the writers

merit

great
the

were

question of

the

that

only

bring

to

the

But

mythology.

they
more

to
more
study of anthropologyhas contributed much
the explanation of mythology and
some
part of religion
; its
'and
stable and real,
pretensions are fewer,its hypothesesmore
In the explanation of Greek
of comparison wider.
its range

recent

religion by

English

and

Religion

Mr.

or

and

Mr.

that

sees

they

the

the

Godhead

which

of

survivals,the inquiryhow

mythology of

and

As

which

Greek

an

instance

might

be

of

the
the

introduced

more

far

into

with

certain

developednations

confusion
the

applicationof the solar theoryof myths,


might take Paley's absurd interpretation of Sophocles'phrase in the
J'rachimae (line831) Kwravpov "povia

of
on

contribution

Myth

Ritual
of

instances

one
religion,

question of origins,or with

evolved, than

was

of classical texts, by the


interpretation

we

as

primitive thing or the primitive thought out

by

"

the article

on

Bough

bearing on

point

same

important

an

Golden

Fraser's

less with

deal

is

Lang's treatise

work
anthropological

recent

the

to

Feldkultc; and

Lexikon

inquiry. Taking

this

the

Wald-

in Roscher

Dionysos

anthropologicalideas and methods,


the lead ; although there are
taken

suggestions tending

in Mannhardt's

view

to

has

research

valuable

many

of

means

^"/"^a,

cloud

the

question

part of the
can

be

and

ritual

explained

of
poetical description

shirt of Nessus
in

of which

which

of

wrapt

the

Heracles

Palev
deadly
explains it as though Sophocles were
unconsciouslyrepeatingthe language
of

lost solar mvth.

smoke

INTRODUCTION.

by

mythology of savage or primitive


man
spontaneously
assumption is that primitive
ritual and

of the

means

society. The
ascribes

his divinities much

to

thought,and

that

conversation
figurative

about

modes

of

is^often
reflexion
ritual

in

the

and

older
that

and

of which

consciousness

gious
does

for

key

for the

greatest value

more

be

may

strange contradiction
and

act

the

supply

that often

much

to

and

much

cults and

explainthe
ritualistic

the

the

divinity,and

the

new

already of

been

exists between

about

with

mythology

have

done

highest reli

us

of Greek

student

facts of

anthropologist

The

science

the

meaning

the

the

certain parts of

new

ideal view

more

with

in

as

were

with

know

not

than

it ; it has

from

hoped

does

it

as-

it deals

as

community.

of the

but the results of this


ritual,
the

far

so

It is

held

often

are

of accord

out

pretend to do more
of
the interpretation

not

institutions.

of it is often

worshipper

the

like ritual itself

part of religion. And

ideas

in

matter,

and

merely highly

is not

the weather, but

study

are
frequently

which

mythology

cruder

the

study of unconscious

social habits

own

chieflythe conservative

is

so
petrifaction,

worship

of his

by-gone society and

of

ritual that

study

religion,
important chapter in the history of Greek
the chapter on sacrifice,
depends almost wholly on its aid.
of the historical periodof Greek
The account
religionmust
of

very

deal

equally with

the

from

the combined

testimony of both

religionwas
lower

higher

The

because

its

The
structure

forms

of

had

of

course

we

it

ethical and

hardly arrived

the

still on

means

spiritual
expressionat

at

that

the

from

unequal

monuments

art, standing alone, would

only

its

highly developed
clear-cut personal
us
attributes.
But
spiritual

Homer

were

the

learn what

of

is

earlier date.

an

testifyto
religiousthought, showing

but
at all,
religion1
of

that

precedence of

takes

of divinities with

Greeks

monuments;

records, but

are

testimony begins at

the contemporary

This

Both

forms.

literature

poems

the

the

realityto

of

value.

and

peoplethemselves, what were


its transitions
organic growth, what were

in

processes
to

literature

suggest that the

anthropomorphic stage

the

lowest

level of fetishism.

poetry attained

far earlier date

of

than

did

power

of

paintingor

of the

record

truer

For

usuallythe

servant

could

ever

much

the

poet

could

he
or

state,

break

in his work

embody

was

and

national

of the

then

not

art

developed it became
popular belief than the

tradition, but

from

away

the

aspirationsof

the

such

religious conceptions

as

the

about

far

could

found

are

how
divinity,

more

few,

must

hand

the other

On

might refine and idealize.


the philosophic writer was

express

sculptor was

executing state-commissions

popular view

the

the

still more

painter and

the

literature.

he

Greek

when

But

sculpture.
a

RELIGION.

GREEK

io

in

free.

He

put

forth

Pindar

and

Euripides reaching far beyond the range of the popular view.


with
But
the history of any
religionis equally concerned
such

testimony

question,what

before

it is not

impossible,as

deal

to

expression

question

former.

popular view about Ourania Aphrodite


of the title.
Platonic interpretation

But
the

the

and

art

religion; they
its

assisted

of

literature

were

were

forces

that

It is

growth.
its

theology took
doubtless

the

religious
thought,at

vague

in outline

stage

of

personal forms
Homer

as

refine

and

and

clearer

Herodotus

somewhat
when
OVTOI

he

of

by

records

of

mere

His

a.

development
divinities

indirectly
Greek

that

were

poems
from

were

the

coloured

stage

amorphous,

anthropomorphism, of

which

is still the

same

imaginationthe people

well-known
their

Hesiod

and

8e (iffiv ol iroirjffavTfs

The

passage
influence
Homer

deoyovirjv

of

primitive elements

and

monstrous

view.
religious

exaggerates
says

vivid

result
and

in

the

which

that

the
the

need not regard


precise. We
reformer, consciouslysettinghimself to
religious

religion. The
poetic work

not

Homer

instance,

plasticand

are

the

away

from

discussed

character,lackingethical quality,to

and

clear

was

directlyor
true
saying partially

in that

moment

great

shape

be

shown,

later
the

occasionally
For

be

twofold

religionfor

it

often

afterwards

may

did

must

the

the

with
of the

meaning

answer
sufficiently

can

we

ideal

latter

the

it has

average

what

And

receive.

the

was

nation, and

the

this; for

as

Greek

the

as

real
"E\ATj"rt,

Otoiai

TOIVI

dovres, ital ri^as


nal ei'Seaavruv

fruit of his

inherited

epic poetry

is

higher

probably

ras

r^a
ffrj^vav^s 2.
re

the

KO.I

53.

INTRODUCTION.
first national

the

concerned

with

belief it

assume

affairs.

human

We

believe

may

that

types,

music, expressiveof

ethical

to

particular
worshipa.

such

exert

become
human

outlines

them.

But

when

that

sacred
the

the

the

about

with

Greek

religion,the

then

would

and

be

suspicion,because
worked
public commission

in any
the

creed.

popular

instances

which

in

ameliorated

or

in

it is

to

say

enough

in their

of

some

here

intrude

ing,the

lowest

Kaaiv

Athen.

14. 626

ol nai8a

vofj-ov roty
TO.

IK

vp.vovs

ndrpiaTOVS

so

by the
challenge it or

reached

be

can

that

their

and

Greek

refined

or

to

sculptor and
always within

modified

note

painter

the

lines

the

of

special

some

have

be

proved

to

the

current

religion;

refininginfluence

but

of all the Greek

povois

Ap-

Kara
vrjnicav
tOi^ovrai
KCLI

ofi
iratdvas,

(Kaaroi

KOI
firi^ojpiovs
TJpcuas

myths

appears

of

arts

Otovs

The

vfjii-cvoi.
to
c.

lower

into

painting. These

proper
Mils.

and

vase-paint
design,and scarcely

rarely even

sculpture and
'

irapa

in the

elements

themselves

all into monumental

ft

or

question

product of
popular as

other

no

public

way

barbarous

folklore

at

work

result of a certain
and
a
as
subject-matter,
in the former, inasmuch
as
style. It appears

and

gross

their

than

temples

filled the

afterwards

may

religious

of

choice

tendency

clear

immediate

inclined

the

have

sufficient

It is here

that

could

express

so

the

on

transformed

less

the

of the

in

and

more

general would

in

people

reacted

so

way

it with

view

Kara

in any

poetry

must

could

freedom

once

be

in

act

art

mind

art

painting that
could

should

divinities

the

exercise.

it is clear at

imagination

these ; if these

the

could

Greek

before

greater and

power

sculpture and

and
places,

change,

probably

it

literature

of

attained

had

such

to

of
mode
particular
idea,became
appropriate

national

the

it

form,

over

conception
any

before

were

as

national

the

conceive

to

not

long

was

influence; and

an

habituated

mastery

It

and

they should
only Greek

that

divinities,this fixing of the


certain

men

gods

in this characterization

played a part
a

the

gods themselves

the

that

aspect, in order

music

Greek

of

general interests

necessary

human

but

was

the belief that

expression of

the

Athena

29 and

33.

vupos

and

dealt

updios

Ares, Pint,

was

de

with

the

free

from

guided

though

religions

conscious
The

feeling.

Greek

sculpture

for

fitted

these,

and

human

Pheidias,

and

that

that

sculptor

this

records
wish
to

the

to

stages,

general

idea,

and

sentations

the

Pan-hellenic
of

finally
of

each

of

said
the

supremely
upon
more

ideal
the

form

in

masterpiece
religion,

received

than

otherwise

in

as

to

as

the

describe

divinity

in

the

the

cults

when
throw
main
monuments.

of

such

light

each

earlier
and

later

and
to

the

characteristic

divinity,

exists,
on

as

religion,

Greek

worship

local

leading

myths

the

both

literature

in

between

conception
such

the

influences

possible

when

mention

only

account

con

polytheism

Zeus

and

facts

chief

the

distinguish

and

working

more

to

of

monuments

formative

as

note

to

something

forms

him.

showed

and

truly

was

primary

was

and

Greek

the

conceive

could

then

Taking

added

it

man

no

it

two

style, avoiding

imagination,

the

And

content.

of

of

personages
for

Such

types

perfected

qualities

two

exaggeration,

religious

of

the

of

treatment

o-cjuuoYifs.

the

throughout

its

the

than

religious

the

for

century

of

rather

on

won

expression,

emotional

real

more

ethical

and

the

had

ideal

and

term

creation

made

reacted

schooling

fifth

ethical

and

the

it

yet

the

Greek

naturalism

mere

instinct,

and

development

artistic

an

periods

of

of
the

by

by

disciplined

its

earnestness

noted

perhaps

transitional

and

formal

mere

continued

long

archaic

qualities,

the

Also

were

superstitious

from

free

almost

which

religion,

Olympian

the

and

obscenity
mysticism.

style,

its

of

forms

highest

obscure

RELIGION.

GREEK

12

give

the

taking
religious
repre

CHAPTER

Homeric

THE

the

various

have

of

that

divinities,

of

Nor

a.

thousand

for

Hesiod

moral

unseen

higher

Greek

"

At

Herod.

of

is

52

the

Homeric

vide

Maury,

in

there
is

it

the

is

that

history
threshold,

very

Histoirc

des

did

Greek

religions

de

of

of

it

Greek
;

the

Grccc

antique,

to

be

cannot

imagine
la

such
belief

religion

then,

not

earlier

attached

be

clearly anthropomorphic
period

that

was

may

of

thirty

popular

some

in

men,'

creation

the

the

to

the

through

which

this

old

however

already

the

2.

if

or

derived

mortal

of

in

free

an

divinity

of

speak

passed

had

perfectly

is often

prior

cult.

religion

religion

but

be

to

the

Zeus,

defending

the

watchers

'

their

referring

of

no

of

to

divinities

name

that

is

statement

place

only

be

lines,

conception,

hero-worship;
proved

the

agencies,
this

underlying

avoiding

of

Greek

that

may

Hesiod's

are

daemones

proof

and

Egypt,

com

vague

names

Greek

the

of

most

of

stage

the

no

first

the

in

is

that

custom

attached

precede

There

in

of

cults

to

are

formless.

religion,

Pelasgians

Herodotus

supposed

worship

and
Greek

regards

from

primitive

the

nameless
as

of

objects

the

action.

and

legend

of

personages

development,

religious

of

cycle

real

as

independent

is often

which

stage

but

literature

the

in

with

us

personifications

and

form

present

as

nature,

distinct

trace

thesis

names

of

spheres

with

said,

regarded

all

at

not

the

for

unscientific

stage

been

when

this,

Herodotus

any

has

'numina'

of

evidence

ritual

as

the

in

polydaemonism

their

poems,

earlier

that

polytheism

panies

1C

clear

no

of

Greece

ICON

conceived

humanly
We

AN

and

forces

AGE.

THE

divinities

of

group

I.

to

the

history,

ordinary
his

sub

God

init.

RELIGION.

GREEK

14

did

He

form

the

under

wood,

or

have

that

we

idol

in human

no

yet represent

as

general rule.

as

the

peplos in procession to
She

goddess.

seated, and

with

in line 311,

avevtvt

It is

important

the

allusion

the

realityof

how

us

citadel

the

of human

was

by Homeric

and

bolts, and

the

whole

the

have

we

the

had

period of

it is

that
its

the tree

never

divinitythat

houses

evbevbpos of

Zeus

Nor

is it the

tree

rude

Pelops

was

Samos

such

that

Vide

The

wrought
was

joined together by
brethren

is, the

at

Note

//. 6. 300.

of the

as

may

chapter.

have

of

the

of Hera5:
the
column
""

Vide

Umriss

very

any

the

record

shrine

in

of the

explain the epithets


the

sign

stock

or

upon

in

dedicated

by

myrtle
two

2.

Dendritis

Helene

Aphrodite

wooden

served

find in

we

ayaA/xa, but

cross-piecewas
a

but

wrought
artificially
of

sources.

worshipped, simply

fresh verdant

the emblem

Sparta17,and
at the end

is the

tree

of

we

legend

ayaX^a

out

we

regarded

it;thus
the

way.

board

is

tree

l, and
as

is

itself which

within

trunk, that

carved
some

the

which

of

; and

takes

tree

But

on

proofs,that

semblance,

ritual.

religionof

Greek

right,but

own

nations'

But

other

the

collected

doors

sufficient

with

from

to

this very

Delphi.
us

the
divinity,

of the

of

still aniconic

was

human

no

known

fitted with

at

supply

has

his Baumadtus*

emblems
or
a-ydX^ara,
prominent place in many

been
hear

positiveevidence

as

earliest

We

his age

also

note

anthropomorphic

have

Apollo

Homer

worship of

objectswhich

the

among

of

ovbos

of

abundant

in

Botticher

of

representedas

We

acropolisof Troy,

\aivos

poems

that the

evidence
this

the

been

the

knees

the

on

of
can

bore

women

or

idol

the

this there

semblance.

passages.

the

on

note

shape, and if the words


refer to the image itself,
'AOi'jvri,

6e UaXXas

of Athene

temple

to

parts of human

lower

another
sign of
temple-building,
conception, is abundantly proved to
age

either

statue

any

to

lay it

to

that

Homer's

to

mana.

in this form

therefore, have

must,

also

the head

then

to

tells

doubt, for Homer

no

the

As

Troyb.

in

of

him

in Homer

reference

express

form

the

under

shape, excepting

Polias

Athene

but

beast

not, however,

in marble

be

of

[CHAP.

tree

the

encircled

At

stocks

wooden
of

7.

Twin-

with

ivy

especiallythe chapterentitled
des Hellenischcn

Baumcitlt-iis.

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

16

NOTE.
The
the

that

in the text

statement

epithet

would

of
/SOOOTTI?

have

to

modified

be

if

supposed

we

of Athene
-yXavKVTris

and

Hera

in

meant

ever
'owl-faced,'and that the goddesses were
owl.
conceived
Now,
or the face of an
by him as having the face of a cow
the
rather
than
on
ox-eyed,
cow-faced,
certainly/SOWTTISought to mean
an
epithet of wine in Ion (fr.9, Bergk), and of
analogy of Tavpwnos,
face than eye
more
usuallymeans
Dionysos Orphic. Hymn
29. 4, and cov//have
been
form
A
cow-faced
Hera
a
in Homer.
indigenous in
may
Greece
or
imported from
Egypt, and need not be explained by any
Schliemann's
But
reference
to
archaeological
a
worship of the moon.
of
D
Plates
he
is inconclusive
evidence
on
:
Mycenae and
gives
A, B, C,
figures and
cows-heads, and he
Tiryns reproductions of terra-cotta
'

Homer

he

thinks
their

cow-faced'

article

females

found

has

breasts,and

of the

and

on

with

he calls these

images

of Hera

Lexicon

in Roscher's

Hera

protrudingat

cows-horns

the side

remarks, these

of

the writer

POUTTLS ; but, as

terra-cotta

figuresmay simply denote offeringstaking the place of real cow-sacrifices


(cf.images of little pigs to Demeter) ; and the horns at the sides of the
And
Homer
female
images are merely crude representationsof arms.
of Helen
(//. 3. 144),
also appliesthe epithetto mortals,to a handmaid
of
Areithoos
and
the
wife of
to one
(Od. 7. 10),
Nymphs
to Phylomedusa
in Hesiod, Theog. 355 nXouro"
of the Oceanid
of Thetis (cf.the name
Now
fioa"TTLs).

is

there

why

reason

no

it should

not

the

mean

in

same

could
possiblenot uncomplimentary sense
had
Either
been
this
be called
originalmeaning
women
and Homer
tradition,
appliesit to Hera mechanically from mere
forgotten,
of meaningless praise for mortal
it becomes
and thence
term
women
a
it
of
for
Homer
because
means
ox-eyed,
properly an epithet a goddess, or
does not consciously
In either case
then Homer
with large lustrous eyes.
cow-faced.
stands on
TXavKMms
conceive
of Hera
a different footing,
as
Schliemann's
and
for it need only mean
bright-faced,'
owl-eyed or owlall these

in what

But

cases.

cow-faced

'

'

faced'

idols at

Hissarlik

not

are

owl-faced

REFERENCES
1

ZeUS

Hesych. S.

PailS. 3. 22,

12

V.

FOR

at

TO

CHAPTER

devdpov

en

'

all.

eVSei/Spos"
irapa 'Podiois Zfvs,

in Laconiil

'

I.
AiuVvcroy eV Bctcor/a.

eKflvrjv (removal TTJV

p.vporii'r)v

KOI' Aprfp.ivovop-d^ovai2coreipai".
3

Id. 3. 19,

10:

the

Rhodian

eVi
ftoixrat"17Ti]v'E\fvr]v
dnayxoi'criv

5mXa(yEpii"va-iv
etKaoyzeWu)

women

: cf. Theocr.
dfi/ftpov

8. 48 (Ttftov
p.',

'E\evas (pvrov elpi.


4

Festus, p. 37
decorticatum,quern

Delubrum
pro

deo

dicebant

fustein delibratum, hoc

venerabantur.

est,

i.]

THE

Clem. Alex.

p,ev rjv

40

P.

8e eVi

KCU

TO

AGE.

TTJC

TIpoK\"ovsap^ovros

$ea"y $e izaXiora

I *

9- 4^'

1C

Sa/zt'ay
"Upas ayaX/zairpo
di"6pan

ides eyevero.

oe

o~KrjrrTpovo 7rotfjo~(it

Xatpcovel?
rtyucotriTO

"H(paio~Tov.
*OfJ.r)pos
(prjfftv

Ait
7

5e
/"^. 5. 13, Y diaftdvri
""

Max.

T}T.

PailS.

"jj\oi"
Athens,'E/tyi^y

at

IITTO

DlSS.

8.

KIOW

xXaScoi/ nvparivas
ov

avvoirrov.

fv
Trrj^avres
O/J^"'TOJ

rt^icoat,

Kai

can

TO

Xi'^ov 5e apyou
o-j)!/
Te'^f?;,

/"^.9. 27,

Id. 9.

ap^otoi/.

detov de ol Qto-nieis TI/JLCOO-IV"Epotrapu\io-Tat" upX*]S,

38, I,

6Wos

'HpaKXe'ous

eartf

TO

/cara

Kai (T(piO'iv
ayaX/zaTraXatoraTo^
13

Atoi/uaoj/

yecopyot

Id. 9. 24, 3 fV cY/;rrwfaoy

12

ev
T^/ii^a)
ayaXfjui
ncTroirj-

'Apdrovfjptnov Zevs MeiXt^ios


Se 6
oiSffita,
T-f'x^/7
nvpap.i8i
weTToti^/Liei/a

9, 6 /uera

2.

ovofjLafrfjLevri
Ilarpaja,o'l'i'
Se

"Epp.ovTTOTO^OV

rov

T(6rj\vias.
fjLVpa-ivTjs

/"^. I. 27,

17

ICON

Protrept.
p.

o-avis,
varepov

PaUS.

AN

dpyus\idos.

fimv

creftov"i /zaXtoTa
XapiVcoj/)
re

BoeOtia,ras

in

at OrchomenoS

'Ereo/cXfi avras

TO"

"cai

(ayaX/uaTa

817nfrpas

peit

Treaclf

CK

rov

ovpavov

(pa.o~lv.
4

y"^. 2. 31,4

e'0'
Xe'youcrtz/
ou

TTOTe

TOI'

Se

ffjLTrpocrdfV
avo~p(sTpoifrviw
TOV

\L6ov

vaov

oe
iepovdviu
K.a\ovp.fvov

'OpeVr^i/
""ddr^pav.

tvvta

Pallas
crucis stipite
a
Tertullian,
Apolog.16 Quanto dislinguitur
sine effigie
rudi palo et informi ligno
Attica et Ceres Raria quae
15

prostant.
16

Clem.

Alex.

Stromat.
Kiovas

Apyfiijsrj

ivravrfs

'.

Kiova

y/;a$ei
yovv

rf]t"

naicpov

dvdo~o~r]S.

(pr)(rlv
Evpnridrjs ^Avrionrj
fv

f'v8ov fie
Ko/zcoi/ra
17

of TraXatot eaffiov

Bwdvoivi
aTe/z/zno-i Kal

^Ko"jp.rj"T(v
nfpi
ib.

T"v
ras
aK/Ji/3co$J)i/at

P. 7rp\i"
yovv

p. 418

Zk
Plutarch,

6a\dnois /3ou/coXoj/

fan

8e

ovo

y^fVa.
VOL.

I.

Eviov

ad init.TO 7raXa"a

Frat. Amor,

ol SnapTtaTai doKava KU\OVO~IV

O-TV\OV

Ktao-w

TWI/

6eov.

Aioa-Kovpw d"pi8pvp.aT"i

eVe^t/XaTrapaXX^Xafiuat TrXayi'oty

RELIGION.

GREEK

8
1

18

Athen.

Semos)

of

Delias

the

from

(quoting

614

epxfrat

p.

Ar/Xoi"

Ar/roooi"

ayaX/ia)

(TO

8e

Idav

fls

r)\8e

avro

TO

KCU

(is
.

19

Paus.
IO.

Xt'^os

K(ii

ea-riv

24,

ov

/xc-yas*

eAaioi/

ocrrjpepai

TOVTOU

eVtrt^eafri

Damasc.

20

21

^e"a

dva/"6(o-^ai

aXXo)

aXXoi/

J.

rail/
TTpo

6vpa"v'

ISiovs

p.

Aii

Kpoi/w

'Ayvtay.

Harpocrat.

"al

'HXi'cp

Kt'a"f

Se

'Ayuievs

e"m

eiVat

rw

aXXotf.
roi?

Z'.

6e

137)

Didot

Script.

G'r^r.

(J9^/.

/r*V/.

z;/'/a

apya.

ra

epia

eKacrTrjv

eoprrjv

Kara

KOI

i,

'A

(ftaariv
avrovs

o^u
et?

{-v\ivov

II.

CHAPTER

BEGINNINGS

THE

IT
the

is

when

of art

process
The

wooden

while
the

seventh

But

attributed

to

may

et/cw^

is at

Greek

in

and

since

we

know

origin
The

tenth

Greek

prevalent

morphic
divinity
instances

form,

of

can

the
was

in

form.
of

ArchaeoL

that

Review,

the

was

be

may

November
2

showa,

to

quoted
1888,

p.

the
the

though

was

which
of

image

not

of

model.

Assyria

under

from

idols

but

Oriental

an

for

through

thence,

and

image

carved

tried

in

Babylonian.

the

come

do

we

Greek

East,

spreading

to

and

the

been

of

question,

were

of

Egypt

figured

they

fame

traced
of

ruins

present

certainly

elsewhere
be

the

from

have

may

the

approximately,

came

earliest

contrary

for

almost

is

have

have

idol-work

whereas

the

idols

beginnings

on

degree

the

impulse

"

to

found

ninth

wooden

the

of
the

to

primitive

most

idols

remotest

must

as

the

proper

half

the

to

and

belong

the

for

even

probably

special types

Much

the

date

onwards

the

latter

assigned

back

clue

no

developed

most

Assyria

world

certain

in

century

and

us

their

impulse

iconic

further

give

know

not

the

the

period

the

tradition,

human-shaped

whether

Egypt

still

Mycenae
do

Daedalus

not

the

worship.

uncouth

Troy

of
be

when

or

Homer's

as

consider

to

idolatry possible.

from

to

were

then

make

begins

roughly

Daedalus

cult

iconic,

to

as

works

may

Greek

early

as

record
the

and

far

least

artistic

of

AGE.

first became

so

according

go

The

the

advanced

age,

century.

not

had

ICONIC

THE

history

object

century,

prehistoric

iconism

the

the

certain

We

for

important

question

OF

are

167.

the
man.

of

therioGreek
The

insufficient

weight

disprove thisa,for

to

owl-eyed
tivelylate

; the

Dionysos.

We

as

"

horse-headed

all events

have

Phigaleia,the existence of this


being only attested by vague popular

If

half-fish.

half-woman,

certain

is
this representation
divinity,
principlejust mentioned.

the

from

emerging
It

the

image was
symbol bringinghome
way

are

any

passage

the

image

statue

the
of

there

to the

Hera

shed

her altar

at

showed

LenoTmant, Antiquittsde !a Troade,


Schliemann's

p. 21-23.

Schomann's
2.

the

Ilios,p.

Griechische

288.

Alterthiimer,

The

Kunst
Demeter

view

of Milchhofer

in Griechenl.

pp.

(Anfanged.

60-62),that

is identical with

this

horse-headed

shrine

or

blood
in

the

the e8os of
statue

the

Sybarites was
Euripides'play declares
of

aversion

same

Gorgon

that

will

discussed

be

to find

that the

The

its presence.

by

appears
in

on

the

when

the

early vases,
chapter on

Demeter.
c

pp. 174-175.
b

the

sense

of

deity and

the

the view

show

it

was

power

indeed

identityof

as

remote

nor

and

nature

is hard

in

uncultivated

earlyand

image0.' It

Iphigenia

that the idol of Artemis

"

popular view,

the

the exact

when

and

the invisible and

peoples,'the

animated

aside

turned

human.

that for the

intimate

often

and
divinity,

god darkly
XiOos feoros,but the

the

belief,but many

in the most

was

monu

or

of the

form

senses

never

in the

that establishes
in ancient

literature

the

Greek, as for all less advanced

divinitywere

be

people'sreligionto know
regarded. Was it regarded merely

divinity?Probably this was


We
believe
the original.
may
the

the

inorganic block,

the

embryo form
the history of

concerns

what

find

we

of this

features

left record,

have

ments

was

only real exception

the

the earliest stage of iconism, of which

At

of

represented
a
genuinely

was

this to

assume

Hellenic
to

who

mysterious goddess

we

idol

of the

account

Artemis, and who

of

primitiveform

of

at

strangely-shaped idol
tradition b ; and
lastlya more
near
Phigaleia,a
Eurynome
probably

Athene

or

Pausanias

in

record

doubtful

Demeter

cow-headed,

as

Dionysos-Zagreus is compara
the earliest conception of
not

bull-headed

is at

or

Hera

about

certain

nothing

know

we

showed

that

monument

any

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

20

De

Saussay's Religionsge-

La

schichte,vol.
Athenae.

i.

p. 54.

p. 521.

ii.]

BEGINNINGS

THE

matricide

Orestes

dragged

statues

that

passages

Greek

hand,

other

the

On

of

Heraclitus1.

that

the

and

Zeno

and

temples

went

alike.
the

Thus

the

great

also

to

remained

people
could

the

more

the

idea

days
s

be

believed

of

of

mind,

the

and

the

Taur.

in

nature

1165.

any

in

Greek

retained

for
other
the

them

way

the
sacrifice.

it

its

and

revealed
here

But

developed
Down

religion.

image

of

and

thinkers,

few

expressed

expressed

iph.

had

Greeks.

the

statues

prophets

Church

among

iconoclasm

paganism

about

"

advanced

or

Hebrew

Christian

God,

combats

image

by

the

by

earliest

the

of

towards

tendency

expressed

idea

of

seriously

propitiated

be

can

of

nature

true

noted
declared

propriety

Menander4

in

was

School-

the

deny

to

as

idols

to

the

of

wanting

image-worship.

Socratic

nothing

Even

divinity

teaching

the

last

of

illustrates

not

prevailing

the

of

far

so

is

offered

prayer

teach

could

image

that

itself

chaining

of

votaries

their

the

Antisthenes

belief

by

practice

literature

against

protest

unreasonableness

by

it

abandoning

were

Palladion

the

of

The

21

suppliants

the

feet

eyes.

AGE.

conception.

same

The

when
the

her

them

prevent

and

from

closed

goddess

ICONIC

THE

a,

near

slaughter

to

to

the

drew

away

the

Siris,

OF

hold

no

to

over

immediately

more

all

that

they

divinity.

Strabo,

p.

^"4.

the
the
than

felt

and

RELIGION.

GREEK
22

REFERENCES

Clem.

Heraclitus,
dyd\p.a(Ti

TOHTLV

Clem.

j'b.

rovreoicriv

(TOV

ffeov)'

Ib.

691

P.

Xeyfi

Ib.

720

roi?

(KpaGftv

dv6pdo7roi(Ti

KCU

6l"T]TOi"nv

ov8e

6fj.t"iios

eV

Zyvwv

Km

rts

eg

TTJS

rw
.

TroXtreias

7T\rj6oS

T)

pi(f)(t)V
.

evvovv

VOJJL'L^L

dvr)T

tKtivos

Cf.

Ararat.

vdrjfjia.

TIS

Tl

eUovos

peyiaros

6vaiav

de

176)

fio/zoi"rt

P.:

fl

Frag.

(Bywater,

re

de'nas

44

2co*:pa"c6s-

avrov

Qfolcri
ev

et

oi"8cls

dtonep

6eos

els

ov

P.

714

p.

p.

OKOIOV

Xenophanes

from

quotation

P.

Protrept.

fv^ovrai,

Strom,

Alex.

"pT](rl

coucfvai

Alex.

II.

CHAPTER

FOR

6fov
TOV

xa\

fppfvas

Kov"pas

f'xft.

/St/SXtw

pyre

vaovs

of

Eternal

the

or

metaphysicand
is thus

thought,while the conceptionof the


of
of Days belongs to a high range
Ancient
religion.But the fatal obstacle is that KpoVoy
of

stage

savage

equivalentto XpoVoj,

made

Another

received

ever

or

He

kind

of double

of

KpatW

in the

from

derived

based

false

on

regarded b as identical with Helios,


has been
Zeus- Helios,and his name

been

has

is also

Cronos

of

explanation

philology.
a

popular

ever

fallen, nor

religion.

the

as

have

later writers

of the

clear

kept

part

most

or

impossiblephilological

an

"

equation. The Greeks for the


pitfallinto which Welcker and
of time
the personification
was
into

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

24

of

sense

of

laws

the

ripen.' But

'

and
is not used in
/cpauw
vowel-change forbid the derivation,
is there any
the sense
of ripen,'
nor
proof at all that in the
earlyreligionhe is identical with Helios c, or is the double of
the primitive
is yet another
There
Zeus.
theory that saves
'

Cronos

that

is

of

devourer

light of

the

Greeks

themselves

rites

identified
with

god

was

hear

we

Cronia

the

there

And

found

of

Cronos
But

even,

as

vation

in his later article

as

the

religion. Now

strong likeness between

and

they

Moloch,

identified

also

it seems,

for

Cronos

Celtic

with

they
divini

Cronion, or to Athens, where


worshipped on Mount
of a temple of Rhea
the feast of
and
and
Cronos
and it is merely begging the question to say that

brought the two words


together. Eurip. Heracl. 900 shows an
uncertain reading.
b
Mayer, Die Giganten und Titancn,
Roscher's

westward

no

first who

away

proof or probable evidence


brought this religionto Elis,where the
is

de Mundo, 7 K/"oVov
8e Tret?*
Aristotle,
been
to have
Xtyerai,seems
xpovov

p. 71

the

Moloch,

god

risingHellenic
have

the

"

Kunst-Mythologie^

fades

gradually

gods.

the Phoenicians

that

/cat

two

Semitic, and

ties 10-13" 15.

must

characrer

or

the

other

the

his

in

Cronos

of

presence

Phoenician

the

simply

infants, who

before

the

by Bottiger

theory maintained

the

from

religiousworld

Greek

Lexikon
doubtful.

he

on

Kronos

in

regardsthis deri-

His

attested

late and

by

vide Ref. 8

lowing

of the

be

legendsas
and

stone

made

to

is

only

the

the swal-

frequent

stones

support any

him.

Vol. i, pp.

Helios

doubtful evidence;

of meteoric

theory about
"*

Such

a.

consecration
cannot

with

connexion

221-222.

to

him
solar

CRONOS.

HI.]
the

because

fore

they

Zeus

come

rites

into

turn

consecrated
where

that

theory

Cronos

explained.

both

the

the'
caprice of

youngest

the

institutions,and

that

sacrifice and

sacrifice

that

was

the

July h,is named

in

overthrow

by Zeus,

and

facts

These

be

explained if

best

that

Cronia

the

out

of the

Demosthenes
honour

feast ; but

has

p.

Scholiast

and

was

to

late

Rhea, and

the story of his

have
is

in historic

paid

him

and

inexplicableif

unique

They
personification.

mere

him

to

be

of the

one

other

evidence,

have

not

probable explanationof

we

period

harvest-

KpoYiaa,a

54)

in

once

scarcelyremembered

suppose

on

and

of most

as

religion
; if the myth
absolutelyno meaning as a

was

says that the feast

of Cronos

we

a feast consecrated to Cronos,


originally
that the god in some
but
way
grew

the

as

feast of

be

right at

no

defeated

(Mythologus,ii.

Buttmann

supposes

would

Homer.

eldest-born.

the

.down

honour

scant

Greek

of

early Greeks,

we
lastly,

abstraction,

an

figuresof a lost and


Titanomachy, which
"

the Attic

of

foreign,since human

or

find him

we

than

more

the eldest son,

have

of it survived

traces

feast held

can

old

savouring of human

we

Oriental

are

history. Then
harvest-god,from whom

were

be

from

sense

Zeus

Cronos

morality,and

of Greek

KpoVos

yield to

must

these

moral

Krinys supports

institution of the

an

Aryan tribes, and

Greece.

to

reminiscence

vanished

the

to

legends of

savage

conclude

to

the

have

we

the

of very

be

this must

had

that

alien

seems

therefore Poseidon

Again,

least

much

flavour

probably

it is

poet;

stronglythat

holds

At

borrowed,
originally

or

have

; and

sons

a
'Jungstenrecht.'
practice

who

was

theogony shows a certain speculative


reflects many
ideas ; for
genuine and primitive
and Zeus, who
of their dynas
the heads
are

instance, Cronos
ties,are

did

Hcsiodic

it

system, but

of Cronos

did

harvest-feast

leaves

native
originally

character

legend and
religion. The

been

Phoenician

was

Whether

the

have

to

how

divinity to whom

rejoicedtogether?

slaves

and

masters

Moloch, and

of

son

seems

Besides, how

Greece.

apparentlymild

an

festival that

the

bloody, there

and

savage

indigenous in

be considered

to

Moloch

sometimes

were

not

were

25

no

nor

of the
nature-

any

the

name

other
of

the feast.
b

There

Mommsen's

is

no

view

sufficient
that

the

reason

Cronia

f"
was

festival (HeortologU,
a springoriginally
p.

79).

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

26

and earth
myth, that is,as a myth of thunder and lightning
quakes and volcanoes a, is regarded as a vague record of the
This is undoubtedly
struggleof religionsin the Greek world.
part of the meaning of such myths as those concerning the

One

chief

be

can

the

between

contest

part favourable

and

power

Aegaeon

for the

at

for the

of

older

an

traces

the

one

The

ft

of the

the

as

of

Preller's

and

as

benign
a
light

nature,

interpretaa

contest

destructive
and

storm-

brightness.
b

the

Vide

i : this explanation
of the
legend has alreadybeen given by Prof.

Ref.

in the

Robert

edition

new

of

Preller's

than

the

less the

same

as

propounded by Leontiew in Arch.


Anzeigcr,1851, De Jovisapud Graecos

was

'

cultu

'

and

is not

inconsistent with

the

accounted

naturally
older

cycle
when

And

finds

one

and
as
Pelasgoi,'
pre-historicpeople,

Solinus,

of

cult-name
M.

in

ea

an

Die

Mayer,

16 Titanas

n,

Titan-

the

sometimes
older

(Eu-

ostendunt

boea)

antiquissimeregnasse
rem
religionum. Briareo enim
divinam
s
icut
Aegaeoni
Carystiifaciunt,
ritus

Chalcidenses
Titanum

older

fuit

nam

fere Euboea

omnis

Dr.

regnum.

Briareus-Aegaeon

supposes

appears

or

Athens,

at

Titan,

only an
Olympian deity: vide
Giganten rind Titanen.
name

took

more

and

against their

acted

is

the

is

of

'

name

Griechische Mythologie, i. p. 55, note


fin. The
view
2, sub
put forward in
text

these

of

worship

of the

word

take

periods

dynasty.

new

ethnic

struggle;and many of the Titanic names


from
derived
are
roots
denotinglight
or

the

nothing more

Titanomachy

the

between
forces

her

part playedby Briareus-Aegaeon supposition that

is inconsistent with
tion

each

and

some

actual

Zeus, these

where

having

as

application of

vague

denotes

the

In

religionwould

cult of

in

survival

one

as

concerning

preceded Apollo's, Prometheus


Now
the myth that
Euboea
c.

own

word

myths

and
;

the

about

view

cults in later

Delphi,

by conceiving them
order,and as friends of

the

Cronos

with

of deities

the

the

Olympians

at

disappearance

account

of

the

history; Themis

oracular

this

Olympiad

at

Briareus-Aegaeon.

powers
to

Cronos

of

from

drawn

still honoured

was

personages

the

and

favour

and

Prometheus

Themis,

Greek

in

argument

Titanomachy

Zeus

wrestling-match between

the

Apollo and
strange legend of

between

Delphic tripod,and

for the

Heracles

of

reconciliation

the

and
of Dionysos, the hostility
sufferings
Apollo and Asclepios,the contest

cult-title of
more

Poseidon

probable

that

Mayer

to

be

but

an

it

Poseidon

the title occasionallyof this older

Euboean

Frag. 106.

sea-giant:

vide

Callimach.

ni.]

CRONOS.

other

the

be taken

may

god*.
Lastly, the
Cronos
in

slaves
the

now

Sicily and

the

often

Cronos
between

cults.

macy

becomes

that

as

the

of

hypothesis

Zeus,
in

no

or

succeeded

having

Aryan

the

he

was

father

supre

for the

Aryans

belief of

worshipped

evidence

only

That

the
not

Aryan
sky-god of
make

to

seems

in Greece

need

we

of

of the

worship

worshippers were
What

say.

sort

of

partly gather from the legends ; the


swallowing his children,and mutilating his

we

stories about

Cronos'

to

cardinal

tribes

probable the prehistoricexistence


of a leading god called Cronos.
god

his pro

the

disturbs

Zeus

or

is allowed

and

being

fiction
sort
same
perhaps by
Dionysos, the Thrakian-Phrygian god,
of Apollo.
This
Asclepios the son

all the

primitive Greeks

cult

dispossessedgod

the

way

to

name

this

least the slave,

at

son,

made

philology,that
cognate

Zeus

his

which

son

of the

Then

The

that

Zeus
and
struggle between
religiouscounterpart of the struggles
of the
religionof Zeus and the men

be the

men

older

of

slaves

this.

explain

violence

then

the

the

god of slaves,or
aboriginalman, claims

The

may

the

privilegesof
may

pre-historic

privilegesat the feast of


pre-HellenicPaliki-worship

certain
of

for the

term

vague

the

frequentlythe
tection b.

have

analogy

guaranteed them,
becomes

as

27

may

him

Ouranos,

whatever

their

cosmic

meaning

physical

or

certainlyfrom very low depths of


the mythopoeic fancy,and
certain
Mr. Lang aptly compares
and
Maori
Earth1'.
stories about
the separation of Heaven
As
connected
with his worship we
regards the ceremonies
symbolism

know

be,

may

little indeed.

very

priestscalled

certain

the hill named

on

Dr.

"

to

of
lack

found

rather

divine

persons.

as

other

sacrificed
at

is the

the

Haupt-gottheit
the

is

name

appellativeof

many

quotes similar

639,
privilegesof

p.

at

the

slaves

Hermaea

at

in

that

at

Olympia

year

to

springequinox.

At

once

Crete, at the feast of Poseidon

'

told

are

zen,

the Thessalian

and

called

1'eloria.

The

the text would

gestedin

appty to

of the

festivals

Basilae

that Titan
'

support
an

Athenaeus,

instances

We

after him

Mayer'sview

singular name
appears

arose

Cronos
Athens

at

Troe-

festival of Zeus

explanationsugnot so naturally

these.

Custom

of Cronos.'

and

Myth,

p. 45, 'The

myth

28

sacrificial cake

fifteenth of
middle

of the

be

when

valence

of

this

musical

was

the

that

according

with

Aristaeus,
and

fruits.
to

proper
and

sos,

thus

So

the

of

the

at

figsand

last

city

of

time

same

Cronos

to

Cronos

all this

appears

the

to

emblem

ancient

another

as

of

use

the

as

crowned

honey

harmless

be

of

of

Cyrene7

at

honoured
men

if the

Attic, it

worshippers

taught

sickle,the

at

the

who

god
far

made

only

the

to

pre

it

Rhodes,

the

about

divinityof vegetation,such

be

fresh

the

as

hear

and

was

offeringswere
Macrobius, when

to

themselves

it

and

masters

wide-spread

accompanied it. At
Metageitnion corresponded

month

year

the
we

as

poet, Accius, may

of

speaks

summer-festival, and

Roman

Thebes5,

and

fell in the

which

at

that

contest

Rhodian

The

in Greece

festival

Athens, Rhodes6,
a

institution

he

the

spring, on

regarded by Philochorus

was

of ancient

exaggerating

in the

feast of Cronia

the

together 2" 18.

feasted

slaves

and

summer,

him

to

Elaphebolion, but

harvest-festival

offered

was

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

ritual

later

Diony-

Cronos, would

darker
naturally explained. The
aspect
of the worship,the practice of human
is
sacrifice, scarcely
attested
by any trustworthy record concerning any Greek
is an
inference
community except Rhodes
; but
legitimately
drawn

most

from

authors
as

ancient
lenized
so

whom

of

the

barbaric

be

legend

a.

Plutarch

children
The

]0~1:{"

who

mention

15

but

if

to

bronze

slippedoff

and

its wails

ghastly

rite

Diodorus

and

who

Moloch,
idol stood

fell into
were

And

paid.

was

sloping downwards,

beneath, and

Ref.

sacrifice

given by

his hands

ft

institution

cruel

offeringof

This

period

evidence.

so
a

it

Greek
it

regard

there

was

with

his

that

the

no

were

often

to

detailed

regarded
extended

arms

infant

the

Carthaginian
as

and

placed upon

of fire that

with

certainly travelled

have
the

of

pit full

drowned

we

noise

was

placed

of drums.

Crete, where

E.g. by Dionysius of Halicarnassus,


i. 38, Augustine,de
14.

The

connecting it with the Hellenic or Helgod, it would be impossible to explain why he should
constantlyidentified with a Semitic and Celtic god to

account

them

earlier

indirect

tradition

the

Cronos

from

and

Civ. Dei, 7. 19

the
:

vide

CRONOS.

in.]
of the

myth

his breast

in

Cronos,

devoted,

was

resemblance

the

at

wine

was

There

is

the

Rhodian,

his

offered

Cronos

his father17

to

Semitic

religiousidea,

sacrifice

in

Cretan

the

points

of

traces

and

to

Phrygia, so
the worship

in the

Possibly the

death

as

here

was

burnt-sacrifice
of

the

Curctes16,

child-Zeus

and

the

in

Crete

both

also

the

under

of Cronos

mother
and

as

Rhea

Phrygia

Acrisius

name

2:{,

of human

reminiscence

vivid

and,

concerning Lityerses the harvest-god.


of Pelops is a Phrygian myth of the

stories

sacrifice

originallya divinityof vegetation,as seems


probable,a primitivepeople might have frequentlycon

If Cronos
most

was

the

secrated

nature,

same

that the

victim

human
the

and

horse

him

examples
of the

embodiment

As

with

nected

earth

an

Vide

divinitywe

the

lower

might

Mayer, Reseller's Lexikon,

p.

with

not

mean

but

1505.
ib. p. 1509, gives a wrong
of this ritual,confusing it with

Mayer,

account

Cyprian
The

Cronos
3. 41,

sacrifice to

association

when

is doubtful;
calls

Pelops

Agraulos.
Pelops

of

corn-spiritmight

'

Pindar, 01.

he
Kpovtoy,'

Both

need

the

into
to

rites

the 'son,' as

only 'the
Pelops

horse,

the

Hist.
d

and

vol. 2, pp.

Mayer

god(1.

Cronos

them

con

to

the

supposes,

of Cronos.
appear

but there is

between

Num.
Ref.

paid

descendant'

coins of Himera,
connexion

with

belief

of the

also expect to find him

and

world

of the

deities

other

to

as

fairlynumerous

the

was

to

possiblyexplain the stories of his transformation


this animal
of sacrificing
and the Illyrian
custom

of child-

originc.

same

the

genuinely

about

find

any

of Philo

tradition

we

Aristobuleb.

record

stupefied

been

statement
as

no

led outside

was

there

was

Porphyry

trust

the

latter country

sacrifice in the

bore

of Artemis

find

we

story
the

of

of this

that

taken

be

but

Cretan

myth

ritual

religion. The
only-begotten son

Hellenic

the

life

having

and

suppose

hardly

can

human

may

the shrine

by

to

reason

we

where

to

of Cronia

sacrificed

from

if

condemned

been

feast

the

the

and

Phoenician

the
had

no

borrowing
that

any

who

gates

with

into

god a. Now the


Greek
community,

to

criminal

them

with

sprang

clasped strangers to
pit of fire,attests the
only recorded worship

of the Semitic

worship
of

who

giant, Talus,

brazen

and

29

no

on

proved

there ; Head,

p. 127.
21

Fiaser, Golden

24-26.

Bough,

GREEK

30

dead

the

and

the

and

departed

of ideas.

who

sacrifice to
does

text

of Pitchers
has

the

conception of
phetic sleep below
cult of

24.

Aulis

chres

to

appears

natural

him

when

we

which

have

been

spurious in
Much

have

of

been
the

been

Where

it

Vide

Mommsen,

Lexikon, pp.

of

record

doubtful

'

character

of his

entombed
the

concep

same

from

arise

may

Cronos

the
from

or
sacrifice,

vegetationwho

divinitydoes

pro

sepul
divinity

is slain in

of

for

prophetic Cronos

find
;

Cronos

slepta

direct

record

the

dies with
to

appear

the
have

scanty facts concerning his cult

the

after

which

the whole

on

rejectingmuch

still to be

that

all

are

is late and

far

worship of Cronos
widely diffused throughout the

explained.

more

than

the

The

records

dispossessedgod
and

and

that

attest

the affiliation of the


came

else

we

primeval Aryan
to

be

an

idea

so

the Hellenic

people before the time


this fusion took place has never
of the facts might justify
Some

how

discussed.
satisfactorily
hypothesisthat the figureof Cronos

gian-Cretan;
""

We

put together,and

widely prevalent among


of Homer.

who

chthonian

the

of

who

god

review

by

us

idea

god,

Such

early

Dionysos

the

this strange

to

the

prevailed9.

primitive land of Greece


could hardly explainhow
Zeus

of

the Feast

evidence

Lycophron,

altar of the

made

cult of

better

dream-god,
only
; the

line of

the

and

con

the record.

remains

must

'

the

glean at present

can

earth

afforded

belief about

been,

is the

of the

fall of the year.

we

the

worship

singular ritual
a

as

much

the

attempt

ancient

an

is there

The

Athens

at

with

nor

glimpse

have

the

in

this connexion

but
divinities,

clear4.

of the dead

Cronos

god is perhaps
in Sicily,where

of the

tion

other

reason

speaks of

authority,who
at

the

in the Anthesteria

such

from

any

to

as

worship

the

any

receive

Cronos

unsuccessful

been

derived

be

may

not

make

not

associate

to

it did

descended

made

heroes

the isles of the blest

rulingover

expression in cult,so far


told by Pausanias
that the worshipper
we
are
into the grave of Trophonius at Lebadea, first

But

know

we

as

of his

legend

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

the idea

Heorlologie,
p.
1517-1518.

20

of the

note

and

22,

was

originallyPhry

affiliation of Zeus
80;

and

Mayer

and

in Roscher's

REFERENCES

Elis,at

Olympia

6. 20,

avTov
fi/}

fs

TOV

Paus.

Olympius)
DeinOSth.

K.

eWii/

Lebadea

'oAvfiTrt/co?,
enavdyovaiyap

KCI\ Ai'a avrodi

^a\KoDs

Z(v$

vabs

Koi

24, 6

IO.

19, ch.

QrjftaseVt

2O.

TOV

re

Trophonius)

^vt6^rj.

(Westermann,p. 23)

^Tow.

TroXvv

ou

Kpdyta*dycofS'

ru

of

cave

"Hpa

/SaaiXei*ai
fifiK^rjcrw

Au

SoOijvai
Kpdvw

avrov

es

the
(into

Kariw

F/Az
pseudo-Plutarch,

TrXcoav eis

Sd^a

KOI

Kai raDr'

I.

9. 39, 3 Bvei 6

Kpoj/a)Kai

/cai

Se

ert

'Peas.

Kai

Kpovov

R.

rrjsj3ov\rjs.Vide
dcpeifjievr^s

fitaravr*

Paus.

Thebes:

6e xpovov

'EXa(pia"
rjpi

r"u

di/riTratSdff. Cf. R.

icr^/zepiai/rrjv eV

Se uyoot/

rfj
(TOVKpoviov)

opovs

(jov'EKaTOnftai"vos
pyvos)
Tt/zo/tp.
p. yo8 ScoSe/car?/

Delphi: Paus.

'AyroXXcoi'tre

TOV

18, 7 (in the peribolosof the temple of Zeus

i.

ap^ala

K(ii
Kpovicov

eVi

III.

dvOpatTrcov
yevovs, Kpovov

dvarepa)

ra

Athens:

It). 8. 2,

'HXeiW.

Kara
Kpdi/aj

6vovo~Lv ol BatriXat KaXovpevot ra"

/LiT^i/i
TRjpa

CHAPTER

FOR

Paus.

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

32

OVTOS

a'yermTrap

nuroT?

fJ.OV"TlKOS.
''

Rhodes

^4^A

Porph.

2.

etfuero yap

54

ical eV

'PdScp/iiyvi

rw
Kpdi/a)'o "17eVi TroXi' Kparrjcrav
(ivdpconos
exr?; tcrrap.eVou
Mera'yetrvico^i

Zva yap
p."Tf(B\r)6r)'

fdos

eVi 6avdru" Sr;/iocrm


/ue^pi/uev
KaraKpi^eVrcoi'

ra"v

crv^el^ov,
ev(TTa.(TT]s 8e rfjscoprasnpoayayovrfs
Kpoi/i'coj/
.

TOV

rcoi/

e'"a)
avOpatnov

otou
.

divinam
rem
Gyrene: Macr. "SVz/.i. 7, 25 Cyrenensesetiam, cum
placentasquemutuo
(Saturno)faciunt,ficis recentibus coronantur

ei

missitant
8

Alexandria:

Alexandrinorum
Cf. Athenae.

811

Sat.

Macr.

hos
pressi(Aegyptii)

pouvrey

repertorem Saturnum

mellis et fructuum

apud

quos

praecipuecolebantur, coacti
ov

r")

Arch.

rnXtov
ii[jL(polv

1872,
KUI

Ka\

/SouXo/ztWeV

at Beyrouth
Inscription

Rev.
/3o)/id$-,

cultum

(Saturnum et Serapim)in

apros)
(('yKpvfpias

faQifiv
TrpoTi^eao-ty

tyrannidePtolemaeorum

7, 14-15

deos

quoque

more,
HO

i.

aestimantes.

of

p. 253:

Kpdi/ov)
"

ro"

'AXf^ai/Spels Kpovco dcpier")

rou

Kpovov ifpai.

(?)third century
cf. Et.

sunt.

A.D.

Mag. 426.

Kpovov 'Hhiov
16

in.]
9

CRONOS.

Cic.

De

Occidentem

Nat.

Dear.

colunt.

KpoVof

evravda

Thurius

tellure in Sicula

eo-nepav

TOTTOIS

ewrrepav

vevovTa

qui tumulos

otKOVvrag

Hist.

memorat

fJ-fprj iroXXovf raif

Te

5e eap

TO

Adv.

TO

T^f

2t/ceXtai/ /cat

TOI'

TOV

TOIS

Trpo?

Ta

Trpo?

e'/ceiVouKpoj/taTrpoo"-

378

KaXfiy
/cat
fjyelo-dai
GeoTro/^Tros

QeposA^poSirrjVj

184 KpoVoi/fie

o~vvo\ov eV

aV

v^rjXwv TOTTCOV

/r. "?/ ^Af/r. p.

ad

Sui"ao-re"o-aiSe' "pao-t

'iTaXtav Kal
T")y

KOTU
crvo-TT]o-ao-6ai
TTJV /Sao-tXeiW,

toropet

Grace.

maxime

Gent. 4.
Saturnias
reliquiasque

Sic. 3. 61

Diod.

eVt 8e
h.i/3vT]v,

ayopeveo-Qai.Cf. Plut. Zk

vulgo

cf. Arnob.
:
T(Ta"p6ai

avTov

contineri.

2iKeXt'ar"*fnt

KOTO.

Saturnum

17, 44

3.

Philochorus,Frag.

erriKflcrdai2t*eXta,Kat

25 Patrocles

33

8e Trpos

TOVS

ecnrepav

fie
TO
Kpoj/oi/,

pei" ^ftp-cora

e'x Se Kpovoi; "ai 'A.(ppudi.Tt]s


Ilfpae^dfT/v'
y(v-

vao~6aL

Diod.

Sic. 13- 86

5e
'AjuiX/cas

KUTU.

TO

fdos

naTpiov

TU"

Kpoixo

p.fv

o~(payuicras.
Plutarch,De Sllperst.
171

Sc

TI

fjToiavTa
vopi^fiv
iJ-r/Tfdaip.6va)v

Soph. Frag.

e'XuoriTeXel/iT^Te
Ttva

OUK
Kap^r;8ovioif

dvciv oia

TCO

Kpoj/a)edvov

'}

:
(corr.Scaliger)

132

Kpdi'aj
/3ap/3apots
$m;7roXeIi"
dp^Btv ytvos.
ffpoTCtov
vofMS

PlatO,Min.
ov

TCIS

Diod.

^etpas

TavTa

Sic.

2O.

vTTTias,

Dion.

TOL/S

TO)

ov

K"U

Kpovco.

avTo'is dvftpias
Trap'
Kpoi/of ^aXKoi'

5e

eVt Tr)i"
e'y/ce*cXt/ieVay
y;^,
fl?

vlds

auTuv

ocriov

Tt"f

cotrTf

tiriTcOtma

TWV

%a(T{JL(l7f\rjpfS
TTVpnS.

Tl

duo-Las eVtreXtti/
Kpovw
38 \fyovo~t8e
Te'coy j^ TroXiy fitep-fti'e,
['Pco/iatourl,
cof/Trep eV Kap^^Soj/t
Trapa

TraXatou?
KeXTOt?

Hal.

(cat

auTcoi/

ryf

d7TOKV\l"o6ai KO.ITTlTTTflV
J

a)S

tvioi

14

TOI"JI

fiev
6vovo~iv [cii""pa)7rovs~\
Kap^^Sovioi

315^

KOI
avTols,

eo~Ti

yap

I.

/cat

Ta?

TO)

/cat

ToSe

ff

%p6vovyiyveTaixal

aXXoty

fv

Ttat

TU"V

ecrncpiav
edv"Vjdvdpo-

(povovs.
16

Frag.

Grace.:

Hist.

6vo~iwv (prjaiTOVS
KprjTiKcov
17

Philo

fJLOVoyfvrivioi"
8

et

I.

22

i.

7, 37,

sacra

3. p.

Saturno

dicit
.

iam

quotationfrom

quae

Grace.

Philochorus

fructibus

Graium

TWV
o-vvayuyf)

569)

TOI/

tavTov

TTarpt 6Xo"afTOt.

Cecropem

aram

pars

Conficiunt
VOL.

10,

frugibus et

vescerentur; Ib.
Maxima

i.

TV

Kpova) flueivrralo'as.

TraXaioj/TW

TO

(Frag. Hist.

24

Kpoj/ojOvpavco TU"

statuisse

familiarum

Koup^Ta?

Bybl.fr. 2. "

IVIacrob. ""z/.

Attica

eV
Istros,frag.47 "Io-rpor

Saturno

et

Cronia

esse

Opi primum in
ut patres
instituisseque
coactis passim cum
servis
.

et

L. Accius:
maxime

Athenae

iterantur ab

illis,

RELIGION.

GREEK

34

Quisque

C.

Gr.

I.

famulosque

fere

urbesque

agros

per

omnes

procurant

suos.

Demosth.

Schol.

laeti

epulis

Exercent

celebrant

diem

Eumque

I. A.

C.

523,

eoprfj

10

113.

p.

TO"V

'EXa^)^/3oXia"i/oy"' Kpov"o

77

3.

6ea"v.

fJ.r]Tpl

Kal

Kpovat

ayofievrj

SooSfK-

nonavov

6jjL(pa\ov.
21

Schol.

Neptuno
ritu

eV

OVT"

OVT"

JVVT]

KVO)V

Se

avrbv

LyCOphron
Diod.

"naOrj T""V

6eS)v

^eoi

27

J/Epya

5' efwoz/

ev8aiuov"OTciTT]s

ei.Tt

^eol

"pvgiv

Kal

(pevyovcri

cf.

fleav

irp"Tos

KprjriKrjs "l^rjs

6*

a/z""l/3co/zw

MeXa/tTroda

97

I.

Kal

irfpl

ra

roC

MevavSpos,

Et.

els

fls

V.

eneftaXc.

Kpiaiv

(pacrlv

S.

Kovprjruv

vno

Mag.

Kara^ve'tatv

avro

enrjpKfo-cv'

7rpo/j.dvnos Kpovov.

fjLerevfy"e~ivl" AiyvTrrov

(pao~i

Ka]

fiTavop.a\iay

TTJS

//.

Kpovov

5.

HI

of

"7rl

fj."v

aKrjdea 6vp,6v

Kpovov

TO

ra
.

crvvohov

rrjv

nfpl

trfpl ra

OVO-TJS,

15.

224

eypa^/av

as

ftaXa

dp,(pls eovres.

or

rjcrav,

e/tjSacr/XeufV

ovpavat

e^ovres.

Trepi evo-e/S. (Gompertz,

PhilodemuS,

Hom.

Kal

16,

io~Topiav.

Hesiod,
ware

elprja-dai,on

avTots

ot

p.v6o\oyovfMfva

Kpovov

TO"LS

napa

rrjs

avrpov

203

Sic.

p.

rrepl Kp^r//s.

rots

ev

Kpovos

Kpovov

TQV

on

Kpovov

'ApKecnov

Mag.

2.

Mem.

^uXap^o?

(p^o-t

"w?

8,

8.

De

(lo. Lyd.

34

pro

p.v1a "l(TTJfl.

OVT"

Hesych.

(pacnv

frag.

[KpoVov] tfpw,

OVTOV

KUT

'AKpurias

aXXot

Et.

ro"

Graec.

Paus.

Cf.

immergere.

devoraret,

Illyrico quotannis

unde

tradunt,

aquis

Hist.

filios

suos

cum

devorandum

Frag.

Phylarchus,

Saturno

12

solere

equum

Bekker)

i.

oblatum

equum

sacrorum

Georg.

Virg.

yap

'Ha-toSos

re

p-a^J??

p.
/cat

51
6

G.)

Kal
'

TTJV

"7TV0OVTO

T^S

"rt

KpoVou

A\KfjL"ti)vi8a 7roir]o-a$.

Kal

a'XXoi

otTTfp

eW

^s-

CHAPTER

IV.

ZEUS.

THE

of

study

cults

the
of

interesting chapter
it includes

the

primitive

ideas

all

nearly

two

the

arts

of

the

special

has

such

the

development

At

times

he

polytheism

in

of

part

of

which

the

of

this

the

but

to

in

expected
the

unless

the

what
We

oracles

deity
cannot

under

he

of

was

withheld

in

Greece
what

begin

an

Zeus

and

particular

of

account
D

the

in

by

great

part

of

instruct

the

this

should

worship

the

public

abstract,
term

some

needed

the

he

for

worshipper

name

of

importance

by

to

was

appellatives,

the

God

deity

must

evidence

designated

the

consist

must

greatest

to

the

help

cults

And

the

made

addressed

be

of

of

nature

direct

most

our

divinity usually
of

Zeus.

growths

poetical

mere

never

sort

of

cult-titles, which

the

state-religion.

were

what

help might

of

from

worship

particular

of

are

the

the

in

showed

that

whole

Hellenic

other

examination

an

for

monotheistic.

the

of

as

the

of

much

so

separate

expressing

more

religion

character

the

as

the

became

sacrifice

and

prayer

in

distinguished

on

title

times

at

embodied

ideas

ideas,

overshadow

utterance

carefully

and

moral
to

and

study

great

be

of

of

and

Greek

counts

or

were

of

civilization
in

and

figures

are

character

content,

most

life

the

Prometheus

no

for

human

and

external

yet

ethical

seems

religious
The

Greece,

the

advanced

Although

of

most

religion,

most

nature

and

history

of

wealth

the

worship.

Dionysos,

in

importance

the

this

Athene,

Apollo,

of

Greek

religious thought,

with

side

by

departments

with

penetrated

of

the

perhaps

of

history

extremes

side

the

the

is

Zeus

of

and

right title,
the

function

worshipper

to

pray.

by noting

the

RELIGION.

GREEK

36

of

primitive worship,

the

have

we

it is hard

seen,

import, of
originalexact
the more
primitive from
cult, if

which

moral

or

is

AIKTCUOS-

born

there

to

his

of his

in cults and

this; the

the

land
'

prior to the
Kp^rayez/'ij?
the

Crete

in

that Zeus

maintained

Pythagoras6.
excessive
weight

ascribed

to

theoryworthy

Crete

It is

of Euhemerus

is maintained

impossibleto
of

the

was

Zeus, whom

lies great

Here

it a

which

value

the

that

peculiarand embarrassing form,

from

worship.

is

myths

cult of Zeus

Cretan

the

that the savage

gives an
Kunst-Mythologie,

legend,and draws
Diodorus
Siculus,in
believe

all

to

stages of

and
earlier,

epigram

an

says

but

first notice, for

in

to this

cradle

the

root-meaning, the
we
can
distinguish

advanced

is the

there

died

and

Bottiger,in
or

have

common

probable hypothesis

the

legend of

God,'

call

men

more

preserved

appears

the strange

and

the

god

1~9, claims

Zeus

religionof

name,

spiritual.The

and

fix the

to

the

most

of the

physicalaspect
more

the

accept

we

character

aboriginal and

are

centres

story of Zeus, but

the

to

was

tribes.

Hellenic

As

cult

the

and

personage

important
places may

are

different

and

elements

different

contributed

the

Dodona

Crete,Arcadia, and

diffused

originated and

it

whence

Greece

in

tribe

localityor

[CHAP.

Cretan

difficult

and

prove

legend

the

be

to

is that

it

illustrates very
value
A

for the

Crete

with

Cretans

Minor.

legend in

Crete

legend
to

ruse

the

Pyrrhic
conceal

Have

we

It is this

here, as

worship that

grew

with

Cronos
of

war-dance

and

birth

of

child,and

third

their

influences
chief

that

reason

because

from

and

the

the

Curetes

the

point that

some

have

and

spread

most

thought,the
over

and

Phoenicia
the

that

Zeus-

part of

swallowingof

the

birth

the

cults

points in

Zeus:

from

evidence

qualitybelongingto

savage

the

the

for

three

are

concerns

the Earth-Mother

latter.

confused
There

which

the

stone:
a

often

receive

to

suspicion; not
ahvays liars,but

were

Asia

historyhas

much

were

legends

the

Greek

of

student

and

have
little
primitive ideas, though it may
historyof the purely Hellenic religionof Zeus.

the

explained
prominence

and

death

concerns

germ

the Hellenic

as

of

of the
here.

us

of the Zeus
world

or

is

ZEUS.

iv

this

all

at

Probably

the

by

attended

Phrygia
of

Dionysos,

hung

was

theory0, based

is Welcker's

This

worship

native

in the

the

but

Dionysos,

it

that

Athenaeus,

god

new-born

'

was

that

sow

will not

legend

and

child-god

the

to

Sardis

also8

had

claimed

to

be

the

At
a

least the

have

also

may

god
b

the

same

Zeus.

This

at

been

least

of Bacchus

nurse

an

'

Argos"a
image of the
at

is

Amalthea

the

to

this animal
the

the

and

from
c

Cronos

the

in

Aphrodite
it

there

attached

same

do

with

hung

it on

that

note

of

Tralles

Griechische

else

that

may

the

and

the

her

believe

birth

the

men

Zeus,

and

story

gave

13.
the mature
a

tree

Gotterhhrc,

fab.

2, p.

39.

218,

"c.

explanation

suggest for the story in Hy-

ginus,that

of

the

to

animal

may

we

by

recorded

is nowhere

pig

cycle,and was
Lastly, we

legend

decaying year.

of the

I should

called

the bald Zeus

'

Possibly

the

certain

in

making

sacred

worship of Zeus Tovalos at


Cretan
legend has little to

the late

rise to

counterpart: ; and

from

Crete

into

came

his nurse,

as

sow,

Cybele,

of Attis- Adonis,

her

Minor,

of Asia

trust

may

consider

the

n.
Now
at the sacrifice
first-offering
in the ritual of Zeus, but was
found
cult

we

cow

the

with

nourishment

the

'

can

of the

of its flesh ; and

taste

to

the goat that

story

gave

rites with

sacred

akin
We

recognized

was

all the Cretans

wherefore

perform

the

still is the Cretan


a

sacred, and
especially
of Praesos

Dionysos

Stranger

cults.

Greek

of

bull-form

the

and

figures

elsewhere

coins11,regarded

of Cretan

the evidence

nurture

legend, if

Cretan

another

cult, and

Dionysiac

chief

features

in certain

especiallyassociated

is

him

suckled

to

Zeus.

him

infant's

the

the

the

came

reallyAtys,

named

new-comers

legend concerning

who

was

support for this view

find additional
Cretan

child

the

b.

and

arguments

mother

his

that

image, like

many

mainland

the

from

child-god and

the

found

island

Greeks

the

analogies:

on

may

sacrificial purposes

for

tree

on

death

and

whose

fall of the year, and

rise and

typifythe

is

birth

earth a, whose

the child of the

"

Rhea,

probably not
Dionysos Atys of

the

rather

all,but

at

of

son

of the Curetes,

orgiasticrout

Zeus

Hellenic

the

Zeus-worship ?

dies, the

who

child-Zeus

the

not;

Hellenic

the

of

integralpart

an

37

save

the infant

Eph.

Arch.

vide text, p. 8.

1893,

Uiv.

i.

16-25;

and

reflected

It was
cult.
recognition in Greek
the myth
Mount
Lycaeum, where

Cretea,

place

the Arcadian

of

Cretan

or

Achaea

we

to

snake

And

honey-cake,was
bore

very

suckled

sufficient
we

in

Amalthea

its

in the

hand,

better

can

and

study

the

moreover

that

changed

into

bore

and

clear

Olympia

b.

Arcadia.

in

and

Dodona,

and

couch

on

historic

Zeus,

Tomouri

from

the
and

earth.'

his

eworthy

Tomarus

the

tradition

that

one

to

seem

which

on

of

of

'

have
the

divination

"

at

the

out

th

pr

anL,
P

'

pre

called

temple

stood
of

'

Dodon^

D"

'"

^^

that

doves

life!

Dodona
"f lots
os

the
to

points

or

been

'

who

the

feet and

Pelasgic

^
ssd

afar,

dwell

primitive fashion

form

the

not
"

Dodo-

dwellest
thee

wash

is the

who
priests,

Mount

evidentlyretained

This

of

Unes

around

Hi, the interpreters of thy will,who

proof

The

in Homei,s
graphicaliy described
of Dodona, thou
that
Pelasgian God

wintry

of

primitive phase of

early and

very

horn

the

is

the

who

the
for

reason

have

we

Crete

Dodona

Zeus-worshipat

-eus,

Zeus,

believe

may

Olympian temple

between

early connexion

nean'3

in

Aegium

at

and
was
invading Arcadian
army,
the
temple of Eileithyia with offeringsof
the child Zeus-Dionysos ; for elsewhere
Zeus
of the
Saviour
title of the
City/ and the

child

of the

We

desire

"

this

image

at

the

terrified
in

the

to

Also

being probably

Zeus

pretentious of the

goat that

of the

story there.

Cretan

and

worshipped

the

itself

due

the

contest

etymology.

legend

city

to

be

may

of

birth

the

of

slight

Arcadian

the

on

mysterious child Sosipolisat Olympiaa, who

the

the

mistaken9

find the

the
localizing

mountain,

priesthood

of the

name

the

on

but

received

Hellas, and

of

god

omnipotent

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

38

from
ro

caldron

RELIGION.

GREEK

40

his

attached

him

to

alluded

have

in

which
E^J/xtos-,

titles

sacred

"I"4uoj17

Lesbos18, and

idea,just as c/^/

the

to

the

air, is

the

in

voice

the
"Oo-o-a,

The

signs and omens.


messenger15, and

sent

who

however, always preeminentlyZeus

It was,

instances.

[CHAP.

in

Erythrae,must
itself was

'rumour'

or

was

personified.And this power and function of Zeus


also marked
by the title of Trc^o^cuoj, the god who hears
and
voices
speaks through signs,the title given him in
in the fine epigram of Simonides 14a,who
Iliad1'-* and

sometimes
are

all
the

dedicated

received

worshipped as

was

19. But
of the title re/xicmo*

record

in Greece

place

Its fame

high

and

enduring repute
Zeus

was

find Demosthenes

least

idential
most

the

what

state, weary

ritual

sacrifices

or

the

Of

no

it

but

Dione

existed

The

enjoyed

and
his

and

the

contains

attain

may

at

the

on

con-

The

divinity

question of the

intestine strife and

they

Athens

at

discovered
inscriptions
throw
an
interesting

oracle

the Greek

of

political

"

Greek

which

for

its utterance

concord

answer,

we

which

or

have

questioningwe
as

yet

is free of

only

askinand

305-360.
schriften,
i^c^-i^qg

than

"

tooarrr
^

one

have

by
good

^"^

any

l^'

unfort

example

ambiguity,and

iass.

'

temple-oracle.

Delphi ;

Dodona

at

spiritualprayer

and
instance,

vmitys

only famous

usually the subjectsof consultation were


to health,doubts
matters, questions relating
concern
of a child,or the desirableness of lettinlegitimacy

house -.

mately

have

we

But

government*

ing

of

of the

is that

important

smaller

worship

relations between

.orcyraean

of

to
referring

functions

the

was

omens

the North-western
Greeks.
among
celebrated in a Pindaric ode ; and

excavations

recent

light on

fame

the fifth century.

earlyas

as

the

in

the

and

guidance,

Dodona

spoke through

the

paled before

3odonean
we

Zeus

where

Parnes21,and

Mount

"n^aAe'os on

god of

The

the battle.

sign for

favourable

some

he had

probablybecause

of this name,

to Zeus

spear

short

other

for

'^

I59"'

ItwaspVobaWy.asPomtowsuggests,

of

ZEUS.

iv.]

given

theatrical

with

celebrated

tinued
dark

belonged

least till the

at

it

conspicuouslyas

god

Peloponnese

vatory220. But
received

human

dreaded.

The

practicewhen

the

to

of

that

him

and

present
and

could

of

foretold

and

rite

to the

them

to

wolf

cult

is much

Prof.

Robertson

with

god

the

The
ft

Ib.

Article

shape

mysterious
b

Smith

cult of

into

is

is

and

wolf, may
a

cast

that

we

Zeus

sacrifices his

here

to

and

'Religion of

209.

rare

the

is the
who

is

himself.

darkly figure the god

compare

year,

of

AVKCIOS

fact of very

man

theory

have

son

years

22b' g"n.

shadow
The

wolf,

The

within

noteworthy

Sacrifice,
Encyc. Brit.,

of nine

flesh.

those

into

end

at the

probable,that
who

Lycaon

among

one

some

in all this.

wolf-clan, and

Lycaon,
a

animal

or

1587.
on

and

feasting

that

myth

transformation

suffered

man

sacrifice is

human

obser

the counterpart of the belief

was

his human

no

of this clan.

transformed

of

for the

when

Zeus

also the

namely, that

"

always

that

There

do

rain

whole

the

probablyaccounts

before

food

his table ; and

only recover

inside

priest

the

produced
which

from

the

drought

by abstainingduring the interval from human


the precinctsof the altar died
who
entered
and

in

appears

physicalpower, namely, as

times

human

set

the rite

at

22,"

Lycaeum

excellent
serving as an
it was
chieflyas a god who demanded
known
sacrifice that Zeus Lyceius was

changed

that attached

was

savage,

is visible

at

was

the

as

period,and con
prc-historic
without
Pausanias
losing its

or

rain ; in

the

Lycaon

unawares

himself

was

late

as

In the first place,Zeus

the details of the sacrifice. The

myth

least

Neua

child on the altar ;


king Lycaon offered a human
of such
to darkly hint at the survival
seems
rather not speak of
he declares that he would

Pausanias

and

the

of

Mount

on

rites,the lofty summit

by certain
the

Zeus

time

mountain

the

ascended

encouragement

respects, most

elemental

an

sends

who

festival

some

repellentaspect.

and

the

performancesat

of

worship

that

worship

and

and

strangest, and, in

Arcadian

the

Dione

B.C.

century

The
the

by Pyrrhus,

it

to

second

with

times

in later

revived

oracle

The

v~x.

its connexion

through

13r~t"

sensible

anda

41

occur-

Semites,'p.

RELIGION.

GREEK

42

worship of

in the

rence

Zeus

in

and

recorded

offered

Plutarch

its

whatever

sacrifice

on

Mount

Zeus

advanced

with

connected

to

this

that

is,the records
its

physical
to

appears

sense

have

worship

survive

to

of

moral

various

these

be

indeed

the

denote

the

the

the

been

mountain,
306 f. Parall.

Zeus

regarded as

exile who

of

Mount

^w,

fleeson account

and

of Alcman

ode

preserved. As
cult

it is

and

it

testifyonly

that

evidence

cult

the

proves

enough

In

order.

though
but

heavens

that

the

the

word

but

he

Lycaeum might

Immerwahr

Arkadiem,

of the

of bloodshed

had

is not

the

god

term

the

contained

5.

the

or

for this

reviewing

than

'OA^mo?

had

p.

do

nothing to

root

Xa^,

expresslycalled

(Die

air ;

upper
rather

is Ouranos

simple

supposed

any

.ie

sin,

that

lives in the

god who

reference,
as

Moral

for

epithetsattachingto him in the


is obvious,without
physicalsense

remarked

such

with

conception of

scarcelyany testifyto Zeus


find
mere
personificationof the bright sky. We
epithetsOvpdviosand aWpios ; but these need only

It has

some

the

been

localities in any

personal sky pure

Zeus.

ideab.

of the

some

followingthe
being

necessity

atonement

of this Arcadian

collect other

to

different cults of which

"e

the

far this

to

seems

undeveloped character, and the


remained
always without an image.

notice

it is to

been,

Alus,

at

of sin and

had

physicalor elemental qualityof Zeus;


purpose

and

and

It is necessary

"

have

spiritualexpression, if

any

that commemorated

as

practice
preserved by

Lycaeum;

expiation,that is, with the germ


might perhaps be able to say how
Lycacus, as a god who demanded

We

the

to

Idaeus

Zeus

originalsignificancemay

become

for

to

allusion

an

a.

rite of human

have

tradition,and perhaps

the

in the Athamantid

have
drought320. Finally we
and
in the legend of Meidias

The

offered

familyat Alus
Phyxios there 25,and the legend
by Lycophron may be genuine, that a certain Molpis
himself to Zeus
Ombrios, the rain-god,in time of

survived
practice,
the worship of Zeus

the

even

of

tradition

Aristomenes

whom

Ithomatas,to
prisonersof war24,and

hundred

have

to

seem

; we

it in the cult of Zeus


6ve

[CHAP.

Kulte

und

23) wrongly

and

SQ

Mythen

supposes,

iv.]

ZEUS.

signifiedthe
is doubtful

sky,' for

shining'one

; but

if

that

allow

once

'

the
and

mountain,

The

a.

Olympius
have

may

derivation

have

taken

countless

the

his

other

at

shining
snow-

from

name

instances1'.

of the

Athene
It would

be

and

would

denote

may

be

illustrated

Zeus

at

the

Aeolic

an

with

and

divinityof

by the
Stratonicea,where as

associated

of the

not

epithetapdpios,an important cult-term


at Aegium
in Achaia, ought not
to be

and

doubtful'-7.

'

originallydenoted

the

meaning

of Zeus

need

we

Zeus

means

divinitymay
the speciallocalityin this as in
The

of this derivation

accuracy

accept the

we

Zeus

word

43

Hecate

Doric

the

form

for ?;/me/no s,

broad

daylight0,and
epithet Uara^pu^
attaching to
divinityof

by

contrast

that

had

the

light he

was

2S. It is

possiblethat a like
sense
belongs to the word by which Zeus was
designated
at
in Elis, AcvKtuos2-0, the 'white
Lepreum
god,' which
Pausanias
to explain by reference
seems
to an
ancient plague
of leprosy; a myth that may
have
the people's
arisen from
of

etymology
But

it is far

name

almost

died

out

them.

among

the
probable that the Zeus ACVKCUOS, whom
in the time
of Pausanias,
Lepreatae only faintlyremembered
was
reallyZeus Lycacus, the national god of the Arcadian
This

ft

more

theory appears

treatise

De

Mundo,

B,

For

further discussion

vide p.

inscription of

league27contains
Orchomenus
Amarios

as

TO

the

the oath

Achaeans

the

by

sworn

Strabo

of the

question

63.

An

the

where

p. 400
from u\o\a.fjLiTr)s.

is derived
*OA.y/x7roy
b

first in

the

in
and

the

and

Amaria.

temple

in

of

men

of

name

Athena

speaks of

Achaean

of federation

in

of the Achaeans, fordeliberaand

common,

in which
'Ofidpiov,

tainingthe
about

by

terms

Aratus

the

of the
between

as
evidentlyunderstood
meaning
derivation
might by
reallymean
the god of the confederacy,explains
words
'A/zdpto?
; but neither of the two
"

and

"

could

be

There

again of the
coninscription
amnesty brought
the rival parties

for

into

doubt

no

originaland

preserved
and

dialect-variant
be

can

vouched

the

that

was

And

Aegium

deposited. Collilz
'O^dptos,which

consider

to

the

of the Achaean
cities. But
representatives
mentions
a temple of Zeus'O^aPolybius
is a mis-reading),
erected by
pios (opopios
the men
of Croton, Sybaris,and Caulon,

tion

Megalopoliswas

Zeus

the meeting-placeof
'Apdpiov,

in imitation

in

seems

by

orthodox

updpios

that

other,

is
'A/xdptos

title,as it is

inscriptionand is
correctlyby Strabo,
easilybe corrupted

the

almost

it could

of the

more

than

the

for this ancient

reverse

could

titleof the skyprobably lose its clear sense,


and as the temple was
used for political
the political
meetings of the confederacy,
title o/*dpto?
have
into vogue
come
might
and partlydisplacedit,though the older
retained its place in the official
term

happen ;
god

would

documents.

RELIGION.

GREEK

44

claimed

they

which

to

community,

[CHAP.
have

to

originally

belonged.
brought

Zeus
Very rarely was
the lightsof heaven, and
the

have, indeed,

We

sun.

period in

the

invocation

instance

either

the

of

period.

common
divinities,
In Crete, where

cult-titles

such

god,

if

have

may
Zeus

as

with

to do

be

Zeus-Helios,but it may
later pantheistictheory or of
of

strong, this confusion


to

nothing

epigram of a probably
death of Thales2',in which

of

confusion

later

the

Anthologyon

find the

an

with

connexion

any

little or

had

he

into

the

to

the

we

merely an

the

6coKpa"rla,
and

Alexandrine
element

Phoenician

late

was

and given birth


begun earlier,

Talaios

of
Hesychius' interpretation

Tallaios

or

Talos

as

156

*, a solar
is

Helios

correct.

foreigninfluences
led
^tothe double-worshipof Zeus-Helios in Amorgos29,
and
Here
is uncertain.
certified by an
early inscription,

Whether

Zeus

there
that

peculiar local syncretism

some

have

may

attracted

myth

in the main

belonged to Helios,but

or

religionof

his

solar
figure is entirelydistinct,and
to explain Apollo, Heracles
and
endeavour
Nor

Zeus.
ilinquish

star-worship,which

2ligion.The

has

his

absorbed

or

people
may

others, but

must

place

any

the

cult

mythology

divinityanything

scarcely finds

at

do

to

with

all in Greek

'Ara'/nosat Gortys 30,if the cult


actuallyexisted, belongs probably to the Phoenician worship
in which

The

the Minotaur

phenomena
his

under

Zeus

name

figuresa.

in

especial

the

care

physical
the

were

which

world

rain, the

are

that denote

the

giver

of

had
the

wind, and

cult-names

Zeus

rain,wind

and

dew,

and
to these may
BpovT"v,Kepai^os,the thunderer,
be added
host of poetical epithets**- ".
a
Probably in every
ity of Greece men
prayed to Zeus for rain in times of long
.rought,and the officialAthenian prayer has been preserved
the corn-land of the Athenians
and
m, ram, dear Zeus, on

BOTTOM*,

"

eir

pastures'

'b

It of Zeus

The

the instituti()n of
myth assodates
Panhellenios with the blessingof rain,when
P-

t he
t

male

counterpart of

ZEUS.

iv.]
Aeacus,

the

at

petitionof
the

oracle,ascended
whole
the

the

name

of

this beneficent

and

instigatedby the Delphic


Aegina and prayed for the
cult

of Zeus

Aphesios:G,

also, perhaps erroneously,connected

became
pourer-forth,

with

all Greece

mountain

and

nation;

45

function.

It has

been

that

seen

the

Zeus

rain and
dew,
god of the fertilizing
cult for the
there
in Greek
and
was
poetical
justification
^7
of the dew-goddess in Alcman's
verse
as
personification

of Dodona

Naios

was

daughter of the sky-god and


was
'IK/UUZIOS
worshipped in Ceos

'

the

Etesian

moist
The

he

which
wind

of the

who
the
A

thereupon
Eleans

taught

was

continued

called

hero

is curious

to

note

to

the flies away

sent

to

ritual occurred

similar

and

at Elis63.

Zeus,

the

sent

35.

in the

physical
under
'A-Tro/xwoy,

the

as

the

the

worship

who

sends
that

legend said

sacrifice to

in

god

much

was

across

sacrifice

of

Elean

at Olympia,
sacrificing

insects, and

who

god

that

heat, is the lord of flies. The

Heracles, when

also Zeus

titles that refer to the

divinityis

supreme

worshipped

was

and

these

all these

the

as

So

of Aristaeus

the prayer

at

quaint of

most

functions

winds

the moon.'

Zeus

by
'ATTO'JUWOS,

Alpheus.

name

of

troubled

of this

Apollo

at

And

god.

Leucas,

in Arcadia.
Myiagros, 'the fly-catcher,'
that it is not
against the plague of flics

It
in

taken ; these were


merely
generalthat these precautionswere
the worshipper from
preliminary sacrifices offered to secure
to which
being troubled in his devotions at the main sacrifice,
of
of flies were
swarms
likelyto be attracted by the savour
the

flesh.

It

only

offensive

anything

illustrates
or

the

great

care

distractingat the divine

taken

to

avert

service.

thunder-god was worshipped as Kepavvios in Olympia


in Antandros.and
and Kepaiwo/3oAoy in Tegea,as 'AorpaTrcuos
pro
consecrated
by the
bably every spot struck by lightningwas
The

An

worship, showing probably


interesting
a
primitiveview, is that of Zeus K"pawos"39n at Manvery
directs the
Zeus
tinea,in which
appears, not as the god who
is
itself : the thunder
phenomenon, but as the phenomenon
same

rite to him.

regarded
traces

where

of

personal,and in this,as in other cases, we


very undeveloped stage of belief in Arcadia, a
offered prayers
directly to the winds and

as
a

men

find
land

the

The

divine.

same

Zeus

Karat/3cm)9 at

Zeus

that

in

which

Orestes

which

on
apyo'y,

the country
title as

ing the
much

himself

god

people

the

and

sat

the root

god,'from
touching

on

that

in the

down

came

these

of his

cured

Zeus

lightning
found

p, interpret

; but

Karairavut

We

in Trcoraojuat a.

have

nothing

is

falling
here

are

than
with

do

to

there

the

'

means

older
thought infinitely

instances

XiOos

madness, and
39

KaTruwras

that the term

appears
of

stratum

and

Homeric,

procuring lightning. This

if from

as
stayer,'

'

for

used

was

'

was

called

be said for the view

to

may

by the story which Pausanias


Gythium about a sacred stone,

neighbourhoodof

in the

'

we

is illustrated

the meteor

or

'

the

and
lightning,

or

which
elicere,'

phrase lovem
Etruscan
magic of

belief that

naive

rain

the

in

descends

the process

and

sentient

as

primitivethought appears in the worship of


Olympia ?"9 1. The descending Zeus is the

the Latin

compare

viewed

being

themselves

thunder, the elements

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

46

the

that

tendency to identify the deity with the


object,as, for instance, Dionysos with the wine, Ares with
the battle, Hephaestus with the fire,which
is merely inten
tional metaphor b ; nor
that
later pantheistic
again with
conception expressed in Euripides, and more
prominent in
occasional

later

Stoicism,which

regards Zeus and the other personal divinities


equivalentsfor the impersonal nature, the aWr/por the

mere

as

whole

cosmos.

Though
few

such

primitive and

cults,yet

of

most

naive

them,

thought

far

so

they

as

physical functions

of

Zeus, represented him

sented

as

in

the whole
of

Homer,
realm

is

preservedin

dealt
he

as

personal divinityhaving

of nature, not

as

the

is repre
over

power

or
personification

specialdepartment.
In Homer, indeed,there commonly

with

minister

the

three

realms

according to
and

Homer

Vide
Cf.

Strom.

of nature

sort

might

of

are

to

'W\"\Q,LakonischeA'ulte:
p. 21.
//.

2.

381, 426;

7. 863 P.

us

TVV

ruled

the

by

constitution,to which

seem

Clem.

Alex.

oibrjpov
"AprjV

reconcile

theory that

three

Poseidon

brothers

appeals,

polytheism with

irpoaayopevovaiv
Aiovvffov

the

appears

Kara

nal
"EXXrjves,
TWO.

rov

the

olvov

dvatyopdv.

worshipped
XfloVios

worshipped

was

is

Amorgos

of

functions

the libation

made

Other

partly fused

is

Zeus

The

physical universe.
both?
a

is called

He

remarkable

againstZeus

his association

illustrated by
strikingly

will be

trinityin

this

sole

the

never

of the

in the

that he does

world,

Trcrn/p

or

later on,

which

Zeus

god

in the

Odyssey,a complaint

school,bear

out

myth, apart
religious
say about

In fact, Greek

this view.

from

re,

and

is uttered

nor

and

popular
writers

religionand
very

little to

largeor small scale ; and the


is often inconsistent and
statement
singularlyscanty, when
it even
with savage
one
compares
mythologies,which some
times offer very quaint and explicitexplanations of the origin
of things. In Greek theologythe universe
the work
not
was
of a pre-existing
but rather the divinities were
them
divinity,
selves
tt

We

either
creation,

Orphic teaching,have

of

whensoever

'

'

of his

ever
or

men,

ai'bp"v re Ot"v

bringeththem to birth b ; but neither cult


legend,nor the systematized mythology of Hesiod

is

he

of

compassionate men

not

he

'

Philius.

noticed

question arises whether

by Homer

passage

those who

in which

also

but

the creator, either

regarded as

of the vint

god

brothers.

the supreme

becomes

Dionysos;

ivy,mark

regards

his

with

Zeus a,

to

representationof Zeus

explicitas

more

of

with

evidence, which

monumental

is still

was

monumental

well-known

Didymaeus6-,

crowned

were

the

the

deity

attached

Zeus

'

of

and

and

As

55.

identified with

times

at

wine-god, which

the

with

find him

of

Cyrene

Hades

sometimes

the ritual of Zeus

age'45,and

for

Zeus

counterpart
and

world

worship at Acraephia of

the

Paros

name

Laconia,was

world, and

the

as

of

lower

god of the
were
fertility

vegetation and
are
we
prepared to
and

Corinth

at

euphemistic

an

in

lower

of the

Eubouleus

Zeus

the

Pluto; and

[CHAP.

oak-grove at Caryae

in the dark

designatethe king

to

meant

in

RELIGION.

GREEK

48

evolved
have

worships

out

of the

on

universe, or

for instance,
clear allusions
that

acknowledged him as
the god of the olive-tree and fig-tree,
as
of cattle and
a god
**-",
corn-growing
have the cult-titlesfrSei^os
we
47,49j
to

and

the latter attested


dffitpa'ios,

for the

worship

out
at

of

some

Halicarnassus

physical
and

explained by the word


Anpa,
meant, accordingto Hesvchius, a
oak-tree.
b

Qd'.
20.

201.

being
which
barren

iv-]

ZEUS.

element

wrought

Homer,

in

spiteof

Hesiod

it is

fourth

and

Zeus,
the

of Zeus

Zeus

of

and

of the

it was

from

sprung

the other

; on

the

the

same

five ages, the

it

created

Prometheus

third

hand,

Again,

Hephaestus, who

or

in

included*; in

men

the power.

attained

women

and

gods

the creation

Prometheus

mother

and

men

myth

are

but

things,gods

in his strange

before

existed

all

Chaos, and

Yet

source.

physical impulse. Thus


is
who
Uan'jp,it is Okeanos
some

Zeus

of

physicalsource

by

upon

49

men

not

was

Pandora,

who.

in later

legend,was

of clay. Zeus
out
men
reported to have made
indeed might be the creator
or
progenitorof a certain tribe of
but this was
a
men,
specialdistinction : and other tribes
preferredthe theory that they grew out of the earth or the
the rocks,or that they existed
trees
before the moon
or
was
Therefore

made.
moral

the invocation

of Z(r -ure/" expresses

rather

spiritualidea than any real theologicalbelief


concerning physical or human
origins.

Nor
the

or

Greek

did

philosophyor

conception of

poetry contribute

personal god

In the

the theory about


philosophers,
or
usuallypantheistic
impersonal.

is

of Thalcsh
and

with

agrees

in matter.

It is true

in his

image

own

Clemens0,
school

the

personalcreator,

deity,not

in Socrates'

but

teaching:

the

The

Socrates

us

is immanent

power

created

Pythagorean
declares

external

as

tells

of Democritus''

belief that God


to

principle

Plutarch

creative

to

world.

the

creative

What

authorityalso

same

in it f.

immanent

as
a

regarded

the

is ascribed

the

but

deity or

that

the

of the utterances

some

later Stoicism'1: the

of

creator

as

much

to

the

man

school

by

that

this

world, but

of

Xcnophon speaks of
physicalspeculationplayed littlepart

and

it is difficultto say that the Platonic

0eo'sis

conceived
as
a personalcreative being.
clearly
Looking at Greek poetry we see that, where it touches
this theme, it is predominantlypantheistic.Very rarely

on

246:

//. 14.

11

Euseb.

Cic. De

//". i. 37 ;

hymn

lies.

'EfTf.108

Nat.

Deor.

cf.

2.

45.

i.

I.

I5ON,Zeus

p.

Otol

its creator,

ceived

the

In Cleanthes'
Grace.

I.

is rather

*yos than

"

120.

^Mullach, Frag. Phil.

VOL.

u/s

T' avdparnoi.
OfTjroi
l\.v.
Prat-p.
14. 16.

oHoOfv yfynacri

as

source

the "/"vrr"a"s
u

though

of human

5, p. 662 P.
J'rotrept.,
p. 62 P.
Strom.

he

is

con-

life.

the

regarded as

Zeus

was

world, the

of the

creator

calls him

Pindar

craftsman,'as

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

5"

that

and

oncea;

monotheism

and

'

noble

fragment of
divine

origin
physicalworld and goes on to protest againstordinary
is of questionable
origin.
belief,
maintains

Sophocles b,which
of the
Greek

Euripides, when

of

doctrine

The

it is not

atheistic,is

is commonly the alQr\por


Zeus
usuallypantheistic
; for him
And
the tendency which
the inner spiritof man.
or
ai'dyKr]
which
dominant
became
in the
this poet encouraged and
theologictheory of Stoicism, to resolve the divinities into
against the develop
physical phenomena evidently made
of a belief in a monotheistic
It
ment
personal first cause.
is

interestingto

variance

sophy
of Zeus

the

and
that

the

to

be

Hermes

worshipped on

the

mount

founded

worship G7a;

ing god
which

top
n

with

an

sometimes
or

on

the

Pind-

Frag.

29.

Clem.

Protr.

p.

On

in Boeotia
in

this

altar,was
refers to

acropolis of

as

the

acro

Not

was

from

name

mountain
as

took
the

on

As

its

raven

was

'AK/JCUOS
e, a

Zeus

had

Laphystos65,

Zeus, who

city83.
e

his

Mount

cult either

the

highest

legend,Heracles

regarded

of

habitually

was

took

the

xarr),to

Aa"/"iWcu (root

from

known

from
\a"J"v"TTios
:

Zeus

Pelion

the

also

chief cult of Messene

here

Mount

who

his

and
Phigaleia,

crowned

Greece

case

being

63 P.
Orest. 884 ; Frag.
935 ; Frag. Peiriihous,596; Frag. 1007: cf. Aesch.
Frag. Heiiades,65 a.
d

sometimes

"6. In Euboea

that
suppose
the god, Zeus

hear

we

the hill of

on

where, according to

of winter d.

honoured

philo

attest

top of Cyllene,the

god of
high places. The

the Kenean

from

the

supreme

Ithomatas

his

the titles that

are

shrines

that of Zeus

name

noticed

on

divinities whose

we

its

physicalcharacter
designatethis. A largeclass of

Arcadia, and of Apollo

it is only the
poleis,

unless

and

little

was

the

mountain-tops66"82.
Though

of

in

of other

Greece

dealing with

epithetsthat

remain

temple

mountain

there

matter

of

mythology

been

have

we

worship on
the

this

in

poetry0.

Hitherto

these

the

between

and

that

see

there
title

the

mountain-

we

hear

that

devour.

^Taf0y;

is read in a frag_
as
Dicaearchus, Miitler,Frag,
Hist. 2. 262; inscriptions
found in the
neighbourhood prove cuepaios.

ment

of

ZEUS.

iv.]

had

have

secration

the

mountain-tops to Zeus
his physical or elemental

sent

rain

down

tion of the

in the cult

name)

Corinth.

and

to
d^Vios (according

called

therefore

to
con

primi
the god

who

was

popular interpreta
between

Megara

given to
originally

title"VTTCLTOS was

The

the

heights,and

the mountain

on

this

character, as

the

same

appears

expressed

the

from

thunder

or

rain,

for the

probable that

intention, it is

same

for

pray

Pelion

Mount

on

of the

tive belief in

who

worship

the

83b,and

purpose

Aegina to
Lycaean mount

priestthe

Arcadian

the

and

of

mountain

the

ascended

Aeacus

51

denote

deity who was worshipped in high places,but it probably


the cognate
moral significance
as
to acquire the same
of the most
both being cult-designations
High
r/T^toroj,

the
came

term

87' s\

God

only epithet that is difficult to interpret


find the worship of Zeus
Olympius at
is fO^vjj.mos.We
Athens
a, Chalcis, Megara, Olympia, Sparta, Corinth, Syra
The
theory that the name
Naxos, and Miletus811.
cuse,
We
cannot
the 'shining'god is hardly credible.
expresses
Mount
with the Thessalian
Olym
avoid connecting the word
this list the

In

spread from that region over


world, either through the diffusion of cult or
prevalentpoetic influence. Unfortunately we

pus, and we
the Greek

must

that it

suppose

through some
have
scarcelyany

direct

that mountain

probable evidence

the

to

; as

times

an

its

The

being

of it

worship at
in

lion, but it only


in Hadrian's

into

dedicated

Deukalion,

gather from

can

was

legend with

time, who

Olympieion, and

Olympius

ancient,
Deuka-

prominence

was

and

Atos
ihe (pattivvTrjs
b

colossal
E

the poems

the

early
Thessaly ;

in very

was

with

connected

Olympia: which
early time was
with

Thes

of Homer,

the

chryselephantinestatue and appointed


official to take charge of it called
an

built the vast


the

from

name

in North

the

Athens

rose

its

on

only point

can

worship that at an
close legendary association

from

name

connected

Zeus

Zeus-cult

we

that there

of this cult at Athens

planted there, had


salyb. But, as we
n

believe

the Thessalian

legend of

took

to

worship of

actual

for the foundation


the

of

record

city at its foot, called Ator, that took


Still it is natural

god.

historical

note

Vide
3.

'OAu/*mou tj/aorei'9'1.

Preller- Robert,

i,

p.

121,

had

name

of this is

reason

salian-Aeolic

Olympius
North

We

of

this branch

Greece, and
But

Olympus.

Thesof Zeus

name

local

of

cult

attribute

must

we

the

the

religioushymn, for the


placed in
poetic composition was

hear

we

that the

believe

may

in the

familiar

actual cult,and

the

early celebrityof

the

probably

poetry.

was

origin of

further than

much

spread

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

52

the

of

most

Muses

the

to

upon

early heroic

the germ
of
epic lay which, arisingin these regions,was
its first begin
the great Ionic epic ; it is probable that from
of Homer
the name
to the time
nings down
Olympius was
and

attached
had

in this poetry

long

been
of

imagination
summit

snowy
of the

lose its
of

'

or

the

'

celestial

cult

by

people with the great


appeared to the people to be
in the Homeric

epic the

or

later to

comes

Gaea

to

even

the

be

the divine

as

the

home

proper
has

term

mother

political
or
gentile cult
not
hero, a religion

eponymous

one

where

the

Zeus

tribe and

was

title was
descent

the

not

of the

to

come

gods.

to

Zeus

vogue

Zeus
in

the

90b.

fragment of the Niobe


of
familyof Tantalos worshippedZeus

under

The

Diodorus

rarer

inscriptions
prove
title Harpies is found

Siculus, denoting Zeus

is the
to

the

strict

Plato, the

traced

their

sacrificed

And

according to
Aeschylus quoted above, the

Ida906, and

of

ancestor

Heracleidae

ancestor

as

is to

happen, for instance,

according

the

here

us

Athenians, who

But

are

perhaps originally

mythic

this sense,

among

their

would

but

These

allarpwos90. This

Apollo Uarp^os.

Patroos

Greece.
or

ances

in Homer

concerns

the

as

of the dead

noticed

; what

This

regarded

word, and
in

other

touch.

two

designated as

of the

sense

from

arose

where

ft

whose

mountain

those which
have a social
higher class of cult-names
are
In Greek
in others of
politicalsignificance.
as
religion,
Aryan races, we
distinguishthe cult of the higher
may

note

to

poetic

passing into the sense


applied to Aphrodite and

in
probably of ancient establishment
distinct systems,
perhaps two originally
the

the

by

or

the

it

divinities from
tor

either

who

preciselocal significance
; and

Hera, and
A

epithetto Zeus,

permanent

associated

Even

god.

as

in
the

the

existence

Father, and
Carian

this title

occurs

of

on

the

Mount
cult

in late Roman

inscriptions91*1.

of
and

iv.]

ZEUS.

Zeus

the same
Tegea and Chios 90c"d. From
view we
explain the titles of Zeus Agamemnon
may
Lacedaemon
misunderstood
at Sparta, often
93~94.

rTarpouos

point of
Zeus

and
These
the

has

divinities

parents.

Greek

the words

and

belief, all fathers


'

be

can
6/xo'yno9

sacred

are

Zeus, the God

to

taken

titles,all of which

of

that

reveal

the

due

to

Strepsiades
with

son

'

of the
a

the

to

verse

the
Epictetus express
Zeus, the Father-God,

to

together with

his

Secondly,

sense,

Aristophanes appealing to

all brothers

and

Zeusa.

Zeus, the Father-God,' says

tragedy ;

some

of

colour

being applied
family right,the honour

protect the

of

given an Olympian

name

general

Reverence

in the Clouds

cults
the

under

more

that
'

heroic

or

is deified

hero

TTCLTpuos

at

ancestral

are

from

53

family 90f.
large group
god

supreme

The

name

of cognate

supposed

was

to foster the

marriage union, the birth of children,the sanctity


of the hearth, the life of the family and
the clan'-l5-9G"98~10:J.
is re'Aeto? not
He
the god
as
only in the more
general sense
who
brings all things to the right accomplishment,the god
under
this title Clytemnestra prays
for the accom
to whom
of her

plishment

hopes00;

but

speciallyin
yeretfAtos98a

marriage god, yajuu/Aios or


which
with

him

to

common

and

probably
Hera

that

him

him

to

with

of the

sense

title which

"

associated

came

the

other

was

and
divinities,
his

originallyfrom

marriage

recognized in ancient cult and legend. In


the Eumenides
of Aeschylus, Apollo reproaches the Erinyes
that they
dishonour
and
bring to naught the pledges of
Zeus
the
Hera
and
the
marriage-goddess'; and
same
the
first
libation
feast as
offered
at
a
speaks of
poet
was

'

Zeus

to

Plutarch

the

god
'

says,

divinities, Zeus

Peitho, and
attributed
functions

was

Zeus

those

to

of

timely marriage
who

Teleios

Artemis

of Dio

passage

of

above

'

all ; and

Chrysostom,

Zeus, who

nearlyall the

Hera

and

on

we

could

Wide's

the
cult

opinion that Agamemnon


of an aboriginal
god whom
as
displacedis scarcelyplausible,

evidence

nische

in

universal
the

assume

lower divinities98.

the

name

the

discern

occasion

Hera9(JC'e.

to

supposed to need five


Teleia, Aphrodite and
in this,as in a parallel

arc

marry

and

Thus,
for the

Laconia

Kultc, p.

for

instance,

existence

is very
12.

activity
special

of

the

late; Lako-

it is the
and

Erinyes who

of the

could
birthright,

The

most

the

on

whose

Argos,

and

of the

house".

for

family-tie,
by a
religiousspeech,whereby
have

the
of

fication
Creon
in

blood

and

parent

children

are

and

god

the

the

Greek

in

uncommon

divinitywith

its

abstraction,

mere

rov

that

epithet comes
the

or

in

Thus

TTCLVTOS

God

the

child.

the whole
Zr/i'oje/)Keioi","

i]\uv

protects.'No

Greek

the

Unnatural

of

religionsanctioned

duties
vice

of child
the

and

to

parent

sins

as

developing. A
declares

that

in

passage
'

he

beloved

who

of

exposure

against Zeus, the god of


kinship,though this deep feelingmay

of

Stobaeus

not

"

spoken

late in

been

family

'

than

to

whole

the

personi
Sophocles' Antigone,
to
nearer
slay Antigone though she were

stronglythan

more

alsoa.

denoted

process

abstraction"8.

circle of kindred

by

of

he will

avers

him

value

an

parents

Genethlios, the god

Zeus

this function

title that

the

to

but

to

whose
Zei"s 'EpKeto?,
wrorship
protected was
Acropolis of Athens, at Olympia and at
altar stood
in the middle of the courtyard
be used
His
could
an
as
name
equivalent

Zeus

find

we

curse

assume

common

life which

done

speciallypunish wrong

the father's

execute

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

54

birth
have

Euripides preserved

honours

his

is

parents

by the gods in this


compiler quotes a strikingand

world

the female

Pythagorean school, concerning

philosopherof

the

the

and

sanctityof the duties to parents which


The
penaltiesin the other world.
parent
than

more

that

asserts

who

the

Nemesis

neglect such

family is

again

calls the

sons

The

""

known

was

would
be

title

belong

supposed

aided

at

women

the

duties.
well

And

the

illustrated

protectors

to

in

this group,

denote

if it could

the

god

travail ; but
Zeus

as

the
The

was

who

this

is

never

functions of

myth

of

the

from

by

or

the

divine

line

must

of

bed,' and

judge

was

of

the

in

is

an

Greek

those
of the

household

prevalentin
Aliphera, and

understood

popular designationof
rare

Plato, who

Euripides,who

of

be

by

be honoured

must

avengers

name

Perictione.

religiouscharacter
a

the

and

enforced

were

A^edr?/?,by which Zeus


birth of Athena
Aliphera in Arcadia1'7, neighbourhood
to

god, according to
before

accuses

the

improbable,
supposed to assume
Artemis
Aox"t'a.

very

of

statue

next

similar passage

the

'

as

Zeus

a
"

the
the

naive

in child-

instance of what

is very

religious terminology,

cult-titlearisingdirectly
from

myth.

should

bour's landmark

10G.

be removed

not

neigh

one's

boundary-god,that

the

of Zeus

first law

the

as

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

56

family; there
the god of the political
that designate him
others
as
are
sanctified the original
Ztvs
Khdpios is he who
community.
the clans or divisions of the people.
of land among
allotment
These

leading titles of

the

are

high ground

The
to

have

in

the

the

been

Tegea

at

the

in

dispenser of
A
higher

wider

it connotes

as

of the

union

god

as

that

religionis

of

carefullydistinguishedfrom
the
bond
of kinship but

not

The

a.

state

designating the

civic

be

must

passage

the

b.

the

in

name

vs107,which
,

10G

seems

poet is using the

the

unless

sense,

all fortune

there

him, and

to

Argos, according to

Suppliccsof Aeschylus,

title there

of the

god

sacred

was

cult at

same

the

of Zeus

altar

and

statue

Zeus
I7a-

the

UoXievs

of the strangest
Acropolis at Athens, and one
tales of ritual is told by Pausanias
concerning it : stalks of
were
placed on the altar, and an ox
barley and wheat
of
which
was
kept in readiness
approached and ate some
slain by a priestwho
the offering; whereupon it was
was
called
the murderer
of the ox/ and who
immediately threw
stood

the

on

'

the

down

on

were

him

the

slayerwas,

but

The

as

story

then

and

axe

fled

though

as

people pretended
the

arrested
told

Pausanias

by

is

wisely refrains from offeringan


certainlydid not understand.
detailed

of the

account

by Porphyry, who
Theophrastus 10T c.
of

Attica, was
the

on

devoured

certain

of

of the

later cult

cal union

Pandemos,

of the

corn

which

and

is that

is attested

Attic inscription
I3t,and

far

which

of

by

Zeus
one

existed

the

and

what

valuable

more

legend

cereal

is

offeringsto

trampled

and

smote

expressingthe politistate

when
general festival,

sacrificer in anger

the

11

of

slew

the

rest

him, and

the

of his

one

he
and

preserved

extract
give us a verbatim
Sopatros,a stranger in the

harmless
sacrificing

occasion
some

to

homicide
who

know

to

explanation

ritualistic act

seems

not

guiltof

brought it to judgement.
incomplete,and he
very

and

axe

the

under

from
land

gods
oxen

foot ;

then, smitten

in the Imperialperiod at the Phrygian


cityof Synnada (Overb.Kunst-Mythol.
i, p.

Num.

222,

p.

Miinztaf.

569).

3. 20, Head,

Hist.

iv.]

ZEUS.

with
A

fell upon

dearth
the

to

fled into

remorse,

the

that

trouble

to

raise up

the dead, and

but

had

the deed, and

done

free himself

to

make

should
murder.

him

The

'the
fiovtyovia,

Polieus.
water

handed
oxen

the

cut

to

the
A

plough.
agents

in

thrust

the
to

the

rest

condemned

the

oracle

in the

was

murder

at

was

crime

blame

and

with
of

semblance

trial

and

the

the

the

fulfilled ;

which

was

into the

sea.

; all had

as

that

ministrant

flayed it

in this

strange

sowing it together
to yoke it to the
the

ox-

various

murder.

Each

other, until the

axe,

cast

with

to

of the

altar

others

instituted,and

charged

late

man

one

the

act

and

ox

one

that

grass, and
live

till

another

next

the

ritual of the

knife

round
it ;

in

appointed

smote

upon

once

were

upon
on

then

The

flesh.

stuff the hide

to

the

and

fallen victim, and

of the

again,
that they

festival of Zeus

were

driven

were

offeringslaid

of the

partook

fashion

which

Wishing

part

the

Diipoleia,the

axe

another, who

to

Sopatros

ox

continued

water-carriers
the

sharpen

cereal

was

allowed

ox,' which

throat

all

drama

of the

those

the

the

and

murder

axe

among

tasted

and

to

slay an

instituted

agreed

called

that

all take

citizens

Maidens

the

the flesh of

condition

should

in the

if at

to him.

to

slayer,on

and

citizen

be the chief act

period to
bring

the

all tasted

and

conscience,he volunteered

of

necessary

was

for them

sent

was

the

cause

murderer

discovered

was

burden

statingthat it
offeringto be himself

and

It

they

embassy

return,

the

better

be

it died

an

exile would

punish

it would

the

from

the

must

not.'

and

to

they

refrained

the dead

burying the ox.


Delphic oracle declared

the Cretan

sacrifice in which

same

very

'

cease,

Crete, after

to

land, and

of Attica

men

exile

57

many

tasted

as

the

at last
guiltwas
then
solemnly tried

Thus

the

possiblehad
flesh,the

bidding of
taken

murderous

part
axe

raised to life. The


search
punished and the dead was
after an explanation of this mysterious practiceleads far back
the background
into the domain
of primitive ideas that form
was

of ritual.
and

Whatever

may

the ritual reveal this at

be

the final

the story
explanation,

least,that the Zeus

of Attica

was

of
that the community
and
originallya god of agriculture,
citizens was
supposed to have been brought about and main-

by eatingthe

tained

the

becomes

the

and

worshipper

The

of the whole

god

state

the

we

kin

regarded as of
specialdeity of

was

god.

; and

of sacrament

way

animal

the

that

conclude

by

ox

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

58

may
to

the

ox-clan

an

the
BOVTTJJ,

ox-man,

Polias
of the BowaScu, the priestsof Athena
mythic ancestor
also to the
and
Poseidon-Erechtheus,bequeaths his name
and
Athene
herself promised pre
priestof Zeus Polieus107e,
to the

cedence
of

out

the

Diipoliaamong
Zeus

gratitudeto

who

sacrifices
the land

voted

on

the

to

her.

Acropolis
Another

quoted of the religious-political


in Attic worship is afforded by two late
of the ox
significance
Attic inscriptions,
showing that the Zeus tv DaAAaStw,the god
that

instance

who

be

judgement-hallof Pallas, where

the

in

sat

here

may

homicide
involuntary

by

served

tried,was

were

'the yokcr of the ox,'


Boufvyrjs,
the mythical first tiller of the soil a.
in
worship of Zeus Polieus,which was

called

was

from
The

parts of

Athens

parts and

activities of
titles

such

by

prayers

before

deliberation
that

to

of

had

Sparta

at

BouAaios,which

his statue

Apollo

The

probably

the

also

found

was

is
epithet that
^'Ayopaios
an

with

other

many

place11-1.Under
the

as

have

by

an

sided
"

one

taken

chief

council-chamber
Athena

no, and

in Laconia

belonged to

Bov\ala

b.
Zeus

stood

statues

in

common

in the market

this

3iodor"s
the

on

does

but
Siculus,

form

not

class,though placed in

Cbthonian

; but

trials : it

Ritual,PJS8.

Eubouleus

name

and

regard

not

must

in his name113h

assemblies

over

Vide Appendix

nated

the

; but

Zeus

usually
Hermes
god of trade, as was
'Ayopatos,
though we
instance of the honestyof a bargain beingguaranteed

oath

in the

112
worship of Zeus 'A/m/3ovAios
same
significanceas that of

divinities whose
this title we

in the

stood

Demos

and

him.

with

associated

was

in other

life were
to him
consecrated
political
the god who
as
inspired council, to
(3ov\aios,
of the f3ov\j
made
were
by the members

whom

near

derived

name

vogue

Polias

that of Athene

than

priestwho

apparently less prominent

was
Greece1"711-2,

at
religion

of

cases

the
Zeus

he

was

of
title

the

as

Hades
"

god who pre


who, accordingto
:

vide--.

Mechaneus

'

Probably

under

which

worshipped
Argos, dealwaysclesig- signaledthe god who shows men
ways

Zeus,

it

another

and

at

was

means

""

(suppl.).

ZEUS.

iv.]

Aeschylus113k, awarded
matricide:

trial for

in his

Orestes

victory to

the

in

gives judgement

who

'Zeus

59

has

court

triumphed a.'
titles all refer to

These

war-god

of

god

It

as

proofof

is

preeminentlyas

appears

hosts/ and

of

god

double-headed

thiasos

Another

century 115'136x'y.

the

god,

regard

that

Zeus
'

armed

of
appellative

Zeus.

Stratios, the
with

the

the

Attica

and

the

third

in

Pciracus

the

in

such

may

Caria

Zeus

as

supreme

religionof

of

cult

As

all,

at

assume

worship penetratedinto

whose

axe,

city.

the

we

Labrandeus,

Zeus

as

organized by

was

qualityof

warlike

; and

shows

semi-Hellenic

the

in

only

civilized

the

since

naturally to

tends

history of Odin

the

functions,as
this

people

warlike

remarkable,

is somewhat

which

fact

the

scarcely appears

Zeus

simple

and

pure

peacefullife of

the

divinity

same

whose
or
axe,
god of the golden sword
Stratonicea.
The
cult was
of great celebrityat the Carian
worship of Zeus 2T/;anos spread to Bithynia, and in a late
period to Athens ; but the latter cityhad admitted the worship
of the Carian
Zeus
as
early as the beginning of the fifth

Xpvcrdup,the

was

century, if Herodotus'
observed
specially

by

ancient

in the

we
a

period and
of

god

that

suppose

may

The

war.

deadly

of

constitutional

the

Zeus

attached

host, to

the
a

to

Zeus

whom

signs were

110'

the

0"oi

be

ayopatoi

have

the

Zeus

before

have

title is
by

Pindar

the

games

and

is

namely

Hermes

; it is

only
in

altar, if

with

him

to

doubtful, as it

more

to

were

of the

leader

whose

fire away

carried

second
been

the

from

of

altar

the

was
'Ay?jro)p

the

their accession

people at

their

and
king sacrificed,

; the

was

ritual
peculiar

Epirote kings at
with

if not

militarysense
may
which
and
KooTATJras,
'Ay7/rcop

thought to be identical with those


others
called
Aeschylus and
the
is
epithetaywvtos
applied
;

whom

regardedas

Laconia

favourable,he

enemy's frontier
The

12".

in

offered prayers

Oinomaos

oath

titles

the

to

Isagoras. Also

of

preserved the tradition,

the

In
'Apeio"r11Tb.

belonged

the

may

it

regionsof Hellas proper


been worshipped directlyas

had

to whom

which

that

backward

Zeus

sacrifice117*. And

human
took

race,

family

Eleans

altar,of Zeus Arcios,


his

the

be believed

is to

statement

no

once

line of

as

of
president

cult-titleof Zeus,

applied

to

SophoclesIU.

him,

Sthenios

The

the world.

Troezen

near

in

ranks,' or

the

arrays

that orders

the power

generalsense
of Zeus

'who

god

the

denote

may

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

60

worships

Strategos at

of Zeus

and

more

the gatherer
Paphlagonia11(i a, of Zeus Ojuayv/nos,
class,and it
of the host, at Aegium126,belonged to the same
124
with
honoured
who
was
is probablethat the Zeus Charmon
in

Amastus

temple near
as
especially

Mantinea

it stood

the

was

'who

god

and

Epaminondas,

of

the grave

near

rejoicedin battle,
as

always to the delightof battle a. But generally


for the religionof the developed Greek people
and essentially
the mere
with
he is not
physical
a
war-god nor supreme
of strength; he is rather the god of victoryand
supremacy
the Titans and Giants,
victorious peace, after his triumph over
refers

Xapw

the

NIKTJ for his

has

god who

Nurj^o'posb and Athene

respect Zeus

In this

of the battle.

dispenses victoryand holds the balance

alone

Nu?? stand

who

and

ministrant

constant

among

aniconic
the sacred
Olympians ; the trophy itself was
in
occurred
which
representationof Zeus Tropaeus, a name
the worship at Sparta and Salamis 122 a" 123.

the

The

Homeric

combat,

but

sits

of Zeus,

warder-off

the

actual

the fate of the


Greek

of

view

fullyand feelinglydescribes the func


Zeus
Soter1-8, which
as
Helper of men,

such

aAe^tKaKos-,
aTrorpoTrato?,

as

evil'; and

of

decides

so

the

others

includes

Zeus

aloof, present

title

religion. No
tions

in which

poems

just as

aTn/juuo?,

was
'A7ro/3anjpio?

Zeus

'the
'the

Alexander
offered
god who brings the ship to land,'to whom
was
thanksgiving on disembarking in Asia, so Zei"9 2o)r?Jp
worshipped by the sailors of the Peiraeus128b as the god who
could

save

word

of the

Greeks

deliverance

some

shipwreck as

'128a; and

Saviour

who

in

the

at

the

inspiredthe Greeks

battle

in

as

of

at

perilsof

war.

Plataea

with

watch

The

war.

Cynaxa

localities the

in most
from

well

'

was

Zeus

the

cult commemorated
It
the

was

this

hopes

of

divinity
victory;

b
however, does not
Zeus NiKtjtyopos,
epithet is usually explained
earliest
The
with
less probability,
cult-name.
a
as
as
designating appear
of
the
connexion
the god
of
who
gives joy,'through the
literarystatement
harvest or at the feast ; for instance by
with
Nike
Zeus
is Bacchylides'
fragDie
Himerius
Kulte
Or.
und
In
ment127.
then
Immerwahr,
19. 5 she
My
is 'the daughter of great Zeus.'
Arkadiens, p. 30.
a

The

'

iv.]

ZEUS.

to whom

the

Cyreans

march, and

festival with

have

and

the Athenian

other

had

and

been

under

survived

the

temple
tions

but

Oxen

speaks

of the

citizens.

It

banquet

that

the close

as

the

of

the

god

that

Many of
they connote

worship has

man

as

buildingsthere

who

specially

were

his

he

Athena

Sotcira, we

in

only, near
successes

decked

sacrifices

at

with
of

the
was

of

no

inscrip

have

to

appear

large numbers
was

hear

which

to

Soter, in the Plutus

to whom

been

the festival

great pomp

Aristophanes,

habituallymade

'

so

the third libation


he

feast,and

by private

offered

was

regarded at this moment


good things,as the ayaOos caiuuv

that

Aeschylus

was

we

may

described

thus
the

the

understand

life of

prosperous

poured the third libation,'the life,


speciallyguarded by Zeus the Saviour.
that which

titles above-mentioned

belonged
a

in the

stood

city itself,where

the altar

god

which

the

temple

of most

as

the

Athenian

dispensed all

was

of

memory

at

statue

Zeus

of the

life of

is,that

The

honour

In

with

a, and

the

who

epithetwith
Agamemnon

them.

the

of the Greek
perhaps through the ceremony
the title acquired a wider
the
as
significance,

Zei"? Som/pwas
at

ephebi,

trireme-races

numerous

was

His

us.

of the other

sacrificed in

were

priestof

the

the

altar and

an

of the Diisoteria
and

and

company

commemorating

up.

most

Diisoteria.

worshipped in

to

when

rowed

care,

festival of

set

best known

destroyed ;

his

Megalo

thanksgivingfor

ritual of this

and

monuments

worships are

Peiraeus

of

priestof Zeus Soter, and we


his cult at Argos, Troezen, Aegium, Pharsalus,
Lesbos
and
Rhodes, in Ambracia, Aetolia
;

of

Pergamon,

shrines

of

the

inaugurated by

was

records

but

raised

the citizens

Epaminondas' victories had brought


which
the Sicyonianshonoured
the

which

Aratus

the Mantineans

the Messenians

polisand
freedom

offered sacrifice at the close of their great

whom

to

61

to

other

and

divinities

the functions
as

political
higher than
significance

well.
any

But

that
his

other, for

regarded the unity of Greece, and his cult was


As
and
not
merely local or tribal.
preeminently Hellenic
ZeiK
he gathered the hosts against Troy12''1.As
'OjjiayvpLos
from Persia and was
he saved Greece
worshipped at
'E\tvdtpios
he

alone

Mommsen's

Heortologic,
p. 453.

RELIGION.

GREEK

62

driven

Having

Zeus, the free man's

Eleutheria

was

also

of

race

of

hear

we

armed

probabilitytook
Plataean

statue

its

cult, and

not,

of slaves1316.

enfranchisement

nias,in the Cerameicus,


it monuments
Athenian

set

were

who

had

fallen
that

Thermopylae, and
containing the

Athens, organized, as
from

Sparta.

have

become

The

the

second

Kapia

and

; it is

that the

of Laconia

of the cult
We

are

Kapieuy,or,

probable

Laconian

on

of

informed

other

of the

statue

was

in

by

other

as

that
to

with

the

their freedom
A

Pausa
to

near

free

to

brave
at

the

to

Soter.

of

at

also, in

Syracuse

Plato

on

right reading
is Caryae, the town
attests

Greece

appears

that

Scholiast

Siculus

about

Syracuse 131 ; it was


Thrasybulus in 466 B. c.

have

is h

reads,

Kapvats,

in the north
the

existence

the occasion
after the
that

and yearly games


'E\"u0e'ptos
numismatic

evidence

Sicilian cities,Aetna,

gained

the

confederacy of

Hesychius131 e,

to

Diodorus

raised to Zeus
We

the

as

territory.

tyranny of

his honour.

all

Gauls

parts of Greece

the institution of this cult at


throw

in

the

the

Eleutherios

of early date
inscription

an

of

against

declares,

Athens

at

placereferred

Athens

event

shield

maritime

decree

found
in
worship was
Samos1:!lc,and, according
tv

At

according to
and
Basileios,

battle

cult-title

identified

and

every

chief contest

important inscriptionrecently found

The

Tarentum

the

held

explained, from

the

as

in the

of the

terms

being

great

same

Stoa

such

up,

called

games

It stood,

the

near

of

which
'EAcufle'/oios,

Hyperides

as

then

monuments

altar 131b.

the

the

from

name

which

in

Zeus

to

still

were

round

men

shrine ; and

the

time

same

time, and

Pausanias'

in

the

land, bringing

the

near

instituted,which

were

fifth year

temple

fallen ; at

had

that

those

and

altar

the

raised

Delphic

of the

hearth

the

fire from

fresh

to

for Hellas.'

purifiedthe

Greeks

altar

an

of freedom

fair token

god, a

victory the

the

After

Persians, they raised

the

out

of Simonides

strikingepigram

of this cult

the memory

preserves
'

battle, and

after the

Plataea

[CHAP.

over

colossal

founded

of this cult in

Agyrium, and Alaesa, that


through the victories of Timoleona.

Head, Hist. Num.

pp.

104, 109,

no.

of

re

RELIGION.

GREEK

64

long

so

the

held

'who

faith

the

accord/ expressed

in

people

names

cult of Zeus

Boeotian

The

towns136.

and

of

peoples
the god
'0/xoAonos,

from

derived

list of cult-names

[CHAP.

of

Hellas"3.

titles that

and
a

to

these

was

in

that

harmony

with

the

ethical

elemental

physical and
earlier, for though

the

nities

this

the

moral
which

it in

offered

in

been
of

lines

of

assumed
Zeus

Greek

primitive
in

and

races

is in

was

commu

its most

backward

more

assumption

other

the

by

the

with

accord

human

development.
in the divine
from
the physical to
idea
progress
was
significance
remotely anterior to the period
of
Greek
note
trace
a
history begins. We
may

analogies
But

the

and

state-religion

character
civilized

most

the

far the

It has

character,yet

among

cults,

earliest

the

this

recognized
it appears

form

the

as

religiousfeelingof

and

of Greece.

the

that

Zeus

to

it is in reference

and

how

consider

thinkers

and

great writers

at

best

class of cults

attached

spirituallife ;

and

can

we

important
and

consecrated

were

moral

of the

god

the most

review

lastlyto

have

We

worship

Zeus

of

Athens

MeiAtXtoj at

else

and

where138.
The

of the name
interpretation
MeiAixio?is important for
the rightunderstanding
of the religious
idea. It certainlydid
not
originally
signifythe
kindly god ; for we gather from
Plutarch
and Hesychius that it was
with /.icujua/csynonymous
'

'

which
Ti)y138a,
fice

took

offered

was

winter,
its

designates the

in

Maimacterion,
from

name

of Anthesterion
Zeus

held

Zeus

to

outside

the
the

or

Meilichios

troubled
the

at

Sacri

Zeus.

beginning

of

which

according to Harpocration
and again in the latter part
Mai/iaxrr??,

Zeus

at

angry

festival of

city,which

Diasia, the

Thucydides

great feast of
calls

feast of

Zeus

Meilichios,and which, according to the Scholiast on


Lucian, was kept with a certain degree of gloom. We gather

also

that

atonement

the

rites

for sin.
whom

X"H,

among

the

night, and

consumed

piacular,that is, were

were

The
we

sacrifices in Locris
may

all the

before the

include

flesh of

morning

Zeus,
the

to

were

victim

if the victim

regarded

as

the Otol MaAi'-

performed
slain

must

bears away

in
be

with

iv.]

ZEUS.

it the sins of the

of the rule that it must

people,the meaning

be

obvious.
And
exposed to the lightof day becomes
gather from Xenophon that the same
feelingdictated the

not
we

ritual at
be

Athens, where
that

ram

of the

was

cast

and

out

then

were

fleece

passed

taken

of

his skin

and

by

God,' which

be taken

actual
life

human

of

naturallyif we
the

the

with

contact

From

all this

it

god
explain

favour

that

'

were

the

was

survival

the

title

stood

person

himself

he wished

the

the

ceremony

place

to

of

the man's

accepted

unclean

in order

whose

clear

seems

the

skin

idea that

mild

guiltyor

animal

god

'

may

that the

the

at

purification

in this any

see

the

We

sacred

by

objects that

This

hint of the

any

ram.

suppose

skin of the

nearer

not

for which

reallydue

was

need

or
sacrifice,

substitution

on

We

away.

also

employed for similar rites of


in the procession of the Scirothe feet of those whose
guiltwas

was

and
at Eleusis
purification
phoria,being placed under
to

to

means

unclean

the cross-roads.

to

away

for the

ceremonious

certain

had

Meilichios

used

some

into

over

told

are

Zeus

to

was

offered

were

We

fire.

offered

offences

city,whose

that

swine

the

by

of Maimacteriona,

end

the

consumed

wholly

Eustathius

'

65

in

regain.
must
MetAi'xto?
appeased,'and
to

be
must
signified'the god who
therefore alluded
directlyto the wrath of God, or that the
styled thus by a sort of euphemism, just as
deitywas
angry
either

have

Hades
This

Eubouleus

termed

was

latter view

and

ides.

men

probable,when we see that


in this worship Zeus
is clearlyregarded as a god of the lower
below were
world.
The
speciallyconcerned with the
powers
of sin, and the swine is the piacular
ritual for the purification
animal

becomes

to

proper

the

the Eu

the Furies

them,

more

and

in the

except

and, according to Apollonius Rhodius,

perhaps
the

of Zeus

Hellenic

We

Zeus.

dark

places below, was


nightly rites at Locris
From

Attic

the

evidence

of

it would
inscription

VOL.

I.

the

sign

of Zeus

illustrate the
mutilated

appear

another

that

Zeus
F

in the

evidence

that the serpent, the emblem

monuments

also

have

'I/ceViojand

of Zeus

found

0tAto9, is nowhere

rites of Meilichios

worship

from

of

certain

of the earth

and

the

Meilichios

and

the

gloomy significanceof
state-sacrifice

Meilichios

in

was

offered

Thargelion.

to

this

epithet.

It is for this

that

reason

Hekate, the goddess

with

ciated

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

66

find this

we

whom

to

god

asso

the cross-roads

were

Sacred.
This
Attica
We

of

hear

probably derived,

was

his functions

least,from

at

of Zeus

character

sombre

deity of vegetation.
worship, and cereal

as

in Athenian
Feoj/jyo's

Zeus

in

made
of
to hirn in Maimacterion, the month
offeringswere
Zeus
gather also from the obscure and
MeiAi'xios.We
may
the Diasia,
probably corrupt passage in Thucydides about

by the side of the animal

that

of the

country

Meilichios

or

be

must

But

correspond

the

belief to

the

conduct

of

growth

and

for sin.

It

cult the

as

in

in

here
and

easy,

the

and

the

offence
was

for the

the

at
purification

which
The

by

very

the

As
Zeus

ancient

have

always
later

even

of the

is twofold

been

supposed

form

of

the

existence

period of
be

his
:

relation
on

the

one

to

made

that

when
Thus

Theseus

Zeus

pyramid

human
hand

at

sin, the
he

to

ordinary
it

was

underwent
to

Meilichios
is

atone

of

statue
138

b.

suggested

proved by the aniconic


a

this

conceived
slaughter,

of the cult in Greece

of

of

piacularofferings

the earliest

sculptor to

and

varying

season

god 138 a. And it was


a
Argives dedicated

the

to

religious

the

the

obtain

supplicationmust

blood

of

stages

and
divinity,

sacrifices to

Meilichios in the form

regards

fertility
may

the altar of this

legend of Theseus

of Zeus

of

sky

kindred

slaughter that
Polycleitoswas

who

months, and

season

sin of kindred

for civic

of

physical god

against the gods at a time


only a trespass against men.

shedding of

Maimactes

the

fertility
might take the
is not improbable that in
was

Zeus

and

special sin for which

homicide

the

of the fruits

physical to the moral


probably very early. For the

earlier and

varying

as

the winter

that
from

moods

man

rather

in

order

passage

the

Meilichios
an

sombre

grew

conceptionwas
changes in nature

Possibly,then,

first conceived

was

appeased

return.

Zeus

allowed.

were

vegetation,who

sacrifice oblations

Sicyon

emblem
la8

b.

conception

of

is TraAa/xvaioy,n/meopo's,

the

and
god of vengeance
retribution, the god who punishes
human
in the second
guilteven
and third generationISO-HI
the other,a largerclass of
on
epithetsM1~14ij designate him as
.

iv.]

ZEUS.

67

those stricken with guilt


to whom
god of the suppliant,
UeVios,"^fto9a,is he who helps the
can
appeal. Zei/? i/crrjp,
the criminal flees ; Trpoo-rpo'jrato?, to
suppliant and to whom
the suppliantturns ; KaOdpcrios,
whom
the god who
purifies.
that in actual Greek
cult the latter
It is interesting
to note
far more
class of epithetswere
in vogue
than the former, the
'retributive'
We
have
class.
and
state
no
no
inscriptions
records of the worship of the god of vengeance
and retribution ;
it is only in Cyprus,and only on the authorityof Clemens
131,
is attested.
that the cult of Zeus
Tt/xcopo's
Naturally the
public religionaimed rather at averting than invoking the
hear of the worship of "bv"i.os
divine anger
at Argos
; and we
of KaOdpvios in Olympia and
and
in Thessaly, and
Athens.
The
oath taken
by certain public functionaries of the latter
the

the

city,according to
in the

sworn

was

Solonian
of the

name

healing. The name


and
Spartan inscription,
the
and 'A7rorpo7ratos
144,

of Zeus

and

idea of the

same

which

of

averter

Paian

14:"

Rhodes

at

at Erythrae
ill,

full account

The

Pollux

gives,
god of supplication,
cleansing,
in a very early
'iKeVtos occurs

the titles of Zeus

deity.

the

express

of these

functions

earliest

conception of crime, the


the prevalence of these
of the race, and
earliest conscience
cults in Greece
the profundityof the moral
thought
proves
and
sin. Examining certain
sacrilegious
concerning murder
the shedding of
that
it was
legends we
might conclude
the aboriginal sin for which
the
kindred
blood
which
was
was
established,
worship of Zeus 'Wo-io?,the god of supplication,
this sin and perjuryconstituting
perhaps the first conceptions
in Greek
of sacrilege.The
first murderer
legend was Ixion,
of

Zeus

and

his

visited

touches

formula

crime
with

the

on

the

was

treacherous

madness

suppliantwho

by
appealed to

in

him

relation

that

the god
a\d(TTU)p,

KOL

The
same

an

to

of

$v"ios appears

ambiguous

sense,

here

Erinyes, he

the

was

also

kinsman
the

first

'Wo-to?,and

Zeus

who

also the

have

legend regarded Zeus


the

their husbands

slew

times

possessed
designatingsome-

to

of

probably it was
is called by Pherecydes IKCVLOS
Zeus
the suppliantand the guiltyoutcast.

offence of the Danaides


in kind, and

murder

the

god

was
as

the
the

god who protects,sometimes


punishesthe exile.

who

for this sin

Ttjuwpos-and

the

themselves

who

powers

outrage

committed

Orestes

and

son

their

voluntary or
rophon. and

the

from

the

others

and

the

were

carry

Erinyes,
the

pursued
who

matricide,and
of

tradition

And

Laios.

as
involuntary,

Athamas

of
the

with

who

father,who

his

act

punishment

being through

into

upon

of

slaughter in the house


need
of purification
arose

Ua\a^alos

came

for
Amphion
closely interwoven

so

were

by

divine
ministers

divine

the

and

madness,

was

the will of Zeus

out

purification.The

the rites of

originatorof

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

68

kindred

of acts, whether

sort

same

legends

first

the

perhaps
of

Belle-

Theseus,

then

Here

illustrate*.

we

expression in religiousmyth and ritual of the


strikingfact in early Greek clan-usageand law, namely, that
blood
the shedding of kindred
was
originallyan offence of
have

the

entirely different

an

the

probably because
former

akin

as

case

himself

god
the

to

slaying of

the

from

kind

alien,

an

In

slain

the

slayer and

the

in

considered

was

early

secular
a
societyit is clear that to kill an alien was
the kin of the slain,the avengers
which
matter
only concerned
of blood, who
might pursue the slayer or accept a weregilt;
Greek

it

the

not

with

The

that

slaughterof

king's son

is

his

b,but

death

story in the Athamantid

the

Zeus

family
the king

probably

in

kindred
mere
origin
legend
have
arisen from
slaughter,but may
very earlyideas concerningthe sacrifice
f the god or the divine representative;
another
legend given by Apollodorus
(i. 9, 2) speaks of the mad
Athamas
being driven from Boeotia for
Ino
s son
Learchus,and appealslaying

its

of

no

; to

rates

had

been

Zeus

to

The

same

that

because

know

where

author

had

is to

(2.3, i) nar-

fled from
Bellerophon

he

he

Corinth

slain
involuntarily

his

But

of God

the ban

under
that

and

community

of the sacrificial
and

show

to

seem

sinner

was

punish him

"

alien

protection of the stranger'sgod.

kinsman

the

the

sin, unless

no

was

suppliantor under
the slayer of his
the

would

fellow-kinsmen
he

that
and

the

be

must

once

from

deal with

typicalinstances
gives (Fast. 2. 39) of purifi-

brother.

that

Ovid

Of

the

for sin,all but

one

the slaughterof

with

at

outcast

Erinyes must

own

cation

legends do

are

concerned
this

kinsmen, and

nearlyall those collected


by Lobeck, Aglaophamus, pp. 967-969
*
Tlepolemos, who slew his kinsman,
threatened with death by the other
was
but
of his family(// 2. 665)
members
be said of

may

"

by

Boeotian

law

which,

according
the mythical

Plutarch,prevailed in
period, the shedder of kindred

to

'must

leave Boeotia

pliantand

and

stranger.'

become

blood
a

sup-

ZEUS.

iv.]
his

guilt.

himself

god of vengeance
and
through purification

But

the

of escape

mode

69

sacrifice of sin.

legends tell us little concerning the


speak only of the outcast wandering

until

his home

and

him

stranger receives
ritual of the

the

from

down

of the

chieflyfrom

was

guilty,as

we

see

vase-paintingthat represents
of the slaughtered animal
blood
in

hands, with

of

in the water

bathing

of Zeus

invocation

river

part of the

necessary

in

the

sea

b.

ceremony

sacred
specially

Zeus

The

akin,and

we

fleece of the

sacred

the

in

ram

chief benefit

practice is
scarcely
purity are

later

had
the

to

of this

animal, like the

win

to

power

purifiedperson

cult

him

reconciliation.
the

was

could

he

return

to

the

recovery

his

his native

of

legends he
new

home,

land

under

to

imagine

might

how

influence

in the
vitallythis religious
usage
the growth of moral ideas of forgive

reconciliation.

and
Another

138.

period

with

contact

nearer

Athens,

at

conditions, if the relatives of the slain consented.

It is easy

""Arch.

the

less than

no

in

which

that

know

is

ness

under

to

easy

in the

Zeus

been

latter

and, while
rightof fellowshipwith men.
representedusuallyas continuing to live

certain

his

over

have

to

his

the

the

And

accounts

lustral ceremonies

bring the guiltyinto

to

estranged divinityand

in

Orestes

some

deities, who

that the blood

suppose

may

supposed

The

the

over

over

appears

usual

Zeus
outraged by wrongful homicide, and to whom
and for the occasion
probably Zeus KaOapo-Los were

were

Meilichios

was

the lower

to

it

In

easilyexplained, as physical and moral


distinguishedin ancient ritual ; but it is not so
the hands.
We
stand the pouring blood
over
pig was

held

poured

Ka^apo-ioj.
or

The

a.
purification

then

some

Apollonius

Medea142.

was

But

handed

been

the account

his

him.

supplied with

pig, which was


Apollo holding

young

rites,but

cleanses

are

and

The

compassionate

some

probably

we

cleansingof Jason

piacularvictim
head

had

period

times, and

this,

about

of the

Rhodius

historic
ancient

very

information

into

of these

nature

the

provided

signal act

was

matter

of

Zeit., 1861, Taf.

of

sacrilegewas

for the

cognizance
137

and

perjury,the guilt of

Athenae.

Taitr.

1193.

gods of the
410

a.

and

b.

lower
Cf.

Iph.

Erinyes, but especiallyalso for Zeus, whose


oath.
of the state
in nearly all the formulae
of
council-hall
in the
of Zeus
"OpKios stood

the

world

and

name

occurs

The

statue

character

of the

speak

personifiedas

'

of

; while

men

of Zeus147

child
all-seeing

c. No

religious

Homer

which

oath

is

world, born

Sophocles he

in

the

after death
the

where

lower

of the

child

in

passages

Theogony

Hesiod's

in

by

in

a. and

already
be

to

spoken

is

the oath

doubt

most

Pausanias

that

belief

of the oath-breaker

punishment

by the lines

scourge

is shown

oath

of the

of Zeus

this

strength of

The

the

thunderbolt,

of all the statues

terrifyingin aspect
of147a.

hand

each

in

holding

Olympia
knew

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

70

of

as

the

real

never

was

the

'

abstract

divinitycither in early or late periods; originallyan


of the divine nature, it
function
idea of a qualityor

becomes

personal because

concrete

separated from
partially
oath-taking at Olympia
and

of

him

reminded

of the
the
is

the

strengthof
divinity. The
in

account

the

of the

ceremony

by Pausanias b,

strikinglydescribed

the

is

belief,and

Iliad where

Aeao

takes

memnon

lower

the oath

gods, which

is then

Greek

of

freethinkers

the

over

boar,an

slain and

literature

cast

animal

sacred

into the

to

The

c.

sea

from

scarcelydeviate

the

the

regards the sanctity of oaths.


loose morality in this respect has
in a
been
striking
wrongly attributed, strongly maintains
for perjury:
Thinkest
fragment that the gods admit no excuse
thou the gods are
inclined to pardon, when
by false swearing
popular religiousthought
Even
Euripides,to whom

as

'

would

man

death

escape

or

bonds

or

either

they are less wise than mortal


specious pleas before justice01.'
But

we

of which

must

not

have

we

suppose

that, at

was

animal
under

could

consecrated
a

by

specialtaboo,
be

disposedof
ordinary way ; or possiblythe
act was
mimetic,'and expressedan imprecationthat the perjuredman
might

in

the

'

they

or

periodof

Greek

Then

fair

set

thought
was

destroyedfrom off the earth.


Such
sentiments
as
frag. 1030.
those expressedin Hippolytus,610, and
be
not
Jphigenia in Attlis, 394, must
regarded as Euripides'own
; they are
uttered by
merely dramatic
sophistries
thus be

5.24,10-11.

carcase

men,

Probably the
and his

record,the sphere of sin againstthe gods

//" 3- 279 ; *9- 260.

this ceremony

any

violence

not

certain

characters

cumstances.

under

stress

of cir-

curious

tone,

Antiphon,

in

passage

of human

the sacredness

on

also

others

establish

to

attempts

wrath,

divine

to

has

almost

life.

The

murderer

appeal

bloodshed,
him

proofof

whether
and

prosecute

to

Aeschylus6

even

not

pursue,

is the

development.

Not

protection;

Aeschylus

the

duty

each

of my

Hecuba

of

Greek

But

who

Euripides.
divinity does

it is

as

men,

the

makes

piacular sacrifices
a

far

and

advanced

more

To

clear

to

say

of

general,
(//.9. 495);

mentions

the

man

who

had

of

slain his cousin

574).

In any

sonages
a

escaped

the

in his

'Pp. 686

Avent

Thetis

and

none

Dem.
Eum.

be

749;

perthis sin.

cf. Aesch.

Maifdpr.p. 1069.
605.

irpos

sup-

(//. 16.

337.

so

of the actual

epic commit
and

as

his silence would

case
as

grace

suppliant
;

who

and

in the

attribute

or

divine

Peleus

argument,

no

for

shelter the

pliant to

right or

Odysseus

function

conception

of kins-

mention

hast

been

in and

existence

to

is

cases

have

certain

'Thou

other

other

to

separate

altar could

there is

which

denote

his

respect the

in

as

who

man

fear of him

the

Here,

Polyxena

the

sin in

idea

; for

epithet seems

no

probably an allusion to the


rites of Zeus Ka0dpcr"oy,
which
are
cerolder
than
tainly
Homer, in the passage

nothing even

murder

for

its fullest

under

needs

must

his aid.

every
much

too

c.'

to

supplication,'
says

for
purification
he

decide

'Ixeo-iosis the

for Zeus

'We

his

had

claimed

that the latter poet knows


of

with

have

to

naturallyattach,and
Homer.

in

Eumenides

the

put himself

could

143

men

abstraction

an

seems

person

god
of

as

and

might

that

suppose

god
suppliant's

mortal
deepest among
already noted, the god
almost

had

idea survived

kinsmen

claimed

reverence

of

jealousyof Zeus,

used

to

seems

his fellows

the

and

of the drama

text

he

in
conception of Zeus 'l/ceo-io?
the blood-guiltyonly,but the

evil from

any

sacrifice to

murderer, but only the slayerof his kin.

any

Still wider

fears

any

forgivethe involuntaryhomicide1',

to

or

man

guilt of

whom

narrower

the

that

law

of Attic

in the enactment

and

same

any

of the

maiden

the older

Only,

voluntarilyslain.

Murder

whom

to

orator

of the

not

was

Spartan king,made
of the

death

for the

exposes

innocence*.

clear himself

to

Pausanias, the

as

atone

to

wished

who

pollutes

the

which

on

if the victim
even
might stillbe sacrilege,
the god
Zeus
O^'fiosbecame
state, and
would

modern

his presence

belief

indirect

an

that

partakes,and

he

sacrifice in which

any

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

?2

Ag.

ZEUS.

iv.]

titles almost

the

Hera

at

right of

the

lawa.

secular
about

the

shrines possessed
paganism many
with the
often clashed
sanctuary, a right which
The
legend of Ajax and Cassandra, the story
to

Down

tion.

of

end

Sybaris

'IfceWs appears

b, the personalpowers

Amu

conception

broad

times.

This

in the

Homeric

of prayer,

the

when

eyes

altar,illustrate the

her

from

also

her

closed

who

dragged away
suppliantswere
prevalent feelingof classical
of Zeus

supplica

of

and

Ueo-iot,the gods of vengeance

-naXa^vaioiand

0eot

between

distinction

the

itself into

resolves

divine

of the

given by Pollux140*

classification

the

that

so

73

of the

account

poet calls

the

whom

against Ate,
plead for men
daughters of Zeus, and who
who
and
appeal to Zeus against those who neglect them.
find in the Iliad gave
idea which
And
this earlyspiritual
we
the coins
actual worship of Zeus AITCUOS c, which
rise to an
the

Bithynian Nicaea attest, and receives beautiful expres


shares
the
of Sophocles : nay. but as mercy
sion in the drama
judgement-seat of Zeus to judge every act of man, let mercy
of the

'

be

found

with

called

by Aeschylus

are

'

worship

is rooted

earlier

almost

as

ancient

in very

as

placed

was

great

fillets
suppliants'

The
of the

the emblems

stranger-guest, who

much

father.'

worshipped throughout

was

the

too, my

as

moral

early

under

the

ideas

probably

and

protectionof Zeus,

was

and
life,

sanctity of the kinsman's

the

This

sanctityof

the

Homer

as

Xenios,

Zeus

world149.

Greek

the

mercy148.'

of

god

cognate, conception is that of

but

narrower,

who

thee

to

a
slay him was
religioussin, for which, according to one
legend,Heracles was sold into slaveryto Omphaled. Originally
the god of hospitality for in primitivesocietythe stranger
the god to whom
he becomes
be the guest of some
must
one
"

"

Tac.

Ann.

3.

//. 9. 498.

Bnll.de

Corr.

the slaveryof Apollo

60-63.
Hell., 1878, p. 509.

Frag. Hist. Grace. Pherecydes,34 :


\if(Tat Se ws dyavaKrrjaas Zevs tm
\aTT) ftvoKToviq Ttpoaira"tv'Epfj.fi
PGVTCL TUV 'HpaK\ta TrcaXrjoai
SIKTJVrov
To explainthis curious story of
(f"6vov.
the hero
being sold into slavery,we
o

may

note

two

other instances

in

legend:

the

slaughterof the

of

Cadmus

death

of the

Ares

to
'

the god ; and


legends arose

for

Admetus

to

Cyclopes,and
for

the
Sparti,'

causing

descendants

that
the
of

believe that these

we

may
the occasional prac-

from

tice of the kinsmen

acceptingthe slavery

of the homicide

an

bloodshed.

as

atonement

for the

paid

honours

record

have

he

where

According

is consecrated.

stranger

any

Xenios

Zeus

to

were

proof
epigraphical

or

formed

favoured

stranger,

the guest of Zeus

made

and

the

at

; we

Rhodes, where
the
fe/'iaorcu,

Aids

where,

we

as

merchants

of this cult.

that

Sparta,

at

resident

and

149

great

Athens,

at

purpose

As

city

public guest, upon


Apollonius of Tyana

any

was

c.
Spartans149

of the

publicvote

the

by

worship

metics

read

we

so

of his

Xenia,

of
the privileges
fezn'a,

confer

could

for the

company

and

called

religiousassociation existed
worshippers of Zeus Xenios,
the
gather from an inscription,

Plutarch, the

to

many

Athena

associated with

was

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

74

late,is full of evidence of the deep


religious feeling attaching to this cult. Charondas, the
literature,early and

Greek

the duty of receivingthe stranger


insists on
legislator,
is common
to
the worship of Zeus Xenios
'because
reverently,
Sicilian

all

nations,and

who

maltreat

has

claim

more

that

149

stranger

'

Laius1^", 'being destitute

the

in

the

is strong

the

on

to

who

of those

he takes note

pity

of

those

and

Plato
stranger,'

The

and

of comrades
and

gods

men

the

is therefore

avenge

welcome

says

kinsmen,
the

power

zealous

more

to

help him.'
Akin
of

to

this

worship

friendship,who

and

Athens, where

and

his

that of Zeus

was

was

honoured

an

association

Philios

Megalopolis,Epidauros

at

banquet, and
observed

an

this cult.

And

thus

we

of

the

understand

can

Some

theatre.

friendly

the JULCTOIKOI at Athens

that

shows
inscription

his name,

in

founded

was

priestenjoyed a specialseat in the


this title only designated the god

times

151,the god

why

he

was

to be
by the parasiteof Diodorus, and how he came
at
Megalopolis in a work
partiallyidentified with Bacchus
had
of the sculptorPolycleitusthe younger.
But the term
the god who
a
deeper meaning, for Zeus Philios is essentially

invoked

fosters

and
friendship,
ception is enlargedby
Pheidian
abolish
not

in

statue

the

enmity

among

appear
a

to

fragment

have

Dio

Zeus

Chrysostom,
Philios

the whole

been

appeal ;

friends

whom

to

ancient

of Pherecrates.

who
human

; the

term

who
would
race.

this

in the

sees

The

con

great

plant love

first mention
almost

and

and

cult does
of it

occurs

synonymous

is

ZEUS.

iv.]
152,denoting

eratpeto?

with

times

the

'

allusion to the

75

good comradeship

of

god

banquet, as

find

we

in

'

; some

fragment of
had a political
a

Diphilus.But in Crete the cult may well have


which
the festival of eratptSeta,
or
militarysignificance
; and
celebrated

was

in North

Magnesia

at

in Macedon,

and

Greece

Jason, who sacrificed to this


god before settingsail in the Argo with his comrades.
far
In certain parts of the popular religionof Zeus, so
it has been
detect a high morality that
as
examined, we can
of many
of the Greek
with the character
strikinglycontrasts
ideas that are
the same
myths ; though, of course,
expressed
associated

was

in cults
On
the

with

the

expressed

are

the other

interestingto

comparativelycrude
with

turn

the

writers who
of the

thought

gods

to

and

men.

of retribution,of which
Greek

popularbelief

is of itself
Behind
the

evil

an

this is

friend

expressed
favour

in

innocent

even

the cruder
of

enemy

disfavour

in
spicuously

the childlike

in the Greek

mind

to

of
it

of Nemesis

legend

the

; and

But

man.

of

relations
doctrine
in

form

the

gods.

divinityis not
that is dimly

idea

story

in

prosperity

jealousy of

an

man,

doctrine

of

that the

idea

cases

philosophic

and

excess

the

cult.

contrasted

cults

poets

primitive Hesiodic

the

Zeus'

and

the

thing,awakening

the

the

spoke freelyconcerning the


of the
This
is specially
true
least moral
the simplestand

is that

perhaps

but

of

explain the

that in certain

see

of

morality
views

deeper

that

myths

those

in

it is

hand,

of

name

Prometheus'
appears

that lived

Bellerophon s

con

long

fall and

hint
without
melancholy wanderings, given in Homer
any
of any
sin committed
by the hero but rather as a result
of superhuman prosperity,the story of Polycrates'
ring,of
Philip'sprayer mentioned
by Plutarch, that the gods would

give

him

tinual
that

success,

lasted

expressionis
fortune
most

slightmisfortune

some

he

illustrations

are
as

long

as

in the lines of

receives

Anth.

naive

this

Aesopus,
by

epigram
"

of

counterbalance

Hellenic

the

Nemesis

foolish is in the

to

of

Pal.

way

of

man

Its
has

some

plainest
good

compensation*';

AntiphilosByzantioson
10.

123.

con

religiousbelief

race.

'if a

his

the
the

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

76

a. This is merely a religious


clangerof speaking of the morrow
of luck, and it is natural enough
form of the old superstition
tried to reform
the Greeks
that the religiousthinkers among
to speak
The
so
this doctrine.
story of Bellerophonbecomes
moralized, perhaps by the popular imagination,or perhaps by

himself,who

Pindar

fall

due

was

The

writer

outspoken

most

first,indeed, he

At
Greek
the

'

excess

jealous

later

eye

he

on

the

but

fair

report

is

of

God

hurls

the

the

of

cult

later ;

of

as

as

view
not

was

is

he

as

will

if she

prosperity
The

be

actual

examined

Zeus,

Phoenissae

the

thunder

his

wielded

irra

or

from

power
in

but

peculiar

rational

and

'

one

d.

Nemesis

acts,

as

ordinary
thing, for

an

man's

concrete

Aeschylus.

lightningdown

brought

through her that


Euripidesshe is invoked
it

like

goddess
whether
moral
a
personification,
principle,she is not a separate

in

tional
for

Nemesis

it

is

burdensome

advanced

more

of it that

use

subject

himself

expresses

of

gives

evil

this

b.

heaven

scale

to

attempt

on

himself, maintaining that

to

ambitious

his

to

authorityfor the
namely, that Bellerophon's
earliest

is the

of the story

ethical version

more

least

at

bolts e.
Another

idea

fathers

that the

or

historical

held

doctrine

axiom,
We

find

that the
not

seen

to

the doctrine

Anth.

the

the

children,that
is

its

the

in
sacrilege

sin of

the

questionable side

to

one.

view-

descendants
the

Cylonian
Such

especiallyPericles.

curse,

have

cleaves

curse

is
clan-morality

committed
a

sins of the

the

punished for the


that

is

retribution

as

religious

only by Hebrew

prophets,but by Greek thinkers.


protest against its justicein Theognis,who
prays

gods would

avenge

under

were

was

not

that

Lacedaemonians"
who

divine

Hebraic, namely,

community

the

of those

conspiracy

theory of

illustration of this

stronglyby

Athens

at

the

visited upon

are

the race,
An

it with

to

common

in the Greek

the

punish the guiltyin his

sins of the

held its ground

Pal.

7. 630.

.44.

fathers

the

in the most

even

A gam.

upon

466.

Ib. 7.9.

"

own

person,

children

f.

and
But

minds
religious

184.

'BHgk.L73i.il.

ZEUS.

iv.]

is full of it,although he

Aeschylus himself

through

the

acts

of

These

commit

each

whole

the

; but

of sin

because

criticism

of

or

theory did

retribution

other

some

with

square

remain

not

first

of

evil to

sent

did

the

In

always

not

gods

reason

modification.

and

the

theory that

doctrine

the

specialquestions arising about

are

without

the descendants

generationsbecause

works

guilt.

retribution
man

of indi

vidual

new

occasionallytries

this and the doctrine


compromise between
moral
responsibility
by supposing that the curse

find

to

77

place, the

the

facts of

could be met
by the profounder con
experience: this difficulty
of the divine agency
that
are
unseen,
ception,that the ways
inclined to avenge
like a passionate man.
God
is not
every
silent
small act V that
along a
path V or that
Justicemoves
'

'

restrain

their

retribution

that

became

Greek

thought

seldom

it not

do

evil

no

to

any,

According

sin.

daring phrase
god remembered
man'

and

Plutarch

of

side
have

gods

"

he
'

due

Eur.

"

Plut. De

Androm.

Tread.

in

1164.

slaying

Euripides places
d-

messenger
like

sentiment

is

then

excludes

faintlyheard

men

there

that

in

other

evil

evil-doingfrom

can

their

impute
be

own

evil in God*'

no

De

defect.Orac.

E-F.

ffec. 959,

lph"

Taur-

of

utterances

the

notion

evil nature
;

413

Cohib. Ira 458 b.


Vind. p. 550

'the

ignorance

our

have

who

in

appropriateness. By

lives

or

the

consistent, though his

dramatic

our

base-minded

f,'we

887.

Ser. Num.

the

the

for

retribution,because

but

is not

to

fr. 13. 25.

divine

could

punishment

myth

grudge

indeed

them

it is

for I think

Solon,

this

confusion

set

divinity:

God

of

old

God

profoundly Mephistophelean sentiment,

the

his,in which
of

be

may

reverence

may

we

echo

of

ancient

an

Euripides

e.

inconsistency
the

mouth

the

of

way

of the

view

Delphi was
insulted
Apollo

in

an

by

at

had

father

his

to

men

distinction

that

conception

the

even

the

to

Neoptolemos

of

not

for itself the

claim

can

to

rose

teach

to

as

so

Secondly, the morality of the


boldly and scarchinglyquestioned :

wrath0.

own

theory

native

and

purposely slow,

is

retribution

God's

960.
389-391-

and

P.-D

to

again,
; and

De

GREEK

78
if the

gods

declares

that

'

evil, they

do

that every
his side

to

spiritcan be evil must


Such
expressions are
Republic,that the gods
send
and

had

Aeschylus
in the

ance

of

Zeus

is

good spirit who

the

where

Agamemnon,
to
bring men

with

this

he

holds

stands

by

life,for that

Plato's view

evil

already given

is the

'.

to

educational

an

of

mystery

believed

do

never

that

similarlyMenander

in accord

for

misfortune, it is

be

not

Bacchylidesb

'

through

guide him

gods a.'

all-seeing
one,

; and

men

his birth has

at

man

to

[CHAP.

not

are

Zeus, the

it is not

of great troubles

cause

RELIGION.

moral

purpose

thought powerful

maintains

the

and, if they

men,
or

in

that

the

utter

object

or
(frpovrja-is
o-ccxppoo-vvf]
through

to

d.
suffering
A

different

world

with

the

theory put
divine
what
did

absolute

forward

by

coming

power

exhausted

those

which

theory of

future

of

of God

something

the

was

Mundo*,

very

distant

sphere

it reached

The

us.

the

itself with

curious

was

the

some

problem
such

the

that

spiritof Greek

of evil

religious

solutions

as

mentioned, without

life. And

taking refuge in the


cult,though little affected

Greek

admitted

Zeus, while the conservative


of the

evil in

of De

by philosophic inquiry,amply
racter

fact of

author

contented

I have

the

heavily on

not

the

beneficence

from

before

weigh very
speculation,which

reconcile

to

attempt

darker

aspect.

this

spiritof

On

beneficent
ritual

the whole,

that the

preserved

might

one

cha

say

belief of Plutarch f, that the gods


bright and spiritual
clo well to men
secretlyfor the most
part, naturallyrejoicing
in showing favour
and
in well-doing,'
though it rises above
'

the average

temper
The

popular feeling,
yet

of the

relation

considered"
free-will and

Athens, at

at

11

Menand.

(Meineke).

of

Zeus

in

it than

to

nearer

the

Theophrastus.

Motpo,

destiny,has yet to be
a
question that touches
the part played by
on
fatalism in Greek religion. A cult-name
of Zeus
Olympia, and probably at Delphi and in Arcadia,

Belleroph.
Frag.
Bergk, 3.

superstitiousman

stands

to

294.

p. 580, 29.

Frag.

Fab.

Incert.

18.

or

Aesch-

Aristotle,p. 397 b.

'

De

Agam.

Adul.

c.

Z65.

22, p.

63

F.

for

with Zeus

remonstrate

had

long been due


decided
againstZeus

not

to

'

RELIGION.

GREEK

80

cannot

making againstthese heroes, or with his


feels
that Zeus
it is quite obvious
And

he

Motpa and

the will of the

presslygiven

synonyms

tells

Patroclus

And

then

and

him,

come

strikingpassage

Moira

and

accuse

the

sins

\vill: Zeus

God's

gods of evil which

sufferingvirep

"

the

at

free action

the

maintains

once

and

that Moira

could

gods

often

are

the

Apollo
Apollo had

had

beginning
of

slain

dying
over

him

the

their

what

the

to

contrary

same

conclusion

fate

a.
at

identityof

complains that men


they suffer through

popov,

ex

Odyssey ]'

of the

and

men,

was

stop their

breath

same

ought

which

and

Zeus

that

Hector

the

in

Zeus

prior decision.

own

fate if he liked.
as

that

of events

ordinary course

Hector,

or

that fate

mean

matter, but

in the

the

interfere with

Sarpedon

save

death,'this

to

had

who

wishing to

[CHAP.

or

wrongly
own

gods

intended.
We

arrive
the

was

company

certain older
of

goddesses
death

of the

them, there

when

consider

we

what

for,though
personal Mot/oca,
such

were

personal figures

they belonged to the cloudy and demo


and
of the Kr//;es
Erinyes. Hesiod
speaks of
the daughters of Night,the
were
Motpatc who
the lower
world, the abode of death
probably
such

"

of birth

and

Homer
as
latter,

the
to

little for
As

in his age.

children

the

earliest character
cared

Homer

niac

at

and

they

most

appear

death, perhaps

frequentlyuses
on

concerned

more

the term

the Hesiodic

shield

with

in reference
as

demons

of

their claim
to omnipotence
slaughter. How
very slightwas
be gathered from a very curious reference to them
in the
may
Homeric
d,in which they are described as
hymn to Hermes
the teachers of Apollo, and
once
winged, white-haired women,
stillgiving men
rightguidance, if they could obtain sufficient
oblation of honey. These
are
perhaps the faded figuresof an
older

these

the

other

//. 16. 845,

MoTpa and
b

to

Od.

i.

whose

worship, personages

by the Eumenides

accused

have

of

world

of

supplanting6. What

"i

549-561.

Aesch.

'

904.

"um.

is

relation then

in the

Motpcu mentioned

849. In //. 19. 87 Zeus


'Epivtsare joined.
Theog. 217.
32.

Apollo

power

173.

Theogony*

81

ZEUS.

iv.]

of

Lachesis,Clotho, and Atropos,


Pro
and
called the daughters of Zeus
Themis?
and are
and we
might explain the double
bably they are the same,
in this way : as the meaning of polpa was
account
enlarged
than goddesses of death, and
the Motpat became
were
more
regarded as goddesses of destiny in general,supposing they

who

the

receive

names

reflective age became


a
more
originally
; then
of Zeus,
that such functions might clash with the power
aware
affiliated to him as Dike was
and therefore they are
; since to
his daughters was
equivalent to saying that
say they were
his ministers,emanations,
or
they were
powers.
this

not

were

But

the

sense

of

the

possible conflict between

Zeus

and

of
Destiny increased as abstract speculationon the nature
It was
probably through philosophy
things advanced.
perhaps the early physical Ionic philosophy that the idea
find
of an
prevalent; for we
overruling necessitybecame
the
eljuap/xeVr?
conceptions of Heraclitus,and the
among
chorus of Euripides'Alcestis confess that it was
philosophical
studies which
taught them that there was
nothing stronger
At any rate, the idea
in the world
than Destiny or wayta].
academic
merely,but played
grew in force and did not remain
"

"

of the religious
prominent part in the greatest drama
of Aeschylus. His hero is sup
mythology, the Prometheus
than
ported by the knowledge that there is a greater power

that
the

of Zeusa:
end

of these
The

sity?
however

'Fate

things.

tripleFates

all-fulfillcr has

the

Who
and

then
the

holds

mindful

be said that this is the view

decreed

otherwise
the helm

of

Erinyes.'

of the opponent

neces

It may
of

Zeus,

by the reconciliation of Zeus with


of
that the supremacy
the Motpa ; but the difficulty
remains
Zeus has certainly
there
been represented as in danger b. And
to be the same
seems
questioningof the divine omnipotence
of Agamemnon,
latent in the obscure
in the chorus
passage

and

11

that the knot

Prom.

is loosened

which

Vinct. 511, 515.

gen
buck fur

VOL.

of

1861, No. i), supPhilologie,


to belongto the older

Mof/xiand
I.

is bound

But he rather evades

poses Prometheus

system

Zens

to contend

at

first.

about
difficulty
In
the real peril
Zeus.
of
fact,Aeschylus
of the
under the dramatic
was
necessity
does
which
not
wholly agree with
myth,

VorstellunDronke, Die religiijsen


dcs Aeschylosund Sophocles(Jahr-

'Epivvt
j, against
G

the cult-form

of Zeus

the

MoipayeTrjs.

et

which
QeoOtv

Molpa,
for

god
however, only
usual

who

of

theory

himself

to

himself

firm

is

thou

necessityin

utterances

of

the Alcestis

be

in

the

vovs

thou
or

character

Zeus

is

the

twin

he

Stoic

it is Zeus

absorbs

every

sophical;
chose

to

the

on

whole,

necessityof

the

separate Zeus

the

received

but

from

while
existed

man's

bafflest

nature,

In the ode

said

are

the

to

have

to

of

summary

De

himself

Mundo,

ct/xap/xcvry,

other

agency.

and

Destiny

are

solution

of the

as

scant

for the
with

the

In

or

prayer

invoked

as

the

the

deepest views
The

cf. Eum.

idea

humour

of Greek

the

MOI/MH

Moipaye'nj?

philosophy,
had

scarcely
but

little

astrologicalaspect

Suppl. 822.
prac

in the

the domain

of fatalism

the

who

one

of Zeus

Stoic view

belief,and

suppl. 673.
618.

Lucian's

formula

ordinary Greek.
b

for any

antinomy. Within
scarcely existed, for

the

average

question
poeticalor philo

the

conduct

the

Again. 1026.
;

on

worship ;

principleof

Frag, 82

is the

Motpa, and

contradiction

unconsciously
expressed

thy

accomplishes by the
just as, in the verses

whether
speculation,
difficulty
was
always there

Tragoedus fastens

do

in

hast

the

by Greek

cult

to

and

Aristotelian

absorbing

as

in

Euripides it is
the avdyKii
or

that

who

of the

Cleanthes, Zeus

then,

put forward

of

end

inspires

powers.

This

Zeus

the

described

Destiny,as
of

at

who

voice6/

I raise my

ancient

by

art

he decrees ;
necessitywhatever
of the Fates
quoted by Eusebius. the powers
been
delegated to them by Zeus f. And
in
Zeus'

perhaps,

destiny0,'and

Even

of

aid

is

who

himself

Zeus,

art

thee

to

'

that stayest the earth

thou

of man,

world,

It is Zeus

conjectured to

'Oh

whether

the mind

or

of the

the order

thereon, whosoe'er

knowledge,

impossible

fate/ which

the scales of fated.'

who

throne

'it is

might

phrase. Certainlyit is not the


Aeschylus ; in his view it is generally Zeus

are

of the universe:

which

rhetorical

guides destiny arightV


Apollo with his oracles,the
Zeus

the

overbears

doctrine

destined

law

hands

/u,

that

power

heaven;

the

escape

maintains

whose

etpye

saying of Herodotus,

also in the

higher

will of

the

or

be discovered
even

of

speak

to

appears

ewi-'

"/c

fjiopav

/motpa

/u,r/reray/xe

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

82

"Vt

"

5.

7 road.

884.

iv.]
of

ZEUS.

destinybelongs mainly

83
decadence

the

to

of

Greek

the

world.
At
of

the close of the

Zeus, it is

the cults and

into
investigation
ask

to

necessary

far his

how

religion
and

supremacy

of order or a monotheistic
predominance introduces a principle
will vary
tendency into the Greek polytheism. The answer
according as we regard the cults or the literature. Confining
find in
attention
to the period of Hellenism
our
proper, we
the
state
religionsand in the popular worship a singular
manifold
ethical
of function
extent
assigned and a very
character

attached

to

epithetsbelongedto

and

of his characteristics

Some

Zeus.

other divinities

also,but he is prominently

physicaland moral world, the god


who
protects the life of the family,the clan,the city,and the
nation, the god of retribution and forgivenessof sins, and his
voice was
the voice of fate.
Yet
all this as
regards cult
in no
made
for monotheism,
for Greek
religiousconser
way

the

guardian of the whole

vatism

timid, and

was

deities than
of cult

were

life,and

Athene

inclined

to

admit

Besides, the
supplant a singleone.
of
the minute
wants
designed to meet

Zeus

were

more

to

not

was

Hermes
as
particulars
of Brittanyor Italythe
there

much

was

more

statues

much

so
or

concerned

Heracles

just as

local saint is of most


to

Hermes

and

with

minutiae
the
the

more

daily
small

villages

in many
avail.

new

Therefore

dedications

to

Asclepios at Kpidauros, than to Zeus.


And
it is difficult to mention
a
singleGreek divinitywhose
When
Oriental
worship perishedbefore all perishedat once.
ideas began to work
somewhat
before
the older beliefs,
upon
and still more
immediately after the conquests of Alexander,
I sis is introduced
their influence is by no means
monotheistic.
and fused with
Hera
and
Artemis, Baal Serapis and even
with Dionysos
and later Mithras
Jehovah with Zeus, Adonis
but no singleidea
and Sabazios ; ideas become
more
indistinct,
of divinityclearlyemerges.
This
thcocrasia
destroyed the
life of religious
sculptureand did nothing directlyfor mono
theism, but a great deal for scepticism and
the darkest
at

Athens,

to

superstitions.
On

the other

hand, within

Greek
G

cult proper

in

the

purely

Hellenic
towards

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

84

periods,we have already noticed


certain organized unity. The most

strong impulse

strikinginstance,
had
not
vitality

that
displaysa germ of monotheism
is the
partial identity sometimes
enough to develop itself,
Zeus and the gods of the lower world and
recognized between
which

of

cult

The

trinityof

to

on

this, for

assume

divinities

the

fruitful

Zeus

Dionysos.
have

to

and

been

Xanthos, and

It has been

suggested*

here, but itis not necessary

illustrate such

rapprochement

in

of

can

Semitic

what

tomb.

Harpy

been

we

to

cognate

Troy, Mylasa.

at

ideas have

that Semitic

Zeus-figuresseems

Minor

prevalent in Asia
is presented to us

identification with

his occasional

again

the sea, and

other

there

parts

And

Carthaginian?
the Greek
Again, the
polytheism is modified
have
by the tendency to group and classifydivinities. We
the circle of the twelve
Olympians 15T,from which the merely
trinitywas
of
multiplicity

local divine

world,
has

excluded.

been

Hesiod

no

in

cult

Salami's

by

that

supposes

Solon

spread.
expressed

dedication

the

Athens,

worship

ayopa

where

the

esoteric

any

knew.

I57a,and

in

elsewhere, was
This

Homer

the

are

Pisistratus

younger

than

deities

of the

lower

the

of it than

more

instances
at

But

the

importance of this classification


exaggerated. It is probably comparatively late,for
the earliest theologicalsystematizer,appears
to have

were

known

usually the

and

personages,

besides

Greece.

of

idea

altar

at

Athens

it

far

was

from

scarcely
of

the

to

the

centre

can

The

twelve

erected
;

gods
the

by

Welcker

and

prominent

more

which
be

first certain

the

worship

supposed

to

have

unity of god
nature
; probably

complex

any

head

in
corresponding to a unity observed
it was
of grouping
suggested by the ritualistic convenience
together the leading Hellenic cults. It is not found diffused
the Greek
widely over
world, and at many
of the placeswhere

it occurred"
the

"

Arch.

as

for instance

and
Hellespont,

Vide

an

article

at Xanthos"

by Paucker

in the

Zeit.

1851, p. 379.
b
Theocles, the leader of the
cidic troops in the jointattack

at

Megara, Delos,
we

may

Megarians

ascribe

and

tini, vowed
Chalof the

gods ;

worship1571.

b, on

something

Chalcidians

sacrifice

this may

Chalcis

to

point to

on

the
the

to

Leontwelve

Megarian

ZEUS.

iv.]
influence.

Attic

had

Nor

the

religiousbelief, since
the

and

of divinities
On

according

latter

the

ground
grouped together: the
of

speak
a

of

company
the

at

find

we

chorus

the

which

the

Argive

Homer

two

Graces,

the

group

of

Peitho

and

Demeter

the

Dioscuri

three

Anakes.

or

lacchos.

of

Further

We

have
the

and

legend

at

expressed it,

Zeus

"cos

Sept. c. Iheb.

//.

he

as

2.

220,

is not

only

than

251.

8. 235;

24. 376.
Ettthyd.302 D.

198; Plato,
Max. Tyr. Diss.

11.8.

As

Dem.

to

this

to

Zeuse.

shows
forms.
answer

the

religious
well

has
other

gods,

Homeric

And

the

use

of

usage

Griech. Gotterlehre,i, p. 181.

Fori

236; 14.444.
be merely a
in these

in //. 13. 730;

nstance

cases

In
form

some

passages

of grammar,

it may

we

the Zeus

Welckerd

god among
abstractedly. In

371 ; 4. 288 ; 7. 132 ; 16. 97 ;

7. 311;

appeared

moments.

God

Meid.

the

Aphrodite

distinguishbetween

to

solely and
by itself is equivalent

also

Od.

Zeus

serious

consciousness

but

here

two

or

polytheisticcult,which
unity for Greek
tendency to multiply as to combine
quite as much
look at the religiousliterature,the
when
But
we
is different.

the

of three

groups

claim

cannot

of

of

affinities of character

besides.

others

Eros, and

no

thought

guardians

Fates,

two

or

'the

At

and

life and

fallinginto

Erinyes, the two


Persephone and

three

built b.

been

Greek

their

deities

three

the

have

; we

Greek

fact upon

for this connexion,

with

and

adjurations;

have

so

frequentlyfind

we

theories

reason

accordance

In

in

Zeus, Athene,

mentioned,

important for
speciallycalled

were

find

we

often

Helios.

gods, Zeus.

together

were

local

were

lawc.'

moral

trio

was

these, who

as

Thcbas

contra

of

divinities

other

Septem

altar

same

there

Athens

tutelary deities

the

strangely mystic

some

connexion.

of

7razi?/yupt9

and

in Athens

local

or

Theban

in the

classification

In

or

Apollo. In
Apollo frequently named

and

the

the

mystic worship.

is the

affinities

be

to

eighta.

common

Poseidon,

or

their

to

this

Dionysos

came

Greek

Greek

gods, and they pray to


Supplices,the Danaides
pray

cruwcXeta

period of

for

include

to

world, who

artificial than

less

and

Earlier

importance

failed

lower

later

in the

prominent

most

it much
circle

of the

divinities

85

be

said

Od.

4.

it may

though
that

the

lyricalgnomic

the

expressions of
religiousthought, their
their

in

We

idea,

monotheistic

development,due
And

at

power

of

trace

be

it may

of

term

later

thought.

abstract
but

be

may

primitive

monotheism

to

not

monotheism,

used

'

heno-

denote

to

figurein the polytheism till it


the others.
supplantingor abolishing

of

without

shadows

increased

awkward

very

exaltation

the

would

it amounts

most

'"if

theism

to

and

synonyms.

in this any

Welcker

as

that,

say

ethical

of

tone

0eo's-become
see

to

us

profound

has

diction

obliged to

not

are

and

earnest

the abstract

and

Zeus

and

poets allows

dramatic

and

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

86

over

one

Nevertheless,as

have

we

already,there

noted

few-

are

to assert
philosophyand poetry that seem
the
the
Usually,indeed, when
principle of monotheism.
in the fragments of the pre0ciov occurs
"eo's or
term
be
it may
Socratic philosophers,
more
naturally given an

passages

in Greek

TO

impersonal or
phanes, 'there

is
of

more

savour

pantheistic sense

God, greatest

one
'

henotheism

by Plutarch,the

of Philistion"'

believe that

lower

God

things is

"show

which
and
or

went

the
a

and

doctrine

they only

into
spirituality
images

rather

Xenophanes'

yv"pai
'

popular religion,
that followed by the

poets'

from

these
the

that

maintained
true

succeeded

at

of the

nature

in

most

images

no

divinity,

infusingmore

the

sacrifices and
people's worship. The
increased than
diminished, and in spite of

protest

against anthropomorphism,the

Dlympius of Pheidias, the


art, appeared

the

among

affected the

never

express

have

could

theory de

different path

could

Stoic

the

idea.

philosophers.While
sense-forms

But

a.

singleprovidence of higherand
him with all thy strengthb
reverence

the monotheistic

However,

the

found

sentiment

men,'

gods and

monotheism

Mundo,

Xeno-

of

words

among

than

the De

concluding chapters of
scribed

'

the

and

to

the

.numphant realization

masterpiece

whole

Greek

of the

divine idea

of

world

languageitself is helpingmonotheistic

Clem.

th"UL'ht-

Mein.

as

religious

the

in forms

Strom.

/^.

Greek

714

Zeus

full and
of

sense.

i"

4. 336, No.

16.

strange rites of the Diipolia,which

THE

in the

described
follows

mankind

of

sacred

harmless
of
the

in

distinction

but

between

shed

the

cakes, and
this

trasts

0eoi, the
The
in

dark

by

(Symp. Quaest.

the
'

excluding

Plutarch

with

animal

the

in

the

altar

by

Pallantium.
'

innocent

victim, for they


libations

of

offered

were

of

worship of
the KaOapol

perhaps

jueAurTrcwSaor
these

sacrifice

(i.26, 5) con

hill

sacrifices,
were
the

the

worship of

of the

crest

6, 2) ; and

4.

the

contrasts

wineless

'

of

sense

identified

he

find

occasional

an

on

Pausanias
rites

explana

instance, nothing

allowed

cruel

were

indeed

offeringsand

and

gods

do

divinities a,

was

the

and

the

We

For

of

animal

107c. It is the

victim.

wine,

even

gods,'on

pure

other

Acropolis ;

vY]$aKia,the
the

of

guilty

innocence, when

thesis.

who

fallingaway

offerings to

the

with

'

of

bloodless

blood

Lycaeus, just as

Zeus

of

as

the

not

Vl7raros on

Zeus

Zeus,

briefly

the

to

the

to

vegetable oblations

or

of

allusion

and

the

vegetariandefending

ritual

which

when

and

cereal
a

sacrifice

pristine state

been

have

regarded by Porphyry,

mystic

as

bloody

from

was

tion

(p.56),were

text

Theophrastus,

institution

life

ZEUS-SACRIFICE.

THE

OF

RITUAL

THE

IV.

CHAPTER

TO

APPENDIX

'

are

honey

to

Zeus

Tewpyos, the
the

syne,

agriculturalgod, Poseidon, the Winds, Mnemo


Muses, Eos, Helios, and Selene, the Nymphs,

Aphrodite Ourania,
this

kind

oldest

sacrifice

period

a*For

of

instance, in

Apollo,
formed

of

whose

without

and

and

that

with
the
speciallyassociated
religion,for Dionysos and Aphrodite

worship

ritual in Delos
blood

It is clear

not

was

the
the

Dionysosb.

to

even

and

was

without

of

Diog.
b

per-

fire.

Laert.

SchoL

; Mann.

8. 13.

Oed.
Oxon

Col.

100

Paus.

(Roberts),21.

6. 20,

89

ZEUS.

Ourania

are

Hellenic

as

Prof.

distinction,which

worshippers laid

the

harvest, which

sacrifice

tribute, and

the

sacramental

meal, the whole

with

munion
The

earlier of the

the

the nomadic.

The

was

due

the

partlyto

in which

that

earth

no

of

this

with

societyhave

human
son

as

Smith, and

(p. 288),Prof.
reckon

with

known

is that

totemism
or

the

sacrosanct

abstain, but

which

sacramentally

in

to

his

ritual.

So

far

as

am

in
interpretthe flov"poi'ia

of

'

on

Prof. Robert

Sacrifice' in the

Religion of

suggests that

the Semites
have

we

to

early totemistic ideas in that


Acropolis. An essential feature of

of

societyclaims
animal, from

order

this does

prevailin early periods

Smith

the

on

may

harvest-commemo

by Mannhardt,
in

and

survival
on

the

In his essay

Frazer.

mysterious sacrifice

to

made

Robertson

the

of

end

the

July,and

deity of tillage. But

as

been

Mr.

It is

guilt.

about

of

beginning
kind

some

EncyclopaediaBritannica

god

the

about

ideas

of

It fell indeed

explain the strangeness of


the only serious attempts

accordance

sacrifices,

the
light has been thrown
upon
Mommsen's
In
religious drama.
of the /3ov$(wa is
account
superficial
that
for reasons
a
threshing-festival

some

certainlybe regarded
ration recognizingZeus
aware

animal

the

acknowledgement

the

harvest,

of

some

Heortologie,
only a very
given ; he regards it as
are
convincing.
by no means

not

later

by the spontaneous fruits


blood, partly to the curious features

ritual

the

this

; we

nourished

shed

and

only recently that


ideas
underlying

Attic

com

suppositionof Theophrastus
popular conception of a golden

vague

lamentation, and

of the

into

might believe
period was
agricultural

the

erroneous

was

man

marked

the

common

brought

were

forms

two

that

ground

than

of the

of

means

mere

as

of the Semites, pp. 218-227).


god (Religion
mentions
are
cogent for believingthat the

he

latter is the

age

tribe

altar

the

the

their

reasons

solely on

first-fruits of

upon

which, by

at

first to

the

was

the

offering of

In

recognize the

to

Smith

Robertson

the

between

emphasize,

have

religionswe

Semitic

in

primitiveGreek.

of the

divinities

the

not

solemn
to

with

kindred

whose
occasions

strengthen

flesh

animal-

they habitually

they
the

an

tie

may

of

devour

kinship

them

between

legend that

the

on

ox/

on

dealt the

priestwho

the exile of the

slayers,on

the

stress

of the

murderer

ox

is

akin

to

the

that

animal

regards the

different ; he

in his admirable

view

38-41),is

somewhat
corn-

is killed at
and who
sacramentally,
rise again with fresher
of the harvest that he may
of production. But this explanationof the Botiphonia
the former, though it may
as
not
quite so satisfactory

end

powers

appears
well

divine

as

representativeof the

the

as

ox

the conclusion

regarded

pp.

of

flesh is eaten

a,whose
spirit
the

Bough (vol.
2,

Golden

treatise, The

blow, and

admission

draws

is

Frazer's

Mr.

clan.

the

he

because

treated

so

the

rite with

the

connects

stranger into the tribal community, and

iv.

[CHAP.

divinityor the divine life. Now


the
on
appellativefiovQovos,the
of guilt that rested on
the sense

the

and

lays

writer

this
;

RELIGION.

GREEK

90

be

applied to

collected evidence

certain details of the

rite.

showing that

has

the

ox

has

Mr. Frazer

been

regarded by

is so regarded in certain
now
primitivepeople,and even
districts of China, as the representativeof the deityof vegeta

some

(vol.2,

tion

Chinese

practice of forming

it full of

grain,which

pretence of
stuffed

with

habit of
that

Mr.

Frazer

conciliate

blood-feud
from

and

It

to

was

say

the

an
ft

This

kindred

animal's

the Russians

who

slain bear

"c. (vol.
knife,'
2,

p.

he who

was

those

(vol.2,

natural

slew

pp. 113,

try

him, but

'

in).

it
In

was

firstexpressed by

Russian

fact,totemism
or

to

to

axe,

are
or

114);

persuade
one

some

killed you/ the Ostiaks

animal-ancestor of the clan


view

rites

deity of vegetation.

than

reasons

of the

slain with

been

of the

worship

given

are

one

possiblereparation to it for taking


due, for instance,to a desire to avoid

not

the

that has

other

was

to

also

feelingthe slayer may

same

his victim that it


'

the

slain

all

be

with

the

to

make

life ; this may

its
a

some

it and

Instances

grass.

stuffing
Athenian

skin of the

of the

out

ox

and

ox

explain why a primitivetribe may regard


to
endeavour
as
divine,and may
way

may

in

animal

live

the

the

p. 42

on

illustrate the

to

appear

adduces

that

totemism
an

point

to

may

quotes

effigyof

an

for the victim

mourning

seem

And

making
hay or

he

42),and

22, 23, 41,

pp.

else.

reported
Russian

the belief
itself,

of the tribal

kinshipwith

Mannhardt,Mythologische
Forschungen, p. 68.

APP.]
a

ZEUS.

animal, is only

certain sacred

the

fallacypeculiarto
moved

then

are

the

by

in the

present

tion is
when

paid

animal

to

theory

which

be

does

that

theory

throw

clearer

of the

were

him
been

kindred

feel

shed, and

kinsman

here

these

lighton

into

as

the
exile

Now

ritual of the

the

have
we

dark

as

much

only

expressed,that

or

the

to

collected

have

we

same

would

has

venera

animal, but

tribe.

nor

flee into temporary

obliged to

the

he

We

the

such

some

Bouphonia.
not
sufficiently
explain why the
of
awaken
such
a
profound sense

slaying of the ox should


guilt,as does not elsewhere seem
when
slaying of the corn-spirit,
evidence

of

kind

as

either

causa

the

naturallyimplied in

seems

Frazer's

Mr.

akin

way

vera

any

belief,latent

some

sacrificed

slaughteredor

some

as

whenever

past, not

detect

is in

belief

the

to

can

we

the

or

regarding animals
thoughts as mankind.

totemism

assume

larger

of

mind

savage

of the

specialform

feelingsand

same

libertyto

at

91

exile.

would

the other

hand,

of totemism

passages

of ritual ; if the

those
worshipper,

guiltas
necessitythat

same

priestshould

the
On

of

mass

survival

of

sense

the

examine

why

by the

aroused

been

lie upon

the

ox

sacrificed

who

if kindred

blood

the

drove

would

had

slayer of

And
(3ov(f)6i'os.

this

by the legend that the admission


theory is confirmed
Sopatros into citizenshipdepended on his eating the flesh
the

at

ox

sacramental

he

whereby
confirmed

became

by

the

meal

of

flesh

one

existence

with

of the

of the

the rest
with

them

Boutadae,

of
of

citizens,

it is further

the

ox-clan,

at

that was
was
Bovnjs, a name
mythic ancestor
given also to the officiating
priestof the Diipolia.This theory
of the originof the rite might be reconciled with Mr. Frazer's,
if we
in
this case
the
that
deity of vegetation,
suppose
personifiedas the ox, has been taken as their totem
by the
tribe ; it is clear at any rate that in this worship,
agricultural

Athens, whose

as

in

Both

other
the

Attic

above-mentioned

proving

the form

of

to

have

But

has

an

writers

agriculturalcharacter.
have
collected
ample

of killingthe god in
primitive custom
divine animal, and the sacramental
a
eating of his
is not proved
Mr. Frazer considers
that totemism

evidence

flesh.

cults,Zeus

existed

the

among

the

Aryan tribes,and

that the assump-

RELIGION.

GREEK

92

tion that the

is

ox

reallythe vegetationspiritgives us

cit. vol.
(loc.

causa

[CHAP. iv.

38). Looking

2, p.

the Greeks

at

verior

only,we

based on
ever
certainlyadmit that,if their societywas
left this system very far behind
totemism, they had fortunately
admit
that
of their history; and
we
them
at the dawn
may
descent
through the female, a fact that is usuallyfound with
must

be

cannot

Greek

any

But

suspect its existence.

indication that

the

reasonable

Diipolia,as

And

where

very

and

remote
we

find

occasionally
of

survival

to provide
only hypothesis that seems
key to the puzzle. A curious parallelto the
Smith, might be
explained by Prof. Robertson

here

totemism

worshipper,the

to the

akin

as

to

long passed

from

shadow

is venerated

that

animal

sacrificed is regarded

practices of cult.

legend and

past upon

that has

institution

an

still cast

life may

of actual

out

in

proved to have existed at any time


community, though certain legendsmay lead us

totemism,

is the

are
Syrian goddess which
described by the pseudo-Lucian (De Dea
Syria, c. 58). The
by throwing them
headlong
worshippers sacrificed animals

found

the

in

from

the

to

top of the Propylaea of her temple, and

the

they threw

down

their

occasionally

them
children,calling

oxen.'

'

own

of that

reminded

are

sacrifices

story which

curious

will be

chapter about the sacrificer in the Brauronian


Artemis, who offered up a goat callingit his own

worship
daugh

'

explanation may
reasonably be offered for
strange ritual of Zeus Lycaeus, the wolf^god of the wolfThe

ter.'
the
clan

same

of the

sacrifice and

wolves,

are

Lycaonids,of whose legend and worship human


into
of men
the transformation
or
lycanthropy,'
of
prominent features ; and with the cult-legend
'

the

Lycaonids Jahn

the

origin of

the

which

was

founded

Flood

and

was

has

rightly compared the story about


worship of Zeus Lycoreios on Parnassus,
by Deucalion, who

escorted

by wolves

built the

cityLycoreia and

But

whether

the

O.

Jahn, Ber.

Wtss.
volf

in

noticed

later

of

We

the

ultimate

1847, p. 423.
symbolizesthe exile

view
may

that the
be true

temple

the

of

Norse

he

a.

must

legend,but

of Greek,

after the

here

summit, where

of Zeus

explanation

d. Sachs. Gesells. d.
His

to

landed

be

cannot

sought
be

proved

in

true

ZEUS.

APP.]
totemism

in

or

'theanthropic animal,
Smith

Robertson

held
The

nourished

which

sow

the

of the animal
the

from

for the human

deceptiveappearance

offered

suggested this

as

victim

the altar to

sacrificed

be

and

later

the

let it fall upon

priestand
As

the altar.

eagle is

the

feelingthat

place of

the

life.

human
at

cults of Zeus

; but

from

development

when

this latter

the human
be

in

their

were

The

strange

recorded

by

made

see

in

the

hand

of

pasturing near
myth testifies
offeringin

milder

human

that the
in

the

Hellenic

primitivefact",but
theanthropic animal,

and

the

idea

arose

and

We

are

that
must

told, for

the

(754 P.)that

the
Mr.

legend

Herodotus
of human

view

the human
"

the

an

blood.

own

double

to

the

disaster.

peril and

led

was

god reallydesired

the

what

of

was

doubt

sacrifice of the

misunderstood,

legend

of Cleona
averted
^iciyoi
probably to Zeus, but if
by animal offerings,
wanting they began the sacrifice with shedding

snow

victim

no

the

instance, by Clemens
hail and

is

have

plague, when

the

probably not

was

times

that

was

was

victim

given

it

Helen

actuallyfound

times

certain

offeringwas

Laconian

stay

desired

chapter

sacrifice to Artemis-

the bird of Zeus,

There

sometimes

the knife from


kid

himself

Zeus

to

snatched

and

down

eagle swooped

in order

well have

may

human
a

explanation for

the

about

sacrifices where

apply also to the


Iphigenia; it may
that
3,5),
preservedby Plutarch (Parallela,

the

and

of many

In

attributes.

an

as

treated

was

human

with

invested

to

Zeus

infant

especialsanctityby the Praisii11.


ritual-stories in Greece
fairly numerous

animal

the

semi-divine

examples already
local legend of Mount

the

the

Prof.

by

the

To

Crete

divinities,

invented

denote

to

traces

in

substitution
arisen

of the

Hellenic

if this term

used

from

one

of other

as

sacrifice.

of

add

given we may
Dicte spoke

be

may

animal

semi-human

the

Zeus,

'

of the

was

ritual of

in the

remain

primitive fact,indubitable

other

some

93

and

the animal

of

Athamas

Zeus

others, well

and
sacrifice

and

the

There
offering.

suggestionhas been
Frazer's Golden
Bough,

same

and

Laphystius,

illustrates

confusion
are

many

the

between

apparent

cf. also Prof. Robertson


vol. I, p. 329;
Smith, loc. cit. p. 346.

and

contradictions

Zeus

to

record

that

brought

the

to

Laphystius ; and the legends preserve


himself,
only Phrixus, but Athamas
The
altar.
family, that is, has a royal

the

familymust

of his

divine

animal

power,

and

was

this

to

sacrifice
Plato's

the

be

to

himself

ram

as

stayed the sacrifice of Isaac.


this

family

wishing

his account,
under

were

sacrifice his

to

in

out

his

because

the

responsible for the contradiction,which

the

god, and

the

more

In the

also the

merciful

discover

pasture.

and

in both
For

was

in

detect

can
or

the

that
feeling

the

of

divine

in

sinned

historian

is not

probably rooted
the legends the
is due

animal

deity himself

to

sanctioned

rite.

Diipolia,as

ideas of human

the

Pausanias, that

Athamas

first-born;but

popular thought. We
victim
feelingthat the human

point to

that the members

imply

to

in the

; but

just as Jehovah
substitute,
Herodotus
himself,at the

curse

human

righteousnessof

in

legend

is too

not

or

to

the

about

entered

the

time

of

son

account

(315 C.)seems

And

seems
a

sacrifice if he

in Herodotus'

opposite view
presented by the
the

of the

descendants

that

and

prey,

positivelywhether

say

in the Minos

sent

still maintained

human

liable to

The

it.

beginningof

the

miraculous
But
"J"ufioj..

Zeus

to

semi-

ram,

and

of Herodotus

confusion

us

sacrifice is

Zeus

on

actually carried

was

voice

missing his

should
The

allow

human

laid

was

statement

realityof

at

angry

prytaneum.

great

with

the

by

rescued

are

in the time

curse

and

point of importance is

next

itself is sacrificed

Phrixus, that each


the

The

son

ram

Halus

people of
that the god

the

therefore

and

endowed

the

was

slayingthe
practiceof periodically
human
representativehas been amply

Frazer.

father

both

that

certain

at

the

; and

Mr.

by

eldest

The

herea.

noted

few

; a

be

in the person

illustrated

story

times

character

sacred

god

not

be

points may

representativeof Athamantid
offered

in the

elements

alien

some

salient

and

essential

[CHAP. iv.

RELIGION.

GREEK

94

in the
animal

allusion

an

each

Laphystius cult,we
sacrifice
to

the

are

divinityof

legend represents
a

Vide

25

and

68,and

blended

the

Apollod.

see

; and

J.

9.

we

the field

sacrifice as

the

that

can

or
means

the

RELIGION.

GREEK

96

But

eater/

the

is found

know

not

localityof

the

analogy
the

that

conclude

of similar

partake
goat

flesh of

the

of

sacrificed

was

the

name

we
appellatives,

can

of his

one

the

Diipolia:

for sacrifice 42a.


of the goat

lay stress

The

in the

other

for the

evidence
is

Zeus-ritual

to

The

of the

account

altar

the

approached

cult,from

Ascraeus, and

point the

one

certainly

animals.

Zeus

to

in

supposed

was

chosen

was

character

sacred

mainly indirect

part played by this animal

the

on

that

animal

god

do

we

was

actual

favourite

Halicarnassus

at

of the ritual recalls in

the record

from

the

in which

sacrificial ceremony

some

48, though

Zeus

derived

was

some

title aiyo""ayos, the goat-

cult in which

the

name

possessed
"

titles of

the

among

the
on

vogue

have

goat also may

significance.The

same

in the ritual of Zeus.

character

sacred

cults the

in certain

thing of

bore

others

than

more

[CHAP. iv.

cannot

we

in the

story of

god's birth,for this is a Cretan legend, in which Zeus and


The
the
on
Dionysos are probably confused.
goat appears
coins of the Phrygian Laodicea,and is there considered
to be an
of Zeus "Ao-6i9a;
but this is probably a Graeco-Syrian
emblem

the

relation

same

as

the

worshippersdepends
The

term

in the

the

on

religionas

Homeric

not
an

view

the

poetry might lead

to

us

in

and

his

of the

been

but
cult-title,

actual

god

is taken

have

to

the

cult-

ever

goat stood
to

ram

that

seem

the

supplied by

the

and

ox

aiyio^osdoes

later Greek

this

evidence

the question whether


aiyo""ayc9,

term

the

the

from

divinity. Apart

aegis.

in vogue
its

suppose

in

prevalence
that

once

significancehad

ever
belonged to it. But if Zeus was
worshipped or habitually
regarded as the holder of the aegis,'
the aegis? According to Preller and
what
was
Roscher, it is
the storm-cloud
fraughtwith lightningand thunder, which
'

imagined to
perhaps by a
was

goat-skin.

Prof. Robertson
the

aegis on

animal

be the weapon
false

etymology,

different
Smith

the

associated

of

Zeus, and which


became

explanation has

in his article

on

breast of Athena
her in

with

misinterpretedas
been

only

worship.

It is

A'um.

suggested by

'Sacrifice,'
namely, that
is

Head, Hist.

afterwards,

566.

the

skin

of the

partlya question

APP.]
of
a

ZEUS.

the

That

etymology.

meteorologicalsense

97

its

and

word

be denied.

cannot

had
compounds
Aeschylus uses it

have the
and we
Choephori (592),
of the same
words
and KaraiyCfciv
Kctrai'f
meaning.
Karaiyfa,
clear proof that writers after
have
On
the other hand, we
in the sense
of goat-skin.
Homer
often used the term
aiyis
Herodotus
tells us that the Libyans wore
goat-skins(cuyecu),
from Libya
the aegisof Athena
borrowed
and that the Greeks
his Cyclops recline on
a
shaggy
(4. 189); Euripides makes
declares
kv afyi'Si,
Cycl.360); Diodorus
goat-skin(8a"n;^aAA(j"
for the

that

Zeus

called atyioxos

was

he

because

the skin of the

wore

(5.70); and the pseudo-Musaeus,quoted


(Catast.
13, p. 102 R),also explains it as the

goat that suckled

him

Eratosthenes

by

in the

storm-wind

skin of the goat Amalthea,

which

Zeus

used

as

battle-charm

Again, we
againstthe Titans, 8ta TO arpa"Tov avrijsKCH "j"o(3"pov.
the authorityof Nymphodorus,
told by Hesychius (s.
on
are
v.),
in the sense
of
used by the Laconians
that the word
was
of
this use
be illustrated by the statement
a shield,and
may
the goat-skin
Pausanias
that the Arcadians
occasionallywore
have the title jxeAayatyij
for this purpose
we
in battle ; lastly,
with
to do
applied to Dionysos, and, as this god has much
goats and nothing at all with whirlwinds, it could only mean
it is so explained by
and
the wearer
of the black goat-skin,'
the Scholiast on Aristophanes (Acharn.146). It is important
'

in

judging

is

never

for

used

distinct

two

derived

the

'

cloud.

Can

noted

other?

by

come

any

first meant

we

that

note

one

is

the

word

that of the

suppose

no\v

above,

in

some

way

originallydenoting
logicaldevelopment of idea to mean
Could

It is difficult to

goat-skin?

which

to
interpretation

meanings

from

'whirlwind
a

of Roscher's

goat-skincome

say
to

word

this.
be

used

Or
for

did
a

the

word

whirlwind

called
were
why it should ; large waves
(2.i 2),but that sug
according to Artemidorus
goats (cuyes),
why whirlwinds should be called goat-skins.
gests no reason
entirely
Possibly the two
meanings really belong to two
One

cannot

see

distinct words.

period the
It remains
VOL.

I.

What

seems

clear is that in the


'

sense

to

post-Homeric

the other.
goat-skin predominates over
of the aegisin Homer,
the significance
examine
*

who
it

is

show

that

the

connoted

word

phenomena.
especiallyto Zeus, but

vicegerent of Zeus.
Achaeans,
bearing the

the

well
a

wherefrom

hundred

oxen.'

that Zeus

Troy,

will

wroth

described
about

wields

446, Athena

'

at

In

Book

shake

her shoulders

whole

Book

aegis,the thing of
wherein
is Strife,
and

Fear, and

of

chill

Pursuit,and

price

cityof

'

the tasselled

with

all

is

738, it

5.

of Athena

accoutrement

and

prophesies

aegisagainst the

is set all about

Battle,and

in

166, Agamemnon

4.

perjury.'Again, in

part of the

as

only

aegis,the deathless
all-golden tassels wave,

the dark

their

it

stirs up

each
worth
(or well twisted, eiJTrAe/ce'es),

woven

other

poetry, belongs

Apollo

2.

to

passages

revered

hundred

his

Book

In

'

immortal,

Homeric

aegis, in

also to Athena

the

as

describes

meteorological or

any

The

elemental

sometimes

the

in

nothing

is

There

minutely.

who

authority and

earliest

our

[CHAP. iv.

RELIGION.

GREEK

98

she

cast

that

terror

the

might

the

the
Gorgon's head,
sacred sign of Zeus the Aegis-holder.'When
Apollo bears it
against the Achaeans, it is described (14.309) as 'shaggy all
about,' and as wrought by the smith-god, Hephaestus, for
Zeus

wield

to

face of the

for the

fight Athena

Hector, which

regarded as

Achilles

(21.400),Ares
'

drags
hurls

in

can

wraps

he

fail within

shakes

them,

high
a

in

the

in the midst

the

aegis,that

Lastly, in

the

the

be

the

distant

most

here

theomachia

against the aegis on


the
aegis against which not even
a
prevail.'
poeticalexpression for
is not

of

laceration

his spear

Evidently there

man-

body

must

substance, to protect it from


it about.

it in the

sign of
covering for the

as

the hearts

as

Odysseus, when

on

up

serves

soft

breast, the dread


cibleness.

It

Apollo

some

bolt of Zeus

held

; when

men

in the hall of

destroyingaegis.

when

of

Danai, their hearts

of the suitors sank


of the

fear

Athena's
thunder
its invinallusion

all this to

atmospheric phenomena, whirlwind, cloud, or


lightning.The aegis is something that can be put round the
body as a shield or breastplate,
and something in which
things
could

be

wrapped

it is

shaggy

golden

tassels

divine

battle-charm, which

It is not

in

for instance ; above

Homer

and

metal

all,it is a

strikes

symbol

has

terror

for the

most

into

whirlwind,

ornament-

potent and
the
nor

enemy.
can

we

ZEUS.

APP.]

have

been

In

for it.

Homer

as

There

it is mentioned

Book

17. 593,

Zeus

describes

only

are

two

could

ever

in

passages

in any

connexion

with

is the

connexion

essential at

of these

in neither

cloud, and

all.

thing

symbol

where

Homer
or

such

how

imagine

99

is said

to

take

the

storm

tasselled

Ida
in clouds, 'and
having
gleaming aegis,and to cover
mightily,and shook the aegis,and
lightened,he thundered
victory to the Trojans and put fear in the Achaeans.'
gave
the cloud or the thunder ;
But the aegisis not said to cause
battle-charm
it is only used here as elsewhere
to inspire
a
as
terror.

Achilles

In
was

Book

18.

going

204-206, it

unarmed

is said

the

to

that
'

trenches,

Athena, when
cast

around

his

about
his head
aegis. And
she set a golden cloud, and kindled gleaming fire therefrom.'
breast is evidentlya battle-charm
The aegison his unarmed
;
his head.
it is entirely
distinct from the golden cloud about

mighty

shoulders

the

tasselled

appropriatesense for all the Homeric


passages
if we
with
understood
it as
a
magic goat-skin,endowed
miraculous
properties,especiallypowerful to inspire terror
in battle ; but occasionally
wielded
and to protect the wearer
thunder
to gather clouds,
or
by Zeus when he wished to cause
just as Poseidon
might take his trident when he wished to
cause
an
earthquake. Now there is no reason
why the aegis
and
the
of Zeus
should
be different from
aegis of Athena,
and
the latter divinity
has nothing especially
to do with storm
but is pre-eminentlya battle-goddess.Her aegisis
lightning,
representedusuallyas a shaggy fell ; the fringeof serpents is
its terrifying
added
character,
by the early artists to intensify
the warrior's
the badge on
sometimes
just as snakes were
shield : they could not possiblyhave been added as the symbol
of storm, in any case an inappropriatesymbol for this goddess ;
It would

be

an

has no serpents ; and if


aegisas described by Homer
them
the post-Homeric artist attached
to it for the purpose
that Roscher
Lexikoii)
(j.v. Aegis, Ausfiihrliches
supposes,
that
then
the
must
lightning,we
namely to symbolize
say
the vase-paintermysteriously rediscovered
a
meteorological
for the

symbolism
which, if once

in

the

aegis

of which

there,had died

out
H

Homer

was

ignorant,and

before the Homeric

period.

RELIGION.

GREEK

ioo

is every

There

to

reason

[CHAP. iv.
the

that

suppose

goat-skin had

meteorologicalsignificance.In certain
cults in Greece, the goat possessed the mysterious and sacred
character of a
theanthropic animal, akin to the divinityand
the worshipper ; namely, in the worship of Dionysos, the god
of the Brauronian
and
Artemis, to
of the dark
goat-skin,'
a

ritualistic and

not

'

'

'

whom

//
daughter' (Eustath.

worship

goat,

'callingit

goat had

26). The

p. 331,

in the

character

tabooed

offered

Athenian

mythical

of Athena

the

on

and

sacred

his

Acropolis,

solemnly offered her (Varro,De Agricult.


the ideas
of
with
be quite in accord
i.
2, 19). It would
the divinityand the worshipper and
a primitiveperiod,when

and

once

the victim

was

year

all closelyakin, that Athena

were

other

should

the sacrificial skin

that

it should

the skin of the


a

life-giving
power

value

as

of the

tribe

it is

well,and

as

in his

book,

recent

magical

charm.

natural
war-goddess, it was
specialpotency in battle ; but

of

animal

sacred

in many

this,as

the

of

be

to

come

in

noted

possess

ritual

in the

used

Being

has

Frazer

Mr.

which

cases

that

animal, and

in the skin of her sacred

be clothed

should

also

ought

to
interesting

have

to

find

that

possessed this character


aegis in an Athenian
ceremony
also,being solemnly carried round the city at certain times to
being taken by the
protect it from plague or other evil,and
probably to
priestessto the houses of newly married women,

the

to

the

it

be

was

343).

8.

evidence
from

goat

had

the

times

faded

ritual,in which

the

if there

As

devourer
his

with
facts

the

of

goat

more

examined

civilized animals
on

Athena's,the goat

the
was

; but

tended
we

supposition that
a

sacred

is this

to

can

in

animal, and

sacrificed to

was

hypothesis that Zeus, who


goats ^2a,'
acquired it from the

worshippersadvanced, they

of

acquired the aegis

her,it is a reasonable
'the

certainly

must

But

away.

sacred

(Serv.

women

close association

the belief that Athena

pointingto

some

Athens

at

usage

for in recent

the

with

this

Now

pre-Homeric,

Athena

practiceis strikinglyanalogous
Juno in the Roman
Lupercalia,

goat-skinof
of
employed for the purification

of the

use

where
Aen.

last

offspring.The

procure

is

called

once

same

source.

associate

best
his

him

explain the
ritual,as

in

that therefore its

APP.]
skin

ZEUS.

was

of his power,

badge

out, the

aegisin

charm,

an

the hands

emblem

by

was

entirelylost.

Down
the

were

reform

much

the

to

in the

remained

of Greek
the

of

part

of

devourer

the

blood

the

bloodless

of bulls

be

the

sacrifice,the

Euripides, where
god,

one

be

the

is

the

altar.'

It is true

Hebrew

people

earth
also

the

higher

in Greek

elsewhere

as

reflection
poor

man's

with

the

ideas

that

have

paganism,

was

; in the

human

parts of the
2.

remained

conservative

more

making

the

still for the

Cf.

same

sake

sacrifice to
of luck

'Ettarofj.l3a.ios,
Hesych.

'

s.

and

which

was

the

advanced

sacrifice, that

of

minds

more

these

though

But

oxen.

the

of the

some

till the

wor

end

of
in

in

vogue

empire, according

to

Porphyry

the

life,
as
feeling,
Lysias felt,that

deeper

continuing

time

ritual

in

the

among

all
the

on

mite,' availed

widow's

sacrifices

54-57), till

fire of

as

upon

unchanged

Roman

to

feels

poet

that

best

the

the

penetrated

ritual

even

Abstin.

come

of

of

Pythagorean philosophy,

we
literature,

'

shippers, the

(De

than

slight offering,the

may

certain

sacrifice

hecatombs

the

take

to

to

as

abundance

came

righteousness was

deity than

Hades

Greek

the

natures

presented by the state-ritual

in

minds

fragment

and

which

forth

among

about

spiritualview

more

in

that

fruits which

sacrifice without

poured
that

It is true

certain

to

Zeus

to

'the

"

god

delighted in

and

corn

sacrifice

The

who

Cyprus,

contained

is made

acceptable
the

in

prayer

proffered with

of

fruits

desired.

no

was

feaster
a
(rrTr/Vayx^oro/^os),

him, appeared

to

appeal

more

there

Zeus, and

offeringsof

ritual ; the

purer

animal-sacrifices

(Athenae. i 74 D) a.

rams

was

embellishment, but

Theophrastus

termed

occasionallymade

were

to

and

of

magical

meaning

true

religion,the

entrails

he was
as
(eiA.a7rimo-r?;s),

the

goat-ritualdied
became

god

artistic

ritual

that

direction

the

as

of the supreme

poetical and

close

chief

that

but

of terror, of which

concealed
never

101

'

than
it

the

was

of Hadrian.
in

any

worth

gods,

if for

The

other
while
no

Greek

part of his
continue

to

other

reason,

(Kara NiKO/xax-R. 854).


V.

Zei"y

tv

TopTvvr),ital napa

Kapal

KO.I

Kprjai.

CHAPTER

CULT-MONUMENTS

THE

without

was

cults.

elsewhere

Homer

In

Athene

and

he

knew

ever

Artemis

allusion

an

of

reason

why

and

Rome,

was

that
would

cult of Zeus
other

And
us

but

of

images,

later

For

allow

may

long period

altar

during

the

crated

to

and

him.
saw

and

called

of the

hint

no

the

that

that

archaic

most

of Greece

than

of

want

the

piety
this

obviously
had

iconic
the

God.

Supreme

of course,

was,

begun,

the

than

the

form

here

cause

The

only

Zeus

been
the

healed

aniconic

suppose
invested

with

magical

was

and

See

stone

medicinal

significanceof
a

the

lay

in

the

next

stage,

was

the

which
'

and

which

worship

which
Orestes

which

tongue8.'
had

or

conse

stone

but
qualities,

above, p. 46.

mountain

objects were

Laconia, upon
of his madness,

meteoric

the

on

in

stayer in the Dorian

this

the

in

strangest of these

Gythium

near

had

worshipped

was

sacrifice

that

remarkable

he

period,certain

same

Pausanias
sat

admitting

idol of

an

reserve.
religious

with

tops

We

in

other

representationsof

and

was

to

the

are

not

the

both
primitive religion,

most

destitute

divinities.

certain

been

to

Lycaeum

than

helplessnessof hand rather


Clemens
claims
for the Pelasgians
; but
not
explain why, when the iconic age

imagination

had

time

Apollo, but

of Zeus.

down

come

the

of

one

divinities,

Mount

explicitreference

perhaps Apollo,

and

The

to

Greek

on

so

longer

an

image

an

have

that

statues

for

ZEUS.

of all other

as

remained

have

we

OF

Zeus,

and

image,

an

probably

and

of

worship

oldest

THE

V.

We

had
may

become

its title is

of Zeus

by

itself out

it become

could

: but
inscriptions

of

means

that

religiousthought

manifold

till a later

not

in the literature

embodied

was

period

expression for the

of

vehicle

adequate

an

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

104

of the earlier period


legends and cults. The monuments
could
only illustrate part of the religion that has been
in the
three
of Zeus
The
described.
physical supremacy
realms
was
quaintlyexpressed by that ancient "6avov of the
and

three-eyed Zeus,
said

this

the

was

Homer
KaraxOdvioswhom
and
whom
Aeschylus refers,

'Em/Uos-

to

was

the

sky-Zeus united
the Zeus

and

accept it until

may

we

that

accept

we

mentions

the Zevs

with

Argos

Troy04, if

from

that

explanation of Pausanias

of

the citadel

on

brought

been

have

to

the avaBr^a

probable can be found a. The legend concerning the


the fact
with
accord
origin of the Trojan image would
mentioned
already of the prevalence of this conception of

more

tripleZeus

rare

genuinely Hellenic

among

include

Such

Mayer in his Die Gigantcn und


Titancn, pp. 111-114, considers that
idol could
this three-eyed
not
possibly
a

Dr.

be Zeus, but

Titanic

some

too

thinks
for

monstrous

the

the

artist did

with

the

lightning

not

dent and

the

hands

clenched

symbolism

not

wonders
him

represent

or

very

eyes

clusive ; it is hard

to

symbolism
period to represent

unnatural
tive
saw

say it was
in the very

in

three

worlds
I do

person;

and

natural

meaning Dr.

not

the

as
see

primi

being who
three-eyed
what

more

Mayer finds in
them
if the three eyes reallybelongedto
a
Cyclops; and a three-eyed
Cyclops is

after all

very

doubtful

The

person.

primitivesculptormight have put

tri

to

open

part the fingersat all;

at

the hands

xoana

the

the side and


But what

yet parted.

they may

me

of

the hands
able

fingers
figure

this

does not concern


here.
us
originally
It is clear that long before Pausanias
the people had
the idol as
interpreted

con

to

seem

been

was

His

not

Osogos, the

but in the very earliest

Zeus

do

and

are

cannot

we

into
lightning

the

this foavov, if he had

Cerberos,if he intended his figurefor


the triple
Zeus, as Pausanias supposed.
arguments

for

monuments;

are

eagle,trident

or

Chiusi

from

vase

representation is exceedingly

to

Zeus, and

why

been

allied

nature-power

He

Cyclops.

have
originally

must

representations of Zeus

the

these

among

given by

Zeus, all carryingthe lightning,

of

forms

trident b.

the

one

is

art

mature

more

displaysthree

which
and

in

idea

same

clearest illustration of the

The

Minor.

in Asia

had

and

; regardingit

well have

Pausanias

as

character

of

as

Zeus

ground

some

Zeus,

explainedthe three
did, for this triple
recognized

was

prevalentpopular cults. Therefore


is

the

it with

associated

legend of Priam

for

still

in

there

quoting

the

monument

illustrativeof

that character of the

god.
published by

xoanon

as

PI.

I b

cf. gems

Overbeck, Kunst-Myth.tGemmentaf.
nos.

7, 8, p. 259.

3,

crab

the

in

appeared
the

the

small

god

in

through

in

statuette

the

and

periods of

all the

more

gloomy

arrangement

of hairc.

the

It is obvious

that

physicalworld,

which

cults, could

sentation

Dodonaeus,
of Zeus

temple

descending from

him

Such

was

to

or

theme

relief-work

attributes
a

so

none

Head, Hist. Num.

this

For

group

on

below

The

upon

in

the

in many

of

the

clearness

in

the

the

been

repre
in the

Even

symbolism
that

rain-god ; namely,

the

d,wearing

good

oak-crown

an

reason

Overhead

as

Naios

Zeus

and

coins of Antoninus

near

of cypress-

grove

rain-drops

are

mountain-god

recumbent

seen

below6.

obviously better adapted to painting


all his physical
than
to sculpture. Of
in the monuments
as
frequentlyappear

529;

Overb.

loc.

probable reproduction

cult and

sombre

monuments

two

him, while

Athena-

of

Monuments,

p. 328.
c

marked

Zeus

of natural

speciallyof
certain Ephesian

enthroned

that

to

more

of

have

Serapis are

monuments

of Zeus

convenientlystudied

more

with the divinities of the

in connexion

see

And

'Tcnos?

of Zeus

Museum

cit, p. 269.
b

with

more

or

Pius, that represent him


trees, with

(PI.I c).

hair,as if dripping with water, which

matted

again,the type

one

the

functions

beck, followingBraun, interpretswith


of Zeus

the

is expressed
affinity

and

the

we

shows

on

being

or
only one
representationof

Berlin

which

latter

of the

find

in the

of Zeus

And

bears

far greater power

b.

Hades

commemorated

period

mention,

both

the type of Zeus

easilyexpressed

in the archaic

with

and

this

art

countenance

of

(J5

the other

on

Itonia

Athene

Cerberos

with

with

trident

Museum

What, for instance,could

regarded as

head

Greek

were

period,when a
been
gained,we

be

can

eagle

many

be

not

monuments.

had

other

character

distinct

the

Hades,

later

the

British

the

which

in the close resemblance

by

Strabo

character

his double

side of his throne

of

and

naming 'the god Zeus,

one

have

Pausanias

Mylasa, of

undoubtedly

of

Zeus-Hades

of

group

which

Coronea,"

at

the

Zeus

chthonian

the

But

his feeta.

by

105

coin of

on

Septimius Severus, holding

of

period

the

is found

Caria, who

of

Zeus-Poseidon

ZEUS.

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

THE

v.]

world.

lower
d

Overb.

"

D. A

Myth.

Kunst-Myth.
K.

2.

no.

14

i, p. 233.

Overb.

i,p. 226, Miinztaf. 3.

22.

Kunst-

those

of

emblem

it in

his

statues21, his silence

is

mention

that

common

it did

personality. A

presents

type of

the bolt which

archaistic

on

an

of

coins

have

been

always

not

and

proof
Olympiab,
and hurling

obvious

so

largeseries

the

vase-painting
"

in

at

the

gods

such

scenes

Athene, the apotheosis of Heracles, as well

as

on

the

preserve

"

rock

on

In

feet6.

his

near

throne

seated
Karai/Sa-rr;?,

Zeus

to

seems

Seleucia

at

represented by itself on
cityd; and coins of Cyrrhus

inscriptionof

it appears

itself

of Zeus

emblem

an

in

find it

we

of ancient

theme

of

lightningwith his eagle


peacefulassemblagesor processionsof

holding

specialmention

thunderbolt

The

Zeusso

is found

and

does

was

early bronze, found at


Zeus Kepavvtos stridingforward
have been widely prevalent,
as
cities0.

of this

figure and

claim

the

symbol

very

worshipped as

coins

archaic

most

inconclusive, for the

coin of Messene

other

of

Antioch, for
the

must

the

of

record

in the greatest need

the oldest art stood


of

in

appears

common
probably his most
vase-paintings,and was
in very earlysculpture: for although Pausanias

oldest

not

thunderbolt

The

thunderer.

the

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

io6

the

common

the birth of

as

in such

dramatic

and

violent

subjectsof

battle

with

the

giants

Megarian treasury, or the contest


the gable of the Acropolis,the thunderbolt
has
other sign which
The
of Zeus.
mark

with

Typhon
weapon

on

and

on

archaic

relief-work

the

as

the

supposed usually,though
the thunderer,the aegis or

on

insufficient

ground,

to

is the
been

indicate

goat-skin,appears on the arm


where
Zeus in the representationson the Pergamene frieze,
is warring against the giants,but it is extremely rare
show
The
coins of Bactria
it,and
public monuments.
a

The

by

Ascarus

the

Theban,
at Olympia, which
probably belonged
the late archaic
to
period, held the
thunderbolt in the righthand, Paus. 5.
24"
b

statue

J-

Baumeister, Denkm.

Klass. Alterth.

Cieiium

of

Cyzicus,Mus.

Thessaly, Head,
Hunter.

p.

of
he
in
late
249;

24, 16; Ambra-

Bruttium, ib. p. 78 ;
ib. p. 91 ; Acarnania, it. p. 283;
Petelia,
Aegina, ib. p. 334; Bactria, ib. 702:

cia,Head, p. 270

cf. Zeus

standingwith

lowered

thunder-

bolt on coins of Athens, Gardner, Num.


fig.2378.
Corinth, ib. E 89;
Messene, Gardner-lmhoof-Blumer, Com. BE
2, 3;
Com. PI. P 4, 5; Athens, B B i ;
Num.
Sicyon,ib. H 10.
"*
Megara, A 4 ; Corinth,"'90; Patrae,R
Head, Hist. Num.
p. 66 1.
12 ; Aegium, Head, Hist. Num.
Ib. p. 654.
p. 348 ;
P- 2134,
c

v.]
coins

Alexandria3, and

of

the

the

aegis on
meaning
the

But

what

war

and

Either

Dodona

and

and

ought

we

to

not

And

monuments.

victorious

better

god

and

character

benign

seekb.

It

the dark

and

moral

these

and

almost

all the

the

later archaic

type created
the

Bactrian

that

of

the

oldest

is

refined

with

worship

god

with

in the archaic

d.

later monuments

And
b

coin of third century B.C.,

in
Overb.

cf. pp.

Alex-

of

in his

the
op.

men

hand,

The

more

thunderbolt

frequently

later
cit.

is

periods
Gemmentaf.

of
3;

243-250.

Paus.

Vide
Zeus

Myth,

held

is found

and

of this

find two

lowered

period

an

flowers c.

other

strongest

statues

we

was

that

image,
Zeus
belong to
terrifyingforms

the

Pausanias

the

in

was

without

In

lilies or

far to

primitivecults

remained

by

it is his

is not

reason

most

away.

ordinarychlamys.
andrian
Zei/s Necoin with inscription,
and
the
left
on
shoulder,
aegis
fj."ios,
Head, op. cit.,
p. 719 ; Overbeck, KunstMyth, i, p. 218.
no

the

and

Head, op. cit. 702 : the tassels hanging


down
show
that the covering of Zeus'
left arm

be

represented,the pacific

is

prevails,and

recorded

crowned

v/as

might

TpoTraios,

representationsof
gloomy and
period,when
be

the warlike

whether

which, though the thunderbolt

peaceful form

or

earlier

beginning to
period at Olympia

among

of

in the

meaning

express

monuments,

the whole

on

were

that

sinister aspect of the

relief;but

this

it had

cult-names

nature

in the

was

that

archaic

his

his head

cults

local

the

aegis-bearingZeus.

the

physicalor

in

with

"Apeios,a-Tparrjyos,

"

the

in

even

tioned

it here

agree

assume

those

applied to

But

Is

Epirot kings.
an
ensign of
worshipped in
the fertilizing

Epirote country, in which Zeus Naio? and


indigenous. But the literaryrecord fails to
aegi'sbore any direct reference to the cloud,

the

that

of the

Dodona,

to

the

"Apeto?were

show

coins

The

much

been

refer

to

Zeus

would

sense

has

seem

mean?

the

together.

"Apeto?who was
regards it, a sign of

the

Overbeck

as

the

on

aegis

victory of

cloud?

or

the

does

Epirus, or.

Zevs

of Zeus

badge

of which
which

on

occur

attributes

would

oak-crown

The

oak-crown

107

gems,

Venice,

at

conjunction of

this

and

statues

cameo

the

and

breast

of

debated.

being

is the

famous

most

few

ZEUS.

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

THE

5. 22, 5 ; 5. 24,
note
in

c, p.

106,and

i.

cf. statuette

Vienna, Overbeck, Kiinst-

i, p. 152,

fig.18

in Florence, ib. PI. 17.

; bronze

statuette

io8

Greek

art

the

of

powers

the
SoYrjs,

fifth century

enthroned
on

Halicarnassus

of

crown

the

of

type

strange

bearded
his

about

rays

cult

have

we

early

reminiscence

some

god of the vintageb.


imperialperiod we may

of whose
'Aovc/jaios,

of Zeus

Prymnesos,

represented
is
right arm
On

as

of the

Ka/)?ro-

is

thunderbolt, his

the

on

of the

Zeus

vinestock, possibly with

cult of Zeus

some

which

c., on

of

of Aetna

coin

Graces,

Zeus

of

coin

on

on

B.

holding

and

resting

and

form

the

fruits,appears

of corna;

part of the

of

of

giver

holding ears

Zeus

Olympian

benign

carved

fruitfulness,were

and

birth

of the

throne

The

physical world.

the

in

influence

his
express
and
Hours

that

find monuments

can

we

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

the

see

of

coin

figure

there,in the

record

with

divinity in long robes


head, who stands between

two

oak-trees.

Lastly,there are sundry


Zeus 'A/cpatoy,
the god who
sentation

the

on

type of Gomphi
which

on

Mount

he

If

of

afterwards
survived

the

bronze

small

wolf-skin around
but

Coin

the

PI. A

"

PL

2.

Head"

the

to

his

to

coin-

the

where

B. c.,

canonical

Zeus

Vide

rock

worship

on

on

Mount

it

P- 527.

been

Arcadian

was

of

in Mitt.

vide supra, p.

48.

"*

allude

have

Head,

to

with
Zeus

national

in all probability
Zeus

this.

discover

We
K/orjraye^/s.

Ramsay

greatest

worship,

accepted

an

Lycaeum

possibleto

of the

head, may

of his
have

has

f,representingZeus

Museum

back

will be

monument

were

the

regards

7, p. 135.
i

that

image, and the head


has
to
no
similarity

Crete,is

d. d. Inst. Ath.
Coin

an

coins
to

the repre

Olympius, which

Zeus

cults

As

this cannot

cult-imageof
"

of

in the Bonn

always without
Arcadian

similar

allude

may

those

type, for that worshipon

look

century

heights;

Zei/j 'A/cpaios
occurs
inscription

type

importance.

we

is very

considered, scarcelyany

Lyceius;

the

on

Smyrna6.

belonging to

national

third

the

; and

except

we

of the

is enthroned

Pindus

late coins

dwells

of Aetna

coin
d

worship of

that illustrate the

coins

again, if

Nor

what
many

certain

on

the chief

was

representa-

p. 251.

//, p. 5IO.

'

Overbeck,Kunst-Mythol.

/"

Miinztaf. i, PL

30.

i, p. 266.

and

the Thessali

and

may

heads

of oak-crowned

king

former

the
the

expression

of

is not

oak-crown

plasticart

may

have

by

itself be

only

probablyborrowed

from

become

to

direct

any

prove

of

staters

countenance

the

to

god
in

coins,but in works

on

Dodona

it
originally,
symbol, and cannot

conventional

merely

taken

C.a,

infrequentlyfound

not

of Zeus,
representations

other

gold

may

The

of divination.

the

on

possiblydetect in the
mental
quality proper

we

of

B.

in this

Pyrrhus, and

and

Alexander

reignsof

century

region of the tradition of


in Phthia.
More
important is the series
the coins of Epirus b,struck in the
on

Dodona

Thessalian

of the second

in the first half

the survival

show

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

no

association

with

Dodo-

cult.

naean

The

of

head

doubt

cult

the

to

Zeus

which

may

be here

seen

on

may

Halus

of

Laphystius,

but

alludes

does

not

no

all

at

worship d. A few other local cultillustrated by representationson


coins,

of the

reflect the character


names,

Zeus

of

coins

the

on

be

mentioned, such

of

fourth-centurycoins

Ainesios, whose

Zeus

as

Proni6, Zeus

head

Aetnaeos

is
the

on

already mentioned, Zeus Salafifth-centurycoins of Aetna


f
minios
represented on Cypriote coins of the Roman
period,
and
erect
holding patera and sceptre with an eagle on his
Zeus

eagle,a

seen

the

on

Nemeah.

Archemorus
be

may

figurehas

called

representationthat may
worship of this deity
Marcus

Mus.

Head,

Aurelius,

on

Hist.

p.

Overbeck,

Num.

Thess., PL

Cat.

Zeus

claim

which

256;
VII.

Coin

Overbeck,

Brit.

PL

Mus.

n,

we

2,

3 ;

be

i, pp.

Cat. Thess., PL

the back

Zeus

no

who
with

converse

obviously
The

the

only

of the actual
coin

Argive

an

naked

Zeus

of

standing

i, Head,
"

XXXI.

on
a

p. 251.
Ib. p. 358.
//;. p. 267.
//,. p. 7x9.

234-239.

but

monument

see

12.

in

cult-monument.

device

Brit.

I, p. 231.

to

is the

seated

The

Nemeios,

of

inscription

certainlybore

of Ruvo

vase

the character

not

cult.

Nemean

the

lying on

specialsignificancefor
is

find

we

representationof him
purely fanciful type which

Nemeios, and

of his

of Alexandria8

late coins

On

wrist.

mdler

Published

in

Baumeister, Denk-

d. klass. Alterthums,

i,

p. 114.

of this
that

with

him

behind

here

have

we

of

temple

for the

cannot

his

local
have

to

came

the

the type

examine

use

attempts

have

been

made

The

text

of

there

proving that

Leochares, who
This

be

may
do

and

not

all of

that

coins

ing the

thunderbolt

of

the

The

the

thunderbolt

Athens

of

regard
a

Coin

PL

more

f, and

copy

which

Cornm.

earlystatue
Fans.,

Head,

loose,

carved

in the Attic

sees

of that

us

by

hurl
of the
of the

is
the

2,

archaic

inclined

more

Acropolisg.

Nuove

Memor.

Gardner, op. cit. B


f

Ik. B B

Kunst-Mythol.

p. 444.

Mullet, Antiqu. Antioch., Taf.

on

another

on

to

We

Fig. K.
*

XXVIII.

Num.

form.

rather

the statue

is found

Overbeck

which

of the

13. Kum.

Hist.

by

traditional
are

reminds

motive

p. 36.
Gardner, op. cit. A 3.

PI. K.
b

as

executed

violent is probably
being more
peacefulrepresentationof Zeus with

the

coin

of this

Polias, and

earlier than
lowered

statue

been

Jahn

of

interpretedas

of Pausanias

Polieus.

which

Polieus

Zeus

the

that

monu

display the god stridingforward and


a
preservationof the archaic type

city6.

Athena

archaic

d,

instance, many

later

having

necessityimply
Zeus

For

been

modified

way

the words

named

was

later

and

the

still fewer

the

has

older

an

some

but

archaic

god

we

Zeus-worship

the

are

discover

Pausanias

was

in

so.

at

"Leochares

to

Acropolis, the

the

on

works

public cult.

illustrations of

as

Athens.

god

often modelled

expressed in

were

those

religiousart, and

of

can

we

that

comparativelyfew

were

ments

doubt

no

masterpiece in Elis,as we find when


the coins of Megara b,Prusa c, Antioch

ideas attachingto
political

Of the various
there

'OAv/zTrios

name

cities.

other

and

on

connexion

any

this title were

under

Zeus

But

coins.

many

But
general signification.

most

the great Pheidian

on

on

inscriptionattests
Olympia, as the

of

worship

of
representations

the

the

concludes

by Lysippus
Olympius was

cult of Zeus

is inscribed

prevalence

Gardner

carved

statue

The

name

that

suppose

the

with

of the

copy

Argosa.

and
widespread89,
we

his left hand


the

From

Argive coins, Professor

the

in

sceptre,and

his feet.

eagle near

an

figureon

his

supported on

righthand

his

with

ZEUS.

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

THE

v.]

detf Inst., A, p. 24,


B

I.

2.

i, p. 55.

GREEK

H2

find

then

with

accordance
is

Attic

another

on

the

libation- cup.

proof

direct

no

the

or

ception of

of Zeus

group

b.

of Leochares
it is

but

Demos

and
Of

the forms

to
interesting

Demos

in certain

nized

type of Zeus;

the

seated

But

his

how

in the

the

con

in the

nothing,
personified

of the
from

much

limbs

lower

name

know

we

for

figurewhose

same

is

Peiraeus,the work

type

borrows

monuments

The

people appears

of this group

note

there

either the

Polieus.

instance,on certain
transitional stylea doubt has

of the

Rhegium

altar,but

usurped

that stood

altar

god is holding
reproduction of the
the

of the

guardian

an

in

the

near
ever

modified

century a, and

of Zeus

image

the

as

be

stood

this statue

that

Zeus

well

which

of Zeus

which

over

may

of the

worship

this type

the fourth

side

This

of Leochares

statue

coin

styleof
his

represented by

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

the

archaic
been

recog"fc"

coins0

of

feltwhether

enveloped in the
himation
is the god or the personification
of the people d.
The
altar stood
'Ayopato?,the god whose
type of Zeus
in the market-place,
who
and
guarded the righteousnessof
be recognized on
trials,cannot
statue.
any coin6, or in any

figureis

him,

to

which

on

holding in
over

his

Zeus

is the

Gardner, BE

Paus.

Overbeck,

I.

very

The

Kunst-Mythol.
to

p. 93,

regard

Demos,

but

chlamys

youthful form,
his

right

that

leaves the

right

little known

at least

i,

p.

Fig. 62,

it neither

as

Agreus

or

as

and

Demos

Htra

the famous

of Demos

earlyas

as

in the

type

common

genuine
public monu

in

coin-repre

but this may

express

We
Sybaris, Athenae.
541.
may
the
interpret the figure of Zeus on
beautiful vase
publishedby Baumeister,

Denkmiihr,
the

ing
mythic
Zeus

as

personal form

Zeus
on

inscription

of

3.

the fifth century,as

tion

an

extending

Zeus,
thunder-hurling

I, 3.

inclines
nor

Aristaeus.

with

and

of

rarely represented in

that

Head, Hist. Num.

created

and

erect

but

was

was

It is true

sentations

relief with

sceptre,

wearing

cult, and

ments.

Zeus

appears

left hand

of war,

god

Hellenic

who

Roman

bare.

As

25;

on

he

altar,and

an

breast

seen

are

was

in the

mantle

the

was

close of

grouped

representa-

of Alcisthcnes

i.

493,

biith

ancestor

of

No.

537, represent-

Erichthonius,

of the Athenian

the

people,

Polieus.

The

Zfvs 'Ayopaios
occurs
inscription
the
(of
Imperialperiod)of the
Bithynian Nicaea ; Head, Hist. Num.
p. 443, but only an altar is represented
e

on

with

coin

it.

v.]

THE

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

ZEUS.

113

legend of the Titans' and Giants' battles,or the mere


A
Zeus
at
helmed
physical conception of the thunderer.
Olympia is a fiction born of the corrupt text of Pausanias*;
and
only on rare and late coins of Iasosb does the armed
The
figure of Zeus "Apeto? occur.
warrior-god of Caria
the coins of Euromus
on
c, Mylasa d, and of the
appears
the

that is a device
axe
dynasts,and the double-headed
be his emblem.
The
of the coinage of Tenedos
most
may
strikingrepresentationis that which is found on the coin
of Mausolus6, on
is seen
Labraundeus
Zeus
which
walking
that leaves his breast bare,
to the right clad in a himation
the
and
carrying a spear and bipennis; the style shows
impress of Attic art of the middle of the fourth century. But
the actual cult-figure
of the Carian temple is probably better
presented by the type of the coins of Mylasa, on which we
the god in the midst
of his temple, clad in chiton and
see
Carian

himation

that

is

fashion,wearing
and

modius

his

on

coin-typesof

The

spear.

his lower

wrapt about

head

and
f

Amastris

Srparqyoj show
characteristic of this idea, which

little

Zeus

epithet of

in stiff hieratic

limbs

does

wielding axe
illustrate the

that

not

enter

all into

at

It is only
representationsof Zeus.
coinageof Syracuse g that representedthe god whom
the warlike
calls Jupiter Imperator with
symbol

the

canonical

is

that

nothing

or

the

late

Cicero
of

the

spear.
But

of Zeus

the

illustrations among
the

to

had

period

been

the

there

with

Zeus

Pheidias,who

at

Paus.

Coin

5. 17,

until the

4.
Hist. Num.

Nike

; the

hand

'
K

of the

Henceforth

"

PI. A

I.

earlyas Bacchy-

as

or

d. alt. Kunst,

i.

Head,
p. 523.
Ib. 529 ; Muller-Wieseler, Denkm.
VOL.

least

conspicuous monument
placed her on the hand

turned

belong

later art ; in literature Nike

partly towards him.


of representingZeus with
modes
facinghim with a garland in her
Zeus

all

these

in any

not

of

large number

are

though

monuments,

perfectedand

associated

but
lides,
of

of

Conqueror

Coin

PI. A

2.

have

we

libation

two

is either
to

offer

29.
5.

Overbeck, Miinztaf.

Head,

Olympian

goddess

statue

Hist. Num.

2.

27, and

p.

164.

3.

21.

him

from

she

stands

him

and

holding

frequentlyher

is

refer to the

epithetSomjp would

monumental

speaking the

specialexpression given to
speaks
slight. Pausanias
of this

name

Artemis
and
TT^X?],
in the Temple of

because

of the

ancient

of these

statues

nor

in the
corded
The

by
only

seated

the

head

of

Zeus

cult-names
of the

which

the

an

used

hear

we

of

probably ancient

was

it.

of

But

none

Athens, often mentioned


in Messene

statues

re

evidence.

or

on

the

eagle is carved,
A
backwards.
youthful

which

on

written

an

is found

diadem

on

coin

clan

do

what

know

of

worship
to

any

express
of

Zeus,

surviving

form, if

distant

any,

or
'E/jKeto?,
'O/xo'yno?,
4"parpios; but
Fa^Aio?, the marriage god. may perhaps be

for Zeus

appears

veiled

Overbeck, Kumt-Mythol.

p.
i, p. 59.

with

and

an

18.

These

of works.

earlyfifth-century
Stackelberg'sGrdber dcr Helleon

the

to

attached

be

that

examined

have

we

can

series
interesting

god

For instance

tien, Taf.

of Zeus

Megalopolis

at

explicitaccount

family and
not

in

in

two

that

We

allusion to Zeus

vase

of the
any

Aegium

at

Thespiae

at

at

sceptre

that

the ancients

"

scarcelyany

found

and

is very

of the third century.

monument.

an

dedicated

was

agalma
we

with

Soter

relations
is

statue

128

by Cephisodotus

carved

inscriptionSOTER,

all the

there

archaic

an

Soter

of the

representationthat has survived is found


has
for its device
Galaria
in Sicilyd, which

Agrigentum
the

generally

full

Zeus, holding

with

Of

have

Pausanias

of

coin

of

legend attaching to

archives,nor

state

But

war.

of Zeus

Soter

of the

then, the

case

the

idea

called

hand, and
this

dangers of

Zei;? Sacor?]?,which

figureof

bronze

his
In

of Zeus

shrine

containingstatues

as

in

also

sometimes

of this title and

Swreipa,
Zeus

Syrian kings b

the

evidence

great group

Nike

such

worshippers ;

was

by Strabo.

Soter

lepov of Zeus

the

She

Pausanias

by

with

Zeus

and

Athene

of

coins

lookingaway

instance, in the

; for

Peiraeus, mentioned

in the

of

the

league0.

Soter

Zeus

present with

the

to

crown

on

Achaean

the

of

and

out

pose

of his hand

hollow

in the

; or

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

u4

the veil

Ib. Miinztaf.

Coin

PI. A

2.

are

wearing
17 and

6.

I2T.
e

Head,

those

ib, p. 108.

Head,

17

in

some-

a.

Hist,

Num.

THE

v.]
times

oaken

an

been

of

nature

Zeus,

oak-grove

the

on

oaken

crown;

the

lower

world,

expression that

road

near

but

the

the
the

on

form

in the

is

who

Triptolemosand Demeter
the Borghese relief of
on

or

It

god.

the veil alludes

clouds

for instance

Zeus

half

with

his

is

gazing down
upon
giving him the corn, and

veiled

head

features

nether

of them

some

Aquileab, where

his

and

concealed

of

himself

from
silver-cup

whose
o-/coriVas,

works

the

to

proper

case

hides

deity who

of Zevs-

of these

any

be

would

115

Sparta might be alluded to by


veil is not
usually a symbol of

have

nor

well be that in the

may

veil

illustratethe idea

and

the

to

The

ZEUS.

meaning- of this symbol has


might express the chthonian

The

a.

crown

disputed.

much

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

the Louvre

the

where

Zeus

veiled

probably Zeus Maimactes, the winter-godc. But we


have no
sure
authorityfor saying that the veil was a sign
is its reference
of the cloud ; its only certain significance
it is the constant
attribute of the bride
to the bridal,and
of Hera as the goddess of marriage. But could it have
and
such a meaning on the head of the male deity? It is possible
that on
the sarcophagos-representation
published in the
Monumenti dell Institnto*. which shows the birth of Dionysos
be

may

from

thigh of Zeus, the

the

might
the

mother"

ancient
the

and

is here

lepdsyajzos- from

of

functions

Again,

in the

very
picture of

Pompeii e,the bridegroom Zeus

has

the

more

the veiled Hera

(PL V

b). Now

goddess of marriage,and in
suppose
then

For

god

than
probably symbolizes the marriage-rite
the terra-cotta group found in Samos
spring-cloud.Lastly,
published by Gerhard f,shows the veiled Zeus side by side

with

of the

illustration of the

quaint unintentional

head

the

the
fulfilling

practice of the Couvade.

veil,which
the

Zeus

that

mean

veil around

that

apply

this

M.

listof the monuments

i,

Fig. 20.

vide Over-

beck, i, rp. 239 and 251.


b

Mo"'

Wmckelmann,

0eoy

ya/"JAios.We

to

might

doubtful instances of the

"*

Vol.

"

Baumeister,Denm.

i, Taf.

4;

a.

d. klass. Alter-

thums, Fig. 3390. p. 2133.


f

deir Inst- 3- 4-

A/onum.

isthe

it is natural

connexion

to the
interpretation

E.g. Overbeck, K.
a

is here

also

Zeus

such

of Samos

the Hera

Ined.

Antike

Bildwerke, Taf. I ; also


2, p. 25, Fig. 4 a.

Overbeck, A'. M.

n.

in

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

n6

must
veiled Zeus;
of the
only we
single representations
sometimes
that the attribute was
with the possibility
reckon

for

given

merely artistic reason,

as

becoming framework

for the head.


other

The

two

mild

who
'EAAaz-to?,

Zeus

Timoleonb,

the

coin

of

bear

these

horse, the

the

to

and

noble

freedom

won

fourth

to

the

the

periods;

two

time

the

about

century
of

coin

have

Panhellenios, we

as

same

of the

second

the

by

us

belonging

coins

representationson
first a Syracusan
of

the

was

the

nothing of the earlier


Syracuse to Zeus 'EAev0e'/"io?
Of
of Thrasybulus.
tyranny

at

of

downfall

the

after

dedicated

of

head

unbridled

refer

tell

victories,and

statue

but

some

the

these

But

freedom.

by Timoleon's
colossal

marked

of

device

the

sculpture;
the

us

expression,and

of

reverse

of

emblem

show

coins*

Syracusan

or

TIav"\Xrivio$,are

of

monument

national

express

and
'EAeufle/no?

surviving

earnestness

their

on

Zeus

Zeus, that

laurel-crowned, and

god

former

of

no

of

fine series

of

that

politicalidea,
illustrated
by
a

cults

city,struck

same

beginning of the third c. In neither is there any


thingspeciallycharacteristic of the idea,but the later type is
and imperiousbeauty
remarkable
for the youthfulcountenance
the

near

of the laurel-crowned

Lastly

we

and

Aegium

league,the type

of which

cities of the

is

with

good

this

Coin

be

whose

PI. A

7.

suppose,

copy
statue

of

Head,

as

the

Monnaie
c

Coin

p.

Imhoof-Blumer,

Grecque,PI. B
PI. A

14.

and

Professor

p. 160.

by

his

sceptre,

him.

There

Homagyrius
as

M tillerWieseler, Denkm.

Overbeck, K.M.
17

a.

that

argues,

Pausanias

Kunst, 2, No. 20.


e
Gardner, Num.
and

on

Gardner

of Zeus

statue

erect, with

and

towards

turned

21.

Head,

supported

is mentioned

Head, Hist. Num.

157;

issued

left,naked

the

156.

p.

of

coins

certain

by the Achaean
agrees with that adopted by other
and Megaraf ; the god is
Messene

in his left hand


to

reason

may

Aegium

Nike

series

in Achaea

league,such as
represented facing towards
his right hand
raised high
and

this

in

mention

may
d

Pallantium

god.

Comm.

of

next

d.

Paus.~R

i, p. 155, Nos.

alt.

15.

17

RELIGION.

GREEK

u8

Argives

and

commemorate

to

expiate

to

everything that

Of

massacre.

[CHAP.
fearful

this statue

concerns

civic
are

we

greatest doubt : we do not know what was the actual


of its dedication, for the history of Argos records
occasion
the

in

than

more

whether
do not know
; we
bloody faction-fight
the elder Polycleitosof the fifth century or

one

sculptorwas

its

of the fourth

the younger
the

which

century,

what

or

only other cult-title which was


spiritualcharacter of Zeus, and

representationof
the
by Polycleitos
in

thyrsos

fourth

eagle.'

reason

of these

statue

for any

seek

with

do

little

this

worshipwith

to

feast.
been

As

may

of

many

the

nondas, and
the

partlyto
the

fourth

to

We

The

are

too

Zeus

whose

the

Zeus

many

the

community.
the

double

Meilichios

on

us

to

the

in

By

Argos
recognize
coin pub-

which

epithet "KAio""
should

what

means

of the

lished
Pans.
b

Zeus

Vide

god

2=,.

p.

the

4"iAtos

referring
bind together
Polycleitoswas

by Gardner,
K,

At

one

belonged to
of Epami-

foundation

new

nature

than

more

god of the friendly


certainlyto have
temple of Megalo

the

as

connect

priestswore

and
2o"r?/p,

which
politicalfriendship

allow

ought

Dionysos b.

and

Zeus

to

interpret the

Zeus-statues recorded
to

the

under

not

may

illustrate in

can

century

of

monuments

express

on

temple-worship,we

give it the political


meaning
may

he has

other, and

of

work

Arcadian

able
n

the

Polycleitosseems
wrought especiallyfor the city and

polis,we

resembles

for this strange


mystic reason
religioussculpture of the great age

poured

was

in the

the

He

evidentlydid

for

ivy during the ritual ; and we


way the rapprochement between
regarded

wrought

buskins, and

are

mystic symbolism.
of Zeus Didymaeus,

that

feast the third cup

'

recondite

for the

has

Pausanias

earliest

statue

Megalopolislf"1.

intended

and

:
representation

was

distinct

dionysiac features of Zeus Philios.


public work of the earlier part of the

was

century

to

not

for

younger

an

sits

this

As

received

is the

is recorded

the

one

the

stand

that

him

coveringsof his feet


hand
and
a
thyrsos in

Dionysos, for
cup

which

the moral

from

derived

is that of the Zeus "I"tAioj. The


illustration,

monumental

by

sculptorrepresented the religiousideaa.

The
or

the forms

were

48.

as

is
Num.

doubtful
Comm.

on

PLATE
a

II

v.]

THE

but

matter,
and

inner

also

in

character

well

as

and

pose

that

believe

may

we

the

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

it

shown

was

in

as

the
of

arrangement

ZEUS.

119

in the features

external
the

attributes

drapery.

the

In

ArchaeologischeZeituiigof 1866 (pi.208, no. 6) there is


of a lost antique, a representation of a seated
the 'sketch
and

Dionysos, posed
the

it is most

Zeus, and

seated

Zeus

"KAtoj

face

we

of

can

little :
the

from

something

natural
also

Polycleitoswas

say

the

draped according to

the

to

As

that

the
the

regards

have

sculptormust

of

type

suppose

seated.

type of the

older

usual

borrowed
the

Dionysos heads,

given the features


and
a benevolent
smiling aspect. But no existingmonument
gives us any certain clue to the rendering of the idea. The
Pergamene coins which give a representation of the head of
Zeus
Philios,and the full figure seated, have little definite
the

of

type

character
The

bearded

severe

and

god,

a.

only

other

found

the two

deity are

fourth

century, bearing inscriptionsto

the

his throne

on

he

seat, and

eagle

; but

This
those

as

and

illustrated

have

in the

religionand
or

of

monuments

which

little

"

the
It

survived.

nothing

the

Delphi,by

Overbeck.A". M.
C. I. A.

is of

is carved
in his

cup

appears

beneath

left hand

to

say,

cult

of Zeus

has

been

1330,

no

two

Moiragetes, none
already noticed

the

idea

stood
fates,
c

of fatalism

Heydemann,

bildwerke

zti

of
that
had

by

by

Zeus
Reliefs,Taf.

Griechische

of

mention

the

with

difficultybeing avoided
independent recognition and

i,p. 228, Miinztaf.

1572.

approaching him
importance as regards

the

the side of the two

and

is

are

close

Cf.
2.

god

widely prevalent type.

religiousart

3. 23.
b

boy,

may

refusingto Molpa much


her to Zeus.
subordinating
In

the

eagle

held

monument

evidence

list of
that

one

have

both

the

Philios1',that

Zeus

is

worshippers, a woman
(PI.lib). Neither
style or

On

figure

reproduced by Schonec, there


and
probably held the sceptre in his left,

he

and

on

to

seems

other, which

the

on

above.

mentioned

been

seated

on

full

reliefs of the

Attic votive

of this

have

the

survivingrepresentations of

Die

antiken

then, No.

25.

105.

Marmor-

736.

RELIGION.

GREEK

120

and

Apollo Moi/"ayenjs;

and

the

of

to

entrance

temple

[CHAP.

Despoena,

relief of white

was

the

Arcadia, by

in

Akakesion

at

153. Per
and the Moi/"ai
representingZeus MoipayeYrj?
haps the title might be mechanicallydrawn from the figure
of Zeus
preceding the fates ; but obviously at Delphi it
had acquired a spiritual
sense, probably having also a special
marble

reference
the

in the

idea, but
the

over

Fates

of his throne

Besides

find

worship.

moral

In the

group

Megarians

Heracles

action.

In

Thetis

of
the

Eos

idea

the

mercy

the

part

worship,which
When
that

the

the

monumental

or

are

inner

the

and

we

god

was

the

fate of
of

son

for their
of

contest

the

Myron

children,

Zeus

Aircuos.
of

recon

We

and

the

work

be

at

literature

the

Paus.

i.

Zeus

all

sure

40, 4.

and

few

of

the

are

to

be

and

even

attributes

: without
inscription

always represented
a

very

religiousart;
clearlyby the

by

as

know

not
we

so

cults

various

that

see

we

explicitthan

more

the

see

of
not

these.

series of monuments

display of

monuments

can

the

less fantastic than

Zeus.

should

Nor
'E\"v0cpioS.

aspect of the

the treasury of

on

in the

preserved in the

qualitiesof

the

in

expressed

worship

is far richer

the

of

definite

some

mythic representations

Zeus

found

is,

worship. But
myths scarcely touch the temple-

usuallyattested

artificial aid

be

this whole

up

are

in

attach

illustrates the ideas

can

the

in

religiousfunctions

these

that

record
literary

discovered

Zeus,

the

a.
figures

carved

the

in

as

is purer

cult-titles that

that

of

were

pleading before

of

reckon

we

that

of Prometheus

ciliation and

greater

head

can

of Dontas

appears

myth

and

wrought by Lycios

group

and

same

And

the

ideas

of Zeus

that the Hours

the

we

special

omnipotence

subordinate

which

such

Olympia, Zeus is present at


and
Acheloos,dispensingthe

at

between

us

rich illustrationin

the

of

many

the

tells

above
as

to

monuments

cult-names,we
of

there

wrought

were

the

general way

most

Mot/xu ; for Pausanias

the back

on

of
by Theocosmos
Pheidias, displayed no

of

fellow-worker

and

and

of Zeus

statue

great

Apollo. But
Megara, a pupil

functions of Zeus

oracular

the

to

2o"nfc or
that
in the

any
same

Zeus

special
way

and

the

by

always
coins
shows
for

in

instance,

Doubtless

between

distinction

could

impress

'EpKetos
we

right

which

usually

functions
Most

themselves
title.

in

now

if the

But

the

manifold

are

which
to

far
the
note

these

which

artistic

the

chief

of

Zeus

and

than

living

features

of

the

type

us

the

of
the

perhaps
no

less

the

tablets.

originals

special
rich

of

him,
art.

and

do

Zeus

cult-

account

literature

evidence

in

Zeus,

special

his

reliefs

invested

imagination

were

of

votive

and

possessed
give

monuments

palpable

popular

copies

are

character

more

and

named,

cult

of

while

and

have

represented

altars

by

of

nor

statues

character,

busts,

statues,

The

associated,

his

rather

to

specially

being

of

of

totality

surviving

of

is

name

appealed

the

admit

they

the

in

were

of

not

famous

they

meaning

figures

art.

but

inscription,

special

religious

great

of

the

for

did

the

Zeus

aid

these

that

of

any

the

as

expression

of

of

ap

Zeus

Nether-Zeus

the

power

statue

without

say

theme

frequent

god

of

to

what

found

ideas

they

and

Sky-Zeus

any

upon

know

SrpaTTjyo'y.

age

diverging

we

as

by

Kaddpcnos

or

any

with

the

understand

cannot

we

f/O/)Kio9,

Zeus

and

"t"tAios

warlike,

Zeus

great

widely

such

for

expression

propriate

the

of

sculptors

great

often

nothing

of

coin-representation

the

the

is

there

the

on

and

expressionless,

title:

the

cannot

face

the

because

and

with

congruity

no

works,

121

evidence

numismatic

characterless

often

is

other

for

used

be

The

forms.

same

ZEUS.

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

THE

v.]

gives,
the

we

forms
have

VI.

CHAPTER

I.

regards the

As
the

of the

But

ideal.

scanty

have

we

ings,and

and
reliefs,
of

means

possessed

chieflyexternal

was

of

these

only

not

was

of

garland

by

the

gather that

Attic

for

there

in

his

pp.

three

06, 107,

on

in the
sometimes

the

in

hand

see

very

levelled

flyingabove

Baumeister,Denkm.

us

in the

representa

and

we

vases,

imaginary

against an

tetradrachms,

archaic

of Athens

manifold

is told

coins

head

accepted types showing


stridingZeus with the

the

Messenian

his

on

of these

pose

from

bronze

holding

Zeus

the

d. klass. Altcrth.

on

later

Olympia a,

his extended

(2)the standing figureof


coin

or

commonly

(j)we

right

it ;

form

repre

more

Nothing

the series of archaic

were

upon

instance, on

Vide

the

of pose

eagle is

perched

or

examining

coins, and
the

and

about

was

most

works, there

but

becomes

character

of attributes.

transgressor

or

enemy

the

hand,

and

The

he

archaic

in his

period

character

attributes.

some

on

thunderbolt

flowers,and

varieties

thunderbolt

; also

repose

the

literature

tions ; but

three

or

few

very

this

in

workers

by

is most

the later archaism.

mechanical

and

the

to

coins, vase-paint

thunderbolt, whether

the

was

accumulation

ancient

the

period

probably

belong to

chieflymanifested

in action

sented

that

expression

personalitywere
usual

of these

most

antici

appropriate

from

testimony

had

artists

forms

survived, and

collect

to

the

the germ

contain

earliest archaic

of the

have

statues

they

far
of

discovery

evidence

our

no

existed

The

in the

Pheidias

pated

far

how

masterpiece, how

Pheidian

pre-Pheidianperiod

of the earlier

monuments

question is
interesting

most

ZEUS.

OF

TYPE

IDEAL

THE

left

in repose

thunderbolt

p. 2124,

arm

"

in

Fig. 2378.

the

In

earlier

only

sometimes
himation

with

chiton

the older

Harpy-tomb
austerer
worship

tendency

is to

limbs

it is the lower
while

the

only

by

the

allows

which
attains

high

artistic effect in the noble

supposed
sculpture. This is
it

one

of the Arcadian

an

with

between

fold

hangs
drapery

of the

of the

of the

Zeus,

torso, and
of the
Pheidian

ideal

perfectedby him,
it on
earlier period ; for we
see
coin of the city
the interesting
It

case.

of the

was

on

struck

Aetnaeus

representation of Zeus

461 b, and

came

himation,

swinging wave

creation

coins a, on

and

476

the

the

not

invention

but

Aetna

be

to

it

the

as

later

The

seated

is free and

the rich forms

displayof

lines,was

was

covered

this arrangement

Now

the left shoulder.

over

of

that

are

the

on

ample, such

is very

the

part of the breast

greater

; and

representationof

that in the canonical

about

chiton

gods required.
forms, and hence

divine

wears

sleeves,sometimes

the

drapery

drapery

naked, but

without

of the

the

reveal

of the

never

over

the

the

of
figures

is

or

thrown

[CHAP.

treatment

Zeus

vases

mantle

or

type the

archaic

draped
In the

varies.

RELIGION.

GREEK

124

of Selinus.

the metope

of the archaic period,


regards the countenance
scarcelyyet speak of spiritual
expressionc. The forms

Lastly,as
we

can

of the head

show

the usual

by

or

of the maturer
bound

sometimes

in

above

the

Zeus

and

Hera

from

Most

commonly

Overbeck, K.

Coin
The

PL

at

d. alt.

Denkm.

the head

solemn
of

we

pre-Pheidian as
and

a.

i.

Tibur

in any

For

case

2, No.

and noble

19 ; Over-

Overbeck
earnestness

disin

Zeus,is probablyarchaistic,

of

Overbeck

well

does

the

as

not

belong

post-

to

the

period.
instance

(Muller-Wieseler,chaic bronze

Kunst,

group

of later date.

in the

nothing
risingup

never

above, which

pronounces

2.

; it has

terra-cotta

reason

archaic

beck, Atlas, i. 6), where


cerns

mentioned

found in the villa


Vatican relief,

of Hadrian

treatment,

in the archaic

Samos

Miinztaf.

M.

usually free

ears

leonine

or

forehead, except

for this insufficient

and

later luxuriant

of the

type, and

from a Poseidon
a Zeus
distinguish
gods d. The hair is generallylong and
a
crobylos,but it hangs down simply

leaves the forehead

and

archaic

the features alone

cannot

any

of the

marks

head

the
from

strikingarOlympia (Olymp.
very

Ausgrab. 24) is sometimes called a Zeushead (e.g.Baumeister,Fig. 12 76a),but


the

name

is very

doubtful,

IDEAL

THE

vi.]
Pheidian

period he

accorded

with

avbp"v

-naTi]p

before

of which

least

at

6tu"v

dedicated

statue

Zeus

the

legend of

The

statue

annually elected

for his

beauty.

of

his

and

of the

in the house

kept

was

existed, the

And

Argive

Pheidias, namely,
localized

was

rearingby the goat.


a
youthful priest,
boy
find the

we

find

We

of the

Achaea, where

in

of Zeus

birth

the

of Zeus

idea of

that both

note

the works

teacher

better

age

ancient

the

and

important to

among

Aegium

at

maturer

youthfultype

Ageladas, the predecessor and


a

125

always possibleto explain.

it is not

beardless

one

for the

it is

but

re

ZEUS.

OF

conception

Greek

after Pheidias

and

motive

is bearded

the
re

TYPE

custom

same

regard to the idol of Zeus Ithomatas66, another


the priest is not
said to
work
of Ageladas : though here
have been
youthful,and it is not certain* but only possible
that this also was
an
image of the beardless god, as Ithome,
like Aegium, possessedthe legend of the birth.
Now
in these
places this legend might explain the cult ; as also the Cretan
legend might explain the cult of the youthful Zeus Fftyavos*.
observed

The

in

emblem

Pelusium, whose

of

youthful Zeus

the pome

was

interpretedas the bridegroom Zeus, or


another
form
of Dionysos, the god of vegetation ; but we
know
the Zeus at Elis dedicated
for what
not
by
reason

granate,

well

may

be

as

do

Smicythos d
the coins

beardless,

was

the heads

why

or

Hellanios

Agrigentum and of Zeus


Syracuse have the youthful form.

of

the male

of

divinities

bearded

are

other

instinct.

the

Apollo

But

we

youthful form

for

its

at

of

in accord
say

period,

.Apollo,
forms

with

of
the

that the love

explains these

sake

own

earliest

later work, the

libertyto

on

the coins

on

exception

rendered

are

not

are

In the

the

and

in the Pheidian

gods besides

Greek
of

; but

all,with

and

one

Soter

of Zeus

rare

representationsof Zeus.
The

Zeus

senians'

coins

"

Ithomatas
is

Head, Hist. Num.

always bearded, vide

bolt, in the Musee


this

PI. n,
b

type:
p. 78.

Mes-

p. 361. Cf. a bronze


and hurling thunder-

of Zeus, bearded

of

the

on

de

Lyon,

Gazette

Overbeck, K.M.

somewhat

Archtol.

1880,

lepuv aya\fj.a
eotfj.d\\ov
5e
KWS
irpo(3t@\TjTai rty x(?Pa Ka^
%xflP"l"*v **' a^rV' T*7? ^ poids6 \6yos
Ach. Tat. Erot. Script.3. 6.
p-vartKus.
"

3. 3.

vtavioKos

'

Atos

A.TTU\\OJVI

..

Hirschig,p.
d

Munztaf.

Pelusium,

At

Kaaiov

Paus.

59.
5. 24, 6.

the

Of

to

more

say;

of

works

in

the

later

that

distinct character
the

In

Zeus.

countenance

and

which

Zeus-Ammon,
which

of brow

period ;

transitional
relief of Zeus

and

in

Hebe

and

this

to

near

the

as

representations of Zeus

remarkable
of

period
lower

the

The

displayingthe

forms

limbs, and

the

shoulder

features

the

are

broad, the eye-sockets rather


is

this work

than

of the most

one

the

hangs
king.

the

The

the

conceals

of the torso
as

earlier

the

over

The

cheeks

are

ideal,if

Pheidian

Olympian Zeus, is

the

of the Pheidian

works

two

are

comments

as

it is

fore

here.

shadowed
There

really earlier

although the

himation

deep.

been

sometimes

richlymoulded,

and

earnest

very

this

to

reason,

him

shows

sceptre

work

assign the

belonging to

perfectedstyle.

the

impressiveness

may

has

spurious,but without good


As it stands
is not genuine a.
inscription
regarded

of

dignity

style of

of the

which

the

representationof

period we

Bologna

of

whole

ideal,belong

Pheidian

the

to

the

the

solemn

the

preserve

displaysomething

belongs

doubt

no

coins with

much

do

perfectedidea

certain

express

perhaps

which

Calami's,and

the

Pheidias

Cyrenaic

; the

show

upon

is little

eyebrow

nor

period

impressed

before

to

came

archaic

is

period

earnestness

of

forehead, mouth,

neither

even

type there

bearded

usual

of the

features

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

126

the

on

masterpieceof

of Zeus
relief-figures

the

the Parthenon

on

period that may serve


Pheidian sculpture: the
and

the Theseum

on

friezes c. As

regards chronologyboth these figuresare probably

earlier than

the

the

of Attic

sculpture,of

unrivalled

head

type of Zeus
But

(circ.
440

date

same

great temple-statue,and

we

character

which

of

the

in mind

up

and

could

forms

and

or

the
a

PI

"PL

for

this

chose
the

not

have

a.

III b.

Vide

or

almost

are

show

the

time

Pheidias

into

come

the

best

the

was

account

of the

created.

the

the

temple-image:

have

been

possessed the

expression

Kekule,Arch.

of

features

great difference between

worship, must

dramatic

same

III

both

and
frieze-figures

latter,
being set
severe,

at

they

Pheidias

bear

must

c.);

which

that

; so

B.

both

Zeit.

in

solemn

freedom

same

the

1871, Taf.
-

more

27.

pose

the

of

of its

PLATE

III

JTLATE

1 V

NX'

.'"

II.

god wrought by Pheidias at the zenith of


for the temple of Olympia was
artistic renown
regardedas
religioussculpture,and the fullest
masterpiece of Greek
form of the national worship.
deepest expressionin plastic

The
his
the
and
Of

of the

image

of ancient

work

other

no

detailed,varied,and
is

saniasa

seated

deity was

crown

hand
and

carried

grasping
that

the

dryest but

most

so

Paufull.

and

accurate

well

garland, while

as

believe, was

over

with

which

we

and

sur

an

of animals

forms

The
tality15.

The

the

garment

worked

was

the
flowers, especially

and

the

probably interpretas

may

his

dignityof
strikinginterchange of light

expressiveof

most

arrangement

his

about

wrapt

over
bare, fell lightly

torso

affordingthe most
surfaces of gold and ivory.

the

was

of

were

god, and

from

left hand

parts of his body

the

face and

His

only, which, we
may
limbs, and, leaving the

shoulder

his

ivory,his sandals and himation of gold.


silence of Pausanias
concerning any other garment,
from the generalhistoryof the type of Zeus, we
can
with
represented with the
certainty that he was

conclude

lower

hand

eagle.

an

bare

the

From

on

sceptre wrought of variegated metals

were

mantle

in her

with

mounted

the

descriptionleft by

The

emotional.
the

usual

as

that remains

is the account

art

throne, wearing a
richly-carved
in his right
of wild olive-leaves wrought of gold,and
a
crown
holding a Nike of gold and ivory,who also wore

The

as

OLYMPICS.

ZEUS

OF

STATUE

THE

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

128

lily,

of immor

symbol

olive-crown, being the prize of the Olympian


of Zeus

victor,expressed the great function

as

the

guardian of

Olympian games and of the unity of Greece.


The
figureof victorywhich here for the first time

the

in his

hand, instead

older

monuments,

belongs; for,as
a

of the

him

marks
a

later

the

head

eagle his

coin

adorned

of

the

Aeginetan statue of Zeus mentioned by Pausanias, 5. 22 ; Athenaeus,


the story
p. 684, quotes from Nikander

archaic

the

that liliesbloomed

from

the head

of the

god
she

proves,

the

and

to

theosis.

story

'

in the

the

on

called

flower, rb

must

holds

victory
facing the

in Cos

; the Coans

immortal
the

whom
not

was

of Alexander

of his death
'

attribute

constant

statue

5. ii.
Lilies

as

he

allude

night
lily

the

apfipuaiov,
to

his apo-

THE

vi.]
spectator
but

was

god
At

him

in reliefon

the

of its back

extremities

Hours

higher

than

his,and

ment

of the throne

which

the epos

Heracles

on
were

Theseus

and

of Pausanias

of the

whole.

the

free

the

figuresof

Pan-hellenic
the

Amazons,

the battle of

of

punishment

Heracles, the deliverance of Prome

of

enables

The

of victories
groups
feet of the throne.

the

stood

the

theus, the birth of Aphrodite from


record

Zeus

towards

made

with

labours

worshipper,
and holding

proportionsthat their heads were


the cross-pieces,
barriers,and base
carved
or
painted the great myths

had

drama

or

Niobids,the

the

such

Graces,of

and

the

to

for
figure,
the legsand

of

each

129

fact,the idea of the victorious

In

a.

in the whole

prominent

carved

were

Zeus

half-turned
profile,

in

garlandto

was

OLYMPICS.

though passing from

as

seen

the

up

ZEUS

OF

STATUE

and

pose

So

gather the

to

us

sea.

attributes

far the

idea

manifold

of the

bare

revealed

god

his side,
at
Victory ever
the supreme
moral
deity whose
worship, risingabove
of
severance
particularismof local cult and the political

him

in

as

the

tribes

and

the

with

kingly repose

was
cities,

of the

one

few

of the

bonds

national

mythic by-work carved on the


is the
throne gave
and depth. The Amazon-contest
content
symbol of the struggleagainstlawlessness and barbarism, and
is
is the mythic counterpart of the battle of Salamis, which
To

union.

such

clearlyrecorded

more

Even

the

on

slaughter of

the

destruction

such

the

as

Niobids

the

tion for presumptuous


theme

could

or

the

of the

Greek

legends for

handlingof
For

dian

the

I.

as

sin,and

no

legend

mere

much

so

Prometheus

to the

for the first time

appears
that
scene

problem

necessityof

moral

Unbound,

the idea of mercy

the dark

artistic

of

story of the divine retribu

now

of

aspect of Zeus, as the

unique

as

that underlies

it

was

among

it,and for its

with
necessityconflicting

this arrangement

Athena, p. 366.

VOL.

their hands.

religioussculpture. But no
throne possessedsuch spiritual
significance,

contribute

myth

is

of Hellas

of great

wrought on

was

the persons

primitiveart loved, but through the


gained the noblest poeticalbeauty,

genius of Aeschylus had


and a higher ethical meaning
as

in

throne

holdingthe figure-headsof ships in

Salamis

and

the

idea

an

vide

chapter

on

the

the
Phei-

also is a

divinity.This

of the

power

supreme

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

I3o

motive

new

appro

though not discovered by


priatedby perfectedGreek sculpture,
interpre
ita; and here also Aeschylus had been beforehand
ting the story and fixingit in the imagination of the people.
that

richest in

The

group

the

sculptor'spower

divinities

appeared

from

waves.

the

derived

which

that

was

Zeus

older

to

scope

the base

on

the

and

hitherto

theme

most

carved

was

spectators of the

as

The
the

from

offered

figuresand

throne, in which

the

of

ment

was

other

birth

of

untried

by
The

epic religiouspoetry.

leading
Aphrodite
art

was

Homeric

describingthe birth presents us with a subject full of


Hymn
ideas, that could offer as many
genial physical and spiritual
fine motives
the birth of Athena, and
of sculpture as
its
cosmic
is shown
by the presence of Helios and
significance
at either extremity of
Selene,who appeared on the basement
the

throne

have

throne

of the

god

the

as

Zeus

of the

orderer

and

the

the

Hours

beauty

work

of the
the

upon

seasons,

year

back

of the

they possessed on the


they served chieflyas
the

the

character

dispenser of

of
the

b.

throne

interpretationof

helps the

the

at

Apollo, where
Here
they express

Amyclean
supports.

fruitfulness
Thus

and

than
highersignificance

monumental
the

Graces

The

group.

and
the

about

whole,

the

person

of

completing or

explainingthe incomplete or vague accounts


given by ancient
thus partly
writers of the meaning of the image. We
can
the moral
understand
analysisgiven us by Dio Chrysostom in
the styleand the
his ecstatic description
c. According to him
forms

gave

of the

saviour

god, the guardian of

giver of

The

The

"with the
well

as

Hours

in

all
the

Zeus

subjectappears

figured vase
Beitrage,Taf.
b

life and

of men,

cult-names

on

Berlin ;

Otto

common

of
the

was

united

black-

Jahn's

connected
personages
of
life
and
birth as
processes
with time; they belong to the

Aphrodite.

In

Zeus,
Pan-

Hellas,

father

king,the city-god,the god

are

and

peacefuland

blessings,the

8.

circle of the Moirae

many

aspects of his worship; this

manifold

hellenic
the

clear illustration of the

and

of friend-

by Philostratus
picture described
(Iniag.2) they are given golden hair,
which
he supposes
to be symbolicalof
the ripeningcom.
Dio
Chrys. Or. 12. Dind. p. 236,
a

412

R.

OF

STATUE

THE

vi.]

OLYMPICS.

ZEUS

131
'

His power
suppliantand the stranger.
and kingship
are
displayedby the strengthand majestyof the
for men
whole
care
by the mildness and
image, his fatherly

ship,the god

of the

the

marks

austerityof

face ; the solemn

in the
loving-kindness

the

god of the cityand

law,

he

the work

like

seems

...

to

givingand abundantlybestowingblessings.'

one

The

is

statement

that

believe

in the

but
perhaps over-analytical,

perfectlyshown"'
easilyacquire another

ideal

all

gious sculpture,'of
beautiful

the

and

of attributes and
; the

terror

that

note

it is not

Chrysostom

to

eyes

of

being

the

Greek5
reli

earth

the

The

most

account

in his

Pheidias

appears0

his

is

ideal

it is

But

to
interesting
which helped Dio

meaning

that therefore

and

this

rejectedall imagery

attributes

external

of the

monument

no

he has

god.

find that wealth

possessed in his
with

the

beholders

a'"

the

upon

nowhere

benevolent

peaceful and

of the

none

by heaven V

symbols

thunderbolt

manifold

imaginationof

the moral

of Pausanias attests
choice

images

well

may

full and

masterpiece of

beloved

most

the

conception

likeness of the god, the

express

the

that

so

was

could

of

of Pheidias

work

we

which
are

we

archaic hieratic

the

image
dealinghere
relied

which

art

on

symbols to express its meaning. Symbols


but
of Pheidias,
and attributes are
not wanting to the work
they are allowed no separate function ; they merely aid the
expression,which is conveyed by the forms of the body and

certain

signs and

the face.
No

have

must

Pheidias
Dio

4"J

in clear
The

form.

outspoken than

usual

Bind.

12.

383 R.
omission
significant

an

himself.

innovation
On

one

made

of the

p.

230,

vases

der

are

ideas embodied

more
fortunately

Pheidias

published

the

18) representingZeus oppositeto


in
which
Nike, he bears no thunderbolt,
art is his most

common

him

given
frequently
of
peaceful representations
period.
and

Hellenen,
K

that

Taf.

archaic
is probably

by

by Stackelberg
(Grdber

writers

which

point. Macrobius records


the eyebrows and
that 'from

'.P\220'
not

of the countenance,

this

on

'

This

expression
plasticspiritual

the
interpretation

ancient

himself declared

Chrys.Or.

in

power

in his treatment

revealed

in the whole

"

unique

manifest

most

was

his

doubt

is

symbol,
in
the

quite
later

face of Zeus

whole

gatheredthe

hair he had

moved

been

waved

and

down,

and

Strabo,

or

imaginationto
The

has

story

for, if

artists ;

spectator himself
him
of

the

can

believe,on

was

added

to

The

"

of Kronos

with

his

nod;'

poet incites the

most

countenance

of

form

great

earnestness,

the

anecdotes

about

what

Greek

and

is

in

the

that

for

testimony

and

peaceful

life,manifested

the

it proves

conception of Homer,

the

reserved

feature

; and

we

authorityof Dio Chrysostom, that there


or
solemnity which was
o-e/^o'rrjs,
proper

the
the

to

work, the

Pheidian

every

in the

exalted

strength,the

shaken

it proves

literally
true,

profound

imagination

gleaming eyebrows ;
king the deathless locks

than

value

saw

it embodied

had

more

not

what

son

great type, some

some

of Zeus

worthy

power

great Olympus was


the Scholiast, adds

express

his

The

'

of the

head

asked

have

we

his

with

assent

the immortal

from

and

nodded

he

and

spake

and

repliedthat

the lines of Homer

by

'

that, when

interestingstory in Strabo
inspiredhis conception,Pheidias
the

had

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

132

specially characteristic

more

the
loving-kindness,

expression of benignity and


which
corresponds to the

of

cult-ideas

expression
Philios

Zeus

and

Soter.
The

give

cannot

but

to

serves

to

extent

some

to
coin-figures

Pheidias.

Hadrian

figure.

as

The

state

often

there

processes

to

the

test

in it

which

great and

require

And

value

descriptions
of this

impression

was

explain.

to

ancient

of

the

strange

philosophic

the record

work,

also enables

claim

of certain

regarded as copies of the Zeus-image of


has urged many
Kunst-Mythologie,Overbeck

be

In his
for

reasons

art

the

of

concrete

that

indicate

Greek

historyof

the

full and

us

operative by

power

us

enthusiasm

passionate

accepting three
the

most

two

Elean

coins of the

faithful

reproductions of the
present the whole figureare

that

collections of

been

extant

Florence

and

Stockholm,

period of
face

and

found
and

in

have

published ; we see the god on his throne in


from right to left with the olive-crown
his short
profile
upon
and
close-pressedhair,with the Nike in his right hand and
*

Saturn.

5. 13, 23.

Strabo,p.

354.

Coin

PI. A

8.

originalbefore

overrated

did

we

all

from

before

not

from

know

the

of

account

entirelylacking in imaginativeexpression.
the freedom
the solemn
admires
indeed
simplicity,
in the pose, and
ostentation
especiallythe positionof
it is

Pausanias, and
Overbeck

has

slightcopy

except that it helps to establish that the Victory


us
Zeus, it teaches
nothing
partly towards

that

certain

reproduce it
been greatly

for

turned

was

tries to

his eyes, and

of this

value

the

Yet

in outline.

133

Undoubtedly, then, the coin-stamper had

sceptre in his left.


the Pheidian

OLYMPICS.

ZEUS

OF

STATUE

THE

vi.]

close to the

rather

body ;
but
Stephani, in a long polemic in the Compte-Rcndu*, of
value than the positive
the negativecriticism is of more
which
theory,complains justlyof the stiffness of the figure,and its
is open
the general accuracy
to
And
of free rhythm.
want
suspicionwhen we see that the figure is almost certainlyclad
is held

the sceptre, which

in

b,and

chiton

believe

to

reason

the chiton

Now

Olympics

archaism

and
the

the whole
Parthenon

and
b

to

similar

of

clad

the coin-

temptation to

some

alone, while

himation

the

in

much

bodyd,

freer of the

style of

the

with

in accordance

more

of the

Elis0

p. 224.

period,published

same

him

masterpiece,bears

figure seated
right,clearlywearing the
shows

the

Coin

PI. A

coin-figureto be a
gathered up in a large fold

The

simplerpose

make

out

the

left

shoulder;

but

coin, also of Hadrian's


Friedlander

d. Kon.

1874, p. 500, No.


d. Griech. Plast.

Akad.d.
5;

period,
(Monats-

Wiss.

Overbeck,

i, p.

very

Overbeck's

Berlin,
Gesch.

258, Fig. 56 b),

9.

the

of the sceptre on

coin, stiff

is yet

In

left to

from
chiton.

10.

perhaps
a
temple-statue some
height.

pear,

and

contributing

as

would

published by
berichte

had

have

the

of

the

Zeus.

frieze.

1876, Nachtrag,
Overbeck

himation

of the Pheidian

coin
Elean
of
copyist. Another
by Stephani, shows the figureof
head
body and pose free from all

Compte-Rendu,1875, pp. 160-193,

drapery
over

is

every

by Overbeck, and regarded by


our
knowledge of the Pheidian

described
most

form

coin

Another

may

have

we

of Zeus, and

vesture

the sceptre is held

with

arm

face,in

en

and
stiffness,

and

the left

as

timec, mentioned

Hadrian's
Zeus

time

work

in his

'archaize'

garment

the archaic

was

of Hadrian's

stamper

sole

the

was

which

himation

the

in

not

and

erect

Paris

more

as

it may

ap-

suitable

for

forty

collection:

feet

Coin

in

PL

The

olive.

wild

the

himself

But

Overbeck

and

simple arrangement

actually attributes
discloses

alone

this,the
obedience

head

the marble

achievement
should

we

found

other

are

have

than

priori objections.

his view

the

about

that

people

who

looked

were

reminded

straight and

mane,

stiff.

the

later

the

preceding

hair
was

been

Now

of

the

it is

an

found
a

either

the

do

trace

hint

the

head

in Athena

and
original,
Monuments,

p.

it

and

trim

what

ask

from

like

an

Otricoli
lion's

in the
the

exaggera
we

which

368.

was

waving

for all time


is

at

Olympia

to

exaggeration of something that

Described

deal

the

treatment

fixed

trait in the Otricoli

in the Pheidian

who

were

head

of such

sculptorwho

those

at

about

of Pheidias' statue

or

there

question how

of Homer

violentlyabout

But

not

god

into

sculp

even

and

Stephani does well


sculptor of the Zeus-head

no

This

Overbeck

And

of that

work

ideal of Zeus.

have

the

fragment

he, and

face of the

the

of the great words

if there

tion,but

on

locks,if the locks

arrange

is

coun

accept

may

Acropolisa.

coin

with
insufficiently,

to

we

the tradition.

very

prompted

this

in the

none

of which

manner,

deal

immortal

by

than

long abandoned

him, had

accepted

all,or

himself

that Pheidias, in this work, fell back

us

conventional

before

tors

in

these,and the crowning


of the greatest religious
sculpture of Greece ;
than the evidence
of a doubtful
requiremore

coin to convince
stiffand

it

Pheidias

beautiful

the

recentlyon

he

that

in

priori

was

of the

which

great sculpture of

the

Parthenos, if

is of later work

Zeus

Olympian

There

frieze.

or

Even

in

archaism

no

surely may"

we

as

"

value

unique

tradition.

Athena

his

of

testimony

is

gable

the Parthenon

and

of

There

incredible.

coin

severe

And

survive.

to

astonishingfact that
his life,
chose to hamper

archaic

the

to

surprisethe
hair,in
close-pressed

the

us

the

of Pheidias.

much

stiffness appear

the

master-work

tenance

of the

to

to

with

notes

of the archaic

traces

even

with

crowned

the Zeus

Chrysostom, belonged to

of Dio

record

Olympics

which, accordingto
qualities

characteristic

just those

also

remarkable

[CHAP.

according to that writer,


nobilityof expression, but

countenance,

only

not

possesses

of Zeus

head

the

its obverse

upon

RELIGION.

GREEK

134

know
does

to
not

last few

of the
Meantime

doubtless

were

the

great results
out

the

Dionysos, and

which

forms

but

Pheidias' hands
the

with

passion

Dionysiac circle,
could
sentiment
mingle ;

and

left the ideal of Zeus

century, findingfor

fourth

development,worked

at

it

further

no

The

its best

drawn

and

the ideas

material
the

which

to

from the
drawn
chiefly
from
foreignbeliefs of

or

age

of the

forms

spirit
; for

and

older

the

the

sculpture
changed,

and

undermined

were

legitimate

Alexandrine

reproducingthe

religioussculpturein the alder manner


beliefs from which
spiritualand political
had

the art

and
perfected,

other themes.

little by little of

lost the power

were

evidently

was

divinities of the

kindred

the

of

steps, and

Attic school, achieved


generation,the younger
in a certain sphere of religious
sculpture,by
the types of Poseidon, Apollo, Eros, Aphrodite,

next

working

pupils

own

master's

Megara

never

his teacher's master-work.

inspiredby
The

of

by Theokosmos

of Zeus

statue

His

type.

follow in their

to

content

but

modified

great canonical

the

entirelydeserted

who

artists

*.

and

record
literary

the

with

Parthenos

Athena

about

us

content

later

of

works

the

with

be

must

we

told

have

years

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

136

imaginationclave
religious
Dionysiacor Eleusinian mysteries,
later

which

forms

the

were

and

vague

mystic.
We

the head

whether

them

upon

that

that

is human

side

the

of

exaggerated

of

Hygieia

1892, p.

brought into

notice

by Amelung (Romische Miltheil. 8.


1893, p. 184),as derived from a Zeusoriginalof Pheidias and as closely
re-

semblmg

the head

Hadrian, does

stamped
the period of
see

we

not

on

the
seem

Elean
to

coin of

contribute

restlessness
; it is

sentiment

representation of divinities

much

the

tradition.

In

our

knowledge

of the

to

Olympios. In certain
its treatment

x.

the Villa Albani which

in

recentlybeen

and

act

enfeeble

and

1888, April. Cf. also

Athen.MitthdL
head

forms

head

ArchaeoL

divine ;

or

qualitiesthat dominated
Epigoni,voluptuousness and

itself in

change

the

type of features,

the Alexandrine

qualitiesappearing in the

Deltwn

has

carved

and

showed

these

change in

the mental

Diadochi

the

by

the

note

can

which

we

see

the head

type in
is
But

far

as

to agree

the

the

reverse

than

the Pheidian

is true
and

fromPtha

The
with

type of

the coin-

lengthof the skull

more
considerably

the Parthenon
to

the coin.

appears
so

Zeus

importantrespects

of the hair differs


on

one

its breadth

of the

heads

of others that

School

of

belong

respect the
for

whole

it

which
expression,

sensuous

of the

ment

excessive

emphasis

ideal,and

much

of calm

that

in

without

strength

sion
at

becomes

The

of

changed

was

of the

reserved
find

in the

in the later type

see

effort,we

the

imperious

an

possession

the

power,

place

and

self-consciousness

bright but clear intellectual expres


expression of overwrought thought. But
of the

influence

Zeus

it suffers from

The

an

first the

manifestly
later develop

part of the Pheidian

other

the

or

essential

was

place

strainingforce.

one

of others ;

any

in the

Yet

Ammon.

still majesty we

and

self-assertion
of

of

only

appears

of Zeus

type

from

preservedfree

was

137

those

less than

suffered

type of Zeus

the

on

OLYMPICS.

ZEUS

OF

STATUE

THE

vi.]

Otricoli

is

than

perhaps

marble, but

more

sculpture it

retains

the

strong.

work*, being of Carrara

Roman

remains

tradition

great

original,in

Pheidian

of the

impress

of ancient

existingwork

any

The
majesty and worth, the
spite of the changed forms.
the mild
inner spiritof the old sculpture is still seen, and
ideal is expressed in the halfbenevolence
of the Pheidian
has
But
the head
no
longer the Pheidian
opened mouth.
and
of the
face is broader
more
deeply
depth, the centre
marked
less

in that

than

of the

clear,because

forms

less also in the Pheidian


but
as

rendering of

the

this,as

we

style.

The

evidence

was

that

see

we

forehead
head

has

in the

head
hence

from

we

tufts of hair
see

of the forehead
has
the

made

forms

allusion

the

and

study
are

which

exaggerationof

this

swellingsabout

the

the

rendered
*

the
The

hair.

from

just as

so

Pi. IV

have

we

dominated

brow, which

In

fact the

character, which

to

exuberant

so

originalof

of Otricoli.

above

flowing,

of the Pheidian

of the

leonine

been

depressionsand
head

and

ample

monuments

other

the face ; it is the

of the

something of

raised

have

marking

in the violent
eyes

hardly

in the

feature

the strong

and

Alexander
ment

other

was

Doubt

the face.

overshadowing

are

hair,which

luxuriant

the hair

skull

of the

forms

the

of the

it could

judge

may

masses

work

expressionof

the whole

type

of framework

kind

older

lion

in

sculptorof

also

appears

many

type

fore

heads

in the

of

treat

the Otricoli

masterpiece of Pheidias, and


to produce their proper
as
b.

effect when

given

he has

force,and
that

with

which

the

must

countenance

in the

see

we

has

of mental

expression

charging the

in

he

; but

distance

life which

inner

we

at

to

succeeded

not

profound

heads, and

and

emphasis

excessive

an

below

from

seen

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

138

Parthenon
for

in the fullest measure

suppose
Zeus.

the face of the Pheidian

qualityof intellectual force,


of the Graeco-Roman
the favourite theme
sculptors: they
was
could best understand
this,and could express it easilyenough
by the excessive marking of the forehead and the deep lines
This

face.

the

on

is

the

quality of

one

of the

head

The

the

Zeus,

this lower
strikinginstance
is higher and the cheek
forehead
of

the older type, the

eyebrows

in St.

Hermitage

are

and

Petersburg

conception;

narrower

protruding and swollen,


face,in fact,is 'patheti

very

eye-sockets very deep. The


cally'treated,and the god has no longerthe character
the

and

KOL
elprjvLKOs

iravraxov

thought.

over-anxious

still traceable, but


In

iTpaos,

but

from

distance

of

one

restless
is

work

a.

later representations of

the

expression of

an

wears

influence of the Pheidian

The

in

than

less broad

much

the

in

god

for

action, as

the difference in the


note
we
Pergamene frieze,
aim chiefly
The
at express
sculptors
renderingof the torso.
ing the overpoweringforce of the muscles : the strength is no
longerideal, but partlyphysical.

instance

The

the

on

spiritand

in the

manifest

most

for

the

type, apart from


and

the

shrine

in Greece

erected

the ram's

horns,was
of the

renderingworthy

called

in

nearly

the

fragment

of

'

no

and
the

us

in

of

he

is

Cyreneb

of

Olympus,' as
of

coin

The

Thebes.

purely Hellenic,

doubt

Lord

Pindar;

epoch shows

same

Pindar

by

head

ear

by Calamis,

the statue

was

are

age
The

Ammon.

of Zeus

monuments

liest representationof him


carved

later Alexandrine

of the

tendencies

Ammon

of Zeus

in the

an
style of the transitional period before Pheidias"
cold and
a
impressive countenance,
powerful
austere, with

marking
wholesome
"

PI. V

Hellenic

a.

of the

eyebrow.

tradition
Vide

my

of

And

Greek

article in the

Journal,1888,pp.

43-45.

no

doubt

the

genuine and

sculpturelingeredfor
"

328.

Head,

Hist.

Num.

p.

some

728, Fig

PLATE
a

the

in

time
at

animal

with

other
is

the

the

the

the

features, and

of the

extremity

mouth

is

is the

resembles
the

wild

animal

sion

that

marks

The

face

seems

care

and

the

blur

and

falsifythe
of

obscured

the

wild
the

No.

influence

d,in

symbolism
of the

details

before

later

his mind

Overbeck,

An

Ammon

i.

Atlas,

Taf.

i.

3,

been

of

(Eph.

1893, niv. 12,

13, p.

which

shows

the

of

; it is

Zeus

recently published

Arch.

dency

work

last result

probably

to

in

over

the

upon

last witness

who

from

187),

this

ten-

Alexandria,

of

herme

has

its

to

of

passage

all

to

has

Pheidias.

of

nature

3, 7.

interesting figure
has

tended

gives a mystic meaning

figurewrought by

5.

Atlas,

trace

can

image

The

character

the

the

god

ending
ram's

in

and

the

prevail;
a

horns

serpent
and

the

art, but

Graeco-Egyptian

non-Hellenic

we

prevailed

types

Porphyry,
he

of

mingling

typical representation of Zeus, evidently


the

K.-M.

which

style.

types0.

Pheidian

world.

is

earlier

heads

these

or

the

of

expres

affinitybetween

certain

older

works

classical

impressiveness

enduring

of the

of

fusion

of the

OcoKpao-ia,which

Alexandrine

outlines

the

both

beard

Dionysos, although

nor
a

work-

the

the

merriment,

Zeus

In

god.

these

of

imagination

bitter

b,

of the

those

to

the

unnatural

of

incongruity

possibly thinking of

none

But

alien

as

it is neither

the latter

and

the

and

much

so

line

and

ram,

hair

last ; the

god

curving

Munich

in

it is not

as

express

evil effects of the

the

or

forms

this work

sculptor was

Ammon

the

but
fell,

beast's

laughter ;

Ammon

the

and

oracular

the

bizarre

More

in

forehead

the

from

the

Naples*

at

the

and

of

appear

bust
of

later,

blending

of the

nose

borrowed

than

origin

to

long

Zeus

of

marble

function

sensual.

divine

and

to

in

experiments

rendering

the

traits

are

began

grown

and

but

head

of later

probably

try

power

unmistakably

effect

to

in the

ideal

But
hint

the

period,

traits.

strikinglyexpressed

in

had

human

139

adopted worship.

god

loved

older

this

OLYMPICS.

Alexandrine

the

this age

face, as

preserves

of

which

from

animal

in

ZEUS

OF

monuments

point

some

the

STATUE

THE

vi.]

the

animal

body

; the

is

head

scarcely

any

expression.
""

^p.

Euseb.

Praep. Evang.

3. 9, 5.

RELIGION.

GREEK

i4o

REFERENCES

CHAPTERS

FOR

IV-VI.

Crete.
la

: C. I. Gr.
KpTjrayfvris

Zeus

LatUS
cities,
b

On

certain

Munztaf.
c

fv

no.

3.

Zeus

lo.

op.vvo3

struck

coins

Lyd.

th

Mem.

1893,

niv.

Olymus,

near
inscriptions

Mitt.

i,

8.

no.

i.

8ia

KopivOios(Evp,rj\os)

d. d.

vvv

TTpos

Avdia
rfi K.CL"f)p.as

fv

os
ecrrtV,

Ata

rf^^^vai

dvriKco rrjs2ap"tai"a"i"
TrdXeco?

TO)

rov

els
p-eTevf^^vat,
(pSftov

Kpwov

rov

At'a

rov

KOI

'Eparoo-^fys
yf ^}v

Bekk.

83, 84

4. pp.

Tp.a"\ovrorros

rov

Arch.

p. 395.

e'n yap

Titus,Overbeck, Kumt-Myth.

under

rf] KprjTT]rf\6r}vai
Xeyet,KaKfWfv

Na^oi/: Ib.

"Hpav.

rav

KOL

Eph.
inscription.

19 with

1889,

Kprjroyfvia

Zrjvarov

rov

in Carian
Kpr)rayfvf]s

Inst. Ath.
2

Olus

and

Cretan

the

in treaty between

2554

jMe'pet
TTJS

yovalAi6s 'Yertoi;\Trpoo~rjyo-

TraXai pzv

pfvero].
3

Eurip.Kprjresfrag.475

a.

Dind.

8e J3iovrfivop.fi"
f"

ayvov

WKTiTToXov

KOL

r'

ra?

dairas
a)p,o"pdyovs

468
KOI

(pavepws
8f

reXeras

ras

('Pea) avrpco
fi/

Koi

rats

ra

Atos

rov

otoi
Trepiro^
Trpo/roXcoi/

Sic. 5' 77

Kovpyrvv

lv 8e rf)Kp^ri;KCU

roiovratv

reXeVas

8q8as

Cf. Strabo

ov

Zaypecos

fj,r}Tpiopfiq
Koi

Ato^v"joy

lv K^cocro)
T?)I/
Kpf)rr]v

*aT"

etcrtv

rrjsAIKTT/S Ai'a Kai

rovrov

KOL

Sarupoi.

I.

I,

"

6 yfvvq

re
Kovprjcri
p.fv Si'Saxrt rpe(pfo-0at

fvravda
.

p.6/

f" ap^aicovflvai

vop-ipov

re
"IS?/. Strabo
/cot
Nupcpats 'Adpao-ret'a

Kpr}ra"v
vnrjpxfvr) Tlpacros

01

7rapa8i8oo-6ai.
Apoll.Bibl.

-navi

ruvras

tSt'wfeTrercXelro

tfpa

TO

rov

roii/ 'Ereo-

478

AIKTOIOU

Atos

tfpoj/' KOI

"ynp 7^ AiKrr]ir\i)CTtov,
5

Zeus

AtKrnlos-

Gortyna, C.
6a

Zfvs

I, Gr.

in

oath

2555

of

alliance

yOp.vva"
.

Clem.
$a\aKpbs"v"Apyfi,

Anthol.

Epit.7. 74^

'"5e peyas

(ppdrpiov

Zava

Alex.

Hierapytna

between
KOI

Strom,

Kflrai

Zav} ov

Zava

p. 33 P.
Ai'a

AlKToiov.

and

Hesiod, ap. Strabo, p. 328 AwSwi'T;!/


(prjyov

: Ib. f] AcoSdji'riroivvv
rjev

?}T/zdpos
T6fj.apos

TOV

Od.

6. 403

TraXaibv inro Geo-TrpcoTots


rjvKOI

pcv

v(f)w

KftTat

Ifpov

TO

Te

TOU

rop.ovpovs

329

Trd^Tas

^fot,rraixrao'dai
drroTpcoTrcoo't

dpxds /ueV

aVSpey^o-ay

GUI/

KCIT

ot

eVetS^ feat

dnfdfixdrjaav
TpeTs ypatat,

TCO

arvvvaos

Hesiod, "7^. Soph. Track. 1169


valev
dvdp"Trois,
\pr](TTT]piov civai rifJilov

T' aXXous

TOVS

KTeveo)

Se' K'

ft

TrdvTa
p,a,VTT]'ia

dirb Se
.

TO

opoy

To/xdpovTOI/S

VTTO

\")(0fjv(U.
(pacrl

avTos

Strabo

c8pavov
DeXao-ycoi/

re

K' divr}o-(j"(n
Atos
(v./.
peydXoio dep-Lcrres
/ie'j/

et

TO

Atds
TOV
viro(pfjTas
\eyop.evovs

TTOITJTOV

"'

RELIGION.

GREEK

I42

Schol.
8'

di/co^o),

ava"ya.

7Tpo(pr)T"v"jVT"S'vcrrepov
Ait

Se
TJ)I/

Kal fj
Trpoo-anfftdxdr)

Zevy

rrvdpevi(pyyov,

ev

Topoupot)

e'0iXr;o-e
evdev

(pepovrai.

Sout'Sas1^e "j)r]cri
Atos
Stepll.
Byz. ,?. Z'. AcoStoj/^'
""r)ya"va!ov

lepoi' etVat

"eoro"aXi'a.
11

Aesch.

Vine.

Prom.
eVel yap

829:

alirvvooTov

T77i/

[uivTfla6di"6s
T*

repas
i

Soph. Track.

d/j.(pl

at

(ITTLCTTOV.

"(f)pa^"
-jrpos

AcoScovt bi(T(Twv

TaSe

Ta

IO.

12,

eVr;'Zevs

616 KX^eTf
dfi'fi,
1

Strabo

e^
("aip"TOV}
Tail/

yepovras

IO

6K

neXftdSas

TOS

rjv,Zcvs

Zevs

eort,

u"v

al tepftat rrapaTT]povp.fvai

to-co?

iVcos

/cat

Tpets

8e

Ttva

^iii/

Herod.

Trep!TO

ou/c

55

yui/aiKooi/Trpcoras

/xeydXeZei),Fa

Kapnovs

(poolSe
TrpoeOecnri^ov,

opi/fa

ra^6

ypnta?

7^o-ai/
at

Kat

TreXtay KaXeTo'^at

Kara

"at

\.

14

(TOTrapa

A"8a"wua"l'

AcoScoi/atotsfJLv6o\oyovp.fv

^ecrTTtcoSeli'
e'Xeyfro.

(paalv

CTTI

Atoy

TOVS

dXXa
IleXetdSef,
8pv\ovp."vcu

at

7rpop,dvTif$'
.

ta$
avftd^acrdai
TreXfidSa^ (prjybv
(TT)I'
(pwvfjdvdpconrjtij^
xpe"v

avro"i
fiavrtfiov

Tr)i/

iepbv

HallC. Hist. Rom.

2.

""

ao-ai

al rpels Treptarfpaicirerovro
KTijcriv

/xeVeVi 8pvbstepdsKadffco/jifvr)
Treptorepa

e/Cft

"cat

etraeTaf

yXcorTayTO?
"fCTTrpcoTcoz/

xat

Xe'youcri,

yalav.

paTepa

TreXious'

Dion.

ef/xappeVa

Frag.

ypatat
m

Qf"v

7.

MoXoTTco^

Spues.

TTOTC
avdrjaai
T7)fTraXatav (prjybv

009

PaUS.

upocrrjyopoL

169:

TOiaiV

MoXoo~a"a

Tj\desTrpos

ycvf(rdai.Cf.

54"~5^-

fir)

REFERENCES

EphorUS, Clp. Strabo, p.

Cic. de Divin.

tiatis

fuit,quod,

CHAPTERS

FOR

sortes

diversis oracula
narratur

reddebat

aliter fabula
humanam

columbas
Dodonae

KOi.
*

i.

Sparde
petivissent

sortes, conloca-

templum

veteribus

fuisse

immanis

instinctu
Pelias

anus

dicitur,
deorum

interpretata
.

Hebae

filiae tribuit duas


altera

edentes, quarum

Paus.
oi de

ab Hammone

8. II,

12

provolavitin

semper

aut

petebant.Cf. Plutarch,

Dodona

e"

(S
elprjpevov

TO
o-(i"(ppovr]o~uvT(s

ov

aut

maioribus

rebus

8e fj.diTfvp.ci
A.drjvaiois
AcuSco^rStfccXiap r]

vrrtpopiovs
orparei'aj

T(

TOV

"S

Demosth.

MetS.

Kara

7T"p.TT"LV

K"\"Vfl

Fals.

436.

Schol.

C.

II.

7. Gr.

6.

2909

de Corr.

Nai'ou Aioy'

t-noj

Hell
Aioy,

TOV

ra

1893,
(V

os

KopKvpaioi T"U

GVOVTCS

paloiTO"

Carapanos, pi. 34.


Nd")

Ail

6povc"ol(v
en

"ni

ra

Aicb^a*

ev

KOI

Ka\

TO)

All

TO)

Top.cip(p

CV

v$pr)\ayap

TO.

tKfl

Anecdota

i, p.

285

KaXeirai.

Atoy

Collitz,Dialect-Inschr iften 1562


ra

Collitz
Ka

vatos'

Bekker.

apiffra Ka\

TiVt

trrjfJLalvft
uipfTovs

cf. inscription
from
:
AcoSd)^;;

A^Xco,Naiou

Ib. 'Ex

'.

/3oDi/KaXXiepelv. Cf.

6e Atco^

Nai'o) "cni

r")

^cnXXiara

Kal fu%op."K)t

foiKfoifv.

Aii

Aios

8lO. Ta^fOtV

p. 15.

5:

dvrjprjfjLcv

airwrais

AcoScoj'T/f,
%6povs icrTavai

(K

ols,TTJ

Carapanos,Dodone, pi. 34.

(TTiKoiviavTai

"V

TOVTOVS

Naa

viKrjo-as

als

pavrcins,

Atoficowuoy

8e

233

Tegea, Bull,
6

Kdl

e'/caor""/3otdvo

Trpos

p.

r"y

6 TOV
'Adrjvaiatv

S^/zcoTW

0f(i)pOVS
fVVta,

Tpels(Bovs Kal

Leg.

p. 531

Af A0a"i"KOI
(K
ojuot'co?

ro"
/jidVTflai'
Aa)8u)vrjs

lovi et Veneri

(Lacedaemonii)de

95

aut

(vprj(TCT" TTJ TroXei

isdem

lupiterquondam

p.6voisavdpas

glandiferamsilvam.

Delphisoraclum
Lys. 25.
8

murmura

; quae

vocem

Cic. de Div.

templum quercus
manabat, qui suo murmure

fons

cuius radicibus

et

inerant

Circa hoc

fuerat consecratum.
ex

disturbavit.

(Dodona)ubi

Serv. Aen. 3. 466

Dodonaeo

illud,in quo

victoria sciscitantes,
legatiquevas

vissent,simia

illud portentum
love

ab

143

Botcorols

TOVTMV

vcro

oraculum

cum

Sc

e*

maximum

76

i.

402

1V-VL

^tcov

Aicova
vvv

1563

rtv*

Kal (Is

"a

^tcoj/ ^

TOV

IVfiTa

(irtKoivoovrai

jjrjpwtov

6vovT"S

TO!
Kal

tv\6fJi(VOi

rcoya^oV.

C. /. A.

Cf. ib. 3. 333.

i.

34

TOO

of fifth century
r?)sAtcov^y : inscription
/3co/ioD

B.C.

RELIGION.

GREEK

144
14 a

\ Simonides, Bergk
navojjicpaios

Zeus

//. 8. 249

Se

Ka/3/3aXevefipov,
TrepiKaXXe'i
/3cup,o"

Atoy

'A^atoi,
ZrjvlpefccrKov
7ravop,"pa.L(j)

'4v"a

Ov.

./?/"/.
ii.

Panomphaeo

Ara

190

from Stratonicea
Inscription
Waddington, Voyage Arche'ol. torn.
KXauSioy
'AyyeXto
//.

a.

(r(pi(Tiv"Oaaa

at

Olympia

dia

TO

Zeus-oracle

Xenoph.

^^//.

U/.

6.

dedfjfi
.

Strabo

ayyfXo?.

Aioy

rfjvS* eTrxpdveiav
(TOUpoj/)

353

S'

eKCivov

"K

iepov.

TOV

av
ei ocr/ws1
^coi/,

roi/

"AyjjawroXts

4.

eVepcora

Find.

roC 'OXv^iTrtou
Aioy*
p.avT(lov

f)do^a

oi"eV f]TTOvavvffjieivev

5e

eV^ey e^ up^rjsp.fv

'Ayadw

KOI

93

fiera
16

'Y^/or""

Au

515

(rwrrjpias \apl(J"r^lPLOV'

vnep

Bas-

Le
(Roman period),

no.

3.

Tonanti.

est sacrata

vetus

in Caria

16 a

"

p.aKpov

Trap

KLOVO.

TTOTI

Zrjv\fj,f'vovcry
lepd.
7ra.vo}ji"paia3

J/o~o,
t"

ravaa.
/jLfXe'a

TOL

OUTO)

144

re
/3ej/n"5

'OXvpnia

e'X^cbi/fis-

Se^ojueWray
/LIT;

atra)

e^oi

KOI

rafiiasAto?
p.avrei(o

cf. 11.

Ilicra :

et'

19-120.
17

1873,
2/nupj/.

in Bt/3X.Mova.
18

Hesych. EV^/JHOS' 6
eVn

19 a

:0

to
referring

Strabo

21

22

S^juaXeoy: PaUS.

ZeUS

AvKatos

"

eariv

jfa.

roi opei

8.

aiVa)

drjpia
KOL

ZeC

""

of
territory

TW

PaUS.

I.

17,

i.

o-c/uo-t

rcoBev

rfpacrne

TO"JOVTOV

Gytheum, Motpa
temple.

the

Aios

onov

TpoCpwviovpavrflov

Av/foio)

*cai

f(TTiv

dv^pcoTroii*
.

eri

Aia

ev

wvu/jLacrf AVKOIOV
avT""

e'Xe'yeroeVros

Tracra

TOV

AvKoo-ovpav

KCU

eaTi

rro\iv

AvKaia.
fdt]K"
dycoz/a

avrov

Tffjtevovs yetsopcva

crKidv.
df6pa)7rovs 7rap"^eo"^at
ov

(ro"opfijAvKaiov Aios, eaofioy


dmyKr;

eVeX$di/ra

(AvKaiuv)

ra

2^/iaXeou
Ildpi/^^t /3co/MO?

eV

32,

8. 2,

38, 6 T"p."vi'ts

fiiwvai'Kal rdde

cf. Paus.

p. 107.

Kard^acriv e^oi/, KaTafiaivei6' avrbs 6 ^p^(rrr;pta^"oyuef

ZeUS

(pKifrevev

1877,

near
58, inscription

p.

the

41

Ae/3u8eia S' eVrii/

414

vnovofjiov

XaCTyzaros

AeV/Sw

eV

Zevs

Arch.

1892,

^z;-

108-109;

no-

Lucian, Tim.
TepdoTtoy,

ZeUS

iov,

at Erythrae: inscription
published
3"77/"u'a

Athena

with
"t]p.tos

Zeus

6e eVi

fviavrov

8e

7rpocra"

o^oiccsTrdvra
T^

a/fpa

ou/c

TJ/d

ju.^
xal

TOV

yrjs X""P-a, Atos

opovs
an

eo-Tiv

AvKdlov

TOV

O~VVOTTTOS'

avTov

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

eVt

IV-VI.

145

Kal fjUf\on6vvr)a-os
ra
/3copo'y,

/Sco/zoC
repAVKOI'W Atl 6vovo~iv

roC

rourou

TroXXd

8e
8c eos
e'^e'rco
dnopprjTto'
TroXv/rpaypo^crai
pot
TTJV 0vo-iav f)8vrjv,
Cf. Polybius1 6. 12, quotingTheopompus.
exei Kal eW eo-^ei/ eg dpxys.
TO.

ov

cv

Paus.

38, 3 TTJS8c 'Ayvovs


T)

8.

XPOVOV

avxpos

vo\vv,

cn*Xfl

Kal dvo-ds
vScop,
8c
TTJSnrjyrjs'
dvaKivr/devros
TO

cs

pcvos

AvKdiov

v8aTos

AuKatou

8. 53,

AvKaiov Atoy irpoacv^d-

iepevsTOV

OVK

cs

@d6os

d^Xvs coiKvla opt'^Xr/.

avctcriv

Kal
p.t,Kpbv

8c 6

TJV

TO

AvKaiov

TOV

ItpbvKara

Atos

ro

II

8c
Teye'ay

eK

IOVTI

cs

TTJV AaKuviKrjv e'ort

/3co/io$.

Aios.

Id. 8. 30,
ev

8' eVl

rtparai

opos.

Paus.

388

77^17

Kddirjo-L
8pvbsK\a8bv cnnroX^sKal

TOV

Strabo

repopet repAvieata)

cv

r^fiKavra

cs

Se
7re7rotV"io-cpio-tvdyopd' nepifioXos
(Megalopolis)

Xi'^coi/
Kal

TavTT]

fepovAVKOIOI;

re
f]avvoTTTd, ^cop-ot

8*

Ato'y. cao8os

ciVi roO ^eoO Kal

cs

CVTC

OVK

dVTo

ra

Kal derol

8vo
rpaTre^at

raty

CQ-TIV

eWo'j

yap

Tpdnefrus

lo-oi.

/"/. 8. 2, 3 Av/cacoi/ 5e cVt

avdp"irovKa\

edvo-f

8f]u"s

AvKaovos

del

vaTfpov

^VKOS
"| aV#pa"rrov

TIS

dnavrn
yivoiTo
drroaxoiTo
dvdpwTrivwv,
ucrrepoi/
oe

OVK

fs

oe
es
(" \VKOV yiv(o-6at,
y"V(rdp.(vov

(theSOns

Lycaon)

8e TTJV pev

Zevs

Clem.

ApKds

repA

TOV

^Ktirco cpaatv avrbv av6is

uev

av6pa"Trov

fypiov. Apollod.3, ch. 8, " 5

del peveiv

fva
"r"f"dgavres

TraptdfVdv.
(JTrXdy^wi
o-vi"avap.i"di"T"s,

TOVTOV

Protrept.p.

ecmdrwp atroii

31

^yw,'"yap

Traifia KaTdo~(pd^ns
TOV

TOV

6f6s,us

6
avTov

apa
.

Avitdav

fyov
Trapadeirj

a'.

(tvoaiov.

Kal

\eyovo~i
yap

rpaVe^ui/
dvtTp(\fscv.

Alex.

PlatO,Min.

avTov

eVl TJJ dvata

yevotro

errl "cviqKa\eaavres
(Zrjva)

dVTov

TO.
naiba,rols-lepols
eTrt^copi'cov

rwv

of

"

KOI

fiioV (mitre Se fir]


\VKOS,el

TOV

fret

of 8c

ro
0^0.
/ScopoC

TOV

...

AvKaiov Atos,
Kpfwv

cVt

fo-rrfio-fv

fjvfyitcv
Qpt'fpos

Atos

tivrt dvQpunov.
ycvfaOai\VKOV (pda-'tv

(Trl TT) Qvvlo.

avTLKa

Kdl
ftptfpos,

TO

AvKaiov

TOV
(3a)p.bv

TOV

01

fv

p. 315

Kdl p.T) OTI

AvKdia

TTJ

rjp.lv
p.(v

ov

""TT\V

vopos

/3dp/3apot
avBpwnoir]fj.wv a\\nis
Kal of roG 'A0dp.avTOs
wyovoi

OVTOI

dvdpwnovs6v(iv

dXX'

dXXa
vop.ois ^peoi/rat,

olds Ovaias dvovffiv

*IL\\T)l""S
OVTfS.

Porph. De
6fois 6vo-iai.

Abst.

27

2.

dpxfjs/zeVyap

an

af

rwv

KapTfwv

eylvovrorols

p.6vovrois AvKatW
d(/"' p.txpi vvv
'ApKadia
vide Bernay'sTheoph.p. 188.
dv6pa"7rodvTov(Tiv
: from
Theophrastus,
.

Aug.

minus

De

VOL.

TOV

ov

Civ. Dei, bk. 18.

incredibilia

quoddam
8- 34,

stagnum,

de
.

OVK

ch. 17

sorte

atque ibi convertebantur


L

alia

(Varro)commemorat

Arcadibus, qui

8.
I.

cv

in

ducti

non

transnatabant

lupos.

Cf.

Pliny

Plut. Caes. 6

AvnepKaXiw

TUV

17

Kai
iraXaibv fit],
TO
Troip-eVcov

Id.

11

Qliaest.Grace,

\ovaiv.

Kai yap

Sq oi Aerrpecmu p.oipa tlvaiTWV

p.ev

AuKcopftoy,Steph.Byz. S.

ZeUS

Cf. Paus.

AvKupflosZeus.
24

5 edeXovo-i

sacrifices

Human

'ApiaTOjLttVj/s
youj/

Cf. ?'^z'^/.
AVKTIOVS

rfjTro'XetAfVKaiov

ev

'Ap/caScoi/,
vabv Kai

Atos

'AXeov.

AvKovpyov rdfpovTOV
23

eto-eX"Was

AVKUIOV

TO

6 elfins KaXetrai.

de ol AcrrpeaTai
ycve'crOai
a(pi(nv e\fyov

tog
ypdcpovviv,

anoorTeXeis
'E\ev6epas
dyvoias,

6"'VTT

av

e's

TOVS

TI

TroXXoi

AuKat'ois.
'ApKaSiKots

Tots

"a

Kepi r/s

foprr],

Kai npoarjuei
300

p.

eXa^os

5. 5, 3 and

PaUS.

TL

'Apimfies
;

ol

efKouo-/cosKarakfvovcriv

RELIGION.

GREEK

146

yap

6,

io.

to

Lucian, Tim.

2\

3.

'Itfa^ar^,Clem.

Zeus

Kai

Avxapeia Ka)p.r) ev AfX(pot?.eVn

V.

Protrept.
p. 36

Alex.

Att
rpiaKoaiovsdirftrcpa^e.
Meao-ryj/iosrep 'WcafJkrjrij

KprjT"v fiee^w9

"

ouroi

etati/

ev
'A.i"TiK\"idr]s
voarots

"

An.
TCO
airo(T"f)dTT"lv
aTro^HuWraiai'^pcoTrofy
2";5

ZeUS

Ti"eivi rols eKfivov

ZpvXaxas"\ov(ri

deonponiov'A^atotTrpo-

e"

Totoixrfa.

de6\ovs
dirnyovoiaiv
(\\6('ifj.avTos)

rjv 8e

Instit.

cf. Lactant.

Alus,

at

7. 197

i.

TOV

OVK
eaeXdr;,

21

OK

eirri

fjTOV

av

I
irp\vr] 6v"rf"rBaip.e\\rj
fgeiart

cos

lovi Teucrus

hostiam

Apud Cyprios humanam

tradidit,quod
posteris

immolavit, idque sacrificium

os

avTol
TrpVTavrjiov,

epyeadai
frriTd"avT"S

TOVT"
7Tpf(T/3uraros,

TOVTOV

yeveos

Herod.

Aacpvanos,

est

nuper,

Hadri-

imperante,sublalum.

ano
26

De
AWpios, Ovpavios, pseudo-Arist.

Zeus

ao-rpaTratos-

re

aWpios Kai aidcpios


Kfpavvios

ppovraiosKOI

Kat

Mundo,

Kat

re

16

a.

p. 401
vtrtor

KaXeTrat.
^

Herod.

56 Tepea

Svo, Aids

ipua-vvas
c

6.

re

Kat
AaKefiat/uovos

Aetheris filius cui etiam


:
procreavit

ptov

Zeus

KOI

cf.

Ovpaviov.

Atos

primus in Arcadia,
fuit ; hie primum solein

fuere

loves

Aetherius

tres,

cognomen
dXX'

Eurip. Frag. 869

'Addvav

o-e

Arche'ol.

vide Foucart, Revue


.

KOI

TO

K^JIVOV

cf. z"/.5.
28 a

lepbvKai TOTTOV,
'Opdpiovnear
93

Zeus

ev

TO

Panamerios

or

"u

rcis Te

1876,

ToO

TCOI/

KauXco^iarai
39, 6 KporcofiaTat2u/3aplrai

6s

'

Ap.a-

6eovs ndvTas,the Achaean

TOVS

387 AtyteW S' eVri


/3ovXeuad/xei/oi
TTfpl
crvvyfo-av ol 'A^aioi

pt'ov

riitrti xo'pa,Zeus

al6f]p

Kai
Kai *A"ppodiTr)V
'Ap.apiav

Strabo

OTTOV

2.

SfScoKaat'
/3ao-iXeOo-i
27rapriJ)rat

roto-i

At'a
1634 'Op-^uco
Collitz,Dialect. Inschriften
'Apdptos,

federation-oath:
b

raSe
fir)

AlOepms,Ampelius

Zeus

27fl

8e

Aios

KOII/COJ/

p.

96.

"Xo-os
:

cf.

TO

3^5'

Apdpiov,

Polyb.

Atos 'O/iOTrp"TOVpev diredfi^av

o-ui'dSous Kai

Ta

8ta/3ouXtao-ureTe'Xovi/1

Aegium.
Panamaros,

C. I. Gr.

27i5a

inscr. from

few
Stratonicea, pcyi"rr"ov

Albs

ran;

IV-VI.

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

147

/cat 'EKCITTJS
(?time of
Uavr^^epiov

rov

Tiberius).
b

C. /. Gr.

777 TroAfi

rian
.

Bas-Waddington,Asie

Le

Atos- Uavripeptov.*H rroAty epcara

p"w

2717

jjr#

fTd,

inscr.

/.

ct

Stratonicea in reign of Vale


of

base

on

statue, TiVov

l
"i" 'Hpaiois
Havcifj-iipov

rot)

Atof

TOV

lepciTeva-avTos

1887,

cf.

2 7 2

Panamaros

Zeus

Bull,
inscription

vide
from

Zeus

tion from
b

Helios

cf. C. 1. Gr.

4604

Eur.
cult-title,

Rhes.

Zfvs

p.oi

Tjxets

At/

Anth.

355

Pal. 7. 85.

3"avalos

hist. Byzant.Cedrcnus
: Corp.script,
'Ao-repios-

J\lag.p. 710,

6 5e

28

inscrip

TrooAot?.
/3fjAtaio"i
oi"pp(v(i)v
i, p.

2 1

'A"rrep/a"

: cf. Lycophron 1299-1301


(Mei/e'Aaof)

TopTvinjTroAei Qwuivw

ev

archaic

Bull, de Corr. Hell. 1882, p. 191,

(TV

Zeus

1888, pp. 83, 86, 90, titles probably

de Corr. Hell.

Amorgus;

Zeus Qavaios

80

Awoapyos

Stratonicea.

near
villages

29a

and Zeus

Narasos

with Zeus

connected

O, 2721.

period,illus

nearlyall of the Roman


1891, pp. 169-209, inscriptions
and Hera.
the worshipof Zeus Panamaros
trating
1

$Aa/3iov

1888, pp. 82-104;

373-391;

pp.

518

ol dX^pioi Pa
fTrurrfaovrai

inscr. from

ib. 2719
Gallienos,

or

evwruTi

xa"pa

Mineure

'AvTip-axos
o-eipiva

8ia
e(^r/,

Am

TOV

TO

EL

aorpor/.

of late period,C.
Lydian inscriptions

Zeus Mr}vtTiap.os
; on

I. Gr.

3438, 3439from
Zeus Kvavr^p: on inscription
Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath. 1890, p. 443.

pos,

33a

Aios

Zeus "0/x^tos:

KCU

b
6?r

avrov

AntOnin.

Parnes,ib.
rare

fK

p.ev

rS"v els

Kal TWV
A6r)i"aia"v

C. I. Gr.

Hymettus, Paus.

on

dvi npoo\l/iov
'ATToAAcoi^ov

On

rore

5, 7

d
14

TO

On

2374,

32,

At'a. Cf. Marc.

KaXovvTcs
'ATT^/LHOI/

a" 0/Af ZfD,


5o-oi/,

6vovo-L
ftufjios,

T^S

Kara

apovpas

TW

Chronicle

Parian

Kpavabv

/cat

AevKa\ia"v
TOV

Atos

fyppovstyvyev

TOVS
'

rov

eduaev.
o-cor^pta

'YeYtof ;

Mount

av

Trediwv.

Lycophron Caw.
Zeus

Ai6?

de

*Qp.$piov

ecwTov

i.

upov

lv rjj napvijGiKal a\\os

8e

(O-TI

AvKwpeias els 'Adrjvas


npos

/cat
fSpycraro

Thoricus,upos

160
at

ro{5 Z";

ArgOS, PaUS.

Arachnaeum,

2.

between
L

19, 7 pupbs 'Yertou

Argos

and

Epidaurus,id.

evTav6a

aurai

Aio?

o"/3povQ-(piW
"Hpas' Se^o-ai/

*ni

re

dvovcri.

PaUS.

Lebadea:

At

eV

Se fl(nv
/3o"jLiot

10

25,

RELIGION.

GREEK

148

9. 39, 4

Zeu?'YeYio? eV

a'Xo-eiTpo"pa"viov

r"a

ez"

viraidpco.
d

35

in Ceos
'iK/ualoff

Zeus

AIOS-

iroir}o-" pcyav

r/'/zara
recrcrapaKovra
30

eVi rot) opovs

r^

avpftdvrosTrore

Ata

rov

Strom,

p. 753

Zeus

Ovptos

Alyivrj
.

cf.

2.

Arrian

eVi

Clem.

8 and

29,

Aios-

Alex.

; Mull.

A"6?

'lepbvTOV

rou

found
inscrip.

Cf. z#. 3797

39

ZeuS
ZeUS

Sparta,PaUS.

: at
Ei"ai/e/MO?
a

Kepamnos".

8uo
eVri rf)?OiVo/Ltaov,
^e/Lte'Xia

KepatWa)Ail

varepov

dia

'Afocriov

TOVTO

753

P.

SeXams.

Geogr.

Min.

Graec.

i,

TO
tva-rrep
Oupi'ou,
oro/ua rov
P^rr.
Cic.
Trpoy AeTrr. " 36 ;

Boeckh,

3. 13, 8 Ato?

Olympia, PaUS.

at

r"y
Xo'ytov

"77rt

Kara

rov

Gr.

/.

C.

2,

Trpvp-vrjs

of Statue.

base

on

eVi

(pacri 8e

Chalcedon, ofyioi/e"

near

aupat

Megarid,

in the

-SVrm.

KOI
"Epo-a,
dvydrrjp,

,P^"/. 27

ro

KaXeirco Z^m
odrjyrjrrjpa

Tts

Kal
8e afpelvai,
KOfj-iaavra

noz/rov, o-raSioi reo-crapaKoi/ra. Cf. DemOSth.


collected by
references
other
Vide
4. 57.
p. 975.

44,

AiafeoG

QvaavTos

*E\\r]"nvavxpov

8e KuaveW

e"

i.

Aios

ex.

P.

Aio's eVrti/ 'A^etrtov


Ka\ov/j.fvovvaos'

in Plut. 940

Alcman

p. 401

eV

forcpiKfivw 2etpt'"u

ovpeaiv

err)iTUU
yalav iicvfyv'xpvaiv

Alex.

cf. Clem.

a^pa
rot?

Att

/ta)

?8a

eppfgevev

ev

382.

KOI
fopbv
(Aristaeus)

2.524

: Paus.
HaveXXiJworand 'A"/"eVio?

Zeus

87

8' eKrjn

roTo

trvprropcvopevav

TUV

KOM/OI;

TO

Apoll.Rhod.

ifpa
'ijcpaioto

Ait*
Kpovidrj

re

avroa

175

2.

of Cos, No.
Hicks, Inscriptions

and

Cf. Paton

'YtVioi/.

Aia

uap

Ross, /wjfr. /""?#.

Cos:

At

5. 14, 7 eVtfa 8e

Atdy
fieri/3co/zot,

evravdd

lepdVfWti/

re

Evavenov.

r^9

'Epxeiou

or' e'y rov


/3a)fioi/,
e'^oiSoKea',
eVoi^rai/ro,

oiVt'as ra
.

ra"

Qlvopdov

8e
rrjv

6 Kepavvos.
oiK-lavKart(rKT]\ls"v
b

Altar

bungen zu

Pergamon, Ail KepaWw, Conze, Ergebnissedes AusgraPergamon, p. 78.


at

Cyprus, C.
Imperialperiod.

I. Gr.

In

In

Near

Palmyra, 4501,

Near

Damascus,

Altar

On

p. 661.

Lydia, 3446,

on

coins

late

2641

Aa

dedication
'A^poStr?;
Kepavi//")

of

period.
dedication

in

Trajan'sreign.

4520.

the Alban

Mount,

Au

of Seleucia of the

Kepavi/iw,5930.

Imperialperiod,Head,

Hist.

Num.

RELIGION.

GREEK

150

; cf.
(from Theophrastus)

lepoVeWi
vibs

Aios
ifpfvs

nXamVou

Sv/z/ua^osTaiov
109
*".
: cf.
Zrjvoiroo-eid"vos
'Oo-oyw

d. d. Inst. Ath.

Mitt.

p. 260

1890,

Vide

d.

3370,

2ujup.a;(ou

Zeus
at Prymnesus in
:
KapTroSdrT/s
god of vegetation
publishedby Ramsay in Mitt. d. d. deutsch. Inst.
Phrygia; inscription
2

Zeus

Ath.

as

Plut. Animine
'Ao-Kpatos,

Cf. Zeus

ei^apio-r^pioy.
/xeyi'crrtt
KapTroSoY?/

Au

7. p. 135

sint pejor.
p. 502
corp. off.

an

dpvs aKctpnos.
Au Avdiaiv Kapir"vdnapxas(pepovres: Hesych.*A"TKpa'
'Ao-Kpai"B
in Euboea, Hesych. s. v.
'ETTiKapTnos
from
Paphlagonia,Bull, de Corr.
inscription
43

Zeus

t4

at Mantineia,PaUS.
'ETrificorr/s-

ZeUS

iepa

"XXa

TO

p.ev

2cor^posAios*

eV EvjBoia. Cf. late

Zeus

8. 9,

Hell.

1889,

eWi

Mairii/eCo-i de

Ait

p. 310

KOI

Se 'ETTiScorouKaXovfievov.

TO

at Acraephia: YJf///.^. ^. 7"j/. ^//^. 1884, p. 8, archaic


yOiT(opfvs
cf. Zeus "Uvdevftpo*;
to chapter i.
'OTrcopeT:
inscription, Au
45

Zeus

rw

r""

46

Ox

47

Mopios,

Cc"/.704

Soph. 0^.
o

elcraev

yap

\fixT(Tei
48

p.

561

dvaias

Kapvaaaa"
.

TIVOS

npojSaiveiv
piat/

8e

a"y

Trapa

ys

Aio?.

Mullach.

Frag.

Graec.

Phil.

Apoll. Duscol. "

ayeX^i/aiya"j" ayea^ai Trpo


(rvi"Te\ov/JL"vr)s
oiya

fjnjdevos
ayo/zei/7/v Kai

VTTO

rou

ifpov

Trpoaep^fa-Oai ^co/j,"y,
rw

6 Zeus-,

eV QrjpiaKols}.
NiKai^Spa)

ZeUS

2vKao-ios,Eustath.
rots

zrapa

TraXaiots 6

Hom.

Od.

MJ^XIOSon

of Nicaea

coins

O-VKT)

*ai Svicao-ios

cpaaiv, KaOape'^paii/ro,
ev

(rvKocpavrflv.

ro

Zeus

fie
Ae'yereu

1572

rf]yap
Ka0dp(rios'

Hesych. J.Z'. TrapaTrerroirjTai


Trapa

f.

i,

eV 'AXi-

13

jE7/.JJ/^.J.z;. Aiyo^ayoy
air^y KaXXiepeii*
(cf.
Xa/3o'p.fi/oi/
lepe'a

TOI/

6pS)VKVK\OS

Ka\ NfjU^ioy
KaXeerai.
No'/uioy

Zevs

Roberts,

Mopiov

viv

No"tos, Archytae Frag.

Zeus

Cf.

21.

on.

Zeus

3. 77, vide 1S8a.

C. /. ^.

Tewpyos in Athens:

Zeus

Marm.

of

Imperialperiod,Head.

/ftr/.

p. 443.
1

tion

Zeus
on

in Coreyra, C. I. Gr.
M^Xcoo-ios
In

boundary stone.

1870

Naxos, 2418

Ai6?

M^Xcoo-iov,
inscrip

"Opos-Ai6s

M^Xwo-t'ou,
early

period.
52

Zeus TeXeW

Albs
i"pOKijpv"
3

on

Attic

of Hadrian's time, C.
inscription

I. A.

3.

reXe'oj/rof.

Schol.
ZeUS 'Apio-rator,

Ap.

Kal Nd/xios.
'Ayuieus

Rhod.

2.

500

Zeus

Kal
(K\^6rj
'Apio-raios

54

KoVioy,the god of dust:

Zeus

Koviov
55

OVK

vaos

ZeUS

TroXXots

40,

i.

At6s

Hesych. S.V. evftovXfvs'6 UXovroov, napa 8c Tols


in ParOS, 'Epao-iWi;
Kvpf}VTj.Cf. inscription

EvjSnvXevs:
"V

coo-TTfp

KCU

Kal prjrieTrjv di(i TTJV

Sic. 5. 72

Diod.

5, p. 15:
ev

Ba,3ot,

Evftov\ca
ZTJVU)
(irpoorayopcvBrjvai

KaX"s
j3ov\"i"f(r6at

rat

Ati Eu/3ouXei KOI

K-Jpr;K"i

ArjpTjTpi Q"rp.o(f)6pu
Updo-was "A/3?/
Athenaion

Paus.

Athens,

at

151

opocpov.

e^av

Zeur

IV-VL

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

Cf. EubOuleUS

(rvvfO-LV.

at

Eleusis.
b

At

Zeus

fi6

d. d. List. Ath.

Mitt.

Amorgus,

BouXeus-:

i, p.

Myconos, Dittenberger, Syll.373

at

8e

ZeUS

Xdoviov

avTwv

XQovios

Hesiod

KOI

"Tlp.T)TfpOS
(3pl6fll"
IfpOV
58

KOI

Zeus

59

2*coriVa":

eV apurrepq

eo"rti"

Zeus

Ati

6e
"Epy. 465 EC'xfO-^at

rrjs68ov

3. 10, 6 Zfu?

KaTa^'^dwos

xai

Zeus

: vide 20.
Tpo"po)i/tos

61

Eur.

Frag.

TO)

Bvviav

C. /. Gr.
63

Qvovri
77

(cat

Zeus
(V

Pergamon

Paus.
'ATTo/ivios:

nnyKapneias

5. 21,

A"W
Atfiu/xaiou
at

quoting Nikander's

12,

TOV

Myiagros.

BaK^ioy,

in late oracle.

5. 14,

i.

At

Olympia,

Si' o^Xou paXiora yfveadai


ras
'OXu/iTri'a

VTT' "XXou

Ai

Ktao-aJ o-Troi/SoTroieovrat. ZeUS

^0(7ai
8i"ax#eVra'ATTO/XUIO)

p.viasTTf'pai/ 'AX^etoG. Xeyofrai


Cf. Aelian,/^"/. ^w.
'ATTo/mVAu.
to

Tlepaffpoveia.

(TV

"rrcpy"is,

airvpov

Ai8v/zaios:Macrob.

3538,

(Traivr)

firapas

7rai"TO)l"

eV TT} itpoTTouTj
TOV

8p

aTras

(7O(

Zeus

otiTOff

//. 9. 457:

60

62

eV/KX^o-tj/

(6 rdrroy

Aids

Ifpov2*cortra

^601 8' fTfXfiov

904

a.

ff ayi/ft
enreXea
"r)pr)Tfpi
\6ovifpj

Sparta,Paus.

near

re

Olympia, Vide

At

H2

(IKTT]V.

: Horn.
KaTax^oVtoff

Ztvs

\mpov.
rov

rpirovKoKovo-tv "Y^Larnv.

rov

jwpn-oG

un-ep

Aios- eV \nral6pa")
(ayaX/zara

Corinth, Paus. 2.2,8

at

BouXei

Att
reXeo;^,

vv
At]fj.T)Tpt
(yKVfjiova rrpuroTOKOv, Kop?/ Kunpov

57 a

AW

334

8^
10.

Aa,

Kara

8.

(puo-t 8c

'Hpa^Xei

pvias'e^fvpnvraovv
"cai

ourcos

avrov

ras
aTTOTpaTrrjvai

ravra

"ai 'HXetot

Paus.

8.

26, 7

oveiv

rut

Sacrifice

RELIGION.

GREEK

152

Three-eyedZeus

64

fVTavda

"6avov 8vo fieV?/

Zevs

TO{) p.eTco7rou.

Argos

at

TOVTOV

Cf. Schol.
T?)Sav\rjs ifipupeVoi/.
ifii'ai/
Tifa

(paaiv,

it

15

ol Trepi

'

7r(7roir)p.eva

TraTpcooi/ eV

fie

TOZ"

vnaidpco
a'XXot

ep/ceToj/

KOI

eV

34,

9.

'iTow'as
A.6r]vds

Kai Aios

fie

TO"

(T^S'iTam'ay 'A^va?)

i/aw

fie 'AyapofcpiVou.

ayaXp.aTa'Tf^vrj

eo~Tiv

fieT4^ \6rjvq6 "Aifi?/s


"ruyKa6i8pvrai
KOTO

411

fie eVl

Aia

Strabo

'Ayi'az/ AepKuXov.

Coi'Oliea,Paus.

At

24,

ainbv
io~ropovvTfS,
Tpialvo0^aXp.oiy

auTou

o~%"O~tv Trepi

a"s

Troad.

Eur.

2.

o(pOa\p.ovs,
TpiTov

7re(puKap.ei" e%ov

eivai
"pao~lv
IIptap,a)

Aia

TOV

Acropolis: Paus.

the

on

coy

TIVO,

(pao~i}p.vo~TLi"f)v

aiTiav.

Zeus-cult

'l^copoYas: a Messenia, Paus.

Zeus

CG

mountains.

on

Kopv^prj
TTJS 'l^cojuj/?
.

erot/io)

: id.
(edvov)

earti/

Mea'cr^i'ia)^. lepevsSe
Se
.

In

TO"

aiperbs

yap

vhr/veveyKOiv

es

aai

Le

TO.

paprvptov

p.

fls

At

\iOov
\OVTOS

At/
Meo-o-^toi

re

"Kao~Tov

e^et

Trpoy

iravra

eV

'I"o/xara

(roG'I0a"/xara)

Atos

Nat"7raKTW

ayaX/zaeVi T^s

TO

fie ap^atoi/
*A

Moiaa

^y 6

Kai

ayaii/ae

KaOapa KUI

f\ev6fpa

6a\do-o-r)
^")pa TJ}$-

fie dvefpdvr)
TO
TWV
wy
r]"pdvi.cr"
fieVfip"jp'

TO

TOUTO
'l^co/iaTa'

ap^atoi/
A

oi

Meo-Q-^ytas emu.

"Opuos

T"V

Meo-oWa"i/w

a.

coins

of Thuria

of

Imperial period,Head,

363.

Cf.

Soph.

Track.

C*. /. yi.

i.

: PaUS.
Aa(pv(rTios
TOV

Frag. 27 Ei"/3olfia
Kainrr]v dp.(pl
Bibl.
2.
Apoll.
7, 7
237 and 757.

eV aKpa)TTjpiu"
Atos
Krjvaico
/3a)p,6i/
TYJSEu/3oi'a9,
tfipvKjyi/aiou

Athens,

ZeUS
Albs

fie eyeyoVeira

IdpypevovfvpeOrjAiot

24

FXaOfCO?

T^

K^rato? : in Euboea, Aesch.

Zeus

KrjvaiovAto'j.

TOV

TroXXa

eVt

TO

apx^ffro's" o^o-acrif eV

eivciio-(pi(ri
ra
AtvKrpa

:
on
'WwjjidTTjs

)8

At6s

rt/iay,

fie ayaX/za rou

TO

TO
'l^co/xata'

(eVT^

cos1

Bas-Waddington,Me'gar.el Pelop,328

Zeus

ero?

evravda

At'a 'l^co-drai/. Vide

07:1

TTCO

eVXero
Karadv/jLios
'l^eoptira

d^, ayaXpa

Kara

Laconia, /^/.3. 26, 6

tiv"fji.osTrvp

Atopievai

rot?

Messene)

4. 33,

TO{)

3, 9

/"/. 4. 27, 6

of

eoprj/i/ eVeVeiov

"ai

p.ovcriKr]s

"Ropo.

fie e^
epyoi/, firoirflr)

/xeV
'AyeXa'fia

ayovai

^Xov

OVK

recolonization

(forthe

AioaKovpois

/cm

affieivKaracrTT/aa^et'Of.

rourofj

KCU

4.

Aafpva-TiovTO

208

Ai6s- Kj/i/atou
(fifth
century

9. 34,

eio-"/
Te'/uet/os

""? fi^ r^ opos-

TO

B.C.).

A.a(pvo~TiovKOI

e'" Kopcoi/et'as
o-Tafitoi/xtiXio-Ta

e'crTti/.
fie6vfiv 3"pi"ov
Kal "EXX^y evravda p.e\'A^apai/Tos
/ueVTO ayaXp.fi

7TffJi(p6rjvai
KpibvTols

7raio~i(paffivvnb

Aioy.

Also

at

AluS,vide

25.

in Rhodes
'Arafivpios:

Zeus

inscr. C. I. Gr.

'

fieeVi

Araftvpiov

TO

of second

ndrep

ZeC

century

153

c.

B.

V^TOIO-IV

Rhodian
(?),

8ia6Vep eYi KO.}


Ttp."mu
the grandson of Minos),dvapas
('AX^/p-e'i/Tys,

2.
TWV

87

Diod. Sic. 5. 59

2IO3b.

Apollod.3.

(pfpovTus.

01. 7.

Pind.

Cf. dedication

ue"fcov.

IV-VI.

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

vvv

'ATOOe"v iSpvcro/3co/n6v
VTrofj-vrjadels

irarptouv

A toy.
fivptov
b

At

Agrigentum,Polyb.9. 27,
xai Trapa
KaduTrep
Ara/Svptbv

Kal Atos
0

eV
2.

'Atirjvds
itpbveWio-Tcu

'Pofiioty.

456

fie

^eyta-rov

6po?

eV aur?/

Aenus, Schol. Apoll.Rhod.

Mount

AlvTjaiovlepovi from

Ai6s

TO

297.
1

Zeus AiKTaios in

Zeus

985

'ifiutoj
: Aesch.

'Ifiatoi/
Trayoi/ Ato?
74a

Zeus

J4"

"

Delos

4.
C.

Dittenberger,Syl/. 249;

I. A.

2.

lepfvsAlbs KVV"IOV.

KO.T

Vide

Crete,Strabo 478.

in

K^i/^oy

Zeus

22

Kopv(pT]s

T^S

Strabo
AlvT]viosin Cephallenia,

Zeus

a)

7 eVt

"4

KaVtof
;

on

Frag.

from

Zw
Zr/ws f'yyvs,
"y^t'o-7ropot
ot

3.

aldf'pt.Vide

eV

of N.

Casium

Mount

Marcell.

Syria,Ammian.

Imperialperiod,Head,

of Seleucia of

coins

6f""v

ot

ear*
,3a)p.oy

narpwov

155

Hist. Num.

p. 661.
b

Also

from

the

AID'S e'o-TtvIcpbvKaaiov

coins of

On

Ai6s

Kao-tW, on

At
5

'6

Pelusium,vide note,

at

"

seal in

bronze

Arch.

'Ayxtvpios:PaUS.

Atoc

ZeUS
ffifdVj

Ay
iiyaXfjLa
'A7reo-"Wtoy:

fvua

Ait

Tlcpoea.irpwTov

'YHTJTTIOS
: PaUS.

ZeUS

: PaUS.
UapvijOios

Zeus neXiwalof

Ki"np"mos-:

eariv

viov

82

1883,

? an

I.

PaUS.

ZeUS

Egypt, Strabo

p. 125.

C. I. Gr.

p. 277.

b.

7044

Kao-ta.

'Yvvaplov
opovs.

TOV

""TT\V ov

Attica,'Ay^eo-poy
opoy

2, in

32,

Hist. Num.

Ail
87 inscription,

p.

760

vctrtitov.

"

?1

Leyden,

ZeUS 'Yvvapfvs
: Hesych. S.I'. "mb
ZeUS

and

Corcyraof Imperialperiod,Head,

Epidaurus,Eph.

Kai

!0

Arabia

between

mountain

15,

2.

'ATreVas eWlf

virip TTJV

'A7reo"oi/Tici).
\fyovffiv

ovcrdi

'"

I.

32,

I.

fie ayaX/xa e'o-TtJ/


f'v'Yp.r)TTO"

32,

Hesych. j.i".

PaUS.

"Opoy

"V

Zfvs
UdpvriOtUdpvr]6ios

eV X/w

"

the mountain.

from

9. 2, 4 6 fie Ki"upcbvTO

opos

Aioy

ffpo

interpolation.

Zeus KoKKuyios: on

the

'

Cuckoo-mountain

'

in the

neighbourhood

GREEK

154
Of

Hermione,
13

Zeus

Inst.

'AKpaioy
:

Ath., 1889,

36,

2.

lepa fie KOI

eV fie r"5

A"k,
KoKKV-yi'o)

ra"

[lev

PaUS.

52

in

ro'Se eVi

es

UpcovieVriv

Magnesia

at

p.

RELIGION.

a/"pcoi"

6pa)v

TWV

em

"Upas.

in Mitt.
Thessaly,inscription

lepevs

Albs

TOV

cf.
'A/cpai'ou
:

roO

id.

d. d.

1890,

p. 314.
b

Mount

On

e'rr aKpas

TOV

fie TTJSTOV

aKTaiov

AIOS

Pelion,Heracleides,Frag.

(leg.aKpaiov) iepov,e'0*6

K"adia
rev, evefoarpevoi

Near

Zeus

s.v.

3146

T"V

quoting fragment

Corr. Hell.

Zeus
Tives

pev

ZeUS
YTTOTOS

opos
b

of

In

i.

eVi

TU"V

u"s

aKpcov

em

from
4458, inscription

Kapaios

'.

Hesych. S.

"YTraro?:

napd

Aio?

ev

*tf.8. 2,

Sparta,PaUS.

Zeus

time

ouro)

de

of

Seleucus

Trpocrayopeuerai,

Trpo?

navTcov

''Y^io-ros
:

At

Corcyra, C.

At

Olympia, PaUS.

f^

At

Thebes,

at

Ato'y
(rou'EpeX0(iov)

eWSou

3. 170

eVri

oi'i/aj

fie ^i/res oi/fieyen

GvovTas

(late
period).Vide

Corinth

1869

'

KaXXiepflvAil 'YTrnra),

drroTre/JiTreiv
du"pl6vr}o-ei.

r^y xa\Kioi"ovev

oTrocra

I. Gr.

ayaX/ia.

K.OI

vaos

Ma/capTaroi/1072

Kat
(rcor^pt

3. 17, 6

fie rXio-di/ro'seo-Tiv

9. 19, 3 vnep

; C. I. A.

r"5 ovpai/o)
yevopevov

TraXaioraroi/
TTOi'^rat,

in

Boicoroiff

'VTrarou

26, 5 npb rfs

I.

Hpa^Xel, 'ATroXXam
In

Bull,
Philadelphia,

Kopvfpaiov.

PaUS.

fie ai/rca

quoted in DemOSth.
TOV

em
op"v idpvp.evos,

TU"V

no\v.

TO

Seleucia

Atoy

Zevs

V.

in Boeotia

em
Ka\ov^Lfvov^

(Trjudov

Aia

roi/

elvai.
v\^rj\os

(pao-i,Trapa

Athens, PaUS.

Oracle

88

eVt

308.

Cf.
vofj.i"ov(n.
xp^o-ao-dai

fjXtKiais
aK^a^ov-

ov

eV^a ea^i/xov OVOVQ-LV ovdev,neuuaTa


@Q)p.bs
'YTrarov,

TOV

aK/zcuora-

Hymettus and Parnes, Et. Mag.


Polyzelus,lepbv yap
TfTv^Kas

Kopvfpalos: in late inscriptionfrom

C. I. Gr.

17

TO

dvdvnuTov.

Atoy 'OXvpniovKal
PhilopatOr,
iepe'is

cos

KOTO.

vSaro?
elo~ax8ei"Tos

TOV

Idpvov

avra
/Sco/zous

TOVS

opwv

Zeus

e"

Tpa'tuvovTOV

Zeus'
Hesych. S.V. 'EnaKptos

85a

dvaToiXfjv

KVVOS

KOI
Xip"i"vtov

Aio?.

fnaKpiov
"

KaXovuevov

TO

"ai ral?
eVt^ai/ecrraroi

'Errdicpiog
: worshippedon

emiKpios'

yap

1. Gr.

Qv\7rLOV

CTTI

84

7roXrrcoi"ol

Kara

2.262, frag.60

Kaivd.
Tpiiroita

Smyrna, C.

'A/fpatoi/

TOV

eVrt
Kopvtprjs"TTTr]\ai6v

opovs

dva(3aivov(ri
TCOV

Kavfj.a

Hist. Graec.

Aios aya\aa
fiesta

'

e'crrt^aX/co
:

vide

Ait

57

a.

u^io-rw

e"pe^s Aios
5- 15, 5 fi" /3co/uoi

/"/. 9, 8, 5 Trpos fie rals

'

Atos
'Y-^iWaty
(TruXais)

tepoi'

REFERENCES

tion at Miletus
f

C. L

Athens,

In

In

A.

and

Miltheil.

Athen.

1893,

155

267.

p.

: at Stratonicea,
tyio-rov

Ai6s

Ifpeats

26936

IV -VI.

(oflate period).Cf. inscrip

146, 148-155

3.

I. Gr.

Mylasa, C.

CHAPTERS

FOR

vide ]5.

Pindar, Nem.

8
89

Zeus

196, 198 (fifth


century

i.

6 'Pto^aicov
pao-iXevs
'Aftpiavbs

ayaX/za$e'oya"iov}

TO

C. I. A.

Athens,

aat

l8,

I.

'Eo-Ti'a,
Zrjvbs'Y^iVrouKan-iyvfjTct.

'oXvfimos:

inscr.)
; PauS.
Kai

II.

fMcyedei
[lev,

ov

TOV

re

etali/
'PeojLiaioir

'PofitotsKm
/u?)

OTI

ot

fie ex
XOITTO ayaX/zaraopoias czTToXetTTfrat,
jrfiroirjrm
ra
KoXocrcroij
/cat

Kai e^ei re^vr]s

%pv(Tov}

C*. /. -4. 3. 291


seat
'OXu/LiTTtou
on
k

At

Oovai

At

Miletus

At

Chalcis

and

I.

C. /. Gr.

Chalcis,?

flvai
.

C. /. Gr.

C. /. ^1. 4.

end

z^. 243

2867

Sparta: Paus.

ToO

2.

lepeW

Aios

6.

A"6s

eaf\-

Tf^fvos

JMegar.26"34.

terminus
'oXv/^Tn'ou

Ai6y

sacri fundi.'

late period.
'oXu/zTrtoi;
neto-at(ov),

Atos

27"-, oath

of fifth century

u.

c.,

alliance

of

/xj)o/zocriy,

fie a/a

os

Athens

between

icpbv
'OXv/iTTloveVtfie'/caroi'

Aios* ToO

At

CL

^e'as Agios:cf. Lebas,

eVn

2417

f'sTO

raGra

4 Mera

40,

Kai ToO
.

eo~TO)

TO

TCO

'oXv/zTri'ov
firiK\rjcnv
wpoj/: cf. /"/.3.

3. 14, 5 Aio?

II.

12,
8

Corinth

At

vaoii
e"ai"j)vr)s

of

PauS.

'oXu/iTrifioj/
raos
Kci\oviJ.fvov
In Naxos

aoret

O\vp,Triov

XhllCi

in theatre.

Megara

eV
'OXtyiTriou

""a{5i"j'To{)
Aioy

Itpov
'.

ap^ntov

e'Xe(pai"Tos

re

8 rot) fie

"

p."y(6os
opaxriv.

TO

npus

TO
olKo8ofj.T)(rai
Ae'yoixri

Afu/caXio)i/a

Atoj

fv

dve0r]K"

yaoi"

Paus.

Atos

3. 9,

KopiV"oipeV

GUI/

KaraKavQevros o-ffricriv

the Asiatic

'OXvpniov(justbefore
ciriK\rj"riv

campaign

Agesilaus).
h

At

Paus.

Olyrnpia:

5.

and

10

temple and

statue

Aio?

i"aoy

id. 5. 13, 8

altar.
i At

Patrae
eVi

Te

auToy

Atos

Paus. 7. 20, 3

6povov

eVTaxra

KOI

Aegira:

xai

\idov
ayaX/iaKa6r]p.(vov

PauS.

Syracuse: PaUS.

10.

iepoV. C. /. Gr.
2vpa*ovo-aiff
Kai
tovj
m

At

TOI/

Zava

on

Agrigentum :

(BdvfivTr)v opo^v
TO??

(KTOS

6
OVK

A.6rjva
napa

TOV

TOV

'OXu/LtTrtou

Opovov.

28,

fiex
'A^iyvatov
IlfVTfXrjffiov,
epyoi/
6

seat

Diod.

EvxXcidov.

elXov 'OXu/iTriov
Aioy
rjvi"a
'Afyvaioi,

5367,

formula

of

in the theatre,of
Sic. 13. 82

TToXe/^oyeVcoXvaej/

TO

S'

TOI/

B. c.

same

ovv

TO

II).5369

Aioy

period.

Xap./xe'XXoi'
'OXy/zTrioi/

fi'
/ie'yioros

KOTO
aXoycoyav avyKpiVoiTO

eV

public Oath, 'O/ui/uca

third century

end of
'ohvp.rriov,

TOV

inscribed

fie eV 777 ayopa

eon

e'yavyypa(f)r)v
fie ^ Ai'yetpa
Ifpbv
7. 26, 4 napei'^eTO

At

1 At

'

a"i/

(6 fewy)

TCOJ/

T^S i/7roo'Tao"eco$".
/zeye^os

eV

RELIGION.

GREEK

156
in

Nacoleia

Near

TO

In Seleucia

Zeus

C. I. Gr.

Briula
Maeonia

"

"

444,

"

"

498

"

"

"

520

"

"

"

548

"

"

"

550

"

"

"

719

PlatO,Euthyd.

85, fourth century.

p.

"

Alexandria

UaTpuos:

"

"

Hist. Num.

,,

ad Maeandrum

Antiochia

coins of

on

Head,

Hipponium
Prusa ad Olympum
Ephesus

vide 85.

4458,

inscribed
JO\vp.7rios

ZeUS

inscription

'oXv^nif'tov.

mentioning

10

late

3847 b,

Gr.

Phrygia : C. I.

fjpivnarpwos

Zcvs

392D

Imperialperiod.

jJLev

ov

(ppaTpia.
(ppdrpios 'AOrjvaia

fie KOI
KaAeZrai,
epnelos

KCU

rpels
(ol'HpaK\eldai)
Uf\onovvfj(rov
Apollod.2. 8, 4 enetdr)fK.pdrr]arav

j3a"p.ovs
ISpixravTo
Trarpwov
At

eVi

KOI

edvcrav.

TOVTOJV

de Corr. Hell.

Bull,

Tegea:

Aios,

1893,

of
inscription

p. 24,

late

period.
d

Chios

At

Mitt. d. d. List. Ath. 3. 203

\i\iasdpaxpas

KAtiriSaiy

if

Niobe
Aesch.y/-^-.

Arist. Nub.

TOV

91 a

ch.

In

Inst. Ath.
b

Diod.

II

ov

juoi

Ai'a.

0"fusiraTcp art/^o-m,TTpbsyap

Aios

Trarpcpov.

cf.

late:

oraculo, very

Trajan.

KaTaiSfadrjTi
Trarpcpov

C. I. Gr.

ndrptos in Italy:

Zeus

Hcnpaov.

TOV

vide 73.

155:

va\

Aiarpt^.3.
EpictetUS,
ajravrfs

Aios

TOV

c.)fioV"o

B.

1468
vai

flaw

pas

(fourth
century

6014

Au

5936

Uarpia

"al

at

Rome,

Au

Uarpi^ ex

in reign
'ApTipirava

from Laodicea,Au narpia Milt.


Caria,late inscription

1890,

of

d. d.

p. 258.

Sic. 4. 14,

Olympian

dedicated

games

by Heracles,

r"

Au

TO)

Zeus

12
2

Idiatvriama

nutrias in
Au

yvu"pr]v ye

Kara

13

Zeus

Ai'a
.

Phrygia :

cram/pi
TJJV

f^xnv-

C. I. Gr.
^n

3817 AT^S-

Scythia: Herod.

KU\ rd'ios inrep

4.

de

ZeUS

95

ZeUS

'Ayap.e/j.vov
A.aKfdai.p,6vios

Lycophr. 1369 AaTrepo-aifi^os


lepovfcrrt.
'Ayap-ffivovos

o-etfei:Schol.

94

Zevs

Hana'ios.
epfjvKa\f6fj.cvos

: Athenag. Leg.
'AyapepvaHf

AaKcwiKr]s) fvdu Aios

59

: vide
AafceSai/icoy

26

rr)s

'ATTICS (leg.

b.

: EpictetUS,
Aiarpi/3.
3. ch.
'Opoyvios

II

icat

yap

Aio's
dde\"po\
TTpbs

158

GREEK

iKCTeva), Kal

ecrrt

Trarrjp

8eS)V

ere

Od.

22.

fj.fya.poio Aibs

Aaeprrjs 'Odvo~"vs

TTOTI

evff apa

ftowv erri

re

/3cop.6i/

p.fyd\ov

TroXXa

p-qpi

eKrjav.

eVros
Harpocrat. epKelo?Zet's,
/Sco/zoy
Hesych. J. ?7. p.(o-epKiov' Albs eniderov.
w

Soph. ^4"/. 486


roO

ZeUS

For

KVpet.
TJ/JUV ZrjvbsepKeiov

TTavros

avrbv

roy

auXt^ i8pvrai.

r^

fiff 6/Jui/zoi/fOTf'pa
n^"\"pTJs

*E"j)""TTios
: Herod.

'"Eratprjiov
^AiaV

eV

epKovs

aXX' fir'

/-ieu

334

epKfiovt"biro T"Tvyn"vov,

)0

a\\a"v KaOaTT-

re

Albs Tuvde,(ppdo-at
'EpKft'ov
JJLOLrrjv dX^^ayv, TIS

TOV

fj "KO~vs

ra"i/

op$a)Xdy"w.

Horn.

Ti2 Mffp,

roid8e*
Xeycoi/

Touevos,

RELIGION.

I.

Se 'Eiriariov rf

emXee
(Kpotcros)

44

/tai

ovo^.a^wv6(6v.

TOVTOV

the

religious
conception of family duties cf. Euripidesin
"SV03.Floril. 3, pp. 78 and 83 (Meineke): quotationfrom Perictione,
ib. p. 90 : from Musonius, ib.p. 74: Plato's Laws
930 ",7176,
927 A-B.
102a

Zeus

"pdrpios: Meineke, Frag. Com. Poet. 3. p. 377 from the


eWi
Zevs
CratinilS,
re'A/7reXw.
(ppdrpios
p.oi epKflos
Acharn. 146 eQvov Aii (^parptw 'A"pa (atthe festival
Aristoph.

younger

ea-n

Schol.
Of

Dem.

\lsTJ(pov,
KaiOfJLfVtoV

Trpoy

Arch.

p. 73 ; ib. 1888, p.

O^iwco

alliance

03

Xatov.

Zeus

At

(ppdrepfs
.

i :

C. /. A.

fcrr^ore

TTJV

TOV

2.

XaftovTfs rrjv

Aibs

841 b

:
KTTJO-IOS

(B.c. 396-5)

for (ppdrpios,
C. I. Gr.

'Oparpiow Taz^a Aixraioi/


Hieropytniiand their cleruchs :
K"t

Phlya :

fV

Harpocr. p.
rot?

C. /. A

PailS.

KTTJO-LOV

Isaeus, 8.

oath
.

cf.

ra/ziftoif

3.

115,

of

Cauer,

lv r"5 npbs 'An-fX'Yirfp"rjs

s.V.

idpvovTO.

:
3854 (late
period)

cf. decree

in Demosth.

l6

r")

r]v^"TO

31,

4 vabs de erepos

e^fi

jScojuovs'Avr](TiArjp-rjTpos

in the Peiraeeus.
Alt

6va"v

TO)

KTTjo-ia*
TTfpi^v /LidXior*
eKfivos

fjulvvyietav8i86vai Kal KTTJO-LV


dyaBrjv.Cf.

p. 612.
At

(Bovv XfVKov.
KTrjcricp

l AuW

(pparplov.

TOV

O-TTJ^TJ^.

dialect-variant

K"i Tdi/a

the

Kr^orioyA/a

Au

ot

117.

At Athens
53

KOL

'Eoriap

TCIV

between

Delectus,2.

21.

dveypatye

Zeus 'Opdrpios
in Crete

2555

ffcofMov
(pfpovres

TOV

OTTO

MaKapr. 1078.

iepftav,

rwv

1883,
(pparpiov
Ifptvs

Aibs

TO.

/cat

Apaturia).

Eph.

Anaphe: C.

I. Gr. 2477, doubtful

inscription.

Ova-lav

Antiph.

TeOS

At

C. I. Gr. 3074

Plut. .570/f.7?f/.30.

Aesch.

1048

'Pcop^s'Aya$ou

Kan-ercoXiov

Atos

^m'/m
KT^CTIOS

yeXoios ei

Zeus

159

all fortune is worthless).


XopiTofioVf/s
Trpoarayopevop-fvos (if

*rat

apTTio?

AIDS- KT^O-IOV

p.

1V-VL

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

Ag. 1036

dfj.r)viTa"s
fid/iois

Zeus
evai

Koiv(ovov

TreXas.
Sou\a)z/ o'Ta.Oflo'av
KTrjtriov
/3cop,ou
i

Athenae.

dyyeioi*

Ka5io-/fos

p. 473

fv

canv

Atas
Krrjffiovs

TOUS

o"

E^rjyrjTiKM eVtfelvat
'AvTiK\e{Sr)S
(prjvlv
eyK(i6idpvov(TiV,
eXmof,
r; 5e d^poaia uScopaKpaKpves,
eia-^eat apfipoa-iav.
fvprjs
'

r"u

ev

CDS

Tr

KOI

104{l

Zeus

nXouo-io?

Sparta,Paus.

near

o\iyovvrrfp TTJSo'x^s tepoi/


Evp"i)Tai"y
b

Zeus

p. 226

1891,

Zeus

'OX/3i'o"
ifpfvs

A"

Chersonese

Thracian

roO
^3a"/u6p

roi) opiou.

Aio?

fie

rai ^ea5
e'yeVero
77 eViAcXijo'ts

a)S

107

Zeus

uyuXpa
cs

TIJI/Qvalav

IloXiecos

noXievs
re

TO

Aeco^apous

eV'
ypdrl)o)i"
rrjv

Kpt6dsK(iTa6tvT(S

6 /Sous fie
(frvXoKTjv.
dwirtav
crTreppdrcoi/
Tdvrrj
are

TOV

TOI/

7T"\"KW

eVi
j3ou"pdvos
b

roO

K""

rov

Schol.

IO
TOU

cVi

K\r)povr"v

ouTo"

6e

TO

"tVtV,

Atos

opt'ou

peV yap

roO
.

Paus.

i.

IloXteus,y
di/opa^op.fi/os

Ap*a8os.

ToO

naidciiv fi"(K.a

24,

Atos
6ep.is

4 ml

Aids

/ca^fa-r^Kdra

ra

TOP

yap

TOU

TOV

aTrrerai
(pvXdcra-ovaiv
froifidaravrfs

rim

rco^

e'o-Tt'i/
ot
vofjios,

tepecov

rcov

Kai
fBovfpovov,

oi'^erai
(peuycoV

e'sfiiK7;i/
eifioVes,
U7iayouo-i

TOTC
jSaonXfuovros'Epf^^ews,
'\6rjvaia"v

TrpcoTov

TOI"

ot

fie

ire

/3

IloAte'cosAids.

TOU
j3a"pou

981

KXaptov, S^Xa

(puyai/ tKfffia

Athens

ty^ov,

x""PiovT"

p,ei/ Atos

uvarov
5/)r'

/3copd"/./caXouo*i fie

pi\^as,

Ar. ArW^.

opw

ov

6v e'sT^y ^uo-tdy

eVt

in

2017

Atos
olriav
ypt'xpu'
\cyr"p,ivr]v
e^ouo-i
/3a)p-ov
p.eptypeVas
Trupots ouSept'ai/

aurots

ou*
TO
os
e'pyoi/
efipao-e
ai/fipa,

Cf. z'"/.
I. 28,
6

01

PlatO,L,(lWS 842

Acropolisof

the

on

Journ.

'AXe^uvSpouAtt

Xeppo^o-ou

p. 86

8. 53,

tfiotro

ArgOS, Aesch. Suppl.359


a

vlov

KaXetrat
/3eop.oi
Tfyearats fiVti/ot TroXXoi,

ot

C. I. Gr.

"

Paus.

KOI

ou

TOV

Hell.

B.C.

paprvs.

Tegea

at

KAaptos

KivfiTO)

"

e"p'
? At

Imperialperiod,

yrjsopia p.rj8f\s

/x^
flpfj(rB"a

Zeus
6p.d(puXoy
(TOUiroXtrov)

Zeus

(?)VTTCP

KuXAto-Tos-

200

TapKvapios.

TtvKpos

Halonnes.

o"6
Trptoroy p,ei/ i/d/xo?

of

Lydian Nysa

"Opios:Demosth.

'Ayopa,"XXa

OVK

nXoucriou.

Atos

circ.
"OX/Sio?in Cilicia,inscription

Zeus

106

SeiKinmu

of the

coins

on
nXouroXoyr/s-

5e
7 Trpli/

3. 19,

Z^"/. 7\'ww. p. 552.

Head,
105

av

on

TU

fie

TraXoia e'opri)
^v ^ao-iv ayeo-(9ai
/3ou(pdj/ia

TO.
p.erd

TteXdvov
TOV
aKponoXei,d\lsafj.evov

Xtova 6V Tiva,
c

an-

el%er"

Porph. De

Abst.

Kal
rJTrep
7rpd"iv,
ai 8e

Kal (3ovv6vovo~iv els

fJLVO~Trjpia,ore

/3o6?ev

2.

8e juera

TO"V

cov

7Tf\fKvv

Sopav

p.a^aipav.

vvv

Se
d

/Sooy

TOV

voluerunt

7?. ^?.

ut

Polieus

Hesych.

3.

At6r

aVri

re

ToiavTa

Luc.

ra
dnido-i,

es

Xeyovai on
m

V.

OO.KOI.

JJe

5e

Trara-

TTJSKpcavopias
yiyvopevyv

"K

6o~iov fjvTO.

"a"a}
avvfpydrots' /Stot?f]fj."i)v

ita abstineri

(bove)antiquimanus

quis occidisset.

TO

sacrificial utensils

eV^e, Kal
iepuo~vvr]v

eVt

Aios

of Zeus

/SouraSai

avrov

cf.
:
[Bov"vyr)s

273

OUK

TTJV

avTrjs

eveyKflv,Kal
tyrjtpov

IloXtecos1lepov(leg.
lepelov)
TrpaiTov

ro

aKOvofjLfv

Oeolvi

ev

vvv

fVt

irapa-

ovde /3o6se'

ci\\ois ore

^coa,neXavot

dufadai

Kal

0vetj/ d^pcoTTOvs
en
oAAryAoi;?

TovvavTLOv

^i/rots

8e Kal

Kapirol
fj.eXiTi,

Ovp-aTa.

Syr. " 58 oreS^avras

ra

evioi
/carei^et^^eVra
Ovrjo-Kovvt,

TraiSes aAAa

*Adr)vdKal
rjfjXpio-ftrjTovv

ore

...

8fr]6fjvai
vnep

Trrjprjv evQcpfvoix(lpi-KaTayovaiv,
ou

ol oV

Kal

HaAAaSt'ou

de,
(pacrl

TOV

ciXXa ayva

Dea

TTJV

"cua e'/crail/
Iprjta,

dt Kal naldes euvT"v


ayua

fie

avTeoio-iv

evTevdev dmdo-i
eirLKeprop-eovTes

/3des elaiv.

Hesych. Aios /3o"s' 6

o~io)v.

TOV

rrepieXdo-avros
KevTpiddaCTOVS

mentioning

OVTOS

Upevs

TToAAotff' Kal
opoj/xei/

fj.evoiKal

ol p."v dno

eV naAAaS/w.

782

yevevOai6vfj.aTa

YI

TOVTOV

PlatO,Laws

*"

S.

Ato?
'Atfrfvav

rr)v

p."vov

vvv'

ra

C. I. A.

eTroyKMcravrcs

ciporpov
cr^/za,Kal Trpoo-f^ev^ai/

TOU

Aio?
v"vyov Ifpeoos
1

OTTO

^oprco

TOVT"V

Parthenon-treasury.

BovTrjs : Suidas

""

Kfii
pd^l/avres

5e

Hesych. s. v. 6 rols AuTroAtotr


ftovcpouadp"v : cf.inscription
found by the Erechtheum, icpeus
PUVTOV, C. I. A. 2. 1656.

Bour^j

si

150

141,

140,

in the

stone

on

hoc

ab

2.

fBobs TTUVTCS.

TOV

ecrri

5'

/3oCv,a'AAoy

TrpaTTeiv.

capitesanxerint

C. /. Gr.

eVara^e TO^

8pa)VTa)v

TOVTO

naXatov

TO

(pvXaKTfoveVri

TOvTutv

r")i"

oura"

oTav
TrpbsTTJV Kpiatvd^waiv, Kare7roVroo(rai"
/Supo'ai',

TTJV

OVTC

OVTCOS

Varro,

8e

Kal fav ftr^ev

TO"V

yevr)

5e
TrA^paxrairej

r^f

Qav-

^d^aipavaKovrjcrovcriv.

TTJV

8id TTJV
ovo/jid^ovcriv
"7ri(r"pd"avTos
datTpovs

rou

Salra.

KCU

erepos,

ol
TrdvTes,
"avTosPOVTVTTOIKoKov/jievoi
S' OTTO

fiovv.

TOV

deipdvTtov,
"ycvo~avTo

raura

raliTov onep

Kal
epya^b/iei/6).
.

ne\(KW

TOV

p.ev

TTJV

f"avea-Tr]o-av
e^oi/ra

Trap'ai"Tols. vSpofpopovs
diafjtevei
napOevovs

vvv

TOV
orrajs
vdtopKOfjit^ovcriv,

'

Trpcorov

rfjeopTJ] rG"v AuTroA/cwi/

Theophrastus: o-weragav

from

30

29,

TOV
vn6p.vrjo~iv

ev

TreAeKet dnoKTelvai

Se fTTf8a)Kfv peit

cog

RELIGION.

GREEK

160

r""

Att

ai/eros

6 tepdf
/3oi/s

ecrri

Se

eopTr)

MtA?;-

At

At Sardis

C. I. Gr.

Paphos :
:

Ilium

At

second

century

C. /. Gr.

Rhodes

In

fj-fyiarov

Ifpea

roi IIoXi"

irpo6vt"r8aiAu

3599

r"u

: Mitt.
Polias(?)

'Afyva T#

r"5 I3oXtfI *ai TV

ire'

TO

B.C.

In los with Athena

"Upas.

of Tiberius.

Ato's in time
P

'louXiov Bovvarov

AfVKiov

xal

noXccw

Kal Aio?
2640 'A"j"po8iTTjs

C. I. Gr. 3461

161

1V-VI.

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

decree

1891, p.

concerningalliance

Polias : Rev.

Athena

with

d. d. Ins/. Ath.

Arch.

172 Ail

with Rhodes.
Cf.

1866, p. 354.

Athena 45.

Physcos

At

'AfldvasTas

Aiv"ias

in

Caria
Ato?

TOV

noXiTfias anpafav
Zfvs

Zeus

Hell.

1894, p.

rds

tyeW

31

JloXte'cos.

TOV

'

Kotvo)C At'a TroXto^oi/


KU\ ABrjvai/

921

TTJa-df
TroXrjoslirtipf^oi
aWepi

xeip
d("iT"pr)v
at Olbia

noXidp^s

Corr.

cf. TheOgn. 757

fJ.ev

aft

109

Bull, de

UoXiov^usl PlatO,Laws

Zeus
vovs

in

Scythia:

C. /. Gr.

*V* a^o

2081

d8c\"f"S"v
Uotri^ov pcra
'Avagtpevris
Ni/cjyparoi;
nfplZaHTiirarpov
third century B.C.
Kal r"J dfipueV ewn/x/a,(?)
nvpyov Alt 7ro\idpXr)
eiro

TW

TW

TOV

in Elis : PaUS. 5.
Aaoirris

ZeUS

24,

Trapa df

Aaoirn

TOV

Kal Uo"rei-

Aio?

Aaot'ra
Zeus

Ath.

:
dpwytTTjs

Zeus

BouXmof

eV ui'roi rw

eiVio^Tty

at

Athens, with

C. /. ^4. 3.

Cf. z'^'^.272,
b

Ifpea

rov

C. /. Gr. 1245

ru^nTii/

In Caria:

"* At

I.

Aios

*c"i
e'rrri,
t'fpoi/

BouXaws

3, 5 BovXai'ov fie%"/

airoi

(TO"

Vpyov

/cai A^/zos

*cai "Adrjvas
/SouXat'ay.
/SovXnt'ou

C. /. Gr. 1392
/3ouXoIoi"
eVt(r^ta?).

Am

Tr^iXiy MO/JKOV

C. /. Gr. 2909

Aios TGI) BovXatov

TOV

'A^fuy

Antiph.6, p. 789

icul'ATro'XXcoj/
re'X^Hfto-iov

Afy^XiovKaXo/cXea

6fwv Aioy /SovXat'ovxal 'HXiov


e7ri"pav"TT"iTa"v
c

BovXaia

1025.

In Laconia:

TWV
^ Xa^ivrpa

683

/cai

PaUS.

/SouXfvraiirpoafvxovrat.

Kdrai "6avovAioy
0av\"VTT)piy)
Avorwvoff.

Athena

BovXai'ou

Aioy
pov\eiTf)pitp

ot

"/."/.7"j/.

from Prymnessos,
J///A
inscription

(Ramsay) 0fw

7, p. 135

110 a

late

Mitylene:

KOI

on

/cai

rov

...

ifpea

rwv

SfXiyi/^f.

'Iwi/wi;
ffio"ez/
r^ BovX//.
.

Trepi
r^s Itpareirjs

TTJS

coins

of

Imperialperiod,Head,

Hist.

Num.

p. 488.
e

Plut. 8

TO

ftfj[j.a
...

TO

Kotvov

Ka

VOL.

I.

lepovAtos /SouXatou

/cat

DoXtco;

xal

RELIGION.

GREEK

162
111

'E7rt/3^o$: Hes.

Zeus

the god of the orator's plat


2i'"^"",

v.

s.

form.
1]2;l

at Sparta:Paus.
'ApftovXios

Zeus

eWty
'Affyi/as

*al
b

ZeUS

jSupos
'Aft/3ouXms

ArgOS

at

M^aveus

ayaX^iaetVat Aios,

fTroirjcre
Mr)\av6Q)s TO
evravda

Aioo-Koupooi/K"U

KOI

Paus.

2.

22,

'A^i/3ovXicoi".

p,eVGUI/

Av*eas

TOVS

av

ei"

rj

TO

iXioi/ o~rpa-

"iXiov eXcoo-ii/

Dialect. Inschr.
: cf. Collitz,
eVcXfi/Si?
\(VTT)o-(/)a?
the month
113

Max"w"o?

Zeus

;l

at Chalcedon, ? sacred

'Ayopmos at

C. /. ^.

Athens:

Zeus

to

i.

3. 3052

a,

Maxoviw.

Hesych.,$-.z". 'A-yopa/ow

23

eWeo-ii/

TOIS

enl

e"j)r)
'Apyfiu"v

/fat

*A/u"ovAiow

Aios

rovrcoj/

TToXfpovvras,ear'

"napap.fveiv

o^fxrai

TOUT"J
13,67rp6s

3.

/Sa)/n6f
'Atiyvflai.

Ato?
b

Aios

KOI

Agora at Sparta: Paus.


'Ayopaiov.

In the
eartv

At

Olympia

zV/.5. 15, 4,

3. u,

8e

TOVTUV

ou

Troppco

the altar of Artemis

near

r^s Itpov

a/3a)/i6r
'Ayopaia,

'AyopaiovAios.
d

At Selinus

eVi
"ara(pvyovTa

At

Herod.

Paus.

:
"O~TIV

/xei^

In Crete

'Ayopaiov

roi/

century

Hist.
h

Num.

\i6ov

6"""o

121

OTTO

Sc

TO

nvXwv

N/?i'erT""i"
TO

Dreros, Cnossos

TWV

Moip"Ji/,
fffre^rjs

'Eo-T/ai/

Taz/

and

xal

TOV

oe

A^a

Lyctos,third

Imperialperiod,Head,

of

of Nicaea

Stobaeus,
Theophrastus ircplo-u/u/3oX"i'coi/,
ToG

TWI-

p. 443.

Alviwv

vopois)
.

8el
.

Floril. 44.

22

^ueti/ TOV

opKOV

(vol.2,
cVt roi)

ayopaiov.

Eur.

Her ad.

tjceVat 5'
k

coins

on
:
'Ayopdios

TOIS

Aiof

2.

alliance between

167 Meineke)("V

p.

o86j/
rr)i"

Kara

B.C.

Zeus

9. 25, 4

Cauer, Delect.

eVai/acrra^rfffdnrfierccwiy,

/*"/ SeXii/ojjo-ioi

y"p

\evKov
iepbvKa\ "!yaXp,a

Q"p,i86s
'AyopaiovAto's.
TO

ot

@a"p.6v.
dyopaiov

AuW

Thebes

5. 46

70

Atos /3ta{op.6o-^a "TTe(J)r)


puuvfrai.
'Ayopaiov
"cat

oi/rfs

Eumen.

Aesch.

973

aXX'
1

Plutarch

lu

Zeus

789

(01yepovTes)
VTrrjpfTai

'Aywwos : Soph.
reXos

Eust. //. o),

paiovs,

e/cpaTJjo-eZeus

aycof,

Track.

odfv

TOV

Ho\lfO)5
jSovXat'ov
'Ayopaiov

26:

d* c'^xe Zeus

ayopa,

ayopatos.

KOI

a-ycbi/tos
dyaviovsBcovs Aio-^vXosTOVS

ayo-

REFERENCES
115 a

Zeus

FOR

^Tpdrtosin Caria

CHAPTERS

Herod.

e'j Atoy
cs
KaTti\r)dr}(rav
Aa/3pavSa,

dvdyovo-i.Cf.
./i/.1

"

/c/. 5- 66, at

dveKudfv

Ta

OVK

2rpurtosin
d

Ipov p.e'ya
SrpaTt'oi;
re

2rpaTia" dvaias

Ati

01

aytoi/ aXo-os

/cat

roO
Kapt'oufpova'p^atoi',

KaGrtyi"j]roi"rie'o^crirotcn

o"9

Kaptri.

6 Tio-nfSpoi;,
Athens,'lo-ayopr/s
SOKI/UOV,
OIKITJS /teVe'coi/
arap

(ppdaaC 6vov"ri

e^co

fieoi auyyei/eis

Athens,C. /. -4. 3. 141,

In Pontos:

Kapiw.

period.

(ed.Steph.).

p. 215

Se Trpoy Atos

vp-ets

Ati

CIVTOV

of late

201,

143,

Appian, Mithrad.

Plut. Eumen.

(r"vKapa"i")
StacpuyoWey

ot

e'i/MuX""roto'i Atos

Au5ol(rt /itreort,

p-eV/cat

MUO-OIO-I

163

x.

aTrofieiKi/Go'i
8e

1^1

5. 119

8ct 2"f fjp.fls


18/j.ev,
Rape'setony

TrXarai'toTcoi',
fiovvoi
186

1V-VI.

Srpcmou

fvravQd

^ecoi/opKiw

/cat

KTtlVClT".

ne

Zeus

dell. List.

Anna/i
Tria

58

a
at Syracuse: inscription
on
SrpaT-qyo's

p.

in orbe

pulcherrimefacta ;

genere

alterum

vidimus;

Verrem

ante

1839,

ferebantur

62

of

Syracuse,

Cic. /;/ Vcrr. 4.

JupiterImperator
in
signa lovis Imperatorisuno
illud Macedonicum
quod in Capitolio
tertium quod Syracusis
et angustiis,
:

terrarum

unum

in Ponti

ore

b on

fuit :

praetorem

coin

coins of

Amastris,Head,

Hist. Num.

P- 433117

Zeus

ftutpdv(l"riv 'HXet'tof
/cat

eVt
Olvo/j-aos

")$"

In

"

Epirus:

Plut.

rfyyMoXorrt'So? 'Apetw
Kara
p.ei'"ip"(iv

aurot

rovy

Pyrrh.
Ati

0u(rai/re"

eV naacTapcoj/i
/Sao-tXfTy
^copt'oj

ot

rot?
Kat
'HTrfipwraty
6p*ca)p.oreii/
6pKi"(ii"

vop.ovs, fKtivovs oe

TOVS

OVTOI

Ait.
'Apet'a)

T""

5 ft"u""rai"

roO

TTJV

/3a"rtXet'ai/
/cnr"
5ta^)uXa^fti/

vop.ovs.

On

P-

^uot

TOUTOU
/3o)p.oC

"

riv
'Ucpaia-rov
8e oi avroi
Xf'youcri
6

5. 14,

Atos'
oi/opa^oucrti/
'Apet'ou

ot

roC

PaUS.

Olympia :

"Apeto?"at

of lasos

coins

of

Caria,Imperialperiod,Head,

Hint. Num.

528.
118

Rev.
b

Zeus
Arch.
At

Methydrion: Lebas, Me'gar. 353


Atoy

crairrej

In

ets

Caria:

roi)

'OTrXoap-t'ou
uy

8t(i\ovro
'Opxop.(vbv

Arist. Part.

rotoCroj/ 8inrio~T(vo~av'roC
I19ft
/lev

yap

yap

S"
rrfpp

KarudtVTfs
TO

Trpwroj/

otKoi

coy

Ati

6 nvpcpopos
Xaj3a"j/

TO?

eVe'^upa
dpyvpiov.
ot

league in

Tpa7re'"a]s
TO$-

Me^uffiptety
ot

8e Kapt'ai/
673 A. 18 7r"pl
Atos dnodavovros.
tepe'ajy 'On\oo~p.iov

Anim.

p.

ourco

TOU

Zeus'AyijTtopinLaconia:
Xeu.JZep.Lac.
j,

Achaean

i8762, p. 96.

TOV

of
inscription

n in
Arcadia:
'OTrXoVp-to?

Kal
'Ayfjropi
nvp

dno
M

TOV

rols

avv

13. 2, 3
ai/ra)'

TO

0yet(6
/3ao-tXfi"$^y

fnl
ftd)p.ov
irporjydTai

5e
TO.

eWaCtfa
opta TTJS

RELIGION.

GREEK

164

6 fie flaaiXfvs e'/cei


av

%"apas'

Ail

Ka\\i"pr)dfj, Sta/3aiWi

Oeoiv

TOIV

6v"T"u

Tore

At

ArgOS

ra

Schol.

TheOCr.

TTJS ^copa?.

opia

83

5.

fie ap."poiv
TOVTOIV

'Adrjva'orav

KOL

avrbv

TOV

'Hyqropa

Kal

Aia

KUI

Kahovcriv ol Apyeioi.
10

Zeus

fipiavarroav

121

StfeVtoy: Paus.

122

ZeUS

Salamis
rdi Ati

123

Zeus

126

ro

Attalia

Mantineia

at

/idXiara TTOI;

Arist.

Equit.1253

ZeUS

at Aegium
'Opayvpios

ZeO,

127

o-ov

/cat

rous

e'rrtrpoTraiov

KOL

KOI

/.

8.

p.r]Kos Aio?

12,

afpearrjKev

add.

rci^ov Se

roi)

G^r.

roi)

lepbv eVi'/

ro

Xoyou paXtcrraeV r^

rot's-

Paus.

PaUS.

7. 24,

'EXXaSt

frag.9, Bergk
Bacchylides,

t'epoi/
'OnayvpiwAn''

roCro
es
"Aya/n"'/xi/coi'
fjOpoicrcv

Ail fTTLKXrjais,
on

r"w

^copioi/

in

crradtov

5e e'yeVfro
'op-ayvpios

Albs
Tpoiraiov

'A^atois

dfcirXewroi' Se

471

2.

8e

9 roG

aXXous

re

Atoy

*").

12,

3.

Hermione,

rw

xdppatv

d)^Sa

!5

(7. /. A.

17

p.vrjp.0.

aurou

SOevtov

fKaXelro
^OJ/JLOS

R.

Paus.

Sparta:

TpoTratoC^osat

f. g.

12i

Athena

irpbsp-fo-rjfjL-

and

Pamphylia: C.
Atoy rpoTrato^ou,
period.
tepe'cosearlyRoman

Zeus

4340

8e

ol Acopteis7ro\fp.u"
TOVS

ifpbv"iroiT]arav

At

Troezen,

TpOTratos at

Troezene

fie TTJV

es

TufSapt'co
?rpo

Kat

i/aos

32, 7, between

2.

^Bevlas in

17, 4

3.

0r;crecos ovofjiafrp.evr),TTporepov

(cf.Athena

Atos
firiK\r]o~iv

Kocr/u^rare

Zeus

nerpa

TO

Sparta: Paus.

at

Koalas

a"iovs.

NI'KCI yXu/cu^copos
eV
'

128

p.vr)(TTOs
o

AdavdroKri

ZeUS

8' 'OAu/i7r"u
Z^i/t 7rapi(TTap."va.KpiWtreXoy
TroXt^pvcro)
KG! dvarols

re

2a"rj;p: Plut. Arist.

Kara
e'8o"e

rous

UTTI/OUS

roiy

2a)r?7p*ai NIK?/,watchword
14,

30

at

TrapezUS

at

carol

8e

II

nXarate'oov

rcoi/

roO Aios

VTTO

SeTWrai
df] rrpdrTfiv

TI

operas.

roi)

battle of

raj
(01Kupeiot)

'Api(TTparTjybs

Scor^poyeTrepcorco/zeyoi'avr6vt

Xen.
"EXXr;(Tti'.
the

Anal).

Cynaxa.
re

I.

8,

Zfi"s

Cf. Diod.

'HpatfXet

"at

Att

Sic.

crcor^pta)

Bixriav frroirjaav.
b

In

the

Peiraeeus

Strabo, 395, 396

ITetpata(rvveffreiXav els ohiyrjvKaroiKiav


TOV

Aibs

TOV

eVrt
'A.6r)vas

Scor^pof. PaUS.
"ai

Ai6?

Tfpfvos'

1.1,3

of 8e

TroXXoi

rfjvTrepirouy

TroXe/not
.

XijueVas

/cat

r6i"
.

ro

lepbv

^6ay ^^ a^iov rij/ "V Ileipcuel


pd

%a\Koi"fj.ev a/x0orepara

fie
aydX^ara, e'^et

RELIGION.

GREEK

i66
k

Ato'y. KfKoo-prjTai 8e

10

Au

1536,

second

century

C. /. "rr.

Acraephiae:

QpovaTrapeorqKao-i

ev

Swrfi'pa?ayaX/za.raCra
'Aprefudos

flpyacravro.
!3fvo(p"t)v

KCU
'A0;?i"atoi
Kqcpio-odoTos
IIeKreX7yo-/ov

roi)

Cf. C. /. "r.
At

Paus. 8. 30,

8e
dpicrTcpa

ev

/M"VXi'$ou

de r"u
Ka0e"b/Ltet"a"

Kio"ri.
irepig

f)MryaXr) rrdXts,

Tfi pev

the agora

in
Megalopolis

At

B.C.

1587 leparevovros

TO""

Atoy

TOV

Scor^pos,

time of Sulla.

Hist. Num.

Head,
At

Galaria,a

At

Ambracia:

At

Aetolia

Sikel town,

C. /. A.

circ.

276
At

Uv6i"o

TO)

B.

c.,

2.

323

eWS))

Somjpi

KOII/OI/

TO

TiBevai
Scor^picoi'

TU"V

TOV

dedication

1798

roi

Au.

TO"I/

"

Au

TOJ

AtVtuXoii/
2oormH

Kai rai

ftapftdpovs,

TTJSp-dx^sTrjsyevofJievrjs TTpbsTOVS

vnop-vrjua

121.

B.C.

Pharsalos

dveQciKaiv [fv|a/i]ewi
[$apo-a\t]oi

Cauer, Delect'1.396

Sovreipt.

Au

C. I. Gr.

Rhodes:

At

Lesbos

At

Pergamon,

8e
orrf)(7cu

At

eiKova

At

Eumenia

to

in

Soph. /r^.

Trapa

roO

roi/

TOV

1884,

s.

12

OTTO)?
Scor^poy/3co/ioj/,

T^S ayopay.

C. I. O.

in

3886

TOV

d"

TrpoyoW Xap."-

'A7roXXa"i"os.

"ai Ato?
Trat'o-t'XuTre

ZeO

Aios-

Akad.

Au
(reor^pi
2852 Kepas eVtyeypa/z/zeVoi/
ev,

Phrygia:

375

BerL

the Milesians.

KCU
Ato? Scor^pos
oapXTJa'dvTa"v

C. /. 6rr.

letter of Seleucus
v

TOTTO)
eVKpafeoraro)

TO)

MiletUS:

Hell. 1880, p. 435.

d.
Conze, Sitzungsber.

vide

KCU

CIVTOV

Au Scorr/pi.
7rpo"evo$
ZTJVUV Naou/xou *ApaSto$-

2526

Bull, de Corr.

"\K.U"Vev
VTrdpxfl
T)

century,

coin of fifth century, ib. p.

on

C. I. Gr.

TOV
"\lrT)(piO'T(U
ayutva

coi/i

third

p. 108.

'ATroXX

of

coins

Agrigentum : inscriptionon

At

creorj/ptou

rpi'rov
KpaTtjpos.
o~7Tovo~r]
Cf. Athenae.
de

TUV

29 a

Zeus

TrXfia-rwv

"XXcov
O-OJT^POS-,

Aio?

there, 692

692
and

693

A"

TWV

fie

p.ev

dyaQov daipovosaiTOVVTav

i
vyieias

see

other

passages

fTOTrjpiov

collected

c.

: Paus.
2ao"T?;?

9.

26, 7

QfO-meva-i

8e eV r^ Tro'XetSawrou

Ato's

ayaXfia.
^aX/co{)j"

"or"

Zeus

Scoo-tVoXiy

at

Magnesia on

the

Maeander, :s.

Rev. Arch. 1877, p. 115, inscription


: Erythrae,
'ATTOTpdn-aioff
Atos dnoTponaiov
'ABqvasdnoTponaias.
KM
ConcerningSale of priesthoods,
0

Zeus

REFERENCES

CHAPTERS

FOR

: Simonides, Bergk
'EXeu"'ptoff

Zeus

IV-VL

167

140

'EAXdfii
"\"i"6epov
e'|eXdo-ai/re?

e\fv6fpiov.
/3co/zov

Aioy

Syracuse: Diod. Sic. u.


AIOS
Thrasybulus)tyrjfotravro
At

of

/car' eviavTov
(TKfvdo-ai,
t"

dyvva

412

o-T"(pavLTT]v

yvp.viKov

Plut. Arist.

Strabo,

20

dno
Ae\"j"S"v
TOV

KOIVOV

rfs

'EXXrjvavAio?

To"v

KOI
j3co/zov

period,napa
TroXis

raicwv

Zeus

Kara

TO

TO

At Larissa

At Athens,

near

\i6ov'

"o

pfyiara

ova-

ay

Samos

Aio?

fV

i^trv

vrja-i
S.V.

8e

the

Kai r^

'Opuvoia ra"v

Tas

ptv

Se

of

r""

6
ff-rjyyfXOrj

ot

pcapbv tS/Jucraro
'EXew^epiov
Kai

TTfpi

renews

irpoao"rr)i"a(art.
42

eV

'EXeu^'/wa
r"

AaptV//.

in the Ceramicus
/dao-i'Xetos

o-roa

8r)(TreyeypaiTTO irp\vr)TOVS

TTJ (rroa

fv

Hesych.S.

V.

Am'
^e'piov

TOVTOV

Paus.

i.

3,

(3ao-i\fvg'\8piav6g (cf.

fie cvioi

Plato in

Eryoc.392
reading eV Knpm).
"

(v

TO

C. /. -4.

2.

KOI

Kai

ev

Kapiais

17

Harpocrat.
p^ropa (Ynepiorjv)'

ifpov* TOV

(containingthe
TO

on

(?)ffipuo-aj/ro'EXevTOV

napa

eV

"V

"cal
SupaAfovaats

Am

aor"

fie evioi

aurov

Kai

o-cor^pa

c\tv6epi6v

of alliance of the second

terms

ro'Se
tyrjcpio-p-a
KaraQtru

A.0rjvaiovg' 8e

Schol.
: CL
(1.Kapuats)
source
as Hesychius,

(who quotes from the same


Schol. AristOph.Plut. 1176
eorii"

'A.6rj-

dairidag.

fieKai
Scor^pd (pa"rC Ttp.drai

fv
czvaypaA/rciTCi)
Kai
o-Tr)\rj
\iOivr]

26.

KOI

TVV

/cai MeVavfipos-.
firjXoi
t\"vdtpios,

Mr]8ui"
"K(pvyovTfS

TVV

IlXareiai?

1. 63
confederacy),

cf. ib. 1. 9 and

Ka6(\elv

nal "XXa

M^Sixwi/aTraXXay^caiTOVS

TU"I"

Ato's
o-ajT"}po?

fcai

SuXAa

opov

8e Ai'8v/ios
TOV
(p/?o-"/d/iaprai/eii/

Zfvs'
'E\cv8epios

TupavTivois Ka\

Ttfiwcrti/,ei/^a

Atos
'EXeu^epi'ou

rou

Scor^p,owfwiCeratfie

eiriyfypaTTTtu p.fv

Attic

ayajr'a5t'

en

TOOJ;

fK\r]drj
yap "fv6fpiog 6Vi

(pao-t.

re

TOV

'E\\r]vvvU\a-

eVeifi^
y"p

3. 142

ovop.a"6ncvoseXfvdfpms KCII

Zfvs"
'EXevfepLos

Trapa

i/vi/

*at

Se

Atoy

TOV

TaXarwi/
(inthe
9): Paus. IO. 21, 5 u7ro0ai/(Wos 8e I'TTO
Thermopylae) rqv darnioa ol irpoffijKovTtg dvf0f"rav roi *E\tv0cpitp

rovro

KOI

"P

iroppeo dno

at Thebes
1624, inscription

Herod.

Lebas, Megar.

"o-TT}"e Zevs

battle at
.

x^Pav

TTJV

TrpoKeTrat
8pop,oVOtovai

ytpa

C. /. Gr.

C. I. A. 3.

Ati

e'Xeu-

Aios

Plataea, ov

at

9. 2, 5

'EXevfopiwAu

rw

at
yE\ev6epios

ovpia-f roCro

fVTavQa

Cf.

cavr^f tvepyerrfv.

TOV

UoXvKpdrfos OdvciTos
(IVTOV

rj

'EXevdepiovftupug

fo-riv

anrkurpcvoi7rp6 roC /S^oD.


Roman

PauS.

"V
'EXfu^ept'a,

Trep-TTTOV, rd

CTOVS

Se ^117 rrporfpov

\CVKOV
ayaX/ia firoLr)(Ta.v

ro

6 UvQios

dveiAev

alrois
f'popcvois

faring.

Koivys

KOI

upov

/3apj3apa"i/
p.ep.iao-p.evov "vav"ra"rdai Ka"apbv e"

TWV

VTTO

ws

eXcvlcptovAt6s

d7re'8ei"ai/,
'EXev"'piaTrpocrciyopeixravTes.

6v(rm
dcptou(Bupov iSpvo-da-Qcu,

dTroapeaavTas

Kara-

Idpva-avTore

fie Ovaiag

Trepi

KoXorrtaioi/ avfipidWa
e\ev6epiov

/uev

Koi dycovayenKpavelgnoieiv.
e\fvdfpia

fie6vfiv

Plataea:

At

of the tyranny

overthrow

the
(after

71

ypap.p.ar(vs 6
TOV

Ai'a

Tof

TTJtftovX^s
:
'EXeuaeptov

RELIGION.

GREEK

i68
In Laconia

Le

Qepla:

Bas-Foucart,189
Kulte, 5.

Lakonische

Olymus

At

"

Ins/. Ath.
132

'EXXcwos

In

Trap

vaiois
d
138

Herod.

in Mitt.
'EXcvdcptov,
inscription

wcis

9. 7, 4

Nem.

Se Ata

Au

"Hpas Kai

5. 15

TO-V

d. d.

al""(r6evT"s
'E\\r]viov

T"

'EXXaiuou

Tror' evavftpov
KO.\ vav(riK\VTav
Tf

Aeginetan inscription,

crrciJ/rey.

Tlav"\\r]vi(o
(?first century

Paus.

Athens:

vaov

At

AIDS-

tepea

/Sco/Moi/
Trarepos1

C. /. Gr. 2138 b
At

AtoiKeVa

17).

Find.

Aegina :

Oeacravro

add.

Seivbv TTOLfVfjifvoiTrpoftovvai
ov
Korau'eVa/ief.

rf)V'EAXaSa

Kai

'Avraveivoi Scorf/pi
Wide,
(vide
'EXeu^epi'w

Zcw

4 and

in Caria

49

1889, p. 375.

Zeus

Ant.

Roehl, Inscr. Graec.

l8,

I.

B.

c.).

5e Kareo-/cfua(raro
'Aftpiavos

Kai

aXXa

'A^^-

Havf\\r/viov.

Aios

Syracuse: Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, n.

25.

Kais Ka\ eV

Orjfiais eV a'XXats TrdXeo-i Boicori'O^oXwtos: Suidas,J. ^.


8eo-o-aX"'a
8ta
"larpoy"r) eV rty t3' T^? ^vvayc^yrjs
Trap'

AioXeGm

opoz/o^riKoi/

ZeUS

/cm

ev

TO

TO

opoXov Xeyeor^ai."ECTTI
elpyviKov

Kai

from
eV Qr]@ais: cf. inscription
cO//oXcoia
6

2e/3ofTT")

Ifpfvs

Aioy

TOV

...

Assos,C.

5e "ai A^/zr/TJ/p

/. Gr.

3569 KaiVapi

Q/j.ov"aov.

TOV

of
inscription
the time of Hadrian, mentioning a Ai6r Hai/S^ou iepoV At Synnada
coin of the Imperialperiod,Head,
riANAHMOC
in Phrygia: ZEYC
on
134

His 1. Num.
135

130

'ETTIKOU/IOS
:

titlesfrom
'

Zeus

569.

p.

ZeUS

Local

C. /. ^4. 3. 7, mutilated

at Athens:
Uiivdrifjios,

Zeus

Hesych. S.

cities or

V.

Zfvs

2a\afuvi.

ev

districts.

: from
AppfTTT]i"6s

Abrettene,

district of

Mysia, Strabo,

574^

Zeus

Tifjiarai Kai

Zeus

C. I. Gr.

"Ao-ios :

Steph.Byz. s.

'Atriou Ato?

els

anavra

ll

v?rep

d.

Zeus

TOV

letter

in

delou
TTJS"vfpy"i[a~\s

"Ao-os,
Kp^Tfjs
no\l\viov
...

ayiov

Aliof

crvy\a)pT)6ijvai
e'lcpif^l^
BaiTOKaiK^e'cos1)

ff'0'
r)}v

KOI

%povov,

from

BeWtof,?

AoXix^o?

JRoma, 1885,

(Kfl

near
a village
Baetocaece,
Apamea in Syria:
of King Antiochus, Trpocr^ex^eVros
p.oi Trept

Benna,

avr"a

ToO
jjSywzMuJis'

cityin

6eov

Thrace:

Karfelp^eTatj
K"i"fj.rj
C. /. Gr. 3157

TTJSA-VTOKparoposNtpova Tpa'iavovKaiyapos 2ej3ao~Tou VCIKTJS

Zeus

6 Zfvs

ifpbvdp^aioTarov.

BaiTOKuiKeus, from

4474

v.

of Roman
inscription

p. 135

cf.

Steph.Byz. s.

An

periodin Co??im. Arch.


v.

Bet/inca

Com.

REFERENCES
f Zeus

(6vov yap

Zeus

Num.
i

Hesych. S.

i
Evpo"p."vi

'iScuos 'iXutov

period,Head,
k

Zeus

KGti 6

Plut. Thes.

nap'"loxri.

'EX.

Mylasa, Head,

near

Hist. Num.

Head, Hist.
Zeus

Hist.

p.

136

Krjpioy: vide

Paus.

^ $ov^r)

3"9

ifpiadia fiiovAlbs

1893, P*

KeXutmos

d. d. lust. Ath.

Zeus

115
.

KwaiOfvs, from

5. 22,

Bull, de Corr. Hell.

and

: Paus.
KpoKfdrTjs

Zeus

474.

from Mysia, Mitt.


inscription

'ETTI 6d\(io-"rav KCI\ts

3. 21,4

A.OKtdcufJLOvif)if
T) K"P.T]

(an

Scepsis of Imperial

558.

on

and

p. 90.

ZeUS

Num.

Kpa^Tjvds

Zeus

pp. 473,

Apamea

K(\ciiixvs at

of Ilium

coins

on

KXau5ioi"
drj/jios
trdprjaavTiftfptov

1889,

(KpoK(ai)

Cynaetha in

Bfaiv Se

Kara^aivovri

at'ro^t npo

Arcadia

YV"IOV

Schol.

p.tv

rrjs

Lycophr. 400

i.

? from district near


KO"/UY"OS,

Halicarnassus

Tzctz.

Lycophr.

Koyivpoy6 Zds (v'A\iKapvaa(Tui


rip-arm: vide Bull, de Corr. Hell. 1891,

459

1887, p. 385.

p. 174:
ZeUS

"1

Aaptamof

\dpia-avp.cv
Ka^

440

Aapiafi'S at

or

"

Ka\ov(Ttv
...

Ao/jttratovraoy,

OVK

(TTadiovs
.

8e

to-o"j

Cf. Zeus
Zeus

AaoSiKtvs

dicea,and
Zeus

Avdios

Zeus

11

Zeus

coins

"txpafit

errrt

Tralles

24,

rr]v$t dKpono\iv

rfj Aapio-y

Ka\

Aios

eirtK\r)"nv

Strabo,

K^/JLTJ
TpaXXftov 8if\ov"ra

TWV

(KfWfv

Zevs
Aapia-Los

Kal

cnuv6p.(i(TT(n.

jroXiVrjp
Aapiaalos KOI

Aapurfvs

vide 1:6h.

Imperialperiod of
Phrygia,Head, Hist. Num.
of

of Sardes

"i'AouTTenoi^p.ei'oi'.
ayaX/Lia

5t

Ka\

2.

and

Cidramus

the

of

Phrygian Lao-

p.

566,

"c.

Imperialperiod:

553-

MoXeiatos

at

]\Ialea

Meyiaros- of lasos

lasos,Head,

Ai6f

on

PaUS.

t'

coins

on

other cities of

#" PP- 523,


*

Anpdo-toyat

ArgOS :

Adpiad'

"(JTI

Steph. Byz. Aa/ntrat noXtis


Zcvs.

'ETT*

opofyov. TO

c\wv

Tfi 'Amic^ 8e

*v

TpuiKnvTa

of

169

An'.

EKuXco

of Euromus

coins

on

Marathon

near

Zevs

V.

1V-VI.

p. 525.
Zeus

Hekale

deme

ol TTfptjEKoXrjiriov
CTVVIOVTCS
^/}/ioi

Zeus yE\"V(rivios:

cf.

the

"E*aXor,at
'

CHAPTERS

FOR

Hist. Num.

KU\
Auftpavvftov

AIOS

Steph.Byz. s.
C. I. Gr. 2671
p.

v.

MaXf'a.

cf. Zeus'Apeioron

on
528: inscription

from
p-fyivTov,

altar in

coins

Oxford,

Aphrodisiasin Caria, C.

I. Gr.

2750.
v

ZeUS

M(tr"rair(cvs :

Sleph.Byz.MfacraTreor

^piov AaKo"viKtjs'tdvinuv
TO

M.eo~cra7r("vs'

cf. Paus.

OVTO"

3.

Nepetos-: Paus.

yad? eVri ^e'cz?


a"ios

Albs

if

ra"i"

TravrjyvpeL

Id.

xetp-epiycoj/.

"Hpa T^ 'Apyeia

cf. C. I. Gr.
Caria

In

Ail

rfjNf/nea

ev

KOI

In Lociis:

1123.

2.

ThllC.

inscr. J/z'//. d. d. Ins/.

2O,

in

ArgOS

Aioy

Nepeiou

KCU

Id. 4. 27, 6

ttpov roO

96

3.

Ath.

Nefieiou Aio'y

of

e^uoi^ (atthe restoration

Nf/xetwAa

/cut

re

re

Avfrimrov.

lepdv,
ayaX/xaopdbv^a\Kovvyrtyyr]

eo~Tiv

(r^Nepea)Nep.ei'ou

aur"7

r"5
'Apyeiot

de

Qvovvi

eV Se

15,

2.

Kal 8r)Kal 8pop.ov


dywva dv8pdo~iv
w7T\io~p.evois
7rpoTi6eao~tv
aipovvTai,

pea

NepeiW

e'/cel
Tip-drai.GeoTrop.Tros'
7rei/rJ7KO"rra" e/38dp.o).

6 Zevs

yap

3. 20,

Zeus

r^

RELIGION.

GREEK

70

1890,

Atoy

Messene):
Ne/xetou.

rov

261

p.

Se
'Apyfiot

fcpc

Ne/iet'ou.
at Mylasa
'Oo-oyobs
j\a{3pavv8r)i"6s

Zeus

MvXaCTeis iepadvo

01

p."v

5e

TO.
rfi 7r6\fi}

fV

Aioy,roi)

TOV

in Caria

'Ocrcoycoa
KaXovfjievov Aafipavvdrjvov,
KOI

re

Aa/3pauj/Sa
Kwp.rj

eV

ecrrti'

oSos

o-^eSov
eVrpcorai

KaXov fjievT] 81

tepa

8e

TrdXecos,
TpiTov
Kat
/neYeo-n

Olymos
Thiasos

century

B.

c.,

"V

TOJ

Kia

cf.
:
'O(roya)

and

Rev.

d. d. Ins/. Ath.

Arch.

Hist. Num.
Albs

"fp"5TOV

TOV

o-uo-Trj/jLaavTav

1864, p.
Peltae

567

p.

Gr.

269!
Aibs

eyyvs

C. I. A.

Phrygia,on

cf. C. 1. Gr.

Se TTJS TrdXecoy ro

TOV

Xputraope'coi/
O-VVCO-T^KOS

XpucraopiV.In

Zeus

Bi/3Xto$.Kal

TliTavios :
Mouo-.

inscription

pavvftov
Aap.fi

TOV

Zeus

A.appav8evg,
third

ii. 613.

coins

3568 f,?

of first century

third century

B.

SrpaTOViKfia8' earl

Xpvo~aopea)sAibs

c.,

ra

Rev.

KapiKOv

TOV

of Roman
IO

ACCOJUCOI/

de

yevovs.

d. Etudes

5e

2rpaTOviK(ls8e

C. I. Gr.

period,mentioning
rjre
TraXaidrepa

anavrcov

KaXetrai

KOLV"V'

fcai
.

KUTOI-

X"Pa

2720,

the

ifpfvs

Ka*1 *l 7ro^-is

p.

167,

TOV

from

1873,

eK

KOLVOV

Grecgues,1893,
o-T"(j"avr)(p6pos
\pvo~dopos.

lasos

mentioning a
inscription
aa

E,

Hf\TT]VOV.

from Stratonicea
inscription
Paus. 5. 21,
Atbs Xpvo-aopiov.
exaXflro

'I8ia TJJs

ovv

beginningof
inscription

399.

in

OVK
OVTCS
(rvo-Ti'ifjiaTos
/lere'^ova-i^

roO

TVV

aTrdvTtov Kaptoi/,ou

KOIVOV

6vo~ovTfs Kal (3ov\fva6p.fvoi


fls o (rvviacrt
ire pi T"V
Kapa"i/,
ro

Kal vnb

/uej/

1889, p. 375.

or
Xpvo-aopevs: Strabo, 660
Xpvordaip

MaKfclovtov

vecos

KVK\W

ravra

aSeXtpois.C. /.

a"?

evravda

from
Mylasa first century
2693, inscription
Zeus
Act/Spates: inscriptionfrom
2700.

: from
Ue\Tr)v6s

Head,

Knpiou Atop,

in the Peiraeus

temple

B.C.

ZeUS

Gr.

/.

in Caria. Mitt.

Zeus

TOV

C.

AJOS-

tepa

Mausolus, mentioning the icpbv

of

Mylasa.

B.C.?

lepov TOV

fo~Tiv

AvSoiy Kai Mucrois1

in the time
at

ra
Tro^TrocrroXfirnt

TJS

opei

e"r)KOVTao-raStcoi//^XP1r'?s' Tro^f^S

Kni

rt

re

ra"

{ITTO TWI/

apxaios Kal "6avov Atos Srpari'ov. n/zarai


,

Strabo,659

Pitane

p. 142.

in

in Smyrna,
Aeolis, inscription

REFERENCES
bb

Zeus

2aXa/uW"s:

Hist. Num.

594

:
2oXvp.fv?

cf. C. /. Gr.

dd

Head,

ib. p.

KOL

At

Aloy

Baa-t\(vs

0uei
.

Rev.

Erythrae:

in

ParOS

of

Imperialperiod,

KdTOiKiav
i(po$ov\a)i"

Paus.
6

...

(eV

9. 39, 4-5

Kartell/

"Ao-ei

rcw

re

nura"

T""

'

KOI

A(6?

IfpevsTOV

feat
/Sno-tXtco?
'Hpn-

rov

B. c.

Memphis, 6vd

at

Au

ro"

ftao-iXd. Dio

TW

KCI\
ftci(ri\(vs
fnovofj.d^"Tai

^fo"f ?rar^p
(Dind.)Zfvs /udi'oj

p. 9

c^av

'livio^Tj.

re

2385

5, Alexander

Arrian, 3.

eV 8e

Arch.

C. /. GV.

K\eovs, third century

Chrys. I,

ib. p.

Termessus,

Cappadocia : Strabo, 537

1877, p. 107
icai 'Hpa"Xe'ouf
Ait
/SacrtXeco?
KaXXti/t'"ov,

At

of Tarsus

coins

on

Lebadea

at

TOV

Pisidian

Ifpdv(VKUpTTOV.

^topaf

/cat
"7riK\r)(Ttv
BacriXf?,
^Hpa

Att

the

Aioy
OvT]vd(rois

ev

BatriXeooy i/ads

viov) Aioj

of

at Venasae
Ovrjvda-ots

'Ev

Zeus

Imperial period,Head,

617.

TL
ff^fftov

137

171

k.

4366

rfiMopifjLTjvf)
TO
IfpovTOV
AlCOV

IV-VI.

of

coins

late coins

on

Zeus

ee

Cypriot

on

Tapo-io? Baaltars

Zeus

CHAPTERS

627.

p.

Zeus

cc

FOR

KQI

U.O\lfVS.
aat

Ato?
KaXetrai,

TroXXoi
(OpTT)

Schol.
piwvos

toprr]

Thuc.

I.

Atao-ta
'Afyvaiois

fai

eWi

126

cV
e^cor^y TroXtcof,
MetXt^tov(Mylarr)

r;

dvovcri
nnv8rjfjL"\

aXXa 6vp.aTaeVt^copia.
Schol. Lucian, '1/cnpop.ei/.
oi'xtf/;el"
24 Atao-ia.
(TTfTeXoVV

TjV

p.(TU

TIVOS

(TTVyVOTTjTOS,

AristOph.Nlib. 408
r)

MeiXi^tdseort,

v/iij/ 6vfo6ai

Anab.

u"\OKiiVT(i

xoi'pous
ra

Trarpia)

TW

u?

Se

(V

CIVTTJ

OTTO
fiia/cpi'i/ft
rjjy rod

Aiama

ra

6 8e eiTrei', 'E/i7rd5ioy
yap

varfpaia

A(vo(pa"v

6 Zevs

0*01

Ovcreiev,
fjftrj
eocrTrtp O^KOI,^J/,
TTJ df

fj.fl\l\t(it.

All

6e fj.r)vos \\v0"dTT]-

ayerat

^A^apvfvs

7. 8, 3

/cal cirrjpfTO fl

Kcii oXoKavTflv

BvOVTfS

eopr^MeiXi^iovAidy'

'ATToAAawtos
fyBivovros.

MfiXi^iou eoprrjs. Xen.


6

Athens

doidciv

eyco

fOvfTO

Ka\

I
CKoAAtcpct.Lucian, Xa/)i5^/z.

Kai
j/d/xa)

dvayvovsfviKrja-fv
'Epp.^, 8^ (3i{3\iov
Si'
^ alriav f\\ciiroiev
^ptora(6 Zfir)
'lKapop.fv.
24
TfOvKOTos

eniviKia

Luc.

fv

ort

OAP
Aiao*ta

Ta

1578

'HSio-Tioj/ Au

tTuiv.

TOVOVT"V

C. I. A.

'in parte
MiXixt'co,

Aidj'
KOI

I.

eVi

aXXovf

37,
rovro)

Aia/3a"ri Se

Qrjafvs

drroKTeivas

VTTO

KOI

T""V

UIXlOI.

dtroyov"v

TU"V

ra

Trpoj

/(^.

lapidisimago

/^.

1585

'HXiw

Km

2.

ser-

Ait

Alt
KpiJro/SoXq

Kr)"piobv/3o)pdyeorti/

TOV

2iVii/

inferiore

pentis sculpta fuit.' Cf. 2. 1579-1583.


MetXi^t'wMau/i/a. ^"^. Arch. 1 886, p. 49
Paus.

I.

$"VTa\ov

ap^aioj

Kada

IIiT0e'a"s crvyyevf).
Plutarch,De

GREEK

172

Ira 9. p. 458

Cohib.

Aio

KaXoC"rt
oi'/zai,

v,

Suidas,I.
U

KOI

AaSou^os

C. I. A.

reflvTai' 6vov"ri de

lepeioi/ Au

TO

ot

aurot?

eV 'EXeuaii/iKat

%Kippo(popia"v

re

aXXoi

ri^e?

93 5, 8

rpioftovs

TOVS

Bull.

/c' nonavov.
Tfcop-ya)

Mmp.aKTT)pia)VosAa

rouj

(pdivovros
KaOap/JLols

roiy

KCU
Trop.na'ia
KaQapuwv IK^O\CLL"S

3. yy

?rpoy

EllStath. p.

fVOyWV.

eV
MeiXi^io)

Ait

Ku$dp-

MdifjLaKTrjs'MeiXi^iosKai

Tols TTOffl TQ)V

CIVTO.

ore
^'yerora
Maifj.aKTT]pi(ovos

Hell.

"".

Kr^trio) (?'lK"(ri"a)?
^pooi/rat "'

r"w

lepeiovrvdfvros
Kcpdinv

tKa\ovv

/3ao-iXea /zeiXi^ioi/,
'A^raioi Se

TOV

Aids1 K0)'8iot/'
ou

I, p. 1404

VTTOOTOpVVVTCS

de Corr.

6eu"v

TMV

cf. Hesych. J.

'.

Kai 6
rjv oreXXoireff,

eytvovro.

RELIGION.

'Ez/oSia
TrdXci. Harpocrat.
MetXi^/wKai
6 e' /M//I/
'A^i/atW
Trap*
Mac/JiaKTrjpL^v.
wi/d/iaorai Atos p.aip.aKTOv}

J. V.

1889, p.

Aa

392

KCU.

S' earlv 6
/jLaL/jLaKTr/s

6cu"v

eari'
MetXt^/coi'

di/aXcocrai
ra
In

"

At
j

At

ArgOS

Paus.

At

2.

Paus.

dvaiat

ai

38,

10.

6fois

rols

a'Xo-o?"ai 3""fioff

KOI
MeiXt^iotyelfri,

MeiXi'^ios "ApTffJLis
ovop.a"ofj."vr)

Zevs

ecrrt

/cai

8e 6 MetXi^ios,
ovdfp.iq'
rrvpap-idt
17

de aXXa

vcrrepov

Aioy MaXt^/ou,Xi
oyaX/xdeVrt KadfjUfvov

2O,

IloXuAfXeiVou Se epyov

a"s
eV^ydyoi/ro
Kadapcrin

re

Aid?.
aya\p.aave6r]K.a.v
MeiXi^i'ou
e[Ji"pv\i(p
KOL

Orchomenos

At Chalcis

9, 6

2.

re^i/?/ TTfnoirjpeva

d 7rdX/r Aii

3169

Se

vuKrfpii/ui

PailS.

Sicyon :

CTT\ ai/xari

in Locris

avrodi 7rp\v
Kpe'a
vo/j,i"ovcri.
rjfjXiov
eiTKr^elv

IIarpa"a,cri/v

OTTO

KOI
evdov(rid)8r]s
rajiaKTiKos.

at Myonia
MeiX/^ioi

Qfol

C. /. GV.

1568, Inscr. Grace.

vol.
Septentr.

i.

MetXi^t'u
(third
century B.C.).
:

Andros

C. /. 6r;*. 2150,

doubtful

Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath.

inscr.

1893,

votive

P- 9

inscription,

MeXi^i'ou.

Aio?

In Chios

(?)At

inscr. Ai6y MiXt^ion Mitt. d. d. Insi. Ath.

Alaesa

in

:
Sicily

C. I. Gr. 5594,

1888,

p. 223.

of pre-Roman
inscription

periodmentioning r6 MeiXi^ietoi'.
139

Zeus

in Cyprus : Clem. Alex. Protrept.


P.
Ti/icopds

(paXaKpbs "ApyeiTipaipos

Zeus

ev

Pollux

I.

Gfol Xucriot

24

cf. 103
K"I

Hp"Tos

yap

8e eVeVeo-e r""

ovdfls

avrov

1 1

6 Zevs

Eum.

441

0-fp.vos
'

TrpWTOKTOVOHTt

"

fjQeXfit
ayviaai

TrpcaiKTap

ev

'IKCVIOS Kal

/ieWot

Tra\ap,valoi

'AXdo-ropo?

(themurder

Sid rouro
'l"i'oi/t

6ta"v

ovre

8e
e/z0vXiot"
av8pa ani"rf.(.vf.v.'EXe^o-as

Aesch.

ot/^i

Kvirpa Tfri^o-dov
;
.

AiWa

father-in-law)

ev

Kadcipaioi
ayvlrai"pv"ioi

Pherecydes: Miill.Frag. Hist.

KaXflrai

Se aXXos

33

avrov

rpoTTOis

ovre

6 Zevs

of his

av6po"Trwv'
ayvi^ei.

Ib. 'JIO
:
'l^ioi/oy

RELIGION.

GREEK

174
Aesch.

Suppl.385

/ueVa

IKTLOV

Zyvbs

rot

KOTOS

nadovros
"vo~7rapdde\KTos

a"S' idpvfj,evas
e"1/Qt"*"v edpaitriv
/Lt^7"*

Ib. 4131

e"86vT"S

6(6v
Travu"\(6pov

TOV

vfj.a.5

Qrjaop.eafl'
aXdcrropa,

ftapvvCTVVOIKOV

ovS' eV 'Ai'Sou Tot/

os

Jb. 479.

QOVQVT

with
'ATTorpdn-atos

Zeus

of third century

Epidaure

Cavvadias
Zeus

Haidv, Hesych. S.

146

Zeus

'EmKovpios:

U7

"OpKios
a

Zevs'

cPd8o).
fv
rip-drat

Epidaums

1877, p. 115.

V.

of

Alabanda, Imperialperiod: Head,

Paus.

Olympia:

at

5. 24, 9 6 5e lv

TO"

es

At

Soph.

UllTfd, *Xfl ^^

Tyana

Aristot. p.

^QT^/3?KfpdVVOV

*V

845 Aeyeraiir(p\
TO.

Col. 1767 x^ 7r"t"r"atav Ai6?

Oed.

X.flP"1'

flvai'OpKLOV
Atd?.
vftaip

Tvai/a

opicos.

Aesch.
/"5. 1382 AI'KT;
Zrjvbsdp^aiotsv6fj.ois.
(rvveftpos

148

Atos
At'/cr;

Arist. J9f Mundo

Kopa.

8iKr}. Soph. Frag.

epy* eV

767
88

ArchilocllUS,
Frag.
5'

aS/Kcoi'dvftpcov
dyd\p,aTaAibs p.d\i(rTa "K7r\r)"iv

oTToaa

dvdpd)7ru"v
opay,

aXX'
TrapeSpoi/

/^ateXAjyZ^wy

aXX'

ean

Kal

AtSoos err* fpyois

p.ev ovpavov

Se

(roi
^e/xirrra,

Xfcopya /cat

princ.inerud.

yap

abv

Zev,
ZfO, irdrep

a"

p.

781

Soph.

AIKT;/cat 0e/iisfVrt.

atiros

Choeph.950

fin. r"5 6e

SUb

XPvaU

Bergk

Kal 8iKr)
p.eXet. Plut. ad

re

Arch.

coins

on

"TTLK\r)0~lS
p.6V "OpKlOS"(TTIV

av

Rev.

p. 519.

Zeus

iravT"v

/3porois(pofios.

tv

119.

145

Hist. Num.

KOTOV

dnoTponalaat Erythrae: inscription

Athene

Smyrna

at

B.C.

IKevBfpoi.

eu"6i"r$ai

dvdyKrjZTJVOS
iKTrjpos'V\!/IO~TOS
yap

144

O'LKTOIS.

0^.

Zevs1

OVK

Kpdros,

6r)pia)v
vfBpis
e^ft

TJ)I/

Col. 1268:

Zrjvl(rvvdoKOS 6puva"v

Tracrt,

feat

Trpo?

(roi'j
Trarep,

Trapa

Aesch.

Suppl.191

aiSoiou
laS)d-yaXpar*

Atos,

did
149

ZeUS

Se'wor

p.fyaXat. Od.
aXX'

Plut. Z"^ ^A'z7.

14.
OTTO

ioV)os

283

(p.605)

KCU

ScWov

Kflvos epVKf,
re

Aibs

6'

a"7n'"iero
p,r)vtv

KUKO.
^idXicrra
v"fi"o~o~drai

fpya.

AIDS

TroXXat
Tip,ai

REFERENCES

C. I. A.

At Athens:

(fofpdvTtov
TT)V o'vvoo'ov

TO}V

3. 199
AVKOS

late

KdT

TO)

tb

At

OVlpOV

Sparta: PaUS. 3.
Philostr. Vlt. Apoll,4.31
Tf
"fvr"v

Ait

T"

TTopa

Iri Rhodes:

No.

In

Plut. Arat.

Met.

54

Zeus

151a

1330,
b

At

MeroiKtoc

3.

At

Bekk.

Ato?
285 iepetos

Tf

KILL

vvyyevuv

p.a\\ovftorjdf'i
Tipa)pe~iv
6eo$

KOL
^eViose/cdcrrcov8aip,b)v

c.

*tXi'ou :

p.ev

rw

TOV

atrw,

Kal

51

I.

C.I. A.

Megalopolis: PaUS.

eVi

6eov

Anecd.

(offourth

1572, 15723

fieaerof
KaSrjTai.
c

"evos eraipuv

$vvdp.evosovv

(B.C.
324-3),on

eWii/
uTrofij^ara

yap

6fols.

at Athens:

Atos vaus, UO\VK\"LTOV


Tf

"V

fprjpos yap

6
fie fiia^epdiroK

e'0''HyijoYov
opxo^oy

2.

/cat
"ffio"
"pt.\i"*"

p.fp.7TTas Ait

ov

lovis

SiereAetrf.

KOLVOV
idpvp.e'vov

iraaiv

Zeus*/Xiof

C. I. A.

230,

TO"

(vol.2, p.

40

Meineke)

AraldTroore'XXeii',
KCI\oiK(io)S Trpoo-fit^eo-^at
Aior
cv(pr]p.MS
p.ep.vr)[jLfvovs

{"tviova"s napci

1;""

stabat

horum

fores

: Stobaeus,44.
v6p.a"v
Trpuolp.in

Charondas
.

108.

Relig.pp.

Ait.

vot

ot

Ante

224

6 "Pi\nnros
/M/)I/

TIVOJV

dvvarai

""Voi"

10.

Ai'/cnsyf

PlatO, Laws, p. 729E


KQI
i/^pcoTrotf

Aa/ce5at/zoVtot
('AjroXXcoi/toj')

fie avrbv

irfpia-Tavres

Cf.

A"i"La.
Ka\\\6r)va

Sevios

period.

TTJSdvocriovpyias
ravrr]?
S

Kal Zevs

eori

gcvuurrai,Foucart, Assoc.

Cyprus: Ov.
ara.
hospitis
e

SWiW

CTTOIOVVTO.

Aio?

Roman

48.

All.

Epidaure 99 Uvpo(poprja-asAioy
II

II,

fUTro

(first
century B.C.). C. I. A.
altar found
on
Acropolis:rdi/fie

period on

Cavvadias

Epidaurus:

175

Sfviov

TOU

f6fVTO
"flVQ)V
@a)p.bv
C(f)6p"t"

At

Ai6s

TOV

1V-VL

Koi
Aid-yarns'Tafias vavK\rjp(i)V

475

2.

inscriptionof
K(U

CHAPTERS

FOR

eVia/coTrou

OVTOS

rail/ pcTOiicmv

VTTO

Tip.top.fvos.

i33o'Epawora)Att4iXi'f"airc9c"r

seat

century

in the

TOV

at

at Athens

eVrii/
fie'
7repi/3dXou

TO

T//

theatre

Athens:
C. /. ^.

B.C.).

Aiovvo-w
'Apyei'ov ayaX/na,

Kai e^ei

re

2.

privatededications

8. 31,

"pi\o"(vlas

*iXiou

fiefp."p(pes'Kodopvol

fie
eKn(Dp.a, TTJ

X6tP'

eW6?

Qvpaov,
eVe'pa

dvp"qt.

Epidaurus : ^/".

^4r^.

1883,

p. 31 AU

3"iXi'""nvpotoy *ar' owp

(lateperiod).
d

On

coins

of

Pergamum

of

Imperialperiod: Head,

Hist. Num.

p. 464-

Pherecrates,Mein. Frag. Com. Poet.


Menander, ib. 4. 85. Diodorus, ib. 3-543
e

2.
"

p. 293
yap

vf)TOV

""i'Aioj/:cf.

Trapao-ireiv tvpev

6 "bi\io$ 6

p.

RELIGION.

GREEK

176

237)

Dio Chrys. Or. 12 (Dind.i,


6p.o\uyovfj.tva)f.
Trdvras dvdpa"7rovs
'Eratpdos(ZfujeVoi"op,a"erat)

6fu"v /xeyioros

roof

5e

$1X109

OTI

KOL

uXX^Xoip.

KU\ /3ouXtrai(piXovsemu
(Tvvdyft
)2

: a Hesych, j.
'Eratpelos

Zeus

p. 572

from

Se
iiTTOpovcn
$C0YU

Au'

rooy

'latToi/a
rov

'

A.'I(TOVOS
crvvayayovTa

Apyovavras

rovs

Qvovcri Se

r^v eoprrjv eraipidfia


npoaayopeva-aC

KOI

KOI

ot

ermptfieta.

ra

Herod,
r)V)TO

o-uvreXoiio-iMa
e'opr^i/
eVmpiSet'coz;

Hegesandl'OSr/)?

TTputrov

: Athenae.
KpfjTT)

lv

6 Zfvs
'Eraipflos'

v.

i.

C^//^. P^/.
Diphilos,Mein. /"","".

40:

^eaj'
r"u
6vr]rov
TrepiKdXvTTTe

Tri^t' raGro

384

4. p.

"

Trap'
r^j.u)v Aios eraipeiov

yap

TTUTfp.
13

Atof, 6s

airai Motpayera'

S^Xa

eVrii/ eVt-

oyj/

olftfv.
aj/^pcorrcoz/

ra

in Arcadia

Akakesion

Near

de eV

fiuposyfiftypoppa

ea-ri

5 'Idi/rt8e eVi r^j/a(peo-ii/

Moipay/rjjsat Olympia : Paus.5.15,

ZeUS

p.fv dviv

Tu"

KOI
TTf7TOLrjfj.fvoi}

Paus.

8. 37,

eV r"5

rot'^o)
eVi/

eVfipyaa/LitVot
Mctpat /cai Zcvs

Motpayer^s.
At

Paus.

Delphi :

6c

Motpd"f Suo* aWi

24. 4 eV 5e roi

IO.

Zevs
rijsrpt'r^f

avrav

I'aw

torryKe

aydX/xara

oxpiVi
Motpayer^s /cal'ATroXXcoi/

re

Trape'crrr/Ke
Moipayerr/s.
d

At Athens

fifth century

C. I. A.

of
'OpoXuros: epithet

I
'Evaia-i/J-os
Hesych. J". "'.

1867, p.

156 a

31

Zeus

Zeus

P-

and

Kal

'Ei/

Kopcom'a.

Hera

at

Camirus

Foucart

in Rev.

eV Hovrapeiq,
inscription
"Upas 'OpoX^rcoi/

period.
meaning:

Zeus

: Strabo,537
'Aa/SapaTos

(fpco-

'Acr/Sajucuov
(inCappadocia).
C. /. ^4.

BiSaras:

cityof Lyctus (?second


c

Zeus

Aioy
Ifpevs

Titles of doubtful

o-ui'/;Aio?

of
inscription
(fragmentary
MotpayeYfl

c.).

ZeUS

of Roman

93 Au

i.

Arch.

B.

Boftos:

549,

belonging to
inscription

opvuM
century, B.C.)

coins

on

2.

of

Cretan

Trjva Eiddrav.

Head,
Phrygian Hierapolis,

Hist. Num.

565d

Zeus

Tf\xav"s

or

Fe^Xav"* in Crete:

or
Kp^ai),on
(?Trap''Avpio-i'o)
Trapa
Mythol. i. p. 197, Miinztaf.
3. 3.
e

Zeus

: Hesych. j.y.
'EXu/vo'/zfi'os'

festival holidays).

Hesych. s.v. Zevs napa


coins of Phaestos,Ov.

Zevs

Kpto-iw
Kunst-

e'/"Kvp^i/j/
to the
(Preferring

REFERENCES
f

the

Zeus

FOR

CHAPTERS

'EmpvvTios Hesych. S.V.

Zevs

'.

"/

Kp^r?/.

ev

Pd6y

Zeus

: Hesych. s. v. Zevs
'Epio^paospopularassembly; cf. ndv^^os.

Zeus

Larasa

Aapdaios:

coins

on

of

Head, Hist. Num.


vicinity,
from Tralles,
Mitt. d.
Aapaaiov,inscription
i Zeus
k

'Op-vixo
.

in

MOVVLTIOS
.

Crete:

in Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath.


1

ZeUS

Zeus

Hist. Num.

Dionysopolisin Phrygia of Imperial

562.

p.

Bekk.

Sicyon:

at

Anecd.

2i"coi'"oi

790

2.

Aios
Ta"avT(sKOL\apt$/xr}craj're"
Sroi^f'ojf
tepov

Zeus

of

coins

on

Sroixfvf

"pv\ascavTovs

2/ivpf^f 1873, p. 71,

LTTJ fv\i]V.
opK.afj.avt

noT-qof:

period,Head,

117

Mow.

Kai

Zeus

3439.

375.

Inscr. Bt/3Xto#.
'OpKap-avfiTr)?:

ETTi/cr^rosAn

23

1889, p.

placecalled

"0/5*09'ifpairvrvtw
Olymos in Caria,inscription

At

jcal"Upav.

zfjvaMOWITIOV

Delect}

Cauer,

of

Zeus

At6s TOV
itpevsTOV
p. 555
d. Inst. Ath. 1886, p. 204.

in Lydia: C. I. Gr. 3438,


Ma"r"pa\aTr]v6s

Zeus

177

to
(?)referring

Tralles,perhaps from

the

in

IV-VL

2iAXai"ios

Sparta:

at

Plut.

Lycurg. 6

Kop.i(Tin
(AvKovpyov) ^i/pfjTpavKaXovviv' ""\(i 8e ourcos* Ato?
Kal 'A"rjvus
Si/XXavtas1lepovl8pv(Tiip.fi"ov
"pv\as (puXa^airaKat wfius aj/^a^.

ai/ra.

Zeus

Svpyatmjs :

Zeus

about

arbitration

Kat

rot/

ev

6 'ITTTTIOUroG
ayopa
^opot

6.

ap^co^

of the twelve

TVpavvtv"avTOS

Athenis

(v"ao-0atTOV
Km
ArjprjTpt

tinea).Ib.
VOL.

I.

duodecim
KrjpVKO
TTJ

3.

Kopfl KCU

^eoty

Imperial

Cf. TaXf TITOS'

o?

"at

Thuc.

6. 54

TCOV

rots

cV

at

KOI

rots

Sa"6("a

6fmo~i^

284 fcpcW 8"i)OfKa6f""v on


N

seat

ot

eVi TOV
("("fjLfvoi

3, 3 2roa

/cat
'OXupTTto)
T^ 'A^f/i^a
r//

(justbefore

TTJ

x"Pf^OVTf^'Herod.

iKtTai

I.

ev

Se

Se ontrrBev

Val. Max.
uraXov/ucvovr.

ScofieKi

Tols 8o)dfKa $eoZ?

llfio-to-Tparo?

Aiowaiois

pingeret(Euphranor). C.
roi

'Eortiai'
rai/
*Opt/iJO)

121

TaXXmoi/.

Paus.
(otnXniatees).

Ait

(inscription

6d)8e*a ^ea"z/l^o)/j.ov
TOV

TO'KTI 8u"8(Ka

tfeovyroi/s

TW

cf.

Athens:

Hipparch. 3,

Deos
.

of

4.

gods at
.

'Afirjvaiaiv
Ipa TtoifvvT"v

OKodop.r]TaL
ypn(pdse^ouaa

Euxine

Cnossus)6*ptv or"Xaj/

Atjva TOV

TOV

vlbs

Xen.
dvt'OrjKf.

and

TaXXai'ov

Kulle,p.

"7XXots re
Tr/joo-fTrt^np/^ovrni
08

Olus

xat

0to/io^"0i8o(ravatptasavrovs
cum

Latus

'Ayopaloi/

Lakonische

Worship

the

on

Cauer, Delect*. 120

in Crete:

uipajra" Zr/voy TO)

A^i/aTOV

Sparta,Wide,
157

between

TGJ

of Tium

p. 444.

TaXXriloff at Olus

$" 'OXdiTt

fv

coins

on

."fa/. Num.

period,Head,
Q

/. A.

8.12
2.

UoXuiSt

57

*fai TT;

the battle of Man-

in the theatre.

Archaic

from

inscription
Gr.
b

Megara,

In

ScoSe/m

Bull,

At

Delos,

At

Thelpusa

At

Olympia

dvaKTWv

In

Near

In

S'

Se*a

C.

the

Bosporus

at

Leontini

Lucian,
Kal

avTois

"v

rii'o-a

daceta.

T""V

aXta/io? vibs

Atos
.

npaffais

*AX0eoO

nopov

/aera

'Axai"v

622

Strabo,

/3o"/ioi
^ea"i/

8a)5e/ca

/3a"/n6?r"v

605

ol

\ip.r)v, onov

"7r.

3037

Apoll.

a\os

ScoSeKa

6eo1s

Rhod.

pijyp.ivt

e'/" fie

ovdds

B.C.,

KaQapco

Ttp"fV"t.

fuucdpfo-o-iSud"-

ro'^ej/

c(p' tepa

KOI

neprjv

century
tv

ayopas

534

2,

(late period).

^eoii/

fourth

(?) early

4269,

aveCrjKtv

dcoSfm

teptvy

HellanicUS,

OevTfs

1893,

p.

(Ba)[jibv
idpvcraTO (AevxaXtco^).

coy

J////.

Tols

Scofiefca

Polyaen.

5-

deals

5'

//. ^/. 7"j/.


KOI

275

'Adavaia

^v

Ath.

TTJS TrdXecoy

Kp"Ti]o'(i)p."v

5")5eKa

rot?

Gr.

Hierapytna:
"ai

AeKaraoco

At

^f

/"a

Crete,

In

\"ovi

ScoSf

Strabo,

Lecton,

/.

/.

$a"iJ.r)"ravTfs
IBcc^bv

Frag.

C.

o~Tr)\r)vTOIUV"

On

^Ayap"p.vovos iSpu/na.
:

40,

5-

5-

lepbv

6fS"v

3
eV

up

i.

28.

p.

25,

8'

50

Paus.

\cyop.cva I3pa"n-e'Xoi;y.

flvai

epya

8.

pfyio-ra

O/.

Cape

On

Xanthos

2.

Myrina

Ephesus

AVKICOV

Cf.

near

SciKVUTai,KaXovGi.

01.

Soteira

1882,

Paus.

Trarpt

6((ov.

6ea"v

Hell

'Jxapo^fv.

laTpbs

Kal

Tra^ra

C.

24

oXco?

^v
^v

-yap

Trore

^pdi/oy,

e'ya)(Ze^s)

Kai

ort

e^

ou

Se

p.avns

eV

Ae\(po^s

...

'ATToXXooy
Kal

TO

I.

2dXooi/os.

Artemis

cyaX/zara,

Arcadia

aXcros

$eoiy

5a)Se/"a

C.

Cf.

fools.

ScoSe/ca

rols

420

i.

of

Corr.

Find.

Aeolis

ScoSexa

TO"I"

farlv

de

in

aTO.0fj.aTo"d6fov
ba)8fK

(?) roly
temple

dtwv

ovop.afcp.evtov

the

in

/" A.

C.

Salamis,

2aXa/Lia/ioiTel\os

452

7TO)

RELIGION.

GREEK

178

p.avTf'LOV KOTfo-TTjaaTO,

TO

BfvdiSfiov
"v

eyeVeTO

eVi
E"^)eo~cp,
TeTifj.r)Kevai

eV

ev

Qpqxrj,

TatiTa

JLICV

YlfpydfMW
Kal

de

laTpflov

TO

'Avovftiddov

TO

$eovcri

anavTfs

av

dia

TreWe

6'Xcoi/

'AcrK\r)Tri6s,

Atywrra)

e'/zeSe
.

vop,i"ov(Tit

Iv

crwi/

p.fv

focrrrfp

fcai

ro

rraprj-

"v(t)o~iv

eV

CHAPTER

VII.

HERA.

THE

of

cult

many

other

It

be

can

Greek

hold

Mycenae,

and

such
in

in

vogue

Boeotia,

nese19"93.
of

tribes

; for

the

by

Euboea,

Attica,

We

regard

may

peoples,
its

early

the

but

they

wherever

where
like

the

And

find

we

rites

and

ideas

human
a

human

customs

of

marriage,

instance,
but

Cos

decide

and
of

it,

Crete,
Rhodes,

pre-Dorian.
of

foreign

of

pure

savage

allusions

certain
native

no

their

adopted

hint

any

comparatively
for

containing,

"

and

and

in
to

probably

scarcely

attested

Dorians

to

Ionic

Argive

TeAxt^a

was

heritage

is

impossible

Hera

Hera,

shows

the

them

The

it.

influence, it is also

primitive

to

it with

Argive

worship

her

Oriental

or

and

Spartan

while

of

the

found

they

Pelopon-

and

these
of

to

is

was,

the

had
it had

as

Achaean

over

alien

doubt

brought

traces

the

with

have

to

primeval

sanctity

was

that

no

have

may

it

worship

and

as

into

Euboea

shores

Corinth,

of

of

it appear

influence

peculiar

Whether

Peloponnese

least

deep

and

worship.

primitive home,
in

and

the

cult then

the

the

impor

it travelled

northern

Sicyon,

at

or

the

had

its

exception

does

nor

along

and

which

the

interest.

and

of

trace

connected

prominent,

antiquity

Samian

legend

Thessaly

Greek

the

with

than

civilization, Argos,

no

along

islands,

Greece,

oldest

find

can

route

the

where

it is nowhere

Argos,

we

spiritual

historic

great

ancient

the

of

sites

no

the

of

less

and

possesses

parts

the

Sparta

in

Samos

and

manifold

less

most

upon

for

in

without,

from

Greece

is

cults, but

traced

strongest

tation

Hera

tradition

of

sacrifice*.

Among

the

sacrifice

Porphyry

nowhere

was

divinities
or

had

mentions

to

been
the

whom

Hera,

offered,

he

Greek

2.

but

chooses
55.

the
to

Egyptian
call

Hera;

goddess
De

whom
Abstin.

GREEK

i8o

the

and

Hera

No

a.

men

protected the

doubt

Zeus, into the shade

of

ritual

recognitionof

yd/xosin many
sufficient proof of the

be

is

no

frequent union

of their cults of which

in all

to

cases

were

erected

to

and

sacrifice

was

period. On
and Hera4, at

offered

in

'

'

title that

curious

shipped with
is united

of

Hera,

originalgroundwork
of

physicalfunctions
a

god

ticular

is

province of

What

may

"

present

concern

Greece

she

or

the

See

Crete

the

was

award

Of

course

for Dr.

many

Schliemann
for M.

"

Ploix

Homer

formed

have

how
in

in

us

Zeus

various

some

to

were

Hera

any

departments
Herr

'the

the

call him

sense

and

the

par
have

Roscher

double

one,'

the earth 14.


Empedocles and Welcker
been at the beginning of time
is not our
for historical
have
only to ask whether

for

we
ever

or

may

to

and

physicalmeaning

may

seen

cannot

we

moon

have

earth,
*

we

of the

that

Zeus, and

the

twilight

divested

have

nature.

that is the

presented

of it. We

for her

obviously
she

In

Panamaros

Zeus

that was,

; but

sky

claimed

been
she

of the

it is

as

become

whatever

symbolism,

or

with
inscriptions

in the cults, has

and

later.

joint
reins,'

'

in the

worship

The

the

of the

is

formula

in the

found

rain;
Hera

and

holder

'

to

for

the Cretan-born7'
coupled with that of Zeus
of the public oath, at Cyprus she was
wor
Polieus and Aphrodite8, and in Caria she
Zeus

of Hera

name

Nemeios

Pausanias

referred

altars

prayed

men

the

belongs

record

Arachnaion

Zeus

to

Hera

will be

the

antiquity
by itself

wrould

have

which

Argos

and

ancient

The

17

Mount

Lebadea1

Argive together3. At
worship of King-Zeus
the

that

even'

discover

side.

we

later
Zeus

marriage
her religion

most

can

we

Zeus,

primitiveconjunction of the
to say that the fairly
reason

very

there

and

and

myth

of

of

cults,

parts of Greece

te/jos-

divinities

two

in the

Argos,
husband-god by her

the

wife

sites

other

and

Plataea, Samos,

of

of the

it cast

; but

monument

or

institution

favourite

in her

that

predominant

so

by record
worshipped as the
which

to

was

who

goddess

among
was

period

get back

can

we

earliest

the

In

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

some

Appendix A

worshipped
other
at the

end

as

the

moon,

or

the

air,

physicalelement, function, or
of the

chapterand

R.

i-n.

182

seems

called

was

"

attached

Prosymna,
apt

Greek

was

of

out

epithetsof

the

whom

goddess

'

the

goddess worshipped

to

titles of Hera

We

legend of

Zeus

form, received

its

worshipped as

to

latter

Athene

neither

the

although

and

always

cannot

or

Zeus

all which
need

god

she

had

not

especiallyused
we

of

hear

Argos.

The

desses and
rite

and

medicinal

in

female

the

might

cults and
the

certain

earth.

it will

her

an

And

virtue with

It is

its

an

the

occasional
a

important
Greek

to

or

worshippers

the

was

to
a

some

tribe
to

tutelary

earth-goddess

an

flowers

because

were

Sparta and
her great temple near
symbol of other god
at

spring feast

sacred

were

view

in

earth,

discoveries

own

was

olive

but
/xo'ptos,

for its

Hera

that she

appropriateto

flowers

of the

use

religiousceremonies

was

introduction

of
interpretation

impute

was

legends

explained by reference
other, of that divinity: as

flower-bearers

be

full of

goddess

is called

nor
epithet'AvOeia,

flower

also

was

be

conclude

not

the

also in

'Euboea'

that

divinitydoes

goddess.

or

deity of Argos.
Again, we need
because

the

for the

in mind

in civilization

its patron

Acraea,'

actuallycult-

of
personifications

are

from

single idea, physical or


advances

'

which
itself,

himself

Zeus

olive grows

principleto bear
other myths, that

Prosymna,'

marriage and of lo her other


the goddess worshipped there G3b.

from

name

nor

proper

in vogue

was

then

island

how

Hera's

and

Athenians

the

'

raised,' and

the

to

the

also that

beginningsof civilization and


revealed the
corn-growing. Now Athene

allude
of

the

Euboea,

know

we

from

by itself sufficient proof that


earth-goddessat Argos: these

this is not

But

the

corn

separate personages

was

conclude

that

that

were
heights,'

the

on

may

and

designated Hera,

and

know

hymn

Argolis,and

in

Corinth350,30d.
the

We

then misunderstood.

the

declares

new

of

ears

gather also that in


goddess rich in oxen,'

divinitydetached

'

the

of Hera, and

nurses

create

to

'

Pausanias

were

legend

mere

and

name

Acraea

and

Euboea,' the

'

her ; for

to

We

that Hera

statements

that

Hera.'

of

cult-title of

Argolisthe
was

flowers

'the

called

were

the

genuine namely,
Zet""i8iain Argos, and

part of it

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

to

her

or

that

38.
offspring130'

marriagepossessed

have

We

deal also with the

to

Olympus,
with

volcanoes

were

ancient

the

recorded

Stesichorus

by

Titans

the

and

'like neither

which

know

we

which
ter

of Hera

same

as

"

to

But

that

emulate

by producing

in

the

that

mother-earth?

If so,

and

legend

of

Homeric

Athene,

the

ignorant,should have been rediscovered


and
the hymn
by Stesichorus.
is there

But

myth simply

eccentric

where

in the text

it

placed fragment,and
Now

we

see

at

explanation?

other

no

once

occurs
we

it is

because

have
that

also the

the

hymn, so far from confusing


them, for Hera
distinguishing
Earth.

author
Ge

version
charac

to Welcker

monster,

by
We

of which

and

the

cannot

seems

author

of

rejectthe

interpolation
a genuine though a mis
authorityof Stesichorus.

an

for it is

"

can

inexplicablefact

very

of

mother

the

But

her to be the

poet supposes
it is

theme

a
hymn
Olympian

conception of Hera, which according even


from the religious
consciousness,
faded away
Ge

brought

"

the

with

well

It may

of his poems.

one

the

in

men.'

to

nor

birth

the

celebrated

makes

only

to

Zeus

this strange

with

by saying

Hesiod, who

makes

it is

that this
had

it does

Apollo a, and
Hera, being jealous

hymn

hear

here

was

Hesiod, who

altogetherinconsistent

seems

Hera

known

gods

for the version

account

we

that

myth

after

borrowed

was

if this

Now

"

connexion

into

connexion

power.

to

immortal

be that Stesichorus
it also

to

the

to

threatened

and
praying to the heaven
grant her an offspringthat might be
birth to Typhoeus
creature
a
gave

Zeus, she

stronger than

that

chthonian

we

independently,and

child

the mother

some

a.

say

Homeric

Athene, resolved

of the birth of

earth

in the former

was

parent of Typhoeus

of the

the author

by

been
the

earth-goddess,Ge,

the

earth-goddessor
have

15

forces
should

we

had

have

to

seems

genuine

least to

at

last enemy

subterranean

and
and

regarded as
seem

who

monster

that Hera

myth

the

Typhoeus,

earth-born

of the

not

183

HERA.

vii.]

with

obvious

of this passage

in the

Hera, is explicitin

herself makes

appeal

to

the

seem
capri
genealogiesthe poets sometimes
need
depart from the popular tradition,and we

In their

ciously to
not
always

suppose

that

they
a

are

11- 35"-354-

in such

cases

puttingon

record

idea

half-buried

primeval and

some

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

184

or

foreign

some

myth.
It

plays in

Hera

which

Zeus

to

that

Hesiod

this

explain

hostile

the

trouble,she

him

for their

able

ideas

two

is

goddess
is

naive

the

under

original
carved

in

character

in her

24.

attractiveness,and
the

denote
later
which

Thebes,

Now

the

Sirens

of the

the

mimes

are

Greek

Hera
as

nether

version

about

Hera's

Pausanias'

In
at

Coronea,
with

Hera

and

the

commonly

most

called

world, and

lower

was

whole

statue

showing

by Euripidesb;

if Hera

were

an

be

thus

the

of charm
personifications
of Hera
they may simply

the hand

on

of

appeared

archaic

an

answer

between
affinity

earth-goddess.
of

give

life.

fascination of married

naturallyexplained.

In

the

sense,

same

in

mythology0 Hera is called the mother of the Charites,


but an ideal genealogy.
is not a physical,

Again,

it is said

that
probability,

earth-goddess

by Welcker,
in

was

vaguely

festival of the

ancient

times

SchoL

Theocr.

in very
2,

tepos

and

cults

certain

solemn

there

was

to

been

"AyyeA.osa
; but the
nothing
proves

earth-goddess,the Sirens would


But they also were
regarded as
and

Sophron's

of

the earth'

of

any

mother

Hera

as

have

to

the

to

destined

were

of

hear

we

hand

animals

one

sepulchralsymbols, emblems
'daughters of

suffice that

slighttouch

an

as

go

constructiveness

burlesque, and

by Pythodorus

Sirens

earth-goddess,the

not

the

of

name

of Boeotia

account

the

Hekate., who

of

mother

the

breeding.
enough for

back

need

naturallythought

was

mythic fancy. Again,


made

these

and

Hydra

we

explanationmay

Heracles, and

to

Lernaean

the

conception of Hera
prehistoric
of monsters

hostility

singularlegend of Briareus
with this the legend given by

cherished

lion ; to

Nemean

part that

in fact of her

because

compare

may

Hera

of the

because

strange

also in the

appears

We

Aegaeon.

this

gives

poet

simply

birth

epic drama,

the

the

that

case

Typhoeus'

of

account

in this

be

may

not

her

remembered
yajuoy,

without

us

as

We
b

Corn nt

of

especiallyin the
prevalent from the most

12.
c

show

primeval character

parts of Greece.

many

some

15.

have

If el.

167.

record

indirect of the ceremony,

or

existed
This

when

the

Homeric

of

that

the mystery

are
we

which

they

this land
been

with

associated

might

be

and

heaven

the

the mountain-side

rites ; but
believe

did

personal

in

Hera

and

spring,
The
Mount

on

ancient

that

hymn

him

he shrouds

in which

that

sonification
were

meaning

of

been

so

took

its

The

thought

of

Argos

Hera

god,

of

necessity

were

reference

to

of

customs

sanctioned
betrothed
the Samians
Hera

ceremony

"

the

fertile

the

human
as

nuptials.

and

Hera,

as

it has

pair having

been

before

intercourse

wedlock

made
secretly

Samos65

the Samian

off with

the

complete

the

there

are

no

see

we

rather
custom
"

the

to

was

of the

marriage ; therefore

before

that Zeus

and

countries

parts of Europe

in many

boldly declared

for us,

of the year, but

In

per

scarcely have
Gamelion, our January,

described

growths

it could

of Zeus

te/yo? ya/utos are

of the

'clouds

because

grounds for supposing. Besides, in whatever


rites of the

nuptial

Jehovah

was

If this

month

marriage

his

personalforms

Argos

at

spring
flowers

the

and

therefore

Jews,
?

the

the

mountain-top

betoken

to

were

'

the

on

of the

Him

about

the

cloud

be

if the Attic

from

name

impersonation of

have

that

say

on

in

was

well

It may

therefore

we

for the

te/aos ya/xos

in Attica

must

or
spring-earth,

cloud

round
the

and

the

and

of the

darkness

suggest that the bridal

presence

their Zeus

mountain, KoKKvyiov,

spring-time.

might
people

the

cloud
fertilizing

some

n, 51a.

c"

of the corn-ear.'

some

the

mere

heaven

sign of

the

it ; but
was

ya/xoy

of earth

of

name

with

associated

union

with

of

the cloud

and

these16

and

of Zeus

echo

first united, to

were

Argive Upos

the

the

cuckoo, and

the union
an

than

it

the

Argos

on

marriage of earth
rejoicesin the travail

interpretedas

believe

is supposed to be the

Hera

that

may

goddess, and the flowers that spring up beneath


regarded as obvious symbols of the spring; while at
have the legend of Zeus
pursuing Hera in the form

self and

them,

we

Hera-worship

and

descriptionof

is often

myth

the

tilth

celebrated

of

of Zeus

itpbsya/zos

expression

Ida

sites of the

in other

or

Falisci,and

in the Italian

Crete, and

'

of

pointsto it,
Plataea,Euboea, Athens, Hermione, Argos, Arcadia, Samos,

direct
in

185

HERA.

vii.]

had

similar intercourse

priestessat
idol of Hera

and

yearly
hid

it

i86

GREEK

in

of

lonelyplace

have

we

in the

allusion

an

the

see

of their

the

god

Muses'

mirror

Hera

the

charmful

bride

sing of the far-famed


Its ancient
the Carian
from

be

traced

After

or

unmarried

the

the

in the

wrapped

have

annual
round

in them

time

some

restored

supposed to
she became,

have

marriage

logy :

'

Hera, who

were

munities,so far
them

sow

the

we

of its

In

given
should

the

connected

who

in

was

cult

can

Sea.

the

island

the

rites

under
the

of

use

goddess's image

of bridal
for

bed, and

by

After

women.

idol

was

marriage was
the married
goddess
divinitywho protected

As

the
alone

in the Antho

prayer
and

hast

by

the

Imbrasos

legend

functions

for this and

Benefactress

; also

of the

some

who

for other
as

the

16a.'

with

the

goddess

the Greek

among

as

hands

our

the power
civilization,
as

land, and

island.'

marriage-goddess.

birthdayofferingsat

Argolis

may

Black

have record,recognizedher in

gratefully
styledthe

was

as

foundress
to

Samos

in

we

; the sacred

guardest
was

the

Parthenos,

osier-couch, the

from

these

and

and

in the

withy

temple

manifold,for Argos

more

the

of the

learn

worship

but
Argive17c"35.'36;

the

was

of the

our

the

to

the

elsewhere,the

we

of

legends

sort

complete.

as

birth,as

Samian

the

to

in Samos

and

value

been

thy portion,receive
The

Minor

its secluded

on

purifiedand

in

wine

Hera

suggested by

as

island

goddess, whose

ceremonial, when

supposed medicinal

lying

as

been

the life

record

Bring

from

not

settlement,the

may

whole

mistress

exclusivelyto point to
legend of the birth of Hera

withy-bush

bride,and

Parthenia, but this

of Asia

coast

Hellenic

Even

the

been

the Parthenos

almost

was

had

poet, 'that

Zeus, the

derived

along

cakes

in all this

made

have

we

as

Samian

was

the

withies

The

periodb,and

seem

own.

Zeus.

bride of

indeed,

name,

people who

of

and

of the

far

% in the midst

65
offerings

abduction

as

lyre,'
sings

shore

re-discovered

bridal

of their

Hera, and,

to

ritual,to

then

the secret

to

[CHAP.

the

by

anthropomorphism of

consecrated

but

woods

withy brake, where it was


set by its side,possiblyas

were
we

RELIGION.

com
sense

taught
reasons

goddess

of

from
tion dtyayvt"aOaiaccepted by Meineke
Athenaeus
passage
65 ", the reading a"pavi"e"jQai misses the point.
b Vide
be retained ; the correccertainly
Artemis, R. 37.

R.

religioussong,

took

fact reflected

melody was
from
titles,
Upoa-vfjivaia,

of her

one

The

her.

to

hear, except perhaps the Samian.

we

have

been

allusion

some

people'swarfare
marched

in armed

the armed
As

at

called

than

Argos,

the

Samian

'

'

or

In both

there

seems

and

at

; but

full

'

it

threw
who

man

This

trophy.

is

that the feast of

oxen,'

hundred

the

of Hera.

speed,

up, the

know

we

of

hear

describes

his

bearing it as

her

people

we

shield

hung

was

feast of the

the

Argive

for the

to

aided

who

sacrifice the

who, running

contest,'or

brazen

of which

this, Schoemanna

know

we

other

in the

contest

the

any

goddess

shield that

winning

more

at

the

of

nature

brazen

it down

Hera

in

of spearmen,

their spears

somewhat

as

of the

and

the

contest

struck

as

her

procession,so

march

regards
a

for

to

con

festival in

Argive

life than
people's

of the

more

of

specialkind

praise addressed

of

hymns

whom

to

who

secrated,and

as

187

HERA.

vii.]

feast of the

also

was

shield,'and

the shield
and
who
took down
won
pride of the man
passed into a proverb. The rest of the festival bore reference
In describingthe rites of Falerii 16 c, which
were
to the bride.
similar to the Argive, Dionysios of Halicarnassus
speaks of
that the

the chaste
who

the

began

the

messenger

in the

goddess

tered

at

Samos

statements
car

drawn

showing

we

by

by

may
white

maidens

of Hera

that

probable

who

her

summons

about

are

3G.' And

we

the

to

to

go

have

scat

at

Argos

of the various

get the followingoutline of the ritual.


oxen

conveyed

from
priestess

the

in

the sacred

yearly ceremony

combination

The

land.

performanceof

the

part of the

necessary

; and

Euripides

'all the

the presence

indications

marriage was
as

to

of

of their

songs

head

her

upon

of maidens

choruses

in ancient

Electra

Argive festival,where
order

the

and
sacrifice,

celebrated

solemn

the sacrificial vessels

with

maiden

the

city

temple,probably to play the part of the wpfyevrpia or


attendant
the goddess at her nuptials,whose
on
image was
possiblyborne in the car by her side. The actual solemnity
have
taken
place outside the temple, where a couch of
may
Hera
by
was
seen
by Pausanias, and the \t\tpva mentioned

to

the

Hesychius as

sacrifice
a

performed by

Griechische Alterthiimer,

i.

the
p. 491.

Argives

to

their

188

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

referred to the

have

strewingthe couch with twigs,


before the puppet-image which
was
possiblythe little wooden
idol of the seated goddess from
Tiryns was
placed upon it ;
goddess may

for

gather

we
n

preparationof the

the

that

ya/otoj

lines in Theocritus

the

from

marriage-bed

tepo?

part of

was

conveyed in this mystery-play


of the virginityof Hera 44. Finally,
to the perpetual renewal
from the prevailing
the cult of Hera
Eileithyiain Argos arose
the rite. And

some

aspect of her
of

the

as

ritual

the

allusion

the

about

was

there

is little express

reference

evidentlyhe is implicitlyassociated
bably her union with him that gave

queena', as

the

'Hera

39. In this vague

of wedlock

goddess

the

with

Zeus, but

to

her, and

it was

her the title in

'King-Zeus'

record

pro

Argos41 of

worshipped

was

at

the charioteer,'
a strange
conjunction with Hera
b
epithet that might be naturallyexplained if we suppose that

Lebadea

in

'

also the

there

figureof

Hera

borne

was

in the chariot

46b.
performance of the 16,06?
ya/xos lc,
If legend and
statements
some
express

trusted,the cult and

be

to

are

to

world.

Not

only

Alexandria,

on

south

of

coast

worship64'50b"
brought

with

the

of the
the

at

We

them

and

of

Falerii

part of

was

with
@a"n\is

or

Lindos

69; in a

later

Paaiteia
and

Ter-

periodthe
is merely a translation of Juno
name
Regina (videC. /. G. 4040 and 4367 f.);
the title is hers par excellence,
though

the

of

traces

mystery-play

the
this
was

Aeginetans
Hekatomboea,

the
Ovid

the

of

rites

performance of

the

sacrifice

and
sacrifices,

1G

c.

The

solemn

borne, probably in

was

heifers,down

drapery,

on

that the

also

there

white

by

strewn

R. i, 60,

the

from

that

Adriatic,

find

we

Probably

by games,
image of Hera

drawn

hear of Hera

the

Argos the feast of


descriptionpreservedby

The

Lebadea, Athens,

messus,

at

speciallyrecorded

suggests

Argos

beyond the Greek


Aegina also,Sparta,Locris,

shores
at

ritual of

and

celebrated

was

chariot

hung

It is

marriage

procession.
a

Italy,arid

curious

sacred

north

21" 62" 87' 88.

Falisci

festival

the

but

the

some

writers

of ancient

probably

communities

Samos.

at

also.

borrowed

and

Greek

other

spread

in

that

ways

were

followed
flute-players

while

it is once

appliedto Aphrodite(Athenae.
and
to
once
Cybele (Uiod.
510)
p.
Sic. 3. 57).
b

We

Hippia

may
at

compare

Elis,R.

the titleof Hera

46 b.

GREEK

190

The

rites of the

of SaibaXa

the

almost

idols

wooden

song

erected

in

the music

the

summit

of the

close

the

and

on

largenum

but

prepared ;

chariot,with

only

one

priestess
attending on
people followingwith the

all the

ceremony

it.

upon

altar had

vast

brushwood,

been

and

idols, together with

at

the

It is

according to Plutarch was


dwelling, had already played
a nuptialchamber.
in all this

with

strewn

possible that the altar,


built in the styleof a stone

which

where

of the flute.
and

burnt

were
sacrifices,

But

goddess was adorned as a bride and taken


the Asopus, washed, and
thence
escorted
to

of

banks

bridal

all the cities of

identical.

were

and the Boeotian


vvfji(})"VTpLa,

as

by

of the

the top of Cithaeron


it

been

have

to
or

specialimage
to

[CHAP.

great Daedala, celebrated

Boeotia, appear
ber

RELIGION.

part in

its

allusion

is any

to

the

mystery

as

the

marriage

of

Olympia, the festival of Hera, of


have
which
the
performance of the marriage drama
may
allusion to the goddess of the earth or
been part, contained
no
hear.
we
Young girlsran races in honour
so far as
spring-time,
thankinstituted by Hippodameia as
of Heraa, a custom
a
heaven

earth?

and

offeringfor
of

her

marriage

And

at

that

celebrated

We

ritual

Stymphalus

comrades,'

the

Pindar

in Arcadia

three

theory

of

festivals

stages of Hera's

three

from

exclaims

to

the

48,which

was

lamentation,'
expressing perhaps

of

the year which


a

one

at Corinth

A
of

was

married

to

of his

in

say

chorus

that

"Hpa

autumn

are
a

thy

'Rouse

the maid.'

to

goddess, is the barren earth


there is no
production, and we

festival of Hera

YlapOtvos

as

51a.

leader

divorced
when

solemnized

were

career

husband

her

Hera

marriage

epithetdenoting a

sing the praise of Hera


physicalsymbolism has much

Stymphalus,

temple of

race

a"b.
neighbourhood33

in the

in vogue

were

lives apart

who

woman

of

hear

ricus,TeAeta, and Xr/pa,the latter

or

of the

in commemoration

Hermione, and the legendof the sacred

at

probablythe

and

and

Oinomaos46"49.

Pelops and

Parthenos

At

Here

the

x7?/^

the

and

reminded

at

winter
of

the

7Ttv0 t/^oj eoprrj,


'a feast

for the fall of

sorrow

part of the rites of Adonis

and

the Oriental

charming statue in the Vatican, of Peloponnesianstyle,presents us


these girl-runners.

with

vii.]

HERA.

There

Aphrodite.

were

religion of Corinth
genuinely Hellenic.
identified with

be

?
TIapOh'os

foreignelements

many
the

but

Now
the

if

Arcadian

X?ipa,the

winter

It w^ould not

191

festival

widowed

earth a, how

naturallybe

in the state-

are

goddess, is to
interpret

to

we

title of the young

be

must

earth

in

spring ; for the earth is then wedded, nor are the seasons
of sowing and ploughing naturallythose in which
the earth
could
be
The
spoken of as maiden.
physical interpreta
tion of Xrjpa might be supported by the Homeric
myth of the
Hera
and
wished
to
separation of Oceanos
Tethys, whom
reconcile

in

Oceanos

Homer

Tethys

and

the

are

creative

principlesof the world, and the myth of their separation may


to give a reason
perhaps have been invented
why creation
to stop, and
having reached a certain point seems
why new
things are not constantlybeing brought forth;but the myth of
Hera's

separation from

the cessation
wedded

union

creation
One
tion.
life of

Hera

creative

of Zeus

all,nor

could

principlesof
Hera

and

hardly

cosmic

for the
force of

the

woman

was

reflected

was

solemnized

were

TeAet'a

or

Xrjpamight

by

in her ;

the

2,and
Nu/x^euojuez;?]
allude to the not

their

cults
the

maidenhood

of Hera

worship

rare

very

separation.That the idea clashed


need
conceptions of Zeus and Hera
people of Arcadia, and the audacious

with
not

the
have

and

UapOfvos and

infrequentcustom

and

such

symbolized

the universe,

not

was

have

fertile.
marriage particularly
human
might suggest more
plausiblya more
explana
Hera
and
the
was
essentiallythe goddess of women,
at

marriage
Hera

of the

Zeus

of

of divorce

highest Greek
troubled

the

anthropomorphism

of

religiousconception need not. make us incredulous,for


knows
how
man
never
anthropomorphic he is.'
But a more
the truth.
specialexplanation is probably nearer
A myth born from the misunderstandingof cult is a common
phenomenon ; but a peculiarcult arisingfrom the misunder
a

'

standing of
credible,and

another
one

difficulty.Both
a

p.

is
that
at

fact harder
would

Plataea

Welcker, Griechische Gotte/lehre,i.


Zeus
367: 'die von
abgewandte

to

prove

and

yet perfectly

sufficiently
explain
and

Stymphalus

getrennte Gottin

gestorbeneErde.'

we

the

present

have

1st die iin Winter

the
ab-

GREEK

192

legend of

Hera

mountain,

and

being
in the

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

with

angry

region

and

Zeus

of Cithaeron

this is associated

probably from
marriage, and arose
lonelyplace; and
practiceof concealingthe image in some
the same
originfor the Arcadian
story. If the
may
suppose
with

the

to
retiring

ritual of the

the

of the

Stymphalian Hera

in the

woods, this would

be

tion of the Arcadians

her lord and

from

living
apart

enough

time

Hera

idol

imagina

for

was

we

hidden

and

season

the cult of Hera

invent

to

the naive

to move

that

conceive

to

for

kept apart

were

the

X?jpa.

against the theory of physical symbolism, we


bring into evidence the hymeneal chant of Aristophanes
may
echo
actual hymn
of the Birds, which
at the end
an
may
hear nothing of the
in which
at the Icpbsyajuo?, and
we
sung
Lastly, as

heaven
fertilizing
very personal and

In

human

the

records

then

reflection of human
it would

spring flowers,but

of the

have

Zeus

escorted

Hera

and

iepbsya^cs

we

of the life of nature


little

become

than

more

rather

see

; and

and

groom
These
from

bride

then

are

cult and

developed
of
single one

or

last
of

correct,
the

bride

1.

the chief arguments

legend

was

at

the

symbol

in Photius
were
ordinary marriage,if the statement
that this rite was
performed at every wedding by
ll

of the

than
life,

to

seem

of

growth

marriage of

in their chariot

Eros

by

the

and

for the

detached

them

seems

that

theory that

might

the

be adduced
of Hera

person

goddess of the earth. No


conclusive,and there is certain

from

making against the theory. If she were


negative evidence
her marriage so com
originallythe mother-earth, why was
and
why has she so little connexion
parativelyunprolific,
giants? Her children,
the
Hebe, Ares, Hephaestos, have
nothing to do with
of the lower world, although in a legend of
shadowy powers
late authority,quoted from Euphorion by the scholiast of the
the Titan

with

Iliad) Hera
theus

15b.

was

It

Athens, where

brought

into

At

rate

any

world

the earth-born

or

strangely said
is not

to

be

impossiblethat

the
the

mother

of Prome

legend

arose

at

enjoyed an important cult and was


with Hephaestos, her genuine son.
close affinity
the legend itself implies a natural
antagonism
Prometheus

HERA.

VII0
Hera

between
the

made

the

and

Titan

I93

giant world,
only through

or

of Prometheus

mother

Nor
Welcker's
on
theory
Eurymedona.
to
Dionysos, who
explain her strong hostility
of

the

with
affinity
real

such

Eleusis,as
Kora"

Athens

united

Demeter's

when

closed

was

be

and

the

violence
to

through

his

with

Demeter.

At

Demeter

and

of
religion

that her

was

was

is it easy

with

the cult of Eleusis

antagonisticto

so

was

Cybele

deities ; but the

chthonian

she

intimatelyassociated

earth-goddesses as
to
lacchos,he came

of
trinity

became

earth

for

temple
her

and

open,

Hera
at

feud

it was
carried so far that, as
said, the
Dionysos was
priestessesof the two cults at Athens did not speak when
they met, and no ivy was allowed in the temple of Hera2sd'-9.
of Ge,
form
On Welcker's hypothesisthat she was
another
the more
it becomes
surprisingthat she took so little interest,
the arts of cultivatio
except at Argos, in agriculture and
The sacrificial animals offered to her, the bull,cow, calf,pig,
people
goat, are just those which a pastoral and agricultural
of other evidence
offers to its divinity. In the absence
they

with

do

the character and

specialview about

reveal any

not

deityworshipped 1G.
Again, had she been an

nature

of the

that

expected

she

function

oracular

in the

and

Hera

form

of

dorus

6)any concern
Only once

times.

the

on

east

for the

dreams, and
at Delphi.
seat
Delphi, nor had

have

would

But

do

the
hear

but

to

rare

in

An

VOL.

I.

deW

Inst. 5. 35,

on

Hera

to

at

her

oracles
ancient
with

connexion

regard
her

Dodona

^avrtlov of

as

local

by Apolloin ancient

Hera, namely,

Acraea, some

few

miles

worship stands apart from all the


and must
be separately
discussed.
find Hera grouped with any of the

earlier record of this

the Men.

may

oracle
of

legend has
been supposed by Jahn to be given on
a Volci
vase
(circ.450 B.C.% published
"

we

any

of

an

this

other Hellenic cults of Hera

Lastly,it is very

never

identified with

was

sacred
;

had

of Themis

(whom

we

mother

have
of

traces

some

the

was

had

with

promontory

of Corinth3"1

earth

Hera

who

and

retained

person

Dione

might

earth-goddess we

Prometheus, newly released,appears


But
receivinga libation from Hera.
than one
there is more
explanationof

which

this
O

scene.

the

lower

descend

into

divinities of
wished

to

also and
to

be

of

of the

sure

and

by

also

was

have

united

been

offeringfor
understand

It

not

into

might

we

the divinities of

harmonize

marriage

with

period,and

which

facts of her

of them

many

question is, what

important

more

think

or

say

it does

not

usuallytried,as

"

Those

Hera?

about

we

have

to

seen,

Greeks

the

did

reflected

who

Stoics

the

early physicalphilosophersor

the

myths"

for instance

theory,

all.

at

themselves

Welcker's

that

earth-goddess,explains the

an

cult in the historic

the

thank-

of childbirth

dangers

then

appear

resolves Hera

on

were

may

*" 6G.

does

The

the

grouping togetherof

this

death

and

from

escape

Hera

reason

dedication

If the

her.

with

others

Thesmophorus

for this

marriage,and

of

goddess

speaks

These

world, but Demeter

lower

Apollo

to

Paros

Core.

and

Baubo,

not

Hera, Demeter

to

woman

; but

it is difficult

but

guess

from
inscription

made
votive-offering

divinities of the

to

An

Thesmophorus, Eubouleus,
are

Trophonius used

sacrificed

for he

who

man

the charioteer

be easy

reason.

the

of

cave

Hera

powers,

It may

Cronos.

to

oracular

the

chthonian

necessarilyas

Lebadea

At

world.

Basileus

sacrifice to Zeus

to

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

194

discover

some

physicalsubstance into which each divinitycould be resolved,


thus
gaining as they thought a real truth and meaning
for an
apparentlyirrational mythology14. But these ancient
interpreterswere
and

their

utterances

Empedocles
though
well

stand

stand

and

"

for

"

Eusebius

who

between

Hera

'

oracle

The

that

queen- goddess who


showers

is Hera

may

have

"

been

that

four

as

Hera

elements

of

the

her

to

from

the

if this indeed

inspiredby

where
Boeotia2;5b,

the

false

air,or
the

than

we

the

was

she

ancient

some

gather

we

art

contradictory.

believed

o'er

speaks
'

the

in

Leto

ranges

dewy

as

this

Plutarch's absurdities.

exposes

earth with
"

of

earth,

and

quite
thought

Plato

air.
the

in

supposed by

was

the

Plutarch

and

have

scheme

his

in

were

to

seems

skilled

more

no

be
a

The

are,

Thus

earth,

might

critics to
the

aira,
in

passage
connexion

they

shared

of Hera
interpretation
with
by her close affinity

sky-god,

as

as

the
Zeus

vii.]

HERA.

held

the

by

physicaltheory,as

the

was

used

altar,was

common

195

ancient

some

earth; but that connexion

be

to
not

themselves
of them.

she

titlesas

such

borrowed

of

local

Leto

interpretHera

majority of Greeks who


myths knew her primarilyas

or

whom

to

us

Hera

essential it would

functions

and

the

But

their cults
from

indefinite for

too

were

that

slightand

too

was

if it

and
regarded as essential,
help us ; for the character

show

to

argument

an

mythologists,who

did

by

are

means

reflect

not

the wife

on

of Zeus,

Acraea, Ammonia

46

a,

probably Basilis and Olympia 4(i c, and by whose side she


and
sat
sharinghis throne
holding the sceptre as she gazed
down
her secondly as the
on
Olympos n.' And they knew
childbirth.
aided
goddess who
encouraged marriage and
offered their veils to her at the time of marriage 17s- '.
Maidens
And
the Charites belong partlyto her, according to the idea
that
Graces
Love
the
and
house a.' A
set
quaint
up
of ritual recorded
custom
by Plutarch
symbolized the
and

'

'

"

'

peace

of married

sacrifice
from

was

the

made

victim

There
eminent.

Hera,

'

Let

of

deities

who

he

tells

that when

us

that

the

extracted
married

life

1Tu.

sing,'
says

us

is meet,

as

offered,so

not

bitterness

other

are

the gall was


ra/xrJAtos1,

Hera

to

and

be without

might

loved

life that Hera

marriage, but

Hera
'

Aristophanes,of
in all the

is gay

bridal

the

is

pre

wedded

choirs,and

And
Apollo in the
keys of wedlock 17m".
Eumenides
Orestes
with
upbraids the Furies who
pursue
having no regard for the pledges of Hera TeAeta and Zeus 1T p.
and
Before the wedding, sacrifice was
made
TeAeios
to Zeus
Hera
this title of hers refers always to mar
TeAeta 17q,and
it does in
as
riageand does not acquire a larger significance
its applicationto Zeus.
According to the law inserted in
the magistratewho
a
speech of Demosthenes
neglected to
compel the relations to provide for the marriage of orphan
drachmae
to Hera
girlsincurred a fine of a thousand
; and

guards

the

fine to the

the

who

man

Thus

we
a

goddess
was

find

was

stillunmarried
her

Plut. de Adulat.

ch.

p. 49

at the

with

united
2.

in Plato's state

be exacted

to

of

thirty-five171".

Aphrodite, receiving the

re
Xo/nre's

age

from

/cat

oini
"I/xepos

196

RELIGION.

bulls,and

same

sacrifice of

goats and

under

the double

name50b'

that

should

she

28
Eileithyia

than

more

who

Hera, but

in idea

often

Hera

to

who

It is Hera
the

Samian

or

with

the

suck

to

only

the

parents she
character

of

the

for the
tations'1,
the

or

reason

of Zeus
In

to

be the
On

of

based

her

the

daughter

world

related

possibly
the

of
In

hers

spite

chief
in

appears
of

feud

her

have

to

given
not

expresses

also

is

child-birth

that

in monumental

Camirus

represen

destiny of man's

she

controller

was

we

life ;
of the

sharing the functions


the title of 'il/ooXuros
e.

Pausanias

the Hours

are

said

f.

Latin

of Hera

less manifold

were

institution

described.

the

Though

protected,she

she

than

scarcelyranged

counterpart, and

sphere already
on

her

by

the functions

Juno,
the

beyond

at

mentioned
14

the

Hera,

was

of the year,

him

of Hera

nurses

the whole

those

was

of Olen

hymn

denote

adoption 17y.

like Zeus

seasons

bearing like

and

'

protected

with

be that

Hours, the times and

to

child, and

supposed
legend that

c, a

EiAei'0wa

a.

symbolized the

Hours

may

of the ancient

function

and
she

grouped

Hera

as

of

nothing

but probably
Kovporp6"pos,

reconciliation

Hours

sometimes

sometimes

it is because

of
came

newborn

This

Hera

perhaps was

then

Fates

natural

character

and

hear

Kurotrophos

Heracles

and

Perhaps
find

'

was

Dionysos

symbolical of

we

striking myths.

rather

two

one

as

the

to

as

island1'.

the

first

protects the

goddess

of

goddess

well

as

at

goddess

as

still more

was

functions

regarded

was

it

which

and

Athens,

and

separate person
of

the

which

name

worshipped at Sparta

And

epithet of Hera,

an

Argos

at

16b.

acquire

3D,a

c"

[CHAP.

GREEK

state
never,

was

a political
Argos and perhapsat Samos, pre-eminently
divinity; the Argives are called her people by Pindar f,and
cult that recognized
have
evidence
of a Samian
we
some

except

her

as

at

the
'Ap^yertj,

Vide

Herod.

Vita
the

Horn.

name

title of Artemis-Hekate

probable.

settlement650.
original

of the

1.
Eileithyia

pretationof
a

leader

30.

The

inter-

in this passage
is rather

more

as

Vide

Gerhard, Etrusk.
d

126.
e

Vide

Zeus

Find. Nem.

Vide

pp.

But

Spiegel,No.
214,

217.

ls5.
10.

36 : "H/"ajTOV

tvavopa

198

GREEK

Erinyes,

according

marriage

a.

her

idea

duties

the

also

dignity
Plato,

says

exalted

more

of

not

reflects

is

solemn

in

were

sonality
She

played

Greek

she

life

and

the

nobility.

'desire
view

love

of

Athena

her

of

of

queen

'The

souls

royal

maintained

was

art.

ideal,

Electr.

114.

for

Greek

of

heaven,

and

the

its

per
matron.

full

followed

quality10.'

in

part

Hera's

the

by

the

life
and

who

vn.

infidelity

married

character

"

and

below

Hellenic

this

than

punished

civilization:

highest

the

more

far

stands

Greek

[CHAP.

who

Sophocles,

to

fact

In

RELIGION.

of

Hera,'
And

monuments

the

HERA.

APP.]

199

APPENDIX

The
with

which

(b) Hera

had

to

late

is

in

were

(a) the connexion


latter is pre-Achaean ;

thus"
the

and

of

state

The

gynaecocracy.
insufficient facts,some

rest

to

me

previous husband, Heracles, Argos. Helios,


had
complete control,because the primitive

she

worshippers

the

in

Hera

whom

theory recently put forward


of 1893, p. 74,
Classical Review

to

brieflysummarized

be

and

of Zeus

seems

Harrison
may

over

I have

entirelyopposed

is

Miss

by

is

Zeus

Hera,

expressed,that her association


worship of
primitivefactor in the Greek

which

view

A.

on

theory

of which

and
ineffectual
erroneouslystated, and on a nebulous
1892, p. 607). First, there
by Dr. Tiimpel (Philologus,

proof

that

Hera
the

whom

among

yet shown

not

Heraeon

of the

nor

authority for her statement


refuge for slaves,though, if this

no

Harrison

Miss

does

that

any

was

is

Mycenaean people,
are
cow-goddess prevailed,

pre-Achaean ;

be

to

forward

bring

worship

article

The

pre-Achaean.

is

are

the

true,

were

the cult
might draw the probable conclusion that it was
of a conquered pre-Hellenic
people,like that of the Palici in
in the context
to the temple
to be referring
Sicily: she seems
of Hera
Pausanias
at Phlius, but
speaks of the temple of

we

Hebe,

not

Hera,

the cult of Hera


of
privileges
to

the

to

Hera

asylum there ;
Argos Olympia or Cos any
regards Cos we
; in fact as

in

slaves

contrary

preservedby Athenaeus,

this

in

the slaves'

as

island

slave

no

was

nor

I find in

can

reference

that at the
to

the

evidence

have

allowed

to

sacrifice
the

enter

the natural conclusion


offerings72,
of the conquering
the privilege
being that the worship was
of Zeus
race.
Secondly, there is no proofthat the connexion

temple

and

Hera

or

is late.

'

evidence

in

hear

Zeus

Hera

given
nothing of
as

the bride.

ritual of the

the

taste

to

At

Crete

7,17*and
'

70

yet the

we

hear

'

the

we
disproves this; At Samos
rites of Samos
clearlyrecognize
'

In fact the very

Upo* yc^oj makes

nothing of Hera

primitivecharacter

for the

belief that

the

of the
union

of

and

Zeus

the

supported by
of Hera

which

at

Io

is

it

not

old
as

as

the

sun

contained
the

there

is

earliest

the

wife

she

should

show

reallyHera

also

prove

so

was

the

with

seems

was

this

have

only

any

or

Lastly,Miss
effeminacy
Coan

Hebe

and

Hebe's

valid

cult

was

hypothesis
period of
is really

that

Hera

; but

to

prove

the

this

Odyssey, is
Heracles

and

indeed

was
was

named

accord

as

feast of the

called
Dia

well

in

Ilais,but

Sicyon

with

and

Aphrodite
'

ivy-cuttings in Phlius
of interpreting
her as
akin to Aphro
elsewhere
Hera, who
objected to ivy.

as

attempt
and

god, yet
Harrison

of

Hera

point ;

of Heracles

of the hero

as

even

believes

title would

than

is there

It is

persecutes him

and

in favour

more

curious

if

Again,

primitiveperiod of religious
legend ; or (3)
is scarcely
There
reallyHera.
any attempt

most

Hera, and

marriage

the

should

(i) that Hebe, his wife in


; (2)that the marriage of Hebe

first

dite-Ariadne
Nor

husband, and

bull-god be an
lightningis bright

we

Hera's

of

Harrison

Persephone;

Phlius, but
as

case

again.

suggest

period

of Heracles

belongs to the
that Omphale
to

to

Miss

gynaecocracy.

Zeus

and

evidence

no

the

that

Hera

to

island

about

in this

the

or

that

noteworthy that
full of the myth of Io, also
Euboea, which
was
a very
primitiveZeus-worship and a local legend
17
Hera
and
d, c3 d. Thirdly,
marriage of Zeus

got back
the

And

the

Argos

not

is the

view

Io.

oppressed by

Zeus, since the sky


?

the

true

point,for

for

name

well

should

why

true,

were

been

have

to

Io

more

theory
Argus certainly

only if it were
a

period

still

myth

real

her

is another

was

holds

Miss

as

the

ancient

of the

was

lose

to

seems

Argos

Hera

Harrison

in this belief:

seem

be

to

period Argus

harm

no

of

is very

myth

Miss

But

Zeus.

of gynaecocracy
does

Io

this is

assume,

may

earliest form

yet in the

still earlier

there

the

as

reallyknown

was

of

beloved
a

we

And

early.

very

Io, for

of

myth

and

ancient, and
in

but

late

does, that the cowheaded

Harrison
form

is not

Hera

[CHAP. vn.

RELIGION.

GREEK

200

Heracles

to

to

that this
point,,
belongsto the primitivestory
this is essential to the theory.

prove

Hebe
prove

relies much
in the

ritual that Plutarch

'

the

second

on

story of

the

legend

about

the

Omphale and in the


Grace. 58),
describes (Quaest.

HERA.

APP.]
she

nothing that

but

Cos

in

gynaecocracy

tells

Plutarch

Heracles

sacrifice to

brings

urges

cult of Hera.

to the

201

that

us

the

the

priestat

that

robes, and

feminine

wore

nearer

any

to receive their brides


bridegrooms put on a similar costume
in ; the reason
being,according to the legend that he gives,
hard pressed took refuge with a Thracian
that Heracles when

and

woman,

all this there

In

Plutarch

nor

Coan

ancient

reference

no

The

last

the

refuge

Messrs.

Paton

cult

Heracles

for the

by which the
nian' Omphale-Hera.
Lydia

the

But

Trachis

to

inhabitants

of

theory

Thracian

bination

from

of

is

Malis

according
Omphale and

Heracles

of

Dr.

be

there

the

the

'

the

con

Cos.
com

Trachi-

of

thrall

only

fact that

the

relevant, unless
; and

of

transplantOmphale

to

under

in

Tumpel's

scarcely successful
were

Hera

becomes

his attempt

collection

Hicks, shows
and

must

priestwore

the

as

and

woman

Aristotle, is not

to

the

is not

of the flowers': and

evidence, such

recent

nor

between

says

dress.

all,for it

at
'

who

woman's

in

for Hera
aro\i]v av6ivr]v

inscriptions
by

nexion

her

Hera

to

author

ancient

any

eo-0r?raor

yvvaLKtiav

neither

is

with

himself

concealed

women,

put

can

we

for

reason

doing

the
Stephanus
and
as
a
'Oji""oAMJ"5
legendary tribe near Thresprotis,
appear
as
a
Omphalion is mentioned
place in Thessaly (Steph.s. v.
the
if this were
sufficient,
YlapavaloLand 'Q^aXiov),and even
that

last and
Hera,
of

from

is drawn

proof.

this

Classical Rev^e^v
of

process

remains,

for this identification


In

case

has

in

passages

difficult task

most

and

two

the

in which

to

; and

mythologicalcombination

pre-Achaean period,which

knew

Omphale

nothing

no

shadow

article in the

always
the

is

hazardous

evidence

of the union

of

of Zeus

Hera, has still to be discovered.

and

B.

APPENDIX
The
for

of the

far the

too

that

Tiimpel offers

Dr.

able writer

carried

show

cult of Hera

separate

Hellenic

cults

questions.

It

Acraea

at

discussion, as
of the
must

it stands

goddess
be

Corinth

and

studied

:'"

has

been

apart from

some
opens
in
connexion

reserved
the

other

perplexing
with

the

of

legend
than
of

his

which

formed

at

and

their

this

is

alludes

Corinth
burial

of the cult.

The

Creophylus

of

Medea,

Hera

of

the

the

altar

barbarian

children, who

temple

the

numbered
of

Hera

selected
to

the

to

land

pides
since
crated
In

serve

The

promised

to

from

the

death

them

at

the

they

of

of Euri

these

conse

that

Medea

temple,

stranger story is pre


effect that

immortality,and

the

promise

on

the

Pindar,
citizens

honours.

the

divinityof

later Musaeus.

immortalized

We

rites,

raiment.

their birth in Hera's


a

with

dead

black
us

were

bondage

of the

hair

wore

year

families

sort

tells

writer

each

refer to

must

instituted

the

divine

atone

scholiast

the

that

latter

them

of the

wrath

in

altar

to

that

testimony to
Alcman, Hesiod and

direct

highest

her

and

her

at

Corinth

tragedy

refuge

bade

temple in

immortal, and

scholiast

sense

with

the

the

and

children

her children

filled in the

the

appease

shorn

of her

the

of

Pausanias

was

her

consequence

fall of

Heraea,

make

wishing to
served
by

in

slain

in

same

the
disliking

took

oracle

to

respect

of the

who

her

pro

The

it.

upon

were

the

and

boys

passage,
each

and

the

not

Corinthians

Corinthian

children

concealed

The

till the

year

under

fuller account

mourning,'as

gather

we

of

Athens

did

them

feast of

'

calls the

another

their

put them

Corinthians

seven

goddess, and

sacrifice.

tale

slay

to

plotted against

Acraea

survived

girls and

seven

and

the

not

flee

to

fourteen, and

plague fell upon the


for the pollution; the
rite which

Acraea

did

had

slew

and

queen

rites per

show

Corinthians

the

gives us another and


recorded
by Parmeniscus.

rule

Hera

which

king, she

of the

scholiast
as

close

slaughtered children,

Medea

herself

Acraea

sanctityof

the

she

wrath

of

tection

whom

to

children,but, when
the

the

according

escape

other

Towards

of

records

other

is far

festival and

temple

vn.

religiousmyth that colours the whole


oldest authority for the story of Medea
is
the
Samos, quoted by the scholiast on

be

to

solemn
of the

the

form

it.

to

memory

in

ancient

gave

the

to

in

explained by

death

their

Euripides

he

play

to

the

Medea,, of which

that

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

202

have

Medea

was

them

also ancient

Hera
ful
after
and

herself,given by

HERA.

APP.]

which

to

O. Miiller

and

is

Medea

We

can

and

in

Schomann

of children

with

slaughter
;

be true.

If Medea

in

in

why
certain

then

Hera

was

both

Miiller

of the

against Miiller's view


itself

to

the

but

And

Corinth.

Medea-cult
the

of Hera.

we

The
the

It would
sacrifice

find

be

clear traces

of

it

up

goddess
their

There

robe.
that

heads

mingled
Naxos

can

for

with

nothing in
explain this ;
Adonis, and
In

about

O. Miiller

the

myths and
than

the

face

that

some

wave

cult

practiceof
cult ; for

the

worships.
is

Acraea

Hera
head

of the

grief and

the
but

ancient

Byblos

men

and

the

Greek
shaved

lamentation

Aphrodite

of these

by

at

facts,we

Cyprus,
must

legend of the foreignand barbaric


be genuine Corin
father,Aeetes, may
this would
maintains
; but
prove nothing

assignsome
weight to
Her
originof Medea.
thian, as

at

the service of the Oriental


Athens.

and

but
find

by

Hellenic

character

we

as

clear

for

the

believe

lolchos

to

that the

argue

foreign origin
in undoubtedly

is

well

an

upon

strikinglyforeign trait in the service of


ritual of sorrow
and
mourning, the shaven

dark

more

fastened
to

of the close
may

make

to

there, borne

erroneous

proves

not

reasons

all in historical

early proof

an

seems

had

Minyan migration,and

human

at

of

In lolchos

origin.

belongs

record

settled

had

foreigngoddess
of

strong

are

survived

be

innocent

goddess with Jason, and we


revered by the Minyan people as

was

Achaeans

also

longer

no

of the

association
she

there

of her autochthonous

Hera-worship
Odyssey gives us

the

Yet

times.

that

of

traces

no

But

cult of

maintains, and

divinity indigenous in Corinth, it could


in Greece
said that the religion of Hera
was
sacrifice.

might

accounts

of human

people,
responsible

made

integralpart

as

the

legends

some

sense

an

Minyan-Corinthian Hera,

all traces

that

and

part of her primitivesacrifice.

goddess herself,was

the

others

is that

drawn1*, namely, that

have

was

thus

understand

for the

the

inevitablylead

facts

these

divinityclosely connected

sacrifice

the

which

conclusion

The

203

the

daughter, for in the confusion and syncretism of


have also
We
cults,paternityis a slight matter.
themselves, while
mere
legend ; the Corinthians
"

Orchomenos, p. 267

; Griech.

Alterth.

2.

p. 491.

children

the

honouring

30 d.
fjLigofidppapoi

sacrificing

to

statement

of

Oriental

unless

fact

with
such

practice

with

connexion

of

rites
stories
ritual

sacrifice

may

be

; but

be

this

and

the

These

are

reasons

that

in

the

the

to

Hera

of

Sea.

Black

took

the

have

been

worship

to

the

remembered

who

appears

of

this

the

island

as

that

of

Corinth,

that

city in

shores

ft

De

Herod.

for

Aegean
they
and
the

39.

was

forms

many

from

trace
on

the

chiefly
settle

Minyan
the

earliest

rightly maintains,
It

its route.

may

Oriental

the

to

seems

religious legend

Malign.

Pelops.
who

of

of

only

Greece

brought

Lemnos

never

are

Caria

and

The

Miiller

O.

Oriental

but

can

in

result

the

cauldron-

of the

Phrygia

the

with

boiled

we

other

the

Medea

one

Aphrodite.

which,

at

the

in

Carthage

they

who

from

probably

were

north-east
from

Rhea

and

and

Cybele

colonization

Minyan

goddess

interior, and

Lemnos

in

or

is

some

savage

heroine,

divinity

was

that

it is notable

of Corinth

haunted

The

of

that

is

and

Melicertes.
reminiscence

to

It

associated

are

believing

allusion,

Minor.

at

Moloch

or

orgiastic worship

whose

the

into

form

ments

been

for

divinity

far

coast

Corinth

Greek

the

upon

Phoenicia

at

Asia-Minor

Medea

of

Baal

it may,

as

known

any

ingrafted

of

legendary

occurred

have

to

Graeco-Phoenician

the

of

told

rites

the

human

of

traces

actually

seems

the

Euri

cauldrons

in

of

reminded

his

Medea

alive

boiled

the

common

Asia

of

legend

people being

of

stones

of

by

to

on

that

mourning

parts

the

that

also

of

rites

other

and

Phrygia

curious

the

referring to

scholiast

explain

to

land

temple

something

difficult

it is

and

the

The

rites

them

according

and,

a, built

Corinthian

30

is

Phoenicia,

nymphs,

the

in

famine

Aero-Corinth.

on

in these

he

the

Pseudo-Plutarch

the

divinities, called

as

stayed

Lemnian

the

of Adonis

him

Medea

of

Medea

Aphrodite

found

pides

RELIGION.

GREEK

204

of

have

Medea.

Athenaeus,
a

toms

taken

was

for both

image

of the

never

any

than

the

to

of

portant

these

have

Kunst-

Mythologie^and

From

an

ing

calathus

libation

be

emblems

in

each

of the

of these

one

an

fillet is

hanging

in the

archaic

marble

wooden

temple-image, it

work

represent what
sacred
time

Museum

can

templehave

to

that
im

in

his

catalogue a.

that

which

what

All

these

marriage

the

image

appears

fruitfulness.

and

appearance

preserves

most

ot

the

suggests,

of the coins

does

idol,but

rather

the

upon

the

this very

be, as Overbeck

on

On

statue

reminiscence

some

well

may

Samian

probable that

it is

as

the

as

to

natural

are

parts of the goddess have

drapery seen
reallycarved

was

not

the

worshippers from time to


of married
draped it,possiblythank-offerings

have

which

with

garments
may

of

Louvre, and

of

We

Hadrian

gather

we

down.

lower

the

of Hera

that the wealth

was

that

coins

period of

hand, from

aniconic

stiff almost

same

these

goddess

coins

there

of the

character

chief

the

Smilis.

by

cus

figure overlaid with drapery, wear


ample veil on her head, and holding

and

cup

sacred

of

upright wooden

an

was

speaking of

British

the

in

examination

and

the

from

wood,

most
(Coin PL A 15). The
been
published by Overbeck

Valerian

younger

be

series of Samian

in

primitivemarriage

carved

statue

ranging

us,

hidden

in historical times

the form

about

Samos, from

down

come

the

and

sea

to

appear

[CHAP.

to

and
temple-worship,

other

of

the

to

reference

writers

gathersomething
statue

down

probably has

rite that

of

RELIGION.

GREEK

206

the

womenb.
The

image of Aphrodite-Hera at Sparta 17

the

archaic

the

among

statue

Coronea

at

Sirens24 is the

only

which

quote

can

we

period ;

for in

cults, such

ft

Cat.
b

Overbeck,

2.

we

have

account

of

i, PI.

Samian

PL

Hera

Brit. Mus.
2-

coninscriptions

record

significance
of this

any

Inst.

used

widow

at

at
representation

tainingan inventoryof
was

earlier

interesting

most

maid, wife, and


of

the

hands

her

same

of the

some

mention

no

37-

barren

the

in

of the

monument

the

of

bearing

Hera

from

have

Ionia, pp. 370-374.


We

other

that

as

Stymphelus

the

of

be ranked

must

and
marriage-goddess,

of the

monuments

for the

statue

(Athens),7. 367.

the draperythat
; Mitt"

d' deuL

viii.]
The

all.
her

CULT-MONUMENTS

bride

the

as

of

period

by Callimachus,
dess
and

the

or

perfected art

Praxiteles-.

The

TeAeia

Hera

first title

be

may

the

city by

in

same

that

denote
of

moment

epithet of

an

Plataea

to

the

the

to

Nv^evofjieurjat

TeAeta

seems

at

as

wedlock, belong

Hera

the

207

represented
explicitly

of

goddess

the

and

represented

was

that

temple-statues

two

HERA.

OF

the

the

her

god

marriage ;

married

goddess

or

the

are
goddess who brings marriage. Both these statues
of the wife of Zeus, and
evidence
obviously cult-monuments
has already been
how
and
ancient
how
given that shows
prevalent in the cityof Plataea and the neighbourhood were

the

and

myth

type

of the

all.

The

ritual of the

figurecarved

Praxitelean

bridal.

sacred

Callimachus

by

statue,

we

as

Of

know

we

of

Pentelic

marble, representing the

and

of

colossal

stature.

been

Overbeck*, followinga suggestion of Visconti,


type of the
the

Hera

attempt

Hera

Barberini

in

share

the

must

establish

the

originalsof
vives.

which

is very

married

the

the

Vatican

drapery is
resemble

very

statue

goddess
the type
a

of

But

which

if

certain

descended

form

in

if

and

the

St.

the

allow

we

lost
sur

that

goddess

Petersburgb,

that this is
from

half-bared

to

try

allow

we

the

marriage-

some

it is still somewhat

But

even

the

represents

the

of which

chief.

hypotheses

the altar, and

certainly
Greek
doubtful

breasts

can

be

this,her relationship

figure has been greatly exaggerated ; her


and
her pose
does not
different,
strikingly

that of the statue.

interpretthe

discover

to

and
existing works
description,or only the vaguest,

with
relief-figure
and

by

between

TeAeia.

Juno Pronuba:

with

is the

Vatican

fate of most

pair to
and

made

series of statues

probable, but only

Juno Pronuba
originalof Hera

the

Vatican

whether

small

her
relationshipexists between
Roman
on
a
sarcophagus in

appears

bringinga

no

the

close

very

who

connexion

That

goddess

in

TeAeia

nothing at

by Pausanias,
goddess as erect

has

attempt

and

told

are

was

An

form

the

Barberini

marriage, and

suggests

Greek

2.
Kunst-Mythologie,

And

if we
finally,

can

reasonably

representationof the
if the not
infrequentrepetitionof
there is
celebrity,
originalof some

statue

as

54.

Ib. p. 57,

fig.6.

2o8

GREEK

littleforce in the
Plataea

The
attested

yet

It

than

drama

air

his

hope that more


of
representations

cult-monuments

no

the

theme

usuallythan

the

Plataean

in

temple,

it which

had

it borne

the

figure of

the

celebration

of

it is

and

Hera

ya/xos

birth
no

which

of the

one

of the

purposes

this ritual is very

that

terracotta

sentingZeus
been
the
a

both

and

quoted by F6rstera
sacred
nuptial rite ;

mere

other

in the

for Forster's

explain except
'

the

as

as

the

view, because
a

Die

bride

back
and

Samos,
side

but

the

have

by

dcs Zeus

of

veil

or

and

V b).
(PI.

extant

to
as

very

This

life.

The

veil

on

in favour

p.

of

24.

by

each

strongest
the

head

difficult to

very

bridegroom.

der Hera,

has

regard it as

divinities seated

the

cere

monument

inclines to

before, is
the

and

quoted

false

refer

to

been

marriage played
und

designed

side in solemn

oldest

is somewhat

ritual of the
Hochzeit

of

the

interestingis the
already mentioned, pre

of married

symbol

it is

most

Overbeck

seen

But

proved

ground

wearing the
as

of the group

provenance

were

have

is
interpretation

we
a

win

story.

us

be

can

of the

union

permanent

Zeus, which,

to

religiousceremony

representingthe
offering

votive

argument
of

seated

Hera

attitude

monious

from

group

and

to

small, though many

on
belonging to this group
doubtful
interpretation.One

small

The

of
art-representations

down

come

of monuments

number

irrelevant

the

to

have

the

originallyfor
the

was

that

that

mimes

figureas

be

that
to show
procession,seems
actuallyborne through the streets in
marriage,and that a misunderstanding

of the

certain

almost
tepo?

along

for

designed
which
might

parts of Greece.

straw

up
in bridal

probable

were

above, that Zeus,

dressed

ritual gave

the

in different

event

story noticed

jealous Hera,

the

it found

for

were
religiousceremonial
puppet-likeforms
used
in the sacred
carried
in procession and

curious

dis

religious
temple-sculpture,being performed in the

for

commemorated

of

be

may

in which

naturally a

only representationsof

the

Hera

goddess.
t"/"os ydpto?is amply

ritual of the

the

more

was

more

Praxitelean

this is the

in the

of

hear

we

expression.

that

wait

concerning both
wide celebrityof

covered

open

that

theory

must

we

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

Also

of the
so

the
same

prominent

PLATE

IX

hand

it cannot

representations in

which

together have

real reference

The

any

only monuments

admitted

be

to

the

209

divinities

two

the

to

actual

at

sacred

The

the

of

basis

and
sculptorhas borrowed
from the religious
mimes
motives

or

in different parts of Greece.

The

been

relief in the
statue.

or

far

cult is how

reproduced certain

artist and

traits

cere

Hera.

and

altar

an

of Greek

question for the student

chief

the

designed for

Albani

grouped

marriage, are
recent
temple

Villa

vase-

sacred

(a)the relief on the metope of the most


Selinus,(b)the Pompeian wall painting,(c)the

three

other

debate, have

much

representationsof the

the

are

cult of Zeus

publiccommon
which, after

to any

even

or

mony

HERA.

religiousservice of the island. On


be proved that any of the numerous

the

in

part

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

viii.]

that

Selinus

in

were

relief

voo-ue

(PI.IX. a),of

stylepassing into the tran


the figureof Zeus on the rightseated
sitional period,shows
us
a rock,with the himation
on
flungabout the middle of his body
end had justslippeddown
lower limbs as if one
and
from his
left shoulder.
he is grasping the left
With
his right hand

which

the art

wrist

of

Hera, who

moniously

bride, gazing

and

robe

her

is

she
and

god is just the contrary

The

strong passion in the


derived
find it

of his action.
from
on

any

any

Greek

and

Such

she

has

put

cult

; and

from

There

is

the

her
no

face

move

expression of the

with

an

ease

is

an

is

that

expression of

corresponds with

it is

may

have

the

certainlynot
surprisingenough

temple of the fifth century.

on

feet,and

figurecould

are

pose

of
cult-figure

her

to

there

which

the whole
motive
suppose
the religious
drama, which may
I.

earnest

very

period of sculpture; his

this

that

VOL.

chiton

is seated

features

ancient

for

behind.

cere

entirelythe style

attitude and

he

most

figureand

just liftingaway

rarelyfound in the figuresof


drapery is very freelytreated
energy

with

has

woollen

falls low

life in the form.

or

him

on

falls in stiff folds

that

ample veil which


envelops her head
ment

arrayed

really stand

might

Above

bride.

second

him

Pier form

reserve.

of hieratic art, and


the

before

expression, while her whole

full of shame

Hera

archaic

stands

the

as

solemn

and

the
displays

have
been

been

We

derived

well known

be
to

can

from
in the

GREEK

210

the sculptorin
justified
temple-sculpture.But it is more

which

neighbourhood,and

have

may

using it for the purposes of


probable,from the slightevidence
dramas

mimes

or

that is recorded, that these

carried

were

by puppets that were


perhaps placed side by side

actors

of
marriage-festival

certainly the
figurein
The

Zeus

procession,and

the bridal

on

Adonis

couch,

at

in the

as

Alexandria;

at

does

metope

The

respects.
here

that

resembles

painting

Pompeian

except

in

by living

and
the

resemble

not

dumb-show.
religious

essential

the

on

much

so

borne

and

Venus

not

on

as

last

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

he

the

oaken

in many

metope

of Zeus

appearance

wears

the

similar,

is very
the

and

crown

veil

as

tranquiland cool. Hera


bridegroom, and his bearing is more
rich attire as before,and
approaches him, wearing the same
with the same
expression of bashful hesitation. She is here
accompanied by Iris,who may have played an actual part in
she is mentioned
as
ritual,

the dramatic
the

of

tion

marriage.' Both

sacred

'

laid the

painterhave
landscape of

allusions

bration

of this ritual.

there

may

be

to

hazardous
forms

to

and

and

that

say

movements

of

Overbeck

as

least

at

was

; but

the

work,

be

the

of

to

cele

far too

exactness

any

personages

performed

as

it would

with

one

former

in the

of the ceremony

they reproduce

the

air,and the picturesque

there

elsewhere

descrip

sculptor and

supposed by

this,then,

In

reminiscence

some

Sicily,Cnossus,

in

been

Crete, where

contain

the

in the open

scene

picture has

the

in Theocritus'

the

religious

drama.

the
representation,

third

The

relief in

the

Villa

Albani

c,

processionof divinities,in which the chief


Zeus
and Hera, he bearing the sceptre with an
are
personages
bride
eagle on the top, and she representedas the shamefaced
takes

the form

of

delicatelyliftingthe border of her veil. The


goddess are unnaturallyseparated,but Welcker
explainsthis
the

scene

figurescan
*

as

from
be

a
a

blunder
round

to

copyist,who

240.

10.

28.

had

flat surface.

'

Overbeck, Atlas,

10

Alte Denkmaler,

2.

transfer

to

Among
the
Hegemone,

recognized Artemis

Overbeck, Atlas,Kunst-Myth.

Kunst-Myth. 2.

of the

god and the


d
ingeniously
the other
leader

29.
p. 25.

of

GREEK

212

RELIGION.

[CHAP.

as this goddess was


Artemis, especially

to

childbirth

with

of the

symbol

bow,

whose

to

aid

the

shaft

strongest argument

whom

this

lo's

Eileithyia,)^et
for

reason

goddess

attach
Lacinia

and

temple

at

clude

the

from

no

any

case

lacked

could

we

the

believe

temple-idol.It

that is found

century

B.C.,

cations

for the

Veseris
the

and

the

on

of Croton

mium

in front and

the coin

two

There

can

be

and

spectator
this

and

Artemis

was

a.

which

to

we

those

are

the

can

of Hera

image

in the

we

have

there

we

can

no
con

Anthology*1^containing the
linen

that

the

statue;

of

cult

undoubtedly

such

the

with

in

and

celebrity

face

of this

of the fourth

of Croton

coins

her, which

to

garment

laid upon

no

doubt

is richlydecorated

at
griffins

peculiarsymbol

torch

former,

is borrowed

type

Hera

slight modifi

Neapolis,Pandosia, Hyria,
coinage of Venusia
of these
Campaniae (Coin PI. A 20). In some
the Stephanos,
and in most
a veil,
goddess wears

which

posed,

is

certain

on

the

existed

the

be

survive

regards

to

offer
to

not

goddess

instances

in

who

intended

As

image

an

epigram

women

doubt

was

that

but

of the

prayer

dedicated

Croton,

information

Argosb.

of

Hera

with

Artemis
goddess was
for believingthat it

that
representations

certain

no

artist would

appealing, every

was

vase-painterintended to represent
only other specialworships of Hera

The

giving

Greek

every
a

relentless

poet might speak

of

concerned

more

was

though

figureof

the

is the

and

the

woman

that

conclude

would

and

Moreover

bow.

if he drew

that

know

this sufficient

consider

artist would

Hera

But

ordinary myth
of
figurative sense

the

Hera.

in the

enemy

in

than

even

which

the sides

appears

that the head

on

on

with

an

anthe-

symmetricallydis
many

the coin

of the

coins.

of Croton

is

be acinterbeck, Atlas, Taf. 9. 16), cannot


Furtwangler's
illustration
corroboraor
as
cepted
'$T:"ta.\.\"y",]3erHn.Vasen-Samttilung,'NQ.
any
There
tion of Lycophron'sstatement.
3164.
a

This

We

is also

have

the

vague

and

doubtful

is

more

to

be said for the belief that

we

of Hera
find the cult-figure
Aip^ua6-'0
authority of Lycophron for an armed
Hera
coin of Chalcis 63 a3,as the type
'O7r\oo"u'aat Argos ; but there is
on
a
and the
could attach
statue
we
to which
evidentlypointsto some
no
cult-figure
would
which
she is seated
rock
seated
this name
on
figure of Hera
; a
the
her
refer
on
the
to
on
a
worship
black-figured naturally
bearing
spear
neighbouring mountain.
vase
(Muller,D. d. A. K. i. 10; Over-

PLATE

VI

HERA.

OF

CULT-MONUMENTS

viii.]

213

tutelarygoddess of the state, and the celebrityof


her worship explains and is attested by the frequentuse of this
in the coinage of the other cities of
type of the Hera Lakinia
that of the

The

Graecia.

Magna

and

crown

face, are

characteristic
specially

ture

the coins

nor

the very

We

in this cult.

prominent

was

her, if any,

nor
explain the griffins

cannot

of the

strikingarrangement

of

of the

the litera

of Hera, but neither

particular
aspect

what

attest

and

earnest

forms

matronal

the

with

proud expression combined

veil, the

the

hair,which

her

about

waves

It has been maintained


by a wind.
word
from an
Oscan
is an epithetderived
that Lakinia
Lakis,
meaning earth,and that Hera was identified in Magna Graecia
with a local earth- goddess*. If the Greek
worshippers were
reallyconscious of this we might explainthis singulartreatment
of Gaia,
from the usual representations
of the hair as borrowed
This
whose
hair generallyflows in long tresses about her neck.
head

almost

in the colossal

found

trait is not
which

if tossed

as

on

has the

same

the

has yet
the

on

the

has

giving it the
the

form

brought
rather

faithful

more

forms

which

narrow

eye

later and

copyist of

he could

wild

and

The
Hera
As

luxuriant

place

have

to

Argive

inferior

wrought

copyist who

the

face

the bust

the most
11

it

doubt

and
The
be

regards the external


is probable that he has

difficult to render

speciallydesigned for

be noticed
was

but

as

no

by

coin-stamper has embodied


although the
expressionof the original,

hair,more
been

two

would
artist,

find

we

that the

of this Lakinian

will have
the

of the

more

bronze, may

of

reproduce ;

falsifiedthe sentiment, and


in his work

type which

expression into the


Aphrodite. From

different

appears

it is,the countenance

exalted
later

as
griffins

may

we

sculptor,being the
the

(PI.VI),

at Venice

gather something of the character


temple-statue,about which historyis silent.

coins

of the

and

Italy. Disfiguredas

preserved something of the


marble
coins, although the

head

and

of anthemium

decoration

the coins of South

on

bust

rightly considers a representationof Hera


ground that the stephane above the forehead

Overbeck

Lakinia

marble

head

among

the

in marble

and

the coin-device.
ideal

types of

afterwards.

celebrated

HelLJourn. 1886,

p.

10.

worship

of Hera

in

GREEK

214

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

image in the temple of Argos by the hand of


of
Polycleitustakes precedence of all other cult-monuments
her, and must be regarded as the fullest and highestembodi
of the goddess as she appeared in legend and worship.
ment
Greece,

We

her

so

is of

and

gold

crown

in the

sits
he

when

her

this bird

into

the

and

wears

left

this

the fruit of the

and
pome

that

and

the

of

statue

also

Hebe,

about

it

dull passage

very

surpassed
the

from

that

saying
"

the cuckoo

the
in

epigram

scholiast
on

other

Strabo

work,

in

in which

great masterpieces of Pheidias, while


'

size.' We

expensiveness and

of Parmenion

the

have

corroborates

the sceptre, and


the

of

little to

add

Theocritus

on

praisesthe technique of

even

inferior to them

of this great work

writers

The
description99-103.

the statement
a

ancient

by

the Graces

gold and ivory,that stands by the side of Hera, is said to


of Naucydes.' Most
been wrought by the hand
of the
records

It

the
they say
sceptre, declaring that Zeus,
before
marriage,transformed

Hera

throne.

figuresof

she bears

sceptre

with

on

the

'

Polycleitus. She

of

top of her

the

in love

was

himself

other

on

work

hand

one

is seated

size

98

of Pausanias

the words

wrought

are

in her

Hours, and
cuckoo

ivory,the

which

upon

granate,

of colossal

Hera

of

statue

it from

about

gather most

main

what

would

part of the

body

"

gather

can

reallygo

without

covered

was

with

who
alone of all men
saw
drapery. The Argive Polycleitus,
the goddess with his very eyes, has revealed to us as much
of
her beauty as it is lawful for mortal eyes to see 100.' Of more
interest and weight is the summary
of the form
account
and
'

of the

character
that

'

revealed
Polycleitus

the white

noble

elbow

and

least

from

But

of

forearm

from

this sentence
the

impression was
of the

ment

Hera

Maximus

Tyrius,who says
to the Argives as a goddess of
ivory,fair of face and clad in

raiment, in queenly fashion seated

It is clear
at

image, left us by

elbows

that

the

combined

with

golden throne

arms

were

and

downwards,

mainly produced by
drapery

on

that

uncovered,
the

artistic

certain

majestic treat
strikingbeauty of face.

the artistic questionsconcerning this ideal

of the

goddess

cerned

here

with

will be

noticed

10V

later,as

the relation of this statue

we

to

representation
are
chieflycon

Argive cult.

CULT-MONUMENTS

vin.]
the

first

HERA.

OF

that

215

the

descriptionof
Pausanias
and the others is illustrated and in some
supple
ways
mented
by certain Argive coins of the Imperialperiod ; a coin
In

of

place

Julia Domna

On

both

of them
the

wearing
extended
the

bare

body

and

and

the

avoid

to

the

which

which

chiton

She

of Zeus.

leaves

middle

the

over

passes

the fact is

and

just in

of her

the

same

veil

no

wears

the

important. The

pose

the
has

is

of constraint.

the look

the copy,

of
generalfidelity

figure of
largea

Hebe

and

a
cleitus,

indeed

shown

or

us

the

and

coins

the

far too

on

and

of the

statue,

us

Zeus, united
and

to

it is

declares, that

him
as

in the
the

character

cult

queen

and

ceremonial

of

her

in

her
the

to

what

Poly-

and

imagina

of

his land.

as

the wife

of the

queen-goddess,as

Polycleitus revealed

displaying this

in the

and
that

see

we

has given faithful


sculptor,

national

true

symbols

attributes

expression to the ideas contained


was
worshipped there as Hera the

riage;

to doubt

reason

of the

one

on

given,awkwardly

examine

we

else is told

tive

is

is no

There

scale.

When

of

of

majesticand suitable to the solemnity


is held high and
free of
great temple-statue: the left arm
under the throne, so
body, the rightfoot is drawn
slightly

She

consists

is usual with the mantle


none,

16).

the top with

near

her left shoulder,arranged

stiffness in it,but

no

as

grasping the sceptre

and

falls over

goddess seated on her throne,


holding the pomegranate in her

and

himation

(Coin PL

Pius

the

see

drapery

writers mention

of

of Antoninus

Stephanos

her

arms

as

we

note

may

one

righthand

left

way

and

we

sacred

Maximus
his

majesty

mar

Tyrius

countrymen,
of the

pose

and
in her
crown,
drapery, in her richly ornamented
imperious grasp of the sceptre. Her union with Zeus is no
doubt
allusively
expressed by the symbol of the cuckoo, and

and

figure of Hebe, their


in the early part
daughter, which the later sculptor added
of the fourth century.
She
was
worshipped also in Argos

still

clearlyby

more

preeminentlyas
the
of

image
the

subordinate

goddess

of the wife of Zeus

goddess

character

the

the

of

of hers is

these

marriage and childbirth ; and


would
be also naturallyan image

of

functions.

Direct

probablyconveyed by

allusion
the

to

symbol

this

of the

216

We

pomegranate.
whole

we

fruit which

it

modern

consider
interpreters

to

be the

ficance

Botticher,in
and

that

in Greek

bloodshed, and

and
strife,
colour
few

; and

when

But

hand

this

signi

its seeds.

But

againstthis interpretation
He

declares

the

of its blood-red

reason

to have

that

marriage rite ;
but of
fertility,

of

emblem

by

Botticher

Most

in Hera's

of

one.

"

certainlyit appears

legends.

revealed.

be

marriage,having

no

death

he

explanation;

an

all in the Greek

played no part at
symbolism it was

pomegranate

in her hand.

bears

large number

entirelydifferent

an

proposes

certaintythe

pomegranate

article a,argues

able

an

the

of

account

on

the

of fruitfulness in

emblem

she

giving
lightlyto

not

mystery

of the
significance

some

to

regards

with

discover

can

symbolic meaning of this


is piously averse
Pausanias
as

the

hardly determine

can

work, unless

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

this

meaning

maintains

in

some

that the

goddess
display her

of

Argos is holding forth the pomegranate to


her rival Demeter, whose
triumph over
daughter Persephone
held a prisoner in the
through eating the pomegranate was
world below, he is asking us to believe a difficult thing. Greek
of
temple-sculpture
far-fetched

so

Hera,

'

the

and

cleitus

intended

for

Greek

his

quaint ;

so

benefactress

likelyto embody
no

the fifth century is not

of the

land

'

the idea of strife and


this

he

meaning

spectator would

must

be

as

she

have

called, be

was

And

hatred.

likelyto

symbolism

great image of

the

would

nor

to

prone

lost his
have

if

Polylabour,

understood

thought.

The

hand

of the idol in

Greek

temple

is extended

usually

dispensegiftsor to displaysome
permanent attribute of the
some
symbol of the functions of the divinity. The
power,
the peculiarand
token
is by no means
constant
pomegranate
of Persephone ; but even
the statue
of Hera
would
if it were,

to

be

no

more

likelyto

rival
a
triumph over
grape-clustersby way
If

it

ritual

badge

were
or
or

desired

to

hold

it in

than

to

"

Denkmaler

the

as

an

expressing her hatred


mark
the hostilityof
would

of the
und

emblem

vine-crown

of

it
representation,
the ministrant

wear

its hand

or

of
the

of Bacchus.
divinities

in

surely be by excluding the


hostile divinity
from the worship

Forschungen,1856, p.

170.

2i8

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

Dionysos, and
goddess,who played

frequentlyassociated with
Argos most naturallywith

the

part there of Demeter

Eileithyia.

The

Graces

and

are

gained

flowers
Hera

of

the

the

of

ethical

more

kindred

very

being nature-powers

and

them.

Their

embodied
As

in the work

Argos

He

spray.

allyto

be

with

Pausanias

would

emblem

an

the

time

him

that she

crowning

ridiculous

fruit of the vine


have

One
In

proof of

the

as

where

renewed

ample

her

well

blessingof

Hera

her

bathed

each
The

of the

absence

maidenly locks, such


sculptoralluded to

bride

of the
as

the

and

the

we

see

cannot,

remarkable

she

was
as

had

she

is
the

believed

there

conceptionof

given

the work.

worshipped as
was
Argolis a stream
thus periodically
and

year,
statue

the

Argos

that at

say

in

on

natur

dislike of Bacchus

Hera

veil, and

We

vine-

the

the vine

wife; and

maidenhood.

indication

in the

the

as

at

vine-garlandat
explanationoffered by

rather

should

we

with

very

so

with

The

questionremains about
Peloponnese and elsewhere

maid

shown

that

goddess

last

the

the

statue

carelesslyreferringto

be

offered her because

was

given man
giftof corn.

the

him

as

her

not

permanently decorated
wrought in metal, for

was

may

the

need

we

city.

mentioned

wine-harvest.
this

of the

statue

of vine-leaves

Tertullian

wore

idea

goddess

other,but he ought

some

latter

that

adorned

way

certainlyhave

of the

course

the

garland

but

ritual of

some

some

speaking of
to the great
referring

artificial

an

in

the

to

temple-image,

of Tertullian

or

that

allusion

an

famous

be

may

believe

of course,

clear

statement

crowned

was

complete the

to

Polycleitus.

so

this

attached

life were

married

necessary

was

of

discover

can

we

wholly rejectthe

to

are

of love and

presence

fruitfulness in

of

but
having
significance,
character.
They bring the
thus joined with the Argive

the charm
flower-goddess
; they personifybesides
and as the constant
companions of Aphrodite
beauty of life,

the ideas of the sweetness

of

Hours,

same

human

spring,and

the

to

personages

the

the

and

to

chief

in

and

Aphrodite

was

of
wife.

Polycleitusgives
Can

perhaps in
the

mysterious nature

we

the

believe

flowing

Argive coins, the


of the

goddess

viii.]

CULT-MONUMENTS

who

maid

was

loved
forms

well

as

reconcile

to

the

OF

in

forms

one

the

of

the

female

mode

of

with

mother,

we

the

ideal

of

Zeus
the

formal,

or

and

whose
in

the

wrought
cult,

as

find

in
and

was

the
ideal
the

of

peace

that

were

expressed

certainly

and

it

did,

in

figure,

representation
fullest

and

beauty

most

forms

his
of

the

profound

worth

god

the

with
work

the

reflex

statue

of

that

head

and

what
the

was

Greek

earth,

the

ideas
of

accordance
then

of
if

leading

the

physical,

supreme

And

the

Maximus

and

true

as

are

life

life.

is

ethical

great

the

imagina

of

fresh

and

It

or

that

genial

if

his

qualities

of

bride

form.

of

touch

sentence

human

and

work

least

at

of

subtle

some

and

conception

embodied

rendered
whole

the

his

over

was

its
in

Polycleitus

countenance

masterly

worked

grace

we

with

worship

by

to

by

queen

the

mainly
there

Doryphorus,

his

spiritual

so

in

Yet

in

in

power

and

systems

If

case

who

different

Amazon.

this

sculptor

man

as

not

219

was

combine

in

refer

power

his

was

external.

the

and

marvellous

Hera

epithets

two

character

Athene

or

Argive

this

dess

of

figure

could

that

his

to

He

in

her

say

ideal

Tyrius

in

may

equal

was

that

he

expression

maidenliness

tion

male

the

and

boy

"

of

wife

as

HERA.

Hera,
of

her

was

most

as

cult.

it

CHAPTER

IDEAL

IN

the

Greek

no

often

hand

which

it cannot

This

been

the

other

be

been

has

proved

Athena

Demeter

the

found

invariably
divinities

it

on

archaic

later art

and

being

in

and
of

in

places where

of

Zeus

but

be

head
the

of Hera
Boeotian

the Greek
sacred
was

she
found

early

rarely,if
is

of

to the

group

works

but

; and

of

statuette

metope,

this rite

other

be proper

to

is

that

none

peacock

occasionally in
and

supposed

the

terra-cotta

the veiled

Capua

been

with

the

Selinus

bow,

representationsto

Argive

only

of

as

symbols,

found

wife

the

b.

not

her

the

by

is

the

and

representationsof

PI. V.

is

supposed

from

of those
a

be

the few instances

among

is veiled

the

signi

any

various

Hera, there

artistic

and

her

on

reveal

that have

the

the

is

; for

of

once

all the

exception

side

lack

at

one

in the

on

vases,

of
that

bride

; it appears

coins, the devices

coins

Of

might

his

styleb, and

century

fected

the

sittingby

Samos

the

veil

Hera

as

aegis,Artemis

drapery

none

the

The

matron-goddess,

on

of

late into

too

service.

wears

and

also, with

comes

much

There

representationsto

to

the

may

the

by

specially characteristic

be

this

applied

corn-stalks.

badges, attributes,fashions

him.

false restoration, and

which

is revealed

by

guard against

confront

chiefly from

peculiarattribute

clearlyas

survive

belong.

to

arises

that

his

on

recognize

disguisedby

name

ambiguity

ficant and

at

be

to

difficult to

divinity so

figurehas

to

HERA.

monuments
religious

inquirer has

the

worship,

OF

frequent false interpretationsthat

the

or

TYPES

searching through

of this

IX.

fifthever,

of

per

exceptional

Orchomenos

period 80" 22.

marriage, yet

on

She
the

regularlyperformed
b

pi. VII.

a.

TYPES

IDEAL

in

OF

HERA.

221

honour, Plataea, Argos, Cnossus, Samos, she

her

nothing but

the

this

attribute

latter

earliest form

the earth.

And

be

to

natural

calathos

we

Argive goddess
Hera

wherever

this

attribute

Samian

is

her ; the

by

who

no

that

its

the
fruitfulness,
the fruits of

gave

divinityit would
her.

to

power
means

coins

only

of

the chief

was

gift and

form

believe

may

of the

of
representations
the

head,

calathos, the emblem

its proper

in

her

on

Again, as regards

crown.

the

was

emblem

proper

smaller

Stephanos or

wears

Yet

the

in the

common

that present

her with

it

that

coins

less freelythe
or
reproduce more
It is not
unfrequentlyfound
type of her ancient image.
of the black-figured
in the vase-representations
and red-figured

are

style,for

instance
below.

mentioned
the

Stephanos

beautiful

the

on

More

usually it

diminished

or

Munich

calathos, which

probably but to express


change in form being due merely to
that is seen
more
shapely emblem
of the
and

temple-statueof
the

on

coinage
Hera

Olympian

resembles

Lakinia

means

Croton

on

is her

common

some

of her

most

such

as

show

neither

from

the

heavens
And

this

and

type,

and

coins b.

Parthenon

the

as

attribute
certain

crown

artistic
so

and

on

majesty,

or

other

the

rare

on

half-diadem
coins.

and

emblems

of

and

therefore

would

goddess
Aphrodite

Stephanos on

with

On

or

well

as

diadem.

Even

constant

were

fail in certain
veil
as

and

Hera,

the coin of Zeleia

Roscher's Lexicon, p. 2118.

Overbeck,

K.-M.

Miinztaf.

of

is

by no
stephane,

the other

hand

most

and

Hera, they would


the

heads

Stephanos

the

sceptre which

designated the
black-figuredvases.

if all these

even

the

strikingrepresentations,
the
and
Farnese
relief-figure
head,

nor

the

cities whose

of

fifth century onwards


is

the

It is this

reasons.

some

But

on

other

no

very

those

the

has

of

early a work as
is possiblya fragment
the Argive statuette,
on

on

Heraeum,

Argos

frequently found

so

which

of

coins

the

dignity

which

head*,

the form

under

appears

intention

the limestone

patera that will be

No.

cases

necessary

to

distinguishher.

the

head

be
that

Troadis, quoted
cf.

attributes

peculiar to her,

may

and

of the

be

calathos

and

Artemis
wears

or

the

published

Tyrtaeus (Bergk, 2): Kpoviuv


/faXAtare^dvov
7roais"H/)aj.
43;

2.

not

queen

RELIGION.

GREEK

222

the

among

Hera-heads

by Overbeck,

representationof
stephane,and any one

Artemis

as

have

we

seen,

worship with
life that

Hera

can

of

symbol
it

Hera, but

possiblyon

one

which

alone

Character

dess.

by

in the
with

or

the

is

natural

as

with

either.

obyiousand peculiar

strange perversityit

some

could

is indeed

of

implement,

rarely found
as

the arts

or

pomegranate

used

general

not

was

descriptionof Polycleitus'statue,
b.
vase-representation
precisely characteristic handling of
any

is there

drapery

been

Nor,

sceptre.

animal, weapon

very

the

wear

in the

figuresonly
Nor

have

might

the

world

The

probably

as

divinities

carry

part of the natural

any

cuckoo

quite

closelyassociated

so

specialflower or
could be given her as a sign.
to Aphrodite as
to Hera, and
The

is

Many

a.

of them

was

any

[CHAP.

her
distinguish

from

and

the

other

any

sufficiently
expressed in

the

god
drapery

of the most

of Hera, the character of


imaginativerepresentations
the statelyand imperialgoddess,the wife of Zeus.
She is essen
tiallytvti^ctiv, 'clad in comely dress.' Certain negative rules
might be given ; she could not be unclad like Aphrodite,nor

draped
her

fashions

with

the Parthenon

on

double

sarcophagi, the
indifferent
such

In

to

frieze she

chiton

and

the

artist

she
appears

artistic fashion
Her

merely, not by
standing epithetin Homer

ample

an

sleeves,and

veil

probable that
than

any

in

the open

goddesses,she changes
The
Argive terra-cotta

double-sleeved

wears

her ; sometimes

details

other

place.

the

is it

nor

nothing more

wear

and

with

without

chiton

Artemis,

But, like

time

her

shows

statuette

could

of Athene.

chiton

of

tunic

temple-imagesshe

Doric
her

in the short

also,on

to

veil and

fixed

veil,

the Doric

girdle

it and
have

and

of the later

many
The

only.
has

chiton

seems

sometimes
been

not.

guided by
her.

conception about

is Aev/cwAeyos, the white-armed

might have supposed that the constant


association of this poetic term
with her would
have impelled
her arms
bare of drapery. And
the artist and sculptorto show
the greatest sculptorshave
represented her thus ; but here

goddess,

Vide
b

and

one

2, Miinztaf.

Overbeck, K.-M.
Head,

Hist.

According

to

Num.

2.

27.

Lk.

p. 475.

Porphyry

the

was

stork

no

also consecrated
but

5%
place in
3,

her

as

far

to her (De
as

I know

Abstin.
it has

representations.

RELIGION.

GREEK

224

with
proud, and self-asserting,
in her

very

cult,not

to

mention

this,and

her

The

of her

best

Greek

Greek

there

But

type.

is

her

sceptre, with

art

and

as

in the

more

pictureof

who

austerity

her

conveyed
'

describes

white

to Homer

for the

and

AeuKcoAe^os

woman

raiment

of

holding-

and

and

radiant

being such as paintersare wont


long before Greek art had attained

solemn,
was

indebted

sculptorswere

countenance

traits

sombre

than
something more
is richer and deeper than the

by the words of Dio Chrysostom,


clad in
shapely and lofty stature
a

and

grandeur in the
spiritual
quality. The Argive

or

epithets /So"hrisand

for the

force

others,knew

portraitin

harsh

certain

some

little moral

picture,but

Homeric.

is

There

character.

[CHAP.

the

at

104.'

paint Hera

to

to

this

time

same

It

presentation

of her.

there

Hera.

of

forms

Inside

of

collection

Munich

claim

that

works

two

are

ideal

of the fifth century

the monuments

Among

vases

we

before Pheidias

special mention
beautiful

very

the

see

form

patera in the

of the

painted in various tints,standing in a very solemn


the righthand holdingthe sceptre, and the left hand
which
the drapery of the upper
is
under
garment
her

; the

chiton

is restingon

that this hand

Stephanos,above

golden
The

hair

face

left elbow

which

is bent
her

is full and

On

hip a.

the top of her

down

streams

in such

from

matronly,

her
very

goddess,
concealed

drawn
as

her head

is

skull is

shown,

shoulders

in

and

with

pose,

way

calm

the

among

over

show

to
a

golden
her

and

rich

curls.

earnest,

but

slightlyopen, the under lip


severity; the lips are
is a rich and
This
bright
being very slightly advanced.
representationof the goddess-queen.
the popular imagination usually conceived
Whether
her as
without

as
yellow-haired,
seem

so

from

that Hera,

she

the story

Athene,

and

here

appears,

is uncertain

Aphrodite

bathed

give their hair a golden colour ; but


the Pompeian pictureof her marriage.
of the
One
most
important monuments
PL

VII.

b.

it would

preserved by the Scholiast in the Iliad*

to

in the river Xanthus


she

is dark-haired

of

Schol. Iliad,21.

in

fifth-century
i.

PLATE

VIII

ix.]

TYPES

IDEAL

the

religious
sculptureis

HERA.

OF

head

Farnese

225

of Hera

in

Naples a.

concerning its date and origin are


be formed
before a judgement can
con
very conflicting
; and
be carefully
cerning them the features and expression must
of severe
and
It is a colossal head
analyzed and defined.
the Par
of the heads
on
impressivestyle,resembling some
in the great breadth
thenon
frieze in its exceeding depth,and
The
of cheek
and
in the rendering of the bone-structure.
hair is pressed with a narrow
band, and is parted above the
each
side in ripplinglines in more
forehead
and
drawn
to
than marble ; above
with the styleof bronze-work
accordance
the band
it is drawn
so
closelyover the head that the contour
behind
of the skull is impressivelyshown, and
it is gathered
in a crobylos on
the neck.
The
austere
simplicityof this
The

theories put forward

the

ear

archaic,but the concealment

is almost

arrangement

beneath

the hair is

of

mark

later

of part of

period of style,
from the temple

begins to be found in the heads


is
head
of the whole
A strikingcharacteristic
at Olympia.
its display of straightlines and flat surfaces : the forehead
modu
is exceedingly broad
is only slightly
and strong, and
a

trait that

lated in the

part above

that

slope

the

do

not

eyebrow

of which

has

somewhat

bone
of

must

the

due

which

and

at

but

say

face,and

rightanglesto

the nose,

flat.

also

only,so

to

attention

flat surfaces

are

of the

centre

Thus

that

the whole
and

rectilinear appearance

quality,and yet one


not stronglymarked,
flesh,to

the

straightline

is broad
a

; the cheeks

towards

much

is almost

the

the eyes

the

head

mathematical

bone-structure

is

beneath
speak, shadowed
is paid in places. The

softlytreated,and the flesh about the


lines that aid
with
is warmly modulated
mouth
and
nose
The upper
lip is beauti
greatlythe impressionof character.
fullycarved, and the lower protrudesnoticeablyin the centre,
is slightly
the lipsis a deep
Beneath
and
flattened outwards.
and then a strong broad chin that springsslightly
depression,
corners

of the

lipsare

forwards.
now
question must
analysisof the forms,as

to
a

VOL.

I.

considered, before

be

The

the

personality. It

Pi. VIII.

any
is

further

evidently

226

GREEK

RELIGION.

[CHAP.

and the almost


unanimous
verdict
representationof divinity,
of archaeologistspronounces
There
be
it to be Heraa.
can
little doubt
that this judgement is correct
; for though the
head
the usual crown,
but only a narrow
does not wear
band,
a

which

find indeed

we

but

which

resides
the

suitable

though

in

perfectaccord

in

danger

of

the

of

to

struck

once

and

on

sombre

mood

its untameable
the head

only

'

'

raw

of the
from

it must

be

is to

Persians, and
from

away

of

become
a

Dr.

to

which

the

elemental

the

look

specialstudy

very

and

who

demoniac

at

of the

force,

does

heads

'

to

would

of the
marked

are

And*

expression.

intended

who

one

other

that

probabilitybelongs

same

lasted
school

they gave

it is very

represent Hera

devour

inclines
not

to

more

even

The
the

the

zenith
in

their work

to

call it

discuss

the destruction

until the

features.

nobler, and

Furtwangler
he

all

shortlybefore

of the

Artemis, but

by

lips;

those

and

Troy

and

as

Priam

followingor reproducing the style


period of sculpture,the period of transition
That generationwhich
the perfectedwork.

the older

much

dark

is

extent

some

expressionwhich
treatment

of the

are

will that

shadowed

are

on

made
'

We

the

with

corners

in mind

borne

sculptor

short-lived

its work

that

its

plastic form-

powerful
;

are

The

this in

the archaic

began

speaks of

of

we

intention

devoted.

was

fascination
has

conscious

are

phrase is too strong perhaps,


certainlyproduces something of this effect upon

force,'as

; he

drooping

definingit

laws

mouth

in the eyes

such

in

and

and

it and

convey

the

the

energy

power

if the

demoniac

to

generation

the

heads,

period to which
with
something
doubtful

much

writer,who

one

types of Greek

us

his

exercises

long, that

features
; but

coins,

in the parts about

lipsand

little to

in the

and
eyelids,

the

any

other

too

too

revealed

countenance

but

each

with

to

Elean

on

expression is cer
other divinity. It

the

wrear,

other

forehead, chin,

written

it

with

which

rendering

thick

all the

of Hera

than

and

eyes

imputing

artist

at

Hera

to

the

chieflyin

mouth,

head

goddess might

any

tainlymore

the

on

forms

of Athens
of

the

Pheidias, broke

regard to
than

that

the

spiritual

in their formal

of the

expression

by

countenance

they

convey

question(Meisterweske,p. 223, i, Engl.


b
Kekule, Hebe, p. 67.
Ed.).

IDEAL

ix.]

and

is over-serious

TYPES

OF

HERA.

often sombre

and

dark,

smile

upon

affected

with

the

weak

And

the

expression does

sented

the

the

repellentlook on
necessarilydue wholly to

fore not

we

sullen

in it the

see

wife

of

It may

be

faces.

for the individual


Demeter
that

the

repre

would

be

of Hera.

The

face is there

the Farnese
conscious

goddess,nor

the

sufficient to

of the

aim

of the

portraitof

Homeric

Zeus.

later archaic

the nature

conception of

his

sculptorand

the

Apollo
severityas

stern

same

contrastingutterly

and

almost

strange and

need

vary

of

countenances

with

stamped

not

227

and

stormy
say

that

the

and
dignifiedgoddess of
sculptor,to represent the severe
marriage, has intensified a type of expression prevalentin
his day.
It might be thought that the slimness of the cheeks is more
maidenly than matronly ; and it has been supposed that
the sculptor wished
to allude
of
to the maidenly character
Hera
Arcadian
in Argive and
flat
worship. But the broad
cheek is not necessarily
part of the individual expression,but
of a style of sculpturewhich
did not distin
a characteristic
the youthfulwife and
the maida.
The
indi
guish between
vidualityof the head is imprinted in the middle of the face,
in the lines about the mouth, which without
especially
marring
the beauty speak of experienceand mature
life. It is this and
the imperious sombre
to be wholly
look, which is too marked
explainedby the general tendencies of contemporary art, that
for giving the name
the sole valid reasons
of Hera
to the
are
of which

statue

this is part.

Much

has been

marking

of the

which

he has

have
the

been

doubt
the

as

so

to

as

in

the

canonical

'

the
and

eyes

were

lacchus, and

view

perhaps of

Persephone,

the earlier Pheidian

'

period,it
faces which

Brunn,

in

others,they

qualityexpressed by
this they regard as the

ideal

and

of

many

Hera's

of

relief

the strange

and

the

convey

epithet /3oo"7ri?
; and

For instance,
in the Eleusinian

work

the eyes,

strikingfeature of
people imagined it ; for the poetic term

of Demeter,
a

carved

trait

the

about

eyelids; according to
been followed by Kekule

Homeric

leading

said indeed

which

her

is hard
of the
the

face.
countenance

of Homer
to

No

discern

two

must

from

is the

daughter.

the

mother

228

GREEK

have

had

influence, and

its

Anthology',in praise of
Hera105.'
heads

It is

of

what

Hera

the Farnese
It

of the

eyed
who

to

more

that

it

himself
and
this

than

human

certain

is the

to

dark

and

Hera

very

as

are

drawn

It is

thought

walk

lids do

to

Hera

through
not
on

by

the

"

Brunn

lady,

shape.
long, in

and
eye

away

be.

can

the lower

Hera

in the Bull, del Ann.

the

their

shape

in disease

1846, pp. 122-128;


b

Brunn,

op. cit.

give

unlike

between

abnormallythick
turned

If so,

that

eye

of the

as

set

in the

eyes

are

Boom?.

form

the

sculptorwould

are

down

and

sculptorhas
he

was

more

sculptorsand painters,if
us

eyeball as

they

inter

dark-eyed 106

that the

Greek

eyelid of

beings,is only seen

through

ancients

method

the fields will convince

contrary

noticed

of Hera

they

is

cow

light
applies it

the

But

him

dark

Now

representationof

from

the

had

and

eye
a

ox-

of

beautiful

the ball and

from

most

the

mind

he

The

of which

this curious

than

mean

threatening,

has

as

and

the bull and

impression by painting

size and

indicate

fall away

anything like
human

to

allusion

an

Homer

large-eyed

as

the

narrow

ignorant of nature
we
judge from
may
A

apply

Brunn

of

and

striking and

extraordinaryeyelids,both

outwards.
been

and

large,such as the
the Holy Marriage ;

human

any

the lower

and

question

not

the

eye

that animal's.

rightly

Pompeian pictureof
the eyeball a certain
cow's

typical

no

is not

cow

which

in

sense

often

are

eyes

convey

is

only

can

inquietude in

goddess

one

round

of the

The
opposite it V
somewhat
prominent,

preted the word


a
painter would

Farnese

there

of

eyes

of the

one

Hera, it

to

the eye

resemblance

and

po"ms

the

mean

applied

cause

and

certain

As

a.

'

large,round,
it :

each

had

unquestionablyit does

not

cow-eyed, and

finds

in

she

'

poet of the

as
'bull-eyed,'
interpretedit, findingin the word
terrific power' latent in the eyes of

goddess

does

nor

by

head.

'wild

or

called

and

means,

have

the

to

it is said

maiden, that

be

certainlydoes

others

[CHAP.

question whether

can

the term

RELIGION.

cows

those

firm

old age.

cf. Kekule

eye

of the Farnese

goddess, if seen
and

classic art.

that the cow's

close

in

in his

rim
at

and
all in

It is hard
Hebe, p. 64.

GREEK

RELIGION.

lower

lip,the great

230
and

protruding chin

still

eyelid,and
the

of

marks

the zenith
This
and

the

head

Farnese

for

to

Polycleitusor
Now

image.

of the

expression,are
flourished

the

theory of

the

before

head

Kekule

is

hypothesis,there ought

this,derived

from

be

to

the resemblance
or

copy

of

of the great

writers maintain

the above-mentioned

copy

Polycleitus.Before

of

recognized work
descriptionleft us

some

to

the

that

Hera

valuable

direct evidence

the

maintain

less direct of the famous


becomes

with

inconsistent

course

others,who

and

theory

some

of

is of

view

or

cheek, the

of Pheidias.

Brunn

more

sombre

and

of

treatment

styleof sculpturethat

ideal

an

dark

the

more

breadth

conventional

high,the

little too

placeda

ear

[CHAP.

of
work

Argive

that there

this head and that of the


affinitybetween
Doryphorus* ; while others of equal authoritydeny that there
It is strange that opinionsshould
is any resemblance
at all.
is the very

so

nearest

conflict about

by
that

close

the

art

resemblance

from

460
the

towards

maintain

the

cleitus
what

that

in ideal
but

was

that
the

who

there

this surpasses

differences

far

are

Doryphorus slope more


thus

becomes

narrower,

existing representations
they ask, if it was not Poly
produced

this

type,

left for

the voice
to whom
Polycleitus,
the greatest representationof Hera, to

remained

to

type of the Farnese


fell far below

little later

and

all

sculptorwho

development of

still much

is

in the

earlier

some

in the

goddess he

the

face,which

conception;

antiquity ascribes
further

of the

that

of the

cheeks

The

conviction

own

ridge,the chin protrudesless,


But
those who
treated.
are
quite differently
on
Polycleiteanorigin of the head rely most

argument

of Hera

C., and

B.

420

My

decided

such as we
might
general,
representingPeloponnesian

very

heads

two

is less broad

nose

eyes

the

to

centre

the

and

in any

weighty.

more

the

find

only

is

surely be

can

works.

of the

comparison

to

expect

of fact that

matter

carved

the ideal ?

be done.

Hera, then
"

not

the

If

The

is easy,

conception of

in his

of Hera

Conze, op. cit. ; Overbeck, K.-M.

do

Polycleitusproduced

perhaps Homer
head

answer

of

2.

"

on

p. 50.

but
the

the

the artist
coins

of

bust, effective

Farnese

the

For

givesby
expression,

its

wrought,

century

head.

the Ludovisi

originalof

the

231

fourth

in the

sculptorwho

the

and

Argos,

HERA.

OF

TYPES

IDEAL

ix.]

intensityof

the

by

; it is

the full ideal of Hera

means

no

it is

as

benign Argive goddess of good works,' not the god


face and person, according to Dio Chrysostom m,
dess in whose
brightnessappeared by the side of majesty. The sculptorof
'

the

not

could

this head

; neither

aspect
It

his school

and

Pheidias

authority

for

types,

that

the

on

of

She

is Iris

is fastened

over

down

fold

beautiful

the
to

Zeus

and

as

the

bride

might

the full oval

was

of Alcamenes

Hera

the

in

ful work"

by

Demeter

Overbeck,
dealt

of

'

Hera

Museum,
would

laurel

to discover

"

Overbeck

K.-M.
in
of
which

place

very

doubtcalled

series of statues

3.

the

p.

4. p. 68, and

461.

with

text
'

Girgenti
Overbeck
next

nothing:

has led to

vide Miff. d. d. Insf. Rom.

not

the

and

after

in

I have

the

head

the British
and
the

others
Farnese

in the

as

the

the

winged

her neck

and

girdle to

form

drapery, she
veil from

wedding.

to

of the

her

head

turns

her

face,

The

face

remains

to

show

head, which

the Attic

festival

flesh shows

development
that

more

and

reveal

on

crown

divini

chiton, which

but enough
disfigured,

attempt of Petersen

The

of her

perhaps to her nuptialsas well


witnessing. The treatment

alludes
she

outline

day

her

Doric

Pheidian
the

But

a.

and

concealed

hands

both
the

on

to

as

the
in

raises with

none

probably represent

Zeus
in

so

over

common

unfortunatelymuch

is

Clad

and

the other

would

he

her shoulders

is drawn

and

Hera,

no

greatest

Olympics,

Zeus

is

There

this school

to

between

Nike.

or

of

statue

of

how

us

seated

is there

figure,who
arms,

sombre

himself, the

appeared among

throne

the

frieze shows

free

ascribed

his hand

base

Parthenon

herb.

and

"/"ai8poV.

represent TO

Pheidias

any

be

can

figurewrought by
ties

dark

unimportant.

not

was

attributing to

of divine

survived

has

following period that the ideal of Hera


the type
full and satisfying
expression. In perfecting
of Polycleituswas
chief,but the part played by

work

creator

could

his age

nor

under

the

in

was

received
the

he

majesty

the

give us

of the

is studied
and

the

type. The
the

more

Furtwangler's
it as a forgeryare
rejecting
very strong (Arch. Zcit. 1885, p. 275).
be of little value
If genuine,it would
of
of its singular lack
on
account
suspicionit arouses,
grounds

for

character.
b

PI. III. b.

GREEK

232

RELIGION.

[CHAP.

delicacyand grandeur of the Pheidian


the formal beauty of the surface,the
expression of

its

the

ful wife of Zeus.


the

the

Though

the

of

grace

figurehas

perfectin
the youth

is

pose

has

attitude

reference

some

representationof the whole person of


did Pheidias
forget,in his arrangement

earliest great
Nor

dess.

should

drapery, that Hera


white

the

this

of

monuments

beautiful

very

the

as

the

god

of

the

with her
Aet"/"a"A.ei"os,

Hera

bared.

arms

Among
a

as

appear

to

value

permanent

type of Hera, and

characteristic

and

monumental

whole

chastity,
dignity,and

particularoccasion, yet

as

work, and, apart from

cylix

of

British

the

mentioned

be

may

age

that

Museum

contains

representationof Hera full of character and expression*.


Holding a sceptre and wearing a Doric chiton and veil,with
her fore
her hair bound
in a stephane,but partlyfallingover
a

head, she
hand

her,

to

speech

is seated

; her

The

and

form

coinage of
Hera, wearing a diadem

strikinghead of
the honeysuckle ;
the

the face is set in thick

the monuments

that may

be

next

his

holding out

in

moving

seem

displays
with

ornamented
clusters

of

it

very

quoted

great change

half-openedlips give

and

deep eyes
expression.

is

Phocaea

electrum
fifth-century

In

opposite to Zeus, who


her lips are
parted and
is almost
virginal.

hair,and
earnest

expression
representation
; the features and
become
softer,more
benign, and a touch of brightness,the
in them.
^aiSporr/sthat Dio Chrysostom speaks of, appears
in

is noted

first of

The

been

has

that

beauty

of

the

these

times

several

style0.

claims

that

purity of feature
conception of character than

grace

and

in stone,

except perhaps the

veil,but

the

from

and
her

neck
a

PI. IX.

b.

of

Hera

and
any

and

over

it the

of her

Ludovisi

PI. A
Coin

19
PI. A

unsurpassed
it shows
and

in

more

spiritual

survivingmonuments
head.

She

with

no

wears

floral

design,

clusters of hair fall down

long wavy

Coin

coin

Argive

profound

more

part of the cheek, which


b

is

upon

Stephanos richlyornamented

beneath
and

published

head

The

is the

attention

(Brit.Mus.
17.

is less broad
Cat.

and

Ionia,p. 209).

ix.]

of the

that

flat than

HERA.

OF

TYPES

IDEAL

head.

Farnese

impress of
the eyes

The

power.

The

is

nose

somewhat

forehead; the chin is firm and


of the

ture

in the

except

is well

face

is

severity
parted

no

lipsthat

the

the

with

bone-struc

The

yet there

marked, and

thick

very

angle

an

well rounded.

sharp outline,and

clear

between

forms

and

noble,

if they would

protruding,as
set

the

bears

eyes,

straightand

are

epithet,and are
rather long and

suggest the Homeric


lids.

eyebrows

and

round

are

the

over

is broad

forehead

The

strong, and, risingsomewhat

and

233

are

a
countenance
fascinating
give to the whole
Therefore, impos
expressionof brightnessand benevolence.
ing and majesticas the type certainlyis,it is a very pure and
true
representation of the benign goddess of Argos, and one

with

smile

in the

discover

may
was

super
of

in the

renewed

ever

the

verum,

traits

solemn

wife

that

hint of the maidenliness

some

certainlythe

Zeus, and

of

beauty, that

in the

seen

was

decor
works

Polycleitus.
If

search

we

for

type of Hera

new

would

but

said

it has been

the great age

have

copy,

expression and

a.
Polycleitus

There

positivereasons
say

about

agrees

the

with

Stephanos,the floral ornament


and Graces, and in the absence
and

earringsmight

be

taken

few years

ago

be

some

of

masterpiece

of

is

the

being

an

or

the

of

allusion

of the veil.

pointing

as

we

recorded

symbol

to

only

can

otherwise
decorated

the

Hours

the necklace

Also
to

where

doubt

regards these

as

Argive

anything

head
the

artists of

the

whether

Hera

course,

argument

the coin

traits of

what

in

statue

his

in

of the

must, of

this

his.

it is doubtful

few ; and

are

that the coin

known

any

associate

accepted without

been

coin-stamperhas reproduced
the

may

recently that, as

more

did not

we

than

other

there is no

this association

which

with

name

the

richness

of

chryselephantine
technique.
And

the

type that appears

modifications

modified, on
*

See

on

coins

coins

does

not

Polycleiteancharacter

of Cnossus

of Samos

Gardner, Types of Greek

p. 138, who

this coin is found

on

b.

Coins,
the

wholly deny
of the Argive

Himera

Now

we

coin; and
who
b

with

and, still

cannot

more

that

suppose

Overbeck, K.-M.

some

2.

p. 44,

hesitates.
Coin

of Cnossus,

Overbeck, K.-M.

the

the coins
as
great artist wrought all these, especially

same

other

of these
the

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

234

face

them

on

lost its

has

this

prevalence of

for the

is the natural

then

type

expression,and
retained
only its

and

radiancy

What

of

depth

inferior in

are

seriousness.

and

beauty

cities

that

coins

on

There
believe

that

influence
Greek

coin-devices

all these

of

some

At

world.

fourth

known

this must

have

time

at

century?
inclines to

one

struck

were

great work, well


this

struck

were

to the beginning of the


placesnear
to explain it,and
is no political
reason

various

explanation

the

under

the

throughout
the

been

of

Hera

Polycleitus.
There

other

are

Argive

shows

coin

tion

than

the

the

Ludovisi

embodies

the

this

it is difficult to

by

mildness

soft

and

left for

was

ideal of the

dently

Either,then,

in

antiquity
the

dominating

for

Miinztaf.

2.

Samos,

1-4.

Brit.

Mus.
PL

Greek

he

No.

14;

Coins, PL

belong to

this

class

the

time

22;

after the great

produced indepen

up

he

that

beautiful

most

worked

under
the

ivory statue,

imagination
there

Polycleitusand
them, struck

more

coin-stamper

probable,as

more

was

the

end

the

of
of

the work

(OverCard-

originalartist who preserved the older


expression for his ideal of Hera, and

15;

13, 14,
to

me

finest of

might

her face the


gave
the lipsdroop at the
is

no

smile

upon

be

who

other

no

towards

is every

fifth century,

VIII.

Pelop. PI. XII.


1-6) do not appear

Cat.

XIV.

all the

of Elis
No.

set

do

destroy its

sufficient skill and

had

Himera,

i.

short

century,

infuse

; to

unknown

goddess, or
the gold and

of

it

coins

Miinztaf.

Types of

ner,

23;

The

the

that

saying

No.

beck, K.-M.

to

of

influence

of which

an

as

sculptorto

would

face

Hera, perhaps the

us

reproduce.
latter theory is
The

reason

and

left

has

expression
to

of

rival type

fourth

that

goddess

the

own
Polycleitus'
city a
temple-image of that sculptorwas

working

type of Hera

beginning of the

delicacy into

character.

and

power

what

see

perfectingthe

of

way

the

towards

in vogue

was

with

generation earlier

if such

Praxiteles,and

of

higher imagina

regards expression it
the descriptionof Dio

is at least

coin's date

The

period

fact, as

in

latter work

the

than

more

Chrysostom.
than

itself ;

far

challengescomparison

head, and

Farnese
bust

of

type of head

The

for this view.

general reasons

more

severe

them

corners,

look;

stern

there

and

^Coin PL

an

18).

ix.]

ideal.

perfected the
Praxiteles
the

OF

Recently

much

former

with

its

the Ludovisi

the

perfectionof

the

the

type

of

the

as

regards Praxiteles, we

fifth century

Plataea, and
know

we

of

with

the

of Hera

far

temporary
head

Argive
have

to

the

coin.

Nor

been

of
of

these

former

these

much

or

at

his hand

spite of

in

in

Now,

Teleia

by

works,

end

small

that

may

the

series

be

con

display
period of Praxiteles
in expression than
that on
the
works
of this sculptor appear

poorer

celebrated

Hera

of Plataea

coins

fourth.

of the

that

the

to

nearer

of

fail to

namely,

"

Mantinea

at

the

earlier

do

proves

only

group

copies

and

statues

of either

detect

to

in

hear

assign the

Praxiteles,and

coin

to

who, feeling

head,

Farnese

middle

the

ascribed

others,

achieved

was

than

Hera

nothing

attempt

to the

Argive

been

and

deeper expression to

what
sufficiently

note

235

has

by Overbeck

in this matter

superiorityof

HERA.

TYPES

IDEAL

commended

; and

there

is

priori for supposing that the ideal of Hera, into


which
a
solemnity and a certain imperiousnessin pose and
expressionlargelyenter, would have been best dealt with by

no

reason

the

of

genius

with

it

and

on

Praxiteles.

and
effectively
modern

no

The

finallyrests

the other

hand, the

clear

in favour

of

ancient

Polycleitus:

under-estimated

problem. He puts a
wrought the canonical ideal
there

system
serve

as

Now

we

which

for any

and

there

Aphrodite, although
these

divinities which

of

deal

statement

is

to

'

no

there

the Greek
ft

Vide

accepted
expression that might
was

some

we

conform.
'

as

so

divinity. It is only in
find anything like it,the
'

were

in his treatment

'

canon

is

it goes,

of this record

always
findinga canon

certain

as

should

on

Greek

that

far

'

and

much

every

type dominating

generation ; but

did

question in asking, Who


Hera?'
this implies
For

later works

representation of Zeus

Pheidian

Overbeck

form

insist too

not

wrong

so

value

the

and

is,that there

her

about
to

canon

must

that

one,

of rules

understood
the

was

record,

by

of the

that

he

ancient

no

on

that

discovery.

On

is somewhat

hypothesis

degree each succeeding


of Athena

and

none

of

certainlyrepresentationsof
world
regarded as perfected

supra,

p. 207.

236

that

best

Athene

corresponded

to

their

to

there

Praxiteles,though

were

different

many

artists.

by independent

far

the records

as

have

"

been

the

go,

in
ideal,'

the

that appears

to

satisfied

popular imagination about

the

Polycleitus. Maximus
Athena

Parthenos

between
traditional

of

artist

the

is

mentions

than

'

her

in that

In

one

perfect form

case,

which

then, in the great

who
worship, the sculptor,

superhuman beauty, but


of the gods/ rose
above
of Hera

that

gave
did not

the

by

the full

figure,and

(Coin PI. A, 16);


gives us no
recentlyfound
be

proved

to

be

as

American

the
a

of

Hera

of the

men

carved

an

almost

majesty

only image

antiquity,which
of
of Praxiteles,
coin shows

late Roman

The

ail

queenly dignityof the


head, ifthe earlier Argive

the

proves

regards the
evidence,then we
by

voice

The

a.

country's

the

the

created

and

concerning the merits


Callimachus,and of Euphranor.

us

form

human

mere

the actual.

of his

worthily express

himself

is silent

he alone

supposed

monument
to the

'

extolled

was

be

must

the

in

power

wiser

epigrammatist 10" declares


contemplated Hera with his eyes/ that is,that

the

their

and

Philostratus

'

of

distinguishing

divinities

something

fully

of

side

conceiving a fittingideal
of
that Polycleitus alone

of

power

the

by

it

Hera

the

illustrate the

that
is

that

sense

he

; and

art

great works

fyavraaia,which

imitation/ the

of

existence

the

of Hera

statue

her, was

when

Pheidias

representationin
those

it among

of

only

it

Tyrius puts

actual

the

Aphrodite of
types wrought

Cnidian

the

and

of Pheidias

Parthenos

so
Similarly,

imagine them in the form


nature, they thought of the

they wished

when

ideal,and

and

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

Herab.

have

at

none

excavations
If the

all,for
at

Argive

the

Argos

coin

be

pose
coin
head

cannot

accepted

reproduction of the great temple work, it proves


that the words
of Dio Chrysostom about
the ideal of Hera
really record the qualitiesof the Polycleiteanwork, for the
free

as

Vit. A

Waldstein,

American
head

foil.Tyan.

has

it would

School
a

marked

be

too

vi. 19.

Excavations

of the
at Argos, 1892. The
maidenly character ;
hazardous

to

name

it

Hera

Uap9tvos.

Sachs.

Gesell. Wiss.

the

name

of Hera

its unlikeness

to

Overbeck

(Berichte

1893, p. 31) accepts


for it,but points out

the Farnese

head,

PLATE

ix.]

IDEAL

head

the

on
'

solemnity

displays

coin

of the

at

(Coin PI.

fourth

the
the

The

head

locks ; the face is

very

of Thermae

Near

of these

none

the

to

beginning

fourth

of the

in
of

great power

of leaves

crown

that

fixed

Eros

there

small

recall the
to

is

The

Paris.

on

of the face
is too

her head

around

profound, and

forms

Argive type

or

be

must

century

incised

of Paris

is fuller.

face

is very
are

rendering of
add

placed

on

representationof

wood
Hera

The
drapery is arranged
originality1'.
is almost
and her figure
as
maidenly
arms,

displayher
Athena's, but her

as
a

and

to

as

some

new.

representationof the Judgement


contains
St. Petersburg, which

so

no

coins
of

of Hera

head

the

has

The

character.
a

preserve

treatment.

Argive, and

characteristic

expression and

serious

eye, but

anything

Capua80,show

also01,and

with

power,

the

the

full and

are

in the whole

strikingtype, but quite unlike


profound expression of individual

It is

richlyflowing-

oval, the features

exuberance

Hyria:l.

and

with

with

of Croton

Lacinia

and

the

Hera

used

\vas

of Posidonia

Areia

broad

high

Hera

of

type

Italy,which

face,crowned,

there is a certain

large,and

the

Hera

is presented en

note

we

for the

clearlythe

trace

representationsof

the

at

century

of detail
the

cannot

we

of South

coins

20)and

and

brightness

countenance.

modifications

some

237

'the

once

the later monuments


Among
Looking
Polycleiteaninfluence.

beginning of
prevalent on

HERA.

OF

TYPES

allow

She
the

the work

date

to

her face

in her

of the limbs

style;

Pheidian

veil and

expression of

searching gaze

treatment

us

the

wears

the

but

and

the

figureof

earlyas

as

eyes

that

period.
mately the

strikingtype
with

hip ;

her

arms

Hera,

the

as

and

erect

restingon
are

sleeves

and

bare, and
with

Head,

no

p. 82, Fig. 57 ;
Miinztaf. 2. Nos. 43,

ib. pp. 68

and

32,

Fig.

museum

same

her sceptre and

Head, Hist. Num.

Overbeck, K.-M.
44;

of

her left hand

without
tt

date

same

16 ;

c, of

approxi
former, presents an equally
standing in very majesticpose

the

wood-carving, in

Another

she

wears

her

right on her
Doric
diploidion

girdle visible,and
cf. coins of Phistelia
b

PI. X.

PI. XL

and

himation

Neapolis.

which

is fastened

about

her

of

and

back

drawn

figure of

is the

Attic

The

toe
a

the

Hera

drapery

representation; but the left leg is


the ground.
is lightly resting on
It
the hair.
stephane which secures

the

the

of

folds

columnar, and give the aspect

and

severe

ear-ringsand

wears

[CHAP.

her left shoulder.

on

rightleg are
temple-statue to

She

RELIGION.

GREEK

238

independent product

an

queen,

of

art.

The

greatest

has

that

monument

survived

show

to

the

us

fourth-centuryart is the bust of the


It belonged to a colossal statue, and it pro
Heraa.
Ludovisi
it is placed high and the spectator
its best effect when
duces

type

of Hera

meets

from

in the later

the head, the

proportionsof
the

somewhat

the forehead

of forehead
the

fifth century,

nobilityin
the

cheek,

and

see

here

with

face

of the

The

the

the

lips do

The

religiousaspect

fillet that

round

passes

falls down

by

the

for this rather

not

two

curious

recall the

best

long

The

dignity and
with
a
benign

the

is not

indicate

quite

decoration

may

gentle

serious

the

each

side

well

though

Attic
there

still less

any

school; and
is

this is the most

PI. xil.

of
that

neck

been

the

in the
the

sug

hung
to

the

to

the

probableview,

nothing speciallyPraxitelean
of Scopas' style, yet
trace

expression,the very soft treatment


deeply hollowed eye-socket point to

and

crown

gested by the sacred filletswith which her images were


discussion
much
has been
as
in her
temple. There
date of this work ; most
archaeologistswould assign it
younger

the

by

of her

have

we

attained

is enhanced

head

-en

of the

surface

parallelwith

curls

style of

brightness which

of

but

the head

breadth

expression of solemn
and
hardness
gloom of

coin

of the

skull,

the

look

smile

design,

of the
the

is softened

Argive

the

large

is drawn

and

the

whole

that

form

in this.

seen

in

on

the

great softness, and

gentle expression.

ness.

with
But

hair

eyebrow

traits that

face is nowhere

imperial character
and

are

accord

and

is rendered

flesh

of the

the countenance.

Farnese

of the

reveals

and

The

its rich floral

with

crown

simple line

straightand

of its eyes.

gaze

arrangement

severe

carefullyover
the

the downward

below

for

features,

particular

flesh,and

period rather

the
than

PLATE

XI

IX.]
to

IDEAL

place

the

influence

upon

it.

But

the

elegance of
profileand

the

suggest

later

it in the

see

the

is

The

even

later heads

to

reveal

Helbig,

Allerthiinicr

classischer

in

the

later

that

has

that the

It

been

of the

high

period, for
is the

; for

l\otn, No.

most

down,
her type

the

Argive

expression of character
idea of the

the

Farnese

theum

in

Pheidian

the
the

British
of

torso

For

goddess.

Caryatid

the

h.

elegance and

Hera-head,

Velletri, the

the

rather

perfectionof

century

the

face

handed

displays at once
sculpture. Though

866.
b

younger

in the

head

hist.

Die

The

to

eraa,

more

by the side of much

1869, p. 149, and


Sammlungen
offentlichcn

deW

Ann.

"

much

in Munich.

the true

from

of

fourth

intense

more

of Alexandrine

defects

say

the

instance, the later Ludovisi


and

style of the

has

mark

no

of Hera

of

falling
away

grace

an

the

head

of Eirene

statue

achievement

coin shows

of

by Helbig

Alexandrine

the

the Alexandrine.

than

expressivemarble head
but it does not permit us
was

indeed

of all self-consciousness

absence
age

the

of

239

period of religioussculpture than


courtly age, and the severityof

older

triangularforehead

and
we

the

better

beginning

the

of

HERA.

proposed

allows

school

grandeur

been

the

in

work

he

though
Attic

It has

other.

any

OF

TYPES

forehead

the
of

merits

Pallas

the

Erech-

Museum,

Athena

in

of

the

Athens

(Wolters, 4/2), all of which


works,
theory recently ad
last-named
the
even
as
we
can
(Afcisterby
Furtwangler
gather
with certainty
iverke. p. 557) that the Ludovisi
head
from what remains
of the
of
Claudian
locks
Roman
the
had
the
a
hair,
the
on
lady
gathered
represents
nape
of the neck
by a band and plaitedor
period idealized as a goddess is not
fashion
As there is
down
comes
likelyto win acceptance.
unplaited. The
the
faintest
from
old
of
Attic
not
trace
sculpture. As regards
portraiturein
the face,his theorydepends on what he
the
fillet,portrait busts and
statues
The

strange

vanced

Dr.

calls external

arrangement

(2)
from

the

evidence, namely, (i) the


of

the

hair

sacrificial fillet.

the

on

He

neck,
quotes

show

that ladies of the Claudian

affected
Greek

it.

But

period

without

was

used

period
in

the

affectation

for

find
it on
:
we
(Komische Iconographie, sacied
personages
in
of
the
Euboean
coins
fourth
century
14, IK, 21, Figs. 30, 32)
of portrait-statues
of the Clau
Cat. Central
stances
Greece, pp.
{Brit. Mus.
dian period with a similar treatment
of
'Mes112,
113, PI. xx.
15, 16). The
the hair.
He
declares that the locks
salina
in Munich
(Bernouilli,
Fig. 32)
the neck
and
hanging down
gathered tries to make herself look like Hera by
fashion
a
together with a band was
wearing the head-gear of the Ludovisi
used for a goddess, and belongs
be quoted
never
goddess ; she fails and cannot
Hera
the
the
Ludovisi
is a
to
Claudian
this
that
era
as
:
merely
posi
proving
tive statement
is as positively
refuted by
Roman
lady.
2.

Bernouilli

it

I, Taf.

'

lines

the

and
and

about

veil

the
the

make

the

features

goddess

the

striving

after

the

dignity

and

the

Regina

of

the
is

the

the

elegance

in

earlier

only

the

neck

later

prevailing

of

Graeco-Roman

and

o-e/xvoY/js1

the

entirely

overfull

returns,

type.

and

it

the
the

veil

Pentini

is

not

The
former
show
head

disappeared,
sentiment

period
the

the

here.

of

From

almost

fact

with
fall

air
in

more

appears

the

bust,

imperial

in

comparison

are

pose

the

and

that

effect.

Farnese

nothing

pride,

and

have

and

but

by

and

stateliness

countenance

tenderness

thing

of

is

queen

delicate

and

curve

the

there

the

the

and

crown

queenly
as

recall

slightly

certain,
certain

small

are

and

and

mouth

polos-shaped

and

than

much

heads,

the

personality

expression
so

RELIGION.

GREEK

240

imperial

and

some

Juno

REFERENCES.

REFERENCES
Common
la

Lebadea

At

at the shrine
b

Kpovov

Atd?

Plato,Phaedr.

253

eV

Trophonius

(BaaiXis: C. I. Gr.

7"dXei AfjSaSecov
(probablyof first century

Cf.

4:

a.

of

shrine

9. 39,

eVepw IM""

ira.
dydXp.

eoriv

Hera

Lebadea:

At

"Hpas Kal

KOI

137

Zeus

the

near

3,

9. 34,

Basileus,Paus.

Zeus

'HMO;^ with

Trophonius,vide

of

Cf. Paus.

Hera.

and

Hera

VII-IX.

CHAPTERS

FOR

cult of Zeus

241

A.D.).

"Upas

m"

00-01

Ka\ rf,
jSaa-iXioc

1603"^

tlnovTO ffaaiXiKov "r]Tov(Ti


TUV

In Boeotia.
2

At

Plataea

KaXoi/o-i:

Daedala

at

the Daedala

6vvai"T(Srr)"llpa
fiovv
from

KOL

ravpuv

At

Argos
dyuva

TOV

Apyeloi de

raj

Larissa

the

on

Ati
Ne/z6i'a"

e^i/oy T^

Kut

Between
10

and

3, feast

of

Ati :

KH\

reXrjQ^Xciav

TO.

Praep.Ev.

cf. Eus.

'

3. I,

Paus.

5. 17,

r??r

24,

Aios-

TO

e^rat

cf.

KUI
Nf/nei'ou

TOU

Mount

eV

arddwv

cf. Z^/. 4.

27,

inscription

TT/S

"Hpas r^s

Arachnaion, Paus.

Odyss.3-

Crete
Latus
I.

mentioned

9^

*"s

Ka'

"Hpas Se
8e

B.

evTiv

2.

ra)

C.
c.),
R

Ato's

i/aa)

ye'vfid e^coi/
re

KOI

aivop.do'flTj
Trapa AcoScovatoty,

the oath of alliance between


/. Gr.

TO

...

drrXa.

^ "Hpa Atco^

togetherin

(third
century

eVrt^ eV

C'TTIOpova, TrapfO'TrjKe 8e

KvvrjveVt TTJ KftyaXf/'


epya

ocnol.

VOL.

2.

vide Zeus34b.

vos

and

TU"

Epidauros,on

caTiv
Upas ayaXp.a Kd6f)p.fv6v

r?)v5c "H/jai/

/'"$.
9,

"Hpa T?} 'Apyeia Kal Nf/zeiw An'

re

Argos

Olympia :
Oe

/*eV5?)rr6\as

'Hpata ayovaiv,

ra

TOV

25,

at

Paus.

givingCaSSandroS the BfapoboKia


Arch. Zeit. 1855, 39.
'Apycias,
4

ib. 3, 4, sacrifice
the Ifposydp.os
:

Megala,

fnavToi

Plutarch.

a"

"H/my

eo-nv

vaos

there
"H/;avvp.tpfvop.tvr)

of

statue

2,

9.

Plataea,commemorating

at

Cithaeron

on

Paus.

2554

'""i^a"
.

TOV

Olus

Zr"a

TOV

GREEK

242

ia

Km

C.
Hierapytna,
8

Cyprus:

/. Gr.

on

Albs IIoAieco? Kal


9

Caria:

"Hpau :

TO.V

Hell. 1891, p. 426

Lebedos

in

II.

'Ecrr/a

Physicalallusions
Mag.

dnb

Kal
f3a(Ti\fvovTi,

TTJV

roO

Gr.

2719:

Trepdaas,TTJV frrja-iav
Bull,

de

TeAe/a.
Zeus

and

BouXm'a

Zeus110c.

(?Pindar) va\

i.

14,

"Apyei'(pacrlyap
j36as
At'yuTrroz/,
e7T6/x\/^e
cv"Apy"i
rip-arat

ev

rw

6 Se "(v"asenl
eftlda^ev'
fpyacriav
5e

Ka\

cults of Hera.

"Apyovsfls

anopov

rav

sacrifice of

dXeyi"v. Dionys.Peoeg. 534

/3ou?^Hpa? iepbvdvedrjKe'
ore

ray

66

5, p.

"(v"i$la. 'H ''Hpaoura)

S. V.

C.I.

Zeus28":

2820:

(?),Apoll. Rhod.

and
epithets

in

"Apyos ^Tavaaras

on

"Upav.

"Hpav.

in lolchus

Pelasgis:

J"}t

of

men

I
Zrjvbsv^io-rov
Kao~iyvrjTa Kal 6p.odp6vov"Upas

OVK

(pre-Roman period?):vide

Pelias,"Hprjs8e neXaa-yidos

i"

of
priestship

KaradfpKop.ei'av
(TKaTrrov^ov
Hera

AIL

with Hera
Havd/jiapos

Zeus

fragment quoted by Clemens, Strom.

12

the

ml
2640 'A^poStY?/?

Panamaros,

period):cf.

Caria, common

2909

Nem.

Pind.

Kal

AIKTOLOV

C. /. Gr.

fv^v "HpflKal

Trap'r^wv

Corr.

C. I. Gr.

Zeus

with

of Roman
(inscriptions

Hera,

Paphos

by

"Upas.

xdptv

At

ZoVa

taken

oath

similar

'Cf"wa"

2555

wall of old

cf. 2*722 VTrepraTois

10

the

in

Stratonicea

at

RELIGION.

rovs

ra"

cnropw

Kal
(3\a(TTdveiv
crvve(3aiv"

(Tra^ys

lv,avOfa "Hpas e/cuAecre.


'Ai/^em,vide infra 38.

Hera

Athenae.

15? P-

ol AdKoavfs

-iv

Bergk, frag.l6
'.

143

/cat

cf.

Eus.

9.

5^^

Phil.
c

TOV"
(foepoura

Praep. Ev.

3. I, 4
fs

ot

Se

TO

avTO

Hymn

TTJ

dea"v'
rats

*Hpa

Hera,

to

KrjparS)

"UprjsKal

'Po8irjs

eV
dv6ea(p6pois

"pv"riKo)s
p.aX\ovKal

TrpeirovTus

VTTO-

TTJATJTO! o~vvdyovo~i
yrj
TTJV "llpav'

Plutarch.
3

reVo-apa

rcoi/

ndvrav

pi"wnaTa np"Tov

'A'idavevs N^o-rt?^',vide
"pepeV/3toy
fjS1

dpyrjs,
"Hpr;re

Grace.,Mullach,

ov
(TTe(f)avos

nvXewva
eAt^pucraj

avBta. iroitov etcri

Plutarch,De placit.
philos.I.
Zfvs

KaAelrai 6

6 iv
rb 'Ap-yoAiKoz/
Pollux, 4. 78 fj."\os

TOV

aKove'

OVTMS

fragmentof Alcman's

cf. the

\ap.[3dvovTfS p,v6ovOVTOOS
r) r/HpaK.r.A..from
Htv fo-TLv
^

rrvXewv'

T\V ev^op.ai

cf. Anthol.

/curraipo) :

ins

678

Frag.

i, p. 39.

: "Hpt^5' "WAa6w
(j)i\oo-o(pias
\oyitov
: frag,
quoted Eus. Praep. Ev. 5. 7,
vypfjs
(p-e'Aerat)

Porphyry, ?rept TTJS

p-aAa/fj)

"K

4.

Plato, Crat.

Oracle

rails.

T)

rpcKpijvai
777*

Tv"J"a"fvs'

772, 49

p.vr](riKaKiav Aios

Kara

TeKoixrrjs

ioTOpianapa

Bergk, fr. 60 Stesich.

O.VTOV

rots

"Hpai/rpfCpo^vjjvnapa

295

yiydvruv Evpvpc8"ov Piacrdpevoseywov


.

Treiroirjueva

155.
: Zeus
'flpo'Xvroy

Hera

//. 14.

Schoj.

eorii/ vpvto

'

-"/. Mag.

0", Upas potvjs

TOV
dfpa "ttpav
vo/jLo6eTr]s

r^v vfyo/SoXoto-i
fyoWs- irdptpoirov

/cat

fie fv"Hpas
tiXrjvt

13, 3

cf.
"upavvnb 'fipwt/,
a

3769

243

refer to Hera.

to

2.

tVcos-perewpoXoywv

I. Gr.

C.

in

seems

avaa-o-av

p. 404

VI1-IX.

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

enoiijw

TJ

yovevviv

ds

rwv

de

Eixpoptavi.

Sacrificial animals.
16 a

Graec.

An/A.

j)X"\ey "\nftpavov"Hprj

Km
fjif8fovcrn
2a'/ioi/

re

17

6. 243:

Se^o yei/f^Xifiiovy,
TTOTI^Q, tfurjTroXi'ar,

Cows

Cic. De

vide

Sacrifice and

Falerii

ubi

Quas

praesonuit
velatas

aluit

campis

ex

est

tibia cantu

solemni

vias.

Dicitur

humili

sola

silvis inventa

fronte

pueros

per

pretium

auctori
dea

minaces,
hara.

dura

recurvo.

capella deae.
sub

altis

fugam.

iaculis incessitur

vulneris

est, iuvenes

latas veste

suis ;

porcus

tempora

destituisse

quoque

Praeverrunt

Falisca

victima
per

inceptam

ventura

herba

metuenda

dominae

Illius indicio

Qua

3. 13, 16.

parabant

pompa

gregis cornu

Invisa

Et

20.

niveae, populo plaudente,iuvencae

minor

Duxque

festa

annua

vituli nondum

Nunc

4.

indigenamque bovem.

ludos

celebres

Ducuntur

Et

^w^r.

Theocr.

lunoni

sacerdotes

It per

Et

Bulls:

24.

Ov.

Pigs :

at

3. 13,

Per

Hinc

i.

(ptXrara

ritual.

Ov. Amor.
Casta

TroXv

crot

ra

Div.

B0.
Aiyocpdyos

vide Hera

TaCra

(fpa

/ioo-^cov

index,

ipsa datur.
timidaequepuellae

iacente vias.

Goats

RELIGION.

GREEK

244
More

Argiva

est

Hera

Argis orta (utauctor

Falisca

est

goddess of marriage.

as

The

Athens

: at
ifpbsydp.os

Atbs

fopTrjv

facies.

pompae

cf. 36.

Cato):

17 a

ferunt.

sacra

Hist. 3. 5, 8 Colonia

Pliny,Nat.

albis

vestibus

velatae

suppositovertice

Tradita

Cf.

Graio

patrum

4. p. 162

"Upas,cf. Menander

KOI

ayovo-i

Photius

Ifpbsya^os' 'A^i/aloi

s. v.

Graec.

Com.

MeOrj,"
Frag.

"

dvopwv Xaipe(p(ovifpbvyd/JLOv
xa$'

TTJS Q"OV

TO

*'

ayetv

Iva
ai"ToV,

yap

PailS. 9. 3,

At Plataea:

Tr)

TfTpdSibfmvrjTrap
^X"lvKa^sTravra-^ws

AiaayaX/io"v

KeXeuei rbv

OVTOS

eVi /3ocoyfcvyovs"yK"Ka\vp.[j,"VOv,
\eyeivSe

ri]v'AacoTTou.

AaiSaXa)*' 8e eoprrjv

6, " 5

"Tvv"opTii"ovcn " 7
"

"

dvaBevTts

eVt

dp.d"asOTTO

"

TTornpoOTrpos

eVt r^ Kopvfpfj
TOV
o~"picriv
eVt
6/uoi)
Ka0ay["ov"n

rou

Plutarch

avTOvs

Tfpot'Tas

Kai KaratrretXat

Kal
/zcydXaiv

ra"v

^3a)/xo9

opovs

"

tepeta

ra

3, ch.

/3co/uov
: cf. Euseb.

vfjievaiov,

\ovTpa

K0)/nous

BoicoTuiy
Tr)i/

TCI?
KOfjii"iv

oe

At

ArgOS

dp^ata

Paus.

Kal

2.

IO2,

3, ch. I,

ev

5e

TW

7rpoi/ao"

eSee
"liprjToifTiv 'Apyeioicrt,

TT)I/
nqTepa

TTCII/TCOJ

fie Aral

tyavepavSe

KO.I

Kal

I.

3!

foixrrjs

a-ya

oprrjyrfj

(of CleoblS

ai/Ttov

TO.S

avrfjv
yap.f]\ioi"

TTJ p.ev XapiTe?

Se^ia 8e KXiV/;Tis*Hpas. Herod.

eV

"

evTavoa

TOV

17, 3

avrqj'

avap."\TT"cruaL

ourco?

etra

Kidatpcova
rrepl
npwTov
TeXetaj/
"Hpav
T/)S 6fjLL\ias
dvaKaXvcpdeia-rjs,

ydp."JL"v
y"jsouev(i)v,

T0)i/

oaioaXa

ra

Tpira"w'8as
vvp."pas, aiXou?

Cf. $. p.

Trapao-^eti/.

Kai

ot

(p. 104 Dind.)from

vvp.(piKO)sAaiodXrjvnpoaayopevaavTas'

/zeV roy

ras

eir/jeTrtorni

SpDi//zopcpcocraire
TraymXr;!/

KCU

CVKTCCIVOV

6' evrevBev

Ktdaipaiva"\awovari.

TOV

acpicri

"al
"AO-COTTOJ/

TOV

TO

...

axpov

ol Boiorot

Trapa

vv[i"p"VTpiav
c"pL(TTa(TL

apa^av, yvvcuKO.

roC

yvvai"a UXdraiav

ayoiro

as

Kocr^a-avTes
ciyoXfJia

5e

TO

crepois

and

KOfJLicrdrjvai iepov.
Biton) ^"fuyet
es

Euboea:

vide

Tonov
"pr]o-i

o-TpaToy

TO

Ev(3oias TO

EvfioLas' vvp.(piKov 8e
rr\r)(Tiov

Se

Hermione:
tfTTopei

vide

rives

infra s3.

OVTO

1126

Arist. Pax

JE\vp.viov.'ATroXXcovioyde
"paaiv,

OTI

Cf. Schol. Theocr.

eivai
(^TICTLV

vaov

Zeus

15. 64

KaXXi-

TTJ Hpa

exei

'

Ai6?
T^S Hpay
'Epp-to^jtepy, IdidoTfpov
Trept
earrlv lepbv
"Upas TeXeiay.
(Mount Thornax)
e'i/TCO

TOV

Trepi

OTTOV

cf. Schol.

infra63,and

vvv

feat

REFERENCES
f

Hera

Sic. 5-7^

Diod.

ov

(TvvTf\ei"r6ai

Posidonia

Dialect.
Collitz,
i

/cat

'lepovecrrtJ',eV

vvv

1731

dyiovs

eviavrov

KCLT

Aio?

re

icat

roC Qrjprjvos
ir'Xrjcriov

roirov

VTTO

65

dno.ij.e'io-daiI cf. SamOS

small tablet,rds dew


on
inscription
No. 1648 ? Persephone.
Inschrift.,

Arist. Birds

245

TOVS
ydfjiovs

TOUJ

riva

Owias

"u

dnvs

TOVS

KOI

VII-IX.

8e
X.""yov"ri

rf)Kv(i)"Ti(i)v x^P? ycvfvQai Kara

fv

aO*

CHAPTERS

Xf?paat Stymphalos 51a.

and

rims- TeXfia

CnossilS
Upas

FOR

TWV

^.

IIai86s

ras

Hpa

O\vfj.7ria

TTOT

deois p.eyav

ap-^ovra

VfJLfva.10).

8'

dp.(pi.6aXr)S
"Epcosrjvias
TTClXlVTOVOVS

ZrjvbsTrdpo^osyd/sav
"Upas.
Kfv8aip.ovos
]"

Theocr.

/^. 17. 131


a"6f

ddavdrav

"cat

lepos ydp.ose
'

KpdoiO-a'Pea /3a(rtX^a?

TfKfTO

nvs

laveiv

Xe'^oycrropwo'iv

cV 6e

XeTpas-0oi/3^(rao-a
/xupoty
1

Lex.

Rhetor.

TTOLOIXTI
yap.oi"vT(s

Arist.

Photius, vol.
Ail

TW

Halic. ^4rj Rhet.


6

TOI

Zevs

KOI

yap

"Hpa, 7rpa"roi

Trarrjp KaXetrat

7. Dind.

At'a

ovre

2.

/zeV"cat

ChrySOStom, Or.

ul(T-xyv"jp."vovs

ei/co?

rols- ^opolaiv"/j.Trai"fi
Tf
KOI

Traert

"calcrvvfivd^oi/Tes*
OVTO)

Dio

670 (Person)'lepos-

p.

rcXctav

T^

p.c\^o3fj.fv
cocrTrep

napdfvos'ipir.

ert

Thesmoph.973:
Te

Dion.

I, p.

139

ytvtGXtov

ovrc

j^8e Zvyi'a.
Trdfrcoj/j
d/foXdarous

Aesch.

Eumen.

214

f] Kapr

art/Ma

"Hpny

T"\fias

KOI

nap' ovdev

K'.U

Aws

dvdpurrovs

*Hpai"yapyXiov

Tf\fcr"p6povs
rj \o%iav"Aprfp-tv
r) [ir/repa 'Peav.
P

"Hpa

T^ "Hpa Icpovsyd/j.ovs.

xat

wHpai/

11

2,

ZrjvlKOI

r]K"

TTiarco/nara.

trot

OVK

ovre

Moipas

"1

Diod. Sic. 5-73

reXeia did

npos

Pollux, 3. 38

("Hpa)roiy

TavTT)

Graec. 6, Anathem.

Anth.

Plato,Laws

774

rais
drrfjpxovTo

Tore

KOI

epigram ascribed

133,

"Hpa

KCLI

with

TTO\IS connected
A.

ray
TrporeXeioiy
TrpovreXovv

'Apre'/nSt Moipais'/ecu TTJSKOfj.r]sde


*

reXeio)

ro"

evperds.

iravrav

the Greek

and

MaKapr. 1068

r"5 Ait

anavres

Kai

in

concerning marriage

Hera, Demosth.
s

vpoQvovo-i
TrpoTepov
dp%r)yovs
yeyovevat

TOVTOVS

TO

Laws

RELIGION.

GREEK

246

Kopas

KOI

Oeais al Kopai.

Archilochus

to

TT\oKa.fJiK"v
*A.\Ki(3ir]
ieprjvdvedrjKeKaXvTrrprjv
evr1
"Hp?;,Kovpibiwv

Plutarch,Conj.Praec.

l^ovcri
TOIS
v

Hera

//.

aXXots

at
Eileithyia
ii.

270

141

r^

ot

ya^Xicd6vovres'fHpa
rr)V

lepols.
Athens

and

Argos

ev

Theog.922

Paus.

I.

Hera

common
y

and

89.

vdlvas

l8, 5 Kp^res de

Ei\ei0viav
yfveadaivop.i"ov"riv
'A/mo-o)
x

28c

vide

Ovyarepfs,
TTiKpas
Cf. Hesiod,

ydfj,(ov.

(Kvpqo-f

KOL

rr/s x"*"pas Tris Kvaxrias

"Upas ftvat.

Traida

vide 5"d : at Acrae, C.


Aphrodite at Sparta,
priesthoodof Hera and Aphrodite.

EratOSth. Kataster. 44
el p.r]ns

egfjvroT?

OVK

TOV
6rj(rdo~"i

avT"v

TTJS

viols rijs ovpavlovTifjLTJs

Aios

"Hpa? HCKTTOV,

A^r'7I/
p-i)Tpviav T6^i/^craro*

TOVveKO.

I. Gr. 5424,

els
fj.a"bv

Cf. Anth.
voQov

Graec.

ov
7r\dcrTrjs

yd\a.
18

Warlike

character

of Hera

in cult : armed

processionat Samos 65e,


cnrdo-avTi
feast of 'AO-TTISat Argos 86b. Hera Tponala,
Lycophron 1328
whom
to Heracles,
8r]iasMvo-rr) TpoTraias
fiaarov evfyXov 6eds (referring
47j 88.
Hera was
supposed to have nourished)
; cf.
r""

Localities of Hera19

Thrace

worship.

Dacia

and

coins

Imperial period,Imhoof-Blumer,
Nut.

Num.

North

and

reliefs of

exvoto

Num.

Zetfschr.

1885, 16;

Head,

Roscher, Lexicon, pp. 2082, 2083.

p. 244;

Greece.

20

Thessaly: Minyan legend of Pelias,Apollod.i.


fls
TTJS"HpasTtp,"vos Kare"pvye, He\ias de eV
"pdd(rao~a
TO

Roman

the

Phocis,

sixth century

at

Crissa:

B. C.

Kflvos e^oi K\"OS

On

Roehl, Ins. Graec.

altar

aid.
a(pdiTOV

rao-Se y

Ant.

'Adavaia
.

9, 8
avTtov

"
Si"?7pa"
Ttov

(3"t)p.(0)

of
inscription
effrjKe
r/Hpare, as Kai
314,

248

GREEK

ai"

rj

aneaevTO,

Tols

RELIGION.

dvao~KaX6vo~ao~a

7roo~ti"

alria
8if)\"y"ev,
tavrfjfie rrjs(T(f)a-yfjs

avTcov

Zenob.

yeyovev.

KnptWhot dvo-iav TeXoiWe? *Hpa

1.27

rfjvnb M^Sei'a?

eviavviov

alyaTTJ Qerpedvov.
i8pvv6fi(TT]aKpaiaKa\ovp.evr)
KOI

AcrOCOrinthus

On

Hera

eVi
(TOVSTraifia?)

Med.

IO

en\

f%(cr6aiaAX

(ra

Tavra

Kal eVt

tepov

rjvfj MrjdfiaMovvaios

TravTa
ftoofjiov

TOV

TWV

Kovpas

6vaiS)v IXduKfadai

iscos)
.

2.

avTols

al 6varuu

Ib.
etrQfjra.
KpvTTTfiv

eo-fo-dai

ov8e

"

f's

UVTO

M^fieiaTraiSas

p-era^vTOV

Schol. lb.

Kal

Af^atov

Eur.

ira\ai6v.

TO

yivfadai

TO

p.ev

TOV

eWi/ai

Kal Hayvv

Med.

Kal

KaTWKfi

KaGca-rriKcunv

fie'Xa"/ai/
(popovo-tv

c.

14

es

fie ddavdrovs

'AX^av

OL

13.

eVauo-e

Pind.

KopivdiovsXt/zw KUTCxopevovs

T/)S"Hpay (KK\ivovo-a ^d\ov' 610


rral8as' dnodavdvTas

TOVS
7rotrjo~ai

KO\OVVT"S

r)pdo-6rj.eVeiicai 17 "Hpa vrreV^ero


aiV^

Plut.

S',fKaXovvro

Sicyon:

Paus.

Quaest. Grace.

fie 'Hpaely. Vide


2

1 1

/"/. 2.

II,

Trjufvov,TrjsofioG
c

Schol.

ot

TOJJTOVS-

Tipaai

Pind. Nem.

9.

Kopivdioi,

f] MfyaplsJxeiTo

66.

"ai 'ATTo'XXww
'A/ire'/iiSt
fie
"Hpas1"AdpaaTOv'
dydX/jLaTa
TO

KM

T^S UpoSpo/Jiias
lopva-aro
"Upas)3"d\KT]s

SiKv"va

30

7ruXm6i"

Byzantium

fie /uer'
OVTO

faoi/

TTJSes

s.

TO

'En-co^ea fie

(TOV

TOUTOI^

17

TO
ifpbvTrotrjo-ai
Xe-yovat,

fie

OVK

fjil";o[3apl3dpovs.

Megara :
12

/cat

6env.

eVeT fie aur^v 6 Zevs


tivcrcuraAfarjrpi
Kal Nv/Lt0atsArj/jLviais.
fie Mijfieta
TOI/

KUTU-

"Upas Te/iei/os aKpaias

'Hpaiafie Trevdipos
eopTrj irapdKopivdiois. Schol.
ev

cf.

\o~a"vtv :

TTJS'AKpaias
"Upas vnrjpxe
p.avT(lov

TO

"pfpova

1379

Parmen-

fie aei TIKTO/JLCVOV

Christ,

/JLCTO.

(JiSpvvTai
Qeovs}. Strabo, 380

KiXiKfs
WiafZrjv

(M^fieta) K.opiv6"p

74

OVKCTI

oufie
Tratfief,

vopifrvcrav. Athenag. Leg. pro


.

TW

nepl

Tijs "Upas, KaTaKpvnTfiv


Itpov (frepovcTav

TO

'Ho-tofiof MrjSeiav,
fv

Corinth,

tnroKfipovTai
afpia-iv ol

1 1

Kal
TTJS 6eds Te/zeWt,

p,vdfveTaiKOI
7rapan\r]u-iov

3, 7, after the destruction of

Paus.

els

Kal eVra

Kovpovs

quotationfrom

fKfivuv p.r)viv (thewhole

fie

yfyovevtu

eVra

TO)

ev

TT]V

dir-

OUTCOJ

o6ev KopivOiois
ciyos,

tviavTov

CKCIO-TOV

dneviavTifctv
dv8pS"v

eTno-qiioTUTw

rrjs'Afcpaia?

TO

fieavTols
p-avrevn^vois
diaCpdfipfa-Bai'

K.a8' fads KaO*

TU"V

xaipcov

KOI
larropfl

rrepl*l"r6n'uav

ov$"

avrvv

Btbv i\"i"rKf(T0ai
TOV
TO
Xpr]o-p.u"8fj(rai
TTJSMrj8fiasTCKVO^V
p-f\Pl T^v

Schol.

fie yfvo[j.evov
\oifj,ov
d.7ro(r"pd";aL'

TavTa

T?ISvoaov

wo

rai

fv

Kararpvyflvels
M^St/as)

TCKVU

heras

'Art/Was. Cf.

rr/s

itpbv Ka6iaai' KopivOiovsfie

TO

TroXXa Q-co/xaTa

TTJV noXtv

"Upas lepov.

M^fiem)
\eyerai(rj

28

9,

/3co/zoi/
Tr/s "Upas

TOV

ddavaros

fie Kal

[(TTOpel.Ib. 273

"Hpay

I.

carlv
TTJS Eovvaias

TO

Se (3([3ao-L\evKe
EvprjXos
rrjsKopivOovfjMrjfteia

on

OTI
2ip.uvi8r)s'

4, 7

2.

Apollod.Bibl.

Acraea:

KaQlo-ao-a

Eur.

Paus.

yeveadai.
"Upav (pdpevosodrjybv

Mcvtuxpos

SIKVUVIOS

OVTV

ypdfai

REFERENCES

*A8pao~Tos
.

rj\6(vey
"pt"yo"i"

Ka\oi"iJ.evT]s
Ifpbv
In

KCU

Hermione
riyy

fvravBa

35

*AXf"ai"8pot;

Paus.

36,

2.

avrfj. Vide

Paus.

2.

dedication

ro^

A/a

odev

/cat

tepoj/

e.

29,

roO

0770

17

eV

tepa

Ilpaw e'ortv"Hpuy.

ra"

8"
: 'Epp.ta"z"
'Ep/zicoi/

z".

(Icpbv)
npos

8e

TO

Xt/zeweV

roi

cf. Thuc.

n/"pas

CawadiaSy

5- 75-

Hera.

to

Argos

249

Kal rrjs"Hpns rrjs

Hermione,

e's^aXacrorav Xfyovcrti/
dvf^nixrrjs
"Hpay eiVat

Epidanre 6 1

op^icrBrjvai
KpijTrjsa"pLKOfj."vovs

aTro

cv

EpidaurUS:

VII-IX.

KoKKvyicoAtoy, eV 8c

yuei/TW

"Hpa? UapQevov rjv


34

of

Steph. Byz. j.

"Hpav

SiKvoova,

neighbourhood

eVt
opaJz/,

TO"V

aKpu"v
b

the

CHAPTERS

iSpvoraro.

33

FOR

Pind.

Kem.

TroXti/

Aavaov

10.

ay\ao6pc"vuiv

TrevTrjuoirra Kopav

re

"Apyos "Upas Sw/ia BeoTrpenesvp-Vflre.


Aesch.

Supp. 291

K\i)dov%ov
"Upas (pacri Sco/xarcoi'
'la) ytve"r6ai
r^S' eV 'Apyftax6ov'1'
TTOTC

Cf. 5"c.
^

Tf

PaUS.

2.

oi'Op.a^op.evr]
'ApyoXifii
^utrat r^ "Hpa.
XcyovtriV
o^opao-ni

TTorap-bv
a(p'aiTov
c

Id.

TO)

De

Fluv.

Et;/3omv
6vyar(pas,

Argos

near

eiVat 8e
Kal 'A/cpa/ar/,
UpotrvfJLVav

probably cult-titles of the goddess. Cf.


the Argolid icpbvf'xowa "Upas. Plutarch,

rrjs"upas :
npotrvpva in
(V

/cat

"Hpa9, Ka^cby
Tf/zeWir^s Ilpoo-upj'aiaf

TO)

UoXtovxov
Palaephatus,51 'Apyetoi

Travrjyvpiv

373

the Heraeum

Ttp.d^eoy

ttrropei

ApyoXtKOiy.

rots'

36

of
description

TTorapo)

o-cpaf rpo(povs

Strabo,

I'Vi'

"cai

17, i,

2.

ytvftrdtu

ev

eV T^

15, 5

eV
ap.(poiv
8e Kni

"u

ra

'Apyfiav-yfi/opfi^,
Xa^K^

Pind.
V

234.

Aeneas,
6V.

1068

Tact.

p.eVre^i/?; KaXXtffTa

cf.

17

I.

cEKaroju/3aia
Xfyopfva'

ev

iravrjyvpis
fart

Ovovrai yap

da-irisKal VTc'fpavos
fK
Ka^eXwi/

in

TTJS

ZKUTOV fi"'*s
TTJ Ota'

Cf. Zenob.
(jivporivrjs.

wpvvvcTcu.

Argos
*v

Ta

-navftriiiov
e^co r^f
eV

TCOI"

trvi/

noXvTfXeia

Trai/rcoi/

ra"i/

xa^Kf'w
Hesych. aycbi'

e'oprjjs
yap

r^

77

"Apyei
TroXecos

dams

f)

'Hpata
8' firaffKov
dyavatv
ra

TCI

KO.I

TWV

Proverb.

Dionys. Halic.

called

T^XtKi'a
O'u^i/wi'.

TovTfanv,

"Upas
TO

TO

irpbsTals

Ifpbv TO

7rop,7rr)v OTrXotf
ft-rjyov
"Apya ^aX"o?
7. 152 "O

f'v *Apya
"L$op.evr)

do-mda

KOivbv

\urr6fjLeva.Festival of Hera

QfiSiov

the 'Ao-TTtr,
C. /. Gr.

Schol.

"ii/(U

IToXu/cXfiroi; ^o'ai'a
T^

p-fyt^firii/

'EKaTop^ua.

'HpaTov

ro

KOI

TTJS copras ap-a^a ftowv

avrrj Tfray/J.fi'rjv"youcri' 6 Se rpoTro?


flvat 8fi r
a.drs
'ATTO 8e rrs

Cf. Strabo, 372

810. TOVTO

Kal
fjyovvro'

avrms

6. 52

*"s

Antiqu. Roman,

T17l/
i.

GREEK

250
6 TrjsUpas

21

vews

RELIGION.

Kareo-Kf
"J"aXfpto)

ev

varr/zez/os

Kai yvvaiKfs
0/j.oios r}i"

6 Tponos
vvrjiroXifov

ydp.(ovrrals

Kavr)"popos
\tyop,evr]
ayvrj

evda
*Apyei'

lv

u"s

Ka\

TWV

17
lepai6cpa7Tfvov(raiTf'pevos,
BvfjLtiT"v
xopoi
Karap^opet^

re

TO

re

TO"V

rf]v6ebv oJSaty Trarpiois.Eur. Elec. 171:


TrapOevwvvp,vovcrS)v
vvv

av

K.apv(T(Tovcnv

"HTrap*
napdeviKal
p,"\\ov(Ti
OTci%fiv.
"e

'ApyeloC

Tracrai

pav

Find. Nem.

10.

rpirai-

Bvcriav

24

bfip-ov
orpvvfi
?'7

Paus.

jSovdvaiav"Upas dedXcov

TTOTI

Heraeum

the

5, in

17,

2.

cv

es
Kop,i"nv(Tiv
'Apyeiot

PauS.

fcgia Cf.

13

El\ei6via

Hesych. s.

Hera

P.

eVri
Trjs'Avdeias

vaos

lepovTTJSI\T)TOVS

TOV

"Hpa eV*Apy".

V.

Evepyeala: Hesych. s. V."Hpa

Hesych. j\

:
42

41

eldov Kadr)p."i"ov

avros

c.

'.

;9

Kai

Protrept*
p.

6
rfysdef'Hpas

22,

2.

Alex.

Clem.

/zeya.

'HpaloV dr)

TO

TipvvQa
"Apyovs,

HfipdcrovTOU

VTTQ

es

Kpi"Tiv.

re

ap^ntdraroi;("HpasayaX/^a)

TO

dvfreQr) TipvvOa
irerroirjrai
pev e^ d^paSoy,
5e dz/fXoWes

^aX/ceoy

rot

aywv

^.

VTTO

cv

"Apyei:

a.
Zevg"ia13

cf. Hera

6v(ria f7riTf\ov/j."vrj
TTJ"Hpa.
'Apyeieoi/
17

C. 7.^4. 3. 172

Argos, Kaibel,Epigraph.822.

Bao-tXi? at

of second
third century A.D. auro'^i (eV'Apyet)
or
yap KAeiSoOinscription
"Hprjs:cf. Clem. Alex. Strom, p. 418 P.,fragment
e^v @acri\r)tdo$
^oy
from the Phoronis,KoXXt"fy"X"SoOxos
'OXu/ATrtddos1
3

PaUS.

Hpay

/(^. 2.

Hpav
a(pt(nv
45

38,

aXXa
b
Kara

Kai

raj

cvravQa
Kai/a#os KoXovpevr)'
Nauplia,Triyy^
eros

OVTOS
\ovp.evr)i"
napQevovylve"r6ai'

rfj"Hpa, Xoyoy rwi/

Schol. Find. Mvw.,


LITTO

Elis:

ev

TTOV

^copiw,

Paus. 5. 15,

o-Trei/SovatKai "Hpa
Ai(Bvrj

re

in the Altis:
fV

Boeckh,

ra5
v"[t,o^v"""v
*A.pyov

PaUS. 5. 15, 5
pc"ov

near

"K

Nemea:

Kara
fpacrlv
'Apyfloi
reXer^y,^i/ayovvi

rail' ^owi/ ro"i/


46

dviovTu"v 69 r?)i/
eort
(Aaptaai/)
dxpoirohiv
fiei"r^? 'Axpai

24,

iepov.

ro

2.

in the

tirirtov

aTropprjTwv

p. 425
at

Trjv

/j,ev

8f)

eortV.

N^ea

of Se

OTTO

^(rai/
"Hpa? tepai.

0eois 8e

ov

rots

'EbXrjviKo'is
povov

Kai Uapap/LAcoi/t.
'Ap/jLcovia

a^eais, cv

pctf

rw

inraiGpnTr/s d"peVea"9

Kai "Hpa? 6to-ti/ 'Inn tag /3a"p.oi.


/uaXurraIloo-fiScovos'ijrirtoi;

/"/. 5. 14,

near

the

altar of

Olympian Zeus, "Vi

5e Kai 6tS"v

Kai
Kai "Hpas ciriK\T]"nv
'OXv/iTTtas
/Sao/totj
TreirotTjpfvosre'ppas

OVTOS.

47

Tzetz.
48

iino
6rjvai)

Alex.
TOV

at

Protrept.
p.

PauS.

cKKaidfKa

5. l6,

Schol.

Cf.

613.

TiOeavi

KCU

Find.

O/.

177

'Hpaia'6

aywva

1^ di8vfjLOi

eiaiv

*Hpa

8e aycoi/

Vide5.

by Hippodameia.

'OAu^Tn'ao-i
/3")/j,ot

IO

5.

(TO""U-

qpaOoevTi.

erovs
6"pau'ovo-tv

fiia TTCP-TTTOV

fie avrat

yvvaiKes' at

eV Tlv\(O

Havvaais

OVTOS

i festivalfounded
afitXXa6pd/iounapOevois

60-rti'

Cass.

Lycoph.

251

P. TJ^V"Hpuv T/)Vfvytay icrropei

31

'HpaKXeou?6

avTov

Olympia

TreVXov

VII-IX.

eVHXifii.
Tip-copeV^y
Lye. 858 firi6crov*l"pas

Clem.

49

in Elis
'O7rXoo-p.ia

of Hera

Temple

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

8evr"pos

''UpasKoi 'A.6r)vas.
49

Patrae

Paus.

7. 2O,

:
TTfnoirjTat
figure of Hera

Aegae

PauS.

7^9 fie"Hpav TO

of

coin

on

'OXv/ZTri'ou
nepav

aya\p.aTOV

Hadrian,

Brit.

Cat.

Mus.

PI. 5. 18.

Patrae, p. 26,
Peloponnese,
b

r^y re "Upas TO

Sf 'Afyvas
AiytfOo-i

7. 23, 9

ayaA^ia on

^117

vabs

T(

KOI

"Hpat

^
T^ Ifpwo-vvrjv
yvi/nt^t,
f^y,
ai^

oXXos

a'XXco ye

6edarao-6ai.

Si)ot"dei/teVri

Sparta.
In the

C0a

PaUS.

"Upas

eVt

Agora
O

3. 13,

PaUS.
5e

TOV

\6"p(o vaus

TO)

ov

//. 4. 50

"6avov fie
firiK\v"ovros'
TTJS yrjso-fpiatv
eVi fie

"Hpas"
ap\aiov Ka\ovo~iv 'A(ppoSir7/f

Horn.

dvyaTpl yap.ovp.fvr]

TOI

1'fvop.iKacn

r"s

fi' ^/iei'/3eT*
^TreiTa jSocoTTi?
TroT^ta

TOV

"Hpns.

"a\
(TOVH\fvpu"vos^
\6(postcrriv
fjpwov
noppw,
/card
'Apyet'ny "Hpas fie tepov 'YTTfp^et/u'a?

TOV
tnoirj"T],
fj.avTf1ov
Evpatra no\v

fepor'ATroXXwi/os KCH

3. II, 9

e'p.oi
TpeTfp.eVTTO\V (piXTaraieta~i

*A.pyos

27rapT"7Te

Tf

"al

fvpvdyuia

^ndprrj. PaUS. 3. 15, 9 MoVotr


Aiyo^ayoy: Hesych. J. Z". ^Hpa
Kal aiyas
fie'EXXr/i/cov
Alyofpdyov
Ka6e"JTTjK(v
"Hpav eTroi"op.d"(iv
AaKtdaip.Gviois
^Co-ai (paaiv ifpeiatv
aTTop^
alyasSe
('HpaxXe'a)
TTJ Qfco Bvtiv
d

"/

avTov

30

aXXot'ajf: also at Corinth, vide supra


61

TOV
oi/e^arat

ovo-^

eV TTJ2Tv/n"^X""
T^
vnb

IlatSi' yr]p.ap.(vr)vfie
TOV

Xjjpav. Cf. Pind.

Ata

Kal

T"U

Att

eV

TeXeiW
e'^aXeo-eva^T/)v

(ode sung
oTpvvov

p.ev

vvv

at

Kcii

CIVTOV

p-eV
avrfj 6ta6ai,TTapdfVtp
fiiff
c^Qflvavfie

e'f Tr)v^,Tvp.(prj\ov
eVav^KOVO-av
wvop-UfffV

01. 6. 88

Aive'a,
npcoTov

dpxat9 T^/

Tijpfvov TpaffivaiTOVTOV

TOV

Kal eTruX^creif
I8pvo-no-6ai
Tpeis

e's
e'(/)' fir;
OTO)

8. 22,

"cat
"Hpav
IleXao-yoi)

Ifpa TTJ6"p Tpia


CTI

PaUS.

Arcadia:

a.

Stymphalus):
eVaipovr,

"Hpav Ilap6(i"tav

6 Tjy

GREEK

252
b

Mantinea

At

5e

At

TO.VTO.

Kal*Hpas Trpbs

ayuX/^ara a\)Tr\v

ra

decirpco
vaov

T"

ev
KadrjfjLevrjv
dpovto Kai

re

"HfBrjv
7raiSa"Hpa5.

Megalopolis:PaUS.

8. 31, 9

r/Hpa?reXeiar,6p.oiws

KOL

fo-nv

vaos

epfiTTia.

52

Heraea

Hera
TUV

PaUS. 8. 9, 3

K.OL

RELIGION.

of

coins

on

Ka\ aXXa

vaov

Cat.

Mus.

K.CU

PL

34.

Paus.

8.

26,

circ. 480

Heraea,

epeiTTia

Pelop.p. 181,

ol

Kioves

B.C.

1-5
2

of

head

TT)Sde "Hpas

e'XetTrovro.

en

Minor.

Asia
53

Brit.

Kandara

Steph.Byz.,x^piw

Ua(p\ayovias
.

*al
.

"UpasKavdap^s

Ifpov.
54

of Antoninus
coin
Pius, HPA
Paphlagoniae: on
Hera
AMACTPIANQN,
standingwith her right hand on a sceptre,her
left hand extended, with a peacock at her feet,
Overb. K.M.
2. p. 123,
No.

Amastris

4.

55

the

Lydia,Dioshieron : coin with Zeus and


Hera
reverse
standingwith sceptre,ib. p.

Num.
56

124,

the obverse,

on

No.

5 ;

Head,

on

Hist.

p. 549.

Byzantium : Dionysius Byzant. excerpta

Grace.

vol. 3, p.

Mmores, Hudson,
solum

quarum
victimam
57

Nero

primo

Phocaea

of Hera

aedes
acra

die mactat

anni
head

lunonia

extat

nomen

Duae

in

Geogr.veter. Script.
Plutonis

dicitur

et

ubi

lunonis

quotannis

Megarica.

gens

coin of fifth century, Brit. Mus.

on

Cat.

PI. 5. i, p. 209.
58

Cyme:

59

Halicarnassus

Zeus

Syll.127,

Cf.

3. 6.

with

phiale and sceptre, standing near


Geta,Overbeck, K. M. 2, p. 124, No. 6

and

and

Hera

Zeus

Panamaros

at

Stratonicea

: at

10.

Lebedos

Termessos

Cf. Bull,

in Pisidia

de Corr.

61

Cyrene :

62

Alexandria:

C. I. Gr.

Hesych.

Head

of Hera

on
'Apyet'a

Mus.

Cat.

336,

TOV

found
"H/"a,

time
on

No.

list of

Miles.

C. I. Gr. 4367 f.
/Sao-iXiV,

"Hpa eV^Kow

of
priestesses

evx^v

Ato/x^Sr/s.

Hera.

Miiller, Fragm. Hist.

of Alexandria

coins

of

Hera

4,

p.

161

'AXe^ai^Speta
rfjs"Hpa? dyaX/zarosecpti"pd6rj.

lv

Alexandria, p. 17,

Inscriptionin
KOI

of
priestess

5143,

KXerrrcov

r?7

Hell. 3, p.

XfTrt'Sas xpvcras

62 a

134, 370.

Hera,

coin of Caracalla

on

Miinztafel

60

Ditt.

PL

of time

of Nero

Brit.

i.

Ptolemy Euergetes II,C. I.

island of the Cataracts.

Gr.

4893

The
63

VII-IX.

CHAPTERS

FOR

REFERENCES

253

Islands.

Euboea

of Hera

(i)Head

aChalcis:

coins circ. B.

(?)on

c.

369-

(2)Head of Hera
336, encircled with disk,Head, Hist, Num. p. 304.
coins circ. 197-146 B.C.; ib. p. 304,
veiled and wearing stephane on
(3) Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece,PI. 21. i, p. 1 14, circ.
fig.203.
196-146

Types, PI.

cf. Gardner

Carystus: Steph.Byz. s.v.

df
fK\r)0Tj

TO

century coins
refer

the

to

Paus.

on

Mount

118,

19.

bull

fifth
may

Hist. Num.

century

5.

df)Trpbs TOV

OTO"

the

Carystus,second

EvftoiasKal Atpcpva

opos

On

"Hpaf.

calf and

Oche, Head,

Greece,PI.

"Hpcive(j"

9. 3,

the

and

of

Dirphys : Steph.Byz. S.V.

p.

Eufriias

TVS

"Pfl

Kal

AIDS
/ui"fcoy

cow

on

Cat. Central

rfj"QXH

coins

of Hera

head

12,

15. 27, p. 177.

VUG

6("av

T"OV

Carystus,the
worship of Hera

Brit. Mus.

B.C.,

IloXts

of

Veiled

p. 303.

rrjs

ano

opos

21.

seated with patera and sceptre,wearing

coin of SeptimiusSeverus,Hera
small calathus

quadriga; ib. PI.

sceptre in

with

Hera

B.C.,

Aid

r)

"Hpa

a"pyiau.evriv

Ti/uarat.

f'sEvftoidv

(pao-LV dvax^p^jo-ai.

The

the birth of

and

Perinthus
64

of the island

name

ib.

avTov
'EKaTo/j-fBaia

Paus.

"

o~vyyev"iav.

TOVS
Of

fv

TH

avTol

Kai

cv

Kpov

(v

vrjaa

of

eivat

eVi

KOI

TIS

6ebv

Ti]v

8'

'Hpaicp'

TO"

ayaX/ian

rai

Kal veins fJityag

HapdfviarrpoTcpov

os

fyevfTo
vvv

Kaptov.

TO)

Paus.

ev

TO

rot?

/zaXicrra

Herod.

irdvra"v vqu"v

efcaXctro Se
.

'Ifj.ftpdo'a
Trora^uco

TfKfiaipoiTO.

Strabo, 637

'Poucoy.

ecrrt
TrtvaKodrjKi]

OIKOVVTM

napd

tfpbvTOVTO

TO

ovv

vrjbs(jLcyioros
f^fpyaaTcti
o~(pi(2a/^i'otcri)

dpxtTfKTa"i"
irpwTos

TOV

ifpovTO

ev

av
ap\aiov ov% T^Kicrra

rpiTov

$*

To

Tt^"fjvcu
vofj.i"ov"rtv
TTJ
T?] \vya" TTJ

VTTO

dveOrjKfv
TJJ

TIJS"Hpat elcrlvol Idpixrao-dai


(pcuri
"Si'ifjico
8e
e^
"Apyous*
TO
Sa'/xtoi
ayaX/xa
Apyol nXfovTas,(rrdyeadai avrovs
7- 4" 4

'

cf. Schol.

\eyetvfiri^mpiov

vvv

Roehl, Jnscr. Grace. Ant. 384 Xi/pa/iv^sp


of Hera.
on
"HprjayciX/ia,
inscription
very archaic statue
Samos

'.

tv
TOV
"Apyeidy"vos'('ITTOLKOI
p.ifj.T]o~iv
yap

Kara

Hera

Aegina)"Hpas

"" 'piaTopeffs,
ddp-acraas
fpya"
Tpicr(rals,

VIKOIS

8e (prjcrtra
Atdv/io?
Apy(io)vAiyii'TJrat*

65

of

Aristomenes

(ode to

79

'Hpaioav
AlyivTj
dyopevcov

dywva dia.TTJV

of
priestess

vide 65h.

"iri\mpiov

(v

the

Epaphos, Strabo, 445.

Aegina : Pindar,Pyth.8.

aywv

with lo

connected

TWV

3. 60

idp,(V
rjp.els

dp^aiov
'Hpatoi/,
(jjSa/ita""vrjaos}

5- J3" 8 Tf"ppasyap

drjeari

Kai

TTJ"Upa TTJ2a/ii'a
/Sco/ior.
c

near
riv

Hera

Bull,
'Apxrjyeris:

de Corr.

Hell. 2, p. 180,

fvo-ejSetas
temple of Hera, praisinga citizen,

eveta

"Hpav Kal Kaiaapa Yfpp.aviKov

mov.

found
inscription
ts

TC

TT}V

GREEK

254
(i

Lactantius

nubentis

Inst,

17,

i.

figuratum et

RELIGION.

sacra

in habitu

quotingfrom Varro, simulacrum


eius anniversaria
nuptiarum

ritu cele-

brantur.
'Acrtou
Trapariderai
526 mpl rfjs2a/zio"t"
Tpvfprjs
Aoupts i"TTOpa"v

Athenae.

Trotj^iara, efpopovv
^XtSeoi/a?
Trepi
ort

ej3d$i"ov
'Hpaicov
KaTfKT"vi(rp,evoi
Id.

K.O."

672

"Kao~Tov

\|/mo"ru
re

TT a

par

TOOI/

r^v

lunonis

haec

et

Schol. //. 14.


rrjv

"VK\ea

Troiovai

lv

Am

(pao-t TOV

Aug.

Athenae.

ydp-ovs.

Me\7ra)fj."V
vrjaov

jD^ ClV. Dei

d(j)avirdi/oty

rw

iepw

6. y

rrjs

Sacra

celebrabantur,ubi

diroTrap6e-

yoveav

\d6pq.o-vyKoip.i"ovaiv,

Kopay

irivovrtsorras
6730 QvfjLrjpes
'

rjfjLerepys. Hera

decnrdTiv

187.

i.

^copi'oz/
Steph.Byz. 'irrvovs,
2a/za)eV

Samian

"V

Hera

coins

on

of

'

co

Perinthus

iepbv"Hpas
:.

K.

Overbeck,

M.

2.

i,

10.

Paros

Anth.

'

Pal.

7. 351,

pubL 'Adrjvmov5,

epigr.of Dioscorides,

ou^' "Hprjs
dyvialsEi'So/zez/

our' lv
Kal 8ai/j.ovas,

Inscr.

rroielv ev

"SdfjLm
\ddpa T"V

Otovs

oo/nous.

"r)Tr]criv
iroirja'a-

avrov

Trpwrrjv

"2dfj.ioi
fjLvrjCTT"vovT"S ras
TOVS

vvpfprjv

Apoll.Rhod.

66

TOVS

ort
eoprfjv

TTJV

dilecta insula Samo

in eius

296

o6ev

*HpaV

elrci7rappr](Tia

PI. i,

KOI

TU"V

ayovTfS

data est lovi,

nuptum

levcraL

roveia

dvcriav
p-eXXovrav^.ay.iwv

1.23

o7rXo)i"eno/jiTrevov.
ev
ndv8r)fjiov
r)/xe$'

sunt

TTJV eoprrjv

ufTaCppevov

TO

KaKfivBai

KOI

WTTO

Polyaen.Strat.

Ai09

eVi

Kopas

idea"8 at,

TO

KOI

TO
drroKop.i^"0~0ai
/3pera?e? T^v j}dVaKUI

eros

aura)

Tas

TT"pt"t\rj6r]vai
jSpe'ras"Upas

Qpa^tocn

rots

ev

'Epao-tW?;
"UprjAyprjTpi9eo-/ioIlpacrcoi/os

p. 15

Kal K-oprj
Kal Ail Eu/SouXeiKal BajSoI.
(f)6pco
67

'Ao-ruTraXaa

68

Amorgos

69

Rhodes

vt'as(TT
poaay
Hera

and
71

S.V.
72

Diod.

80, PI. 5.

Gr.

2554,

and

19.

; Ditt.

/cat

1867,

30,

No.

on

1. 179,

coin of Antoninus

At

7i*Hpa

LindoS

Bao-iXf/a

ibid.
ei2pdXuTOf,

2555,

head

of Hera

Tylisos,Brit. Mus.

on

fourth

Cat. Crete,pp.

17e and

Cyprus: Paphos, C. I. Gr. 2640; Amathus,


lv Kuyrpo): cf. 8.
'EXeur "Hpct
Cos

Sytt.358.

'laXuo-iotf"yHpav
vv^as TeX^i-

15 ; vide Cnossus

2 1

7.
ib.

2643. Hesych.

Pius,Hera

wearing veil,with sceptre


righthand, standingon car drawn by pea

phialein her left and


cocks, Overbeck, K. M. 2,
and

Se

Arch.

and

of Cnossus
ii

i, p. 342

Se Kajuetpeuo-tv
"Hpai/TeX^tWar.

Foucart, Rev.

C.I.

coins

"Hpa.
'Apt(rro/"\fta
Kvpioviapacra/Mei/a

Sic. 5. 55 napa

Hera
: at lalysos
/Sco/xoV

Crete:

century

2491

yJfz'//.
" "/.7"j/. -4M.

opevBrivat)
irapa

Basileia

e^fceroi'
70

C. /. Gr.

p. 124,

No. 6.

Athenae.

262

"^o-iyap

256

GREEK

82

Hyria of Campania: Brit. Mus. Cat. Italy,p.


stephane,Lacinia ? fourth century.

with
83

Neapolis? :

84

Pandosia

85

Phistelia

(PnearCumae): Head,

85
a

86

ib. p. 370, head

of Hera

Lacinia,? fourth century.

Ael.

Var. Hist. 3. 43

cf. Athenae.

Metapontum

521

Pliny 14.

Hist. Num.

'Ei"

2u/3apft
.

Metaponti templum

Steph.Byz. s.

head

p. 35,

v.

"/

of

dya"via
yv

r#

2v/3api?.

lunonis

vitigineis

stetit.

Slrabo, 215

'Ei'eroiySuo aXar]TO

rots

napa

SeiKwrai
p.ev"Hpas
'A.pyelas

AtYwXtSoy.
'Apre/xtfios

o"

!8

Ka\

Lacinia,? fourth century.

Sybaris:

columnis

of Hera

of Hera

B.C.

eVereXoui/ 777 "Hpa

head

92,

ib. p. 94, head

circ. 400

Hera,

TO

RELIGION

Posidonia

Strabo,

fie

Mera

252

TO

AfVKavia
2iXapt"off

rot!

o-ro^a

'laaoi/os 1dpvfj.a}
/cai
TTJS"Hpas lepovr?js 'Apycoas
"v
7r\rj(TLOv
7T(VTi']KovTa

TO

? Hera

(TTadiois 17 lloo-etSama.

Areia

Argeia,vide Pliny,3. 70.

or

Sicily.
89

Ael.

Syracuse:

(Te\(i)i"os}cf. C. /. Gr.
90

Hyblae

head

Thermae,

92

head

Himera:

Mythol.vol.
93

Selinus

of the
a

Inscr.

temples:
At Acrae

Clem.

of Hera
Alex.

Id. Strom.

eaTr)K(v

2iK(\ias
.

f)"

p.ev r\v

with

stephane

circ. 405-

128.

of

Argive type: Overbeck,

Kunst.

22.

Graec.

to

prayer

Hera

found

in

one

Sicil. et Ital. 271.


listof

5424,

names

TWV

Trpoa-rareucrai/rcoz/

-worship.

cf.

coluisse

P. r?;? Ki^atpwvtas
"Hpas ayaX/xalv Qeairia

40

Arnobius, Adv.

ramum

pro

Nation.

Cinxia

(p.418 P.)ypd"peiyovv

6.

ridetis tem-

Thespios.

KaXTroi^rras
^oputvida
K.a\Bvadvoiat
OXi"/i7Tta8os
(3a(Ti\(ir]s"Hpr]s
f]arre'jLc/xao-i
'Apyeirjs,
I.

25

Protrept.4.
so

2.

Protrept.
4.

Trepi

irpoTfpov

p.

Hera

C. I^Gr.

Id.

Lacinia

inscriptioncontaininga

poribuspriscis

96

TrdXfts
"Y/3Aaf rpeZs-

Hera

of

TrpefjLvov (KKfKoyfjievov

95

i/aw
rf/s2tKeXias"Hpas

5367.

v.

s.

Num.

2, Munztaf.

Monuments
94

of

Hist.

Head,

B.C.:

350

83

Steph. Byz.

rw

'HpataKaXemu.

"\aTTO)v
91

eV

II

"IKU"V

avrov

TJV

Var. Hist. 6.

KLOVO.

40

jj-aKpov

P.

ro

o~avis,vaTepov

also Callimachus

6 TYJV

dvdo~(rr]s.

T^S Sap-ias"Upas
5e

eVi

in Eus.

co?
(aya\p.a)
,

HpoK\eovs

Praep. JEv.

3. 8.

REFERENCES
97

Archaic

FOR

of Hera

statue

TOV
AiytvfjTov
2/zt'XiSoy

fpyov

2a/xt06"v\ivovet^oi/ "W,

/cat

Samos

at

VII-IX.

CHAPTERS
Paus.

EI"K\CIOOV.

7. 4, 4

eon

yap

Praep. Ev.

Eus.

257

3. 8

8f]ai/Spo?

"Hpas Se

$770-1
KnXXt'/Lta^oy,

coy

fvgoov,aXX'

00770) Sp.iXtKoi'
epyov

eVi

T(dp.u"

dt)V(iiu
y\v(pdvo)vagoos r^dBa cravis.
Clem. Alex.
TOO
2/Jt'Xt^OS

T"7

41 P.

Protrept.
p.

6"e "V 2dp.a"r^j

TO

"Hpay "o'a," (r/it'Xiy

I
Eu/cXft'5oU 7T"7TOlt)(T0ai
(V
ZdplClKolsl(TTOpfl
'OXvfJLTTlXOS

cf. Lactantius,
quoted 66(i.
PaUS.

17, 4

2.

Se

TO

/ze'yn,
/neye'^t
ayaX^inr^? "Hpas eVt OpovovKaOr^rai

eV /calf\e(pavTos,
Uo\vK\fiTov
/cat

"flpay

tire

KOI

ipyaa perns

KOKKvya de eVt rai

napdtvovTrjs "Upas
jjipa

ts

5e epyoi/'

TUV

^etpcoi/

opviffaaXXay^at r^i/6e

rov

TOVTOV

100

ai/TcS

Planud.

Anthol.

ot

4. 216

xal oarjv

Tjr. Z?/w.

5e

Aia, ore

naiyviov

ayaX/na

TWJ/

'EXX^'co

T^ ^'
KaBqpcvov eV "9poj/a"

i/atd

/fat

/MOJ/OS

14. 6

o/ji/jLtunv

"Hpav

tifie TV~u"criip.(V("^
"il
0"p.is'

ovov

Max.

TW

art

TV

KOKKvg.

6
tiuprjcras

"Hpa

rt^yr] NavKuSovs

Trap'
'Apyei'ots/zeyiora

oyaX/xar^y "Hpay eV

Kdi fV
fTKTJTTTpOV

(pe'pet
poms,
rov

Schol. TheoCF. /^/. 15. 64 *ai

J)^tfeoi/TO

T^ /zeVKapnov

Xa'piras
or/^a^os:

ot

KaQrjvBai
(TK^TTTpto
^atrt,\fyovrts

XeytratSc Trap"rTT]Kei"ai TJ/

5e

eTTfort

6'

/coXTroty

1^770

HoXi'fcXfiTos
"Hpavefi6,|";
'Apyciois

Ita
d? Corona 7 lunoni vitem Callimaclius induxit.
Tertullian,
subiecto pedibuscorio leonino
et Argissignum eius palmiteredimitum
de exuviis utriusque
insultantem ostentat novercam
privigni.
"

103

Martial

89:
tuus
luno, labor, Polycleite,
10.

Pheidiacae
14

ChryS. Or.

Dio

I, p.

cuperent

67 R.

quam

yvvai"a

avt owoiav

Anthol.

16

BoeoTTts

Grace. 5, Erotica

"Hp?;:

Trurvta

VOL.

I.

boopin.

(Vfi^

Ka\

manus.

XfVKrj
fffQrJTt,
p.(yd\r)v,

Se
TO
pd\i(TTaTTjv "Hpcivypd"f)ovcrf

Plutarch,
Ilesych./3oa"7rtyfjLfya\o(p6ahp.os.

"/"?TvV T?WJ-/. ii.


ut

meruisse

"

"oo"7rts^ Troths

magna,

gloriafelix

94

Quaest.Graec. 36

Novi

et

TOV

maiestatem

(Xtyet)cf. Varro,
/zeyaXd"p#"Xp.oi/
bourn, et

ab

his dici

pleraque

X.

CHAPTER
ATHENA.

THE
different

attempts

different

theories

tions

need

but

the

the

feminine

reverse

the

62,the

is

Attic

cult.

As
in

that

Ionic

tribes, or

This

very

which

is

Athena

from

that

reasons

have

we

anterior

the

testimony

legends,and

the

records13

we

Cf.

town-names
comenae,

which

other

many

similar

in the Greek

world

also

forms
:

the

origin of

the

conclude

'Achaean'

the

the

from

the

such

names

derived

settlements.

new

character,

Vide

Oriental

theory

that

her

many

of the

heroic

afford

ample

proof.

local
as

from

and

Dorian

universalityof

and

of

the

of Athena

can

we

the

goddess imported

of the

cults

by

in

celebrityof

discoverable

Oriental

local

city

by

any

of

Alal-

then

common

worship

in their

of Homer

Potniae, Eleutherae,Apellae,
illustrate

the

illustrations

As

have

cult

is

strong against the

disguised

Asia.

are

tutelarygoddess

divinityof

by

comes

city,and

singularly Hellenic

all

at

Attic

form

world,

them

her

and

; hence

Boeotia
its

slightly,

adjective denoting

Greek

by

adopted

scarcely tinged

influence,are

the

to

find

we

primitive Hellenic

antiquity

of

longer

originallyworshipped

period, and

in

times

parts of the
a

was

this

any

in

place

explana

varies

as

base

to

their

on

great antiquity and

the

earliest

various

she

name

city gave

That
of

sign

of

Attic

Athens.

in the

very

the

it and

word

old

as

'AOrivaia,
properly an

name

of

The

be

to

name

the

origin

discussed.

here

plural Athenae,

longer

Homer

Athena's

to

the

and

unknown,

explain

to
philologists

as

process

goddess

remains

name

'AOrivrj
appears

form

'AdijvaiAiaSes
a

of

be

not

the

of

meaning

cult ; it is

possiblethat

Thespiae, Syracusae,are
forgottencult-terms,

GeographicalRegister.

ATHENA.

Her

primeval

worship was
best

can

Phlye, special cults


various

sion, there

the

was

name

wall-decoration

the

brazen

temple

heroes

Megarid coast,
have

there.

famous

centres

Boeotian

her

one

of

her,and

of her

worship ;
her

of Homer

There
and

of the countries

many

taken

it had
is record
of the

that claimed

root

were

of the
in Phthi-

and

probably

in Ithaca

of its existence

in

and

be the

the

Thasos,

Cyclades,in Crete,which
to

to

protected the

watchword

Byzantium

and

attached

was

of Athena-cult

find traces

and

XaAi^m

Alalcomenae

the

was

name

At

yoking of

the

Itonia

Athena

on

seems

period.

Athena

and

Greece,Thebes

same

and

Megara

Achaean

worshipsof

the

with

the

in Messenia

legend of Bellerophonand

North

islands.

Lemnos, Samos

the

with

otis,Pallene,Macedon, Abdera
western

this A

with

there

league,and

the time

the

the story and

and

her cult-titleAiantis in

Thessalians in battle. We

before

market

protects the A rgive

She
war,

the

Argolis we hear of
the Acropoliswhere

mysterious cult-title Hellotis

the
In

on

war-goddess,

One of
rgivereligion.
of ancient Arcadian
worship was Athena
in
Athena
Napjcaiain Elis and 'Ajzapfe

while

Pegasos associated

Hippia; and

In

and

Trojan

and

find the

we

and

primitiveaspects
worships at Mothone

connected

Corinth

law-court

more

said of her

be

the

shrine.

is interwoven

reveal the

be

to

state.

Pontinus

in the Theban

Achaea

the

inva

Dorian

temple of Athena
Mycenaean style of

the

continued

in her

buried

the chief personages


The
cults of
Alea.

her

she

Mount

on

cult of Diomed

to

from

the

the

house, or

derived

and

her
her, recognizing

to

Sparta,before

Lacedaemonian

Acrisiuswas

may
the

At

goddess of the council

place,in
her

consecrated

were

aspects.

Chalcioecus,a
the

higher

Sunium^

in

under

the

as

we

religion; in no other city of Greece


character of her worship so manifold as at Athens,
of the demes, Colonus, Acharnae,
many

the

and

well

as

that

her

developments of
was

it is here

Attica,and

primitive forms

the

trace

in

of
birth-place

was

the

The
goddess,in Cyprus,Carpathus and Rhodes.
last mentioned
island,
according to Pindar's beautiful legend,
stood
only next to Athens in the favour of the goddess,the

water-born

Rhodians

having through

carelessness
S

in their

first act

of

ritual offered
coast

of Asia

traces

of this

and

Minor

Homer

Greeks

his contemporary

and

Athena, and

far to

not

for the

look

the

early

offer their prayers


religion. The Trojan women
peplos to the goddess on their Acropolis,whom

woven

have

we

fire117. On

sacrifice without

lepd,a

anvpa

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

260

cult doubtless

whose

identified

belonged

with

the

to

Pallas

Mycenaean

legends concerning the heroes' disastrous return


of
and the consequent migrations of families attribute much
their troubles to the wrath of the Trojan goddess whose
temple
had been
profanedby Ajax, and we have sufficient evidence
period.

The

afforded

by the

Locrian

of this Asia

early influence

the

world.

Also

it

rites that

from

was

goddess, were
predominant in the
established

It travelled
the

and

to

cities
as

numerous

sites of her

place

to

be

can

in very

are

In
very

its

and

dealing with
few

rude
have

we

sacrifices
that

that

too

can

even

to

we

south.

Spain ;

possessing it,
than

old

of these
nor

and

in

the

actual

for its birth

cities

places
anywhere
or

trace

are

the

religiousideas

notably primitive or
some

preserves

worship,we find
The
legend
savage.

of this

touches

of

early

very

imagination,such as the swallowing of Metis, and


human
Laodicea
the record
in Porphyry that
at
offered to Athena
once
la, but it is probable
were

the

goddess

semi-oriental

daughters

religionwas
none

north

as

fewer

and

cities,and

coast

Minor, both

originalseat,

of the birth of Athena

Athena,

the

the

probably far

This

remembered,

regarded as

of the

and

definite line of its diffusion.

any

of

Palladion

Sicily,Magna Graecia, and


and
places that are recorded

they are,
worship.

be

of

many

of Asia

settlements

inland

some

widespread primitive

two

supposed to be derived. Her cult became


later kingdom and cityof Pergamon, and

seated

was

that

of

in the Greek

worship

type of the

types of Athena-idols, the

it

Minor

Troy

below

mentioned

are

Artemis.

of

Cecrops,
who

and

Acropolis

legend of

to

has

human

whom

this

ritual

the

story

Also
who

flung themselves
been

with

much

sacrifice in her
a

Mommsen,

down

from

by

the

was

of

Athens

at

mad

driven

were

belonged

the

the

the

wrath
rock

of

probabilityinterpretedas
worship*; for we have other

Heortologie,
p.

12.

of the

evidence
other

in

tried

outrage

done

middle

of the

Locris
and

fourth

in

burnt

from

into the
but

story of murder,

Hellenic

the

But

informs

Athena's

took

Callimachus'
At

act a.

the

little doubt

takes

the

Tauric

saying

that

HfeV

The

the

'

name

the

that

Athena

combine

the

the

the

Attic

in

the

evidence

And

that

of

version

century

4.

in

on

women

and

religious

There

all the
escorted
cVi

Euripides

ills of

mortal

have

Ua\\abi"?;

been

for it is
4

//ndAAas
inscriptions

this

concerning

Berlin,is
b

an

if

the
we

ephebi-inscriptions

the Attic

the

applied to

is confirmed

view

it

wash

to

must

not

be

can

this pretext,

under

by Pausanias

vase

her

was

pomp

away

given by

narrated

fine fourth

Inachus5,

court

of
Possiblyalso the representation
the
before
Pallas bathing
Judgement of
a

the

Palladion, but

Paris, on

it in

coast

Attic

the

Polias.

legend

Argive

great

Ephebi

the

the

from

at

to

harm

yearly escorted by
Phaleron, and brought back-

cleanses

sea

by Suidas and
appropriate to

idol of

with

as

image

image

Palladion

called
a

just

sea-water,

purified

Scholiast

The

object of the journey was


Iphigenia in the play of

the

that

been

the

of Pallas

and

torches

mere

year

secular

sea-shore

the

city with

the

in

gives us a
the image

Athens
to

once

bathed

and

image
poem

Ephebi

that

us

cast

idol, that

the

of

washing

ashes

in certain

only

was

were

this is no

long

primitivecharacter.

religionpreserved a
Callimachus

the

as

it

sent

were

piacularrites.

of certain
had

they

bones

their

It is clear that

and

become

to

their

and

of Athena

worship

ceremonials, such

less

shorn,
first that

way,

the

yearly from
single garment

slain ;

reminiscence

till about

temple, where

The

and

lb.

sea

this taint of savagery,

from

only

in Athena's

by night.

rites

secret

the

sent

were

hair

their

handmaidens

mountain

with

and

by the inhabitants
a
peculiar ceremonious

met

were

century, maidens

of

account

on

early times

From

Trojan shore, wearing

and
priestesses

performed

Athena

of

Cassandra.

sandals,

no

rites

wrath

the

to

the

to

The

Locrian

appease

being part of such ritual


be
same
primitive fact may
with which
of atonement
they

rock

cults.

in the

to

from

leap

Hellenic

discerned

to

261

ATHENA.

x.]

artistic motive

same

source.

Iph.

Taur.

1193.

the

origin

drawn

from

262

GREEK

of the

We

court.

washed

was

armed

and

youths

Athenians

and

of
the

the

image

wipe off the stain


along with an escort

of
of

torch-

lightprocessionto
Demophon and the armed
a

friendlyArgives,when
We

mistake.

captured by

was

in

that

suppose
to

borne

was

Diomed

upon

Palladion

it

brought back
night attack

the

commemorate

Phalerum

at

sea

that

[CHAP.

reasonably

may

in the

homicide, and

RELIGION.

the

then

must

dis

tinguishthis ritual from the Plynteria2,about which we are


only imperfectlyinformed, but which clearlyreferred to the
Athena
Polias and
the cult of Aglauros on
the Acropolis.
The
does not refer to the washing of the idol
do
name
we
a

"

hear

not

"but

that this ceremony


the

to

washing

all

place at

of Athena's

The

mournful
and mythically
solemnitywas
death
of Aglauros, the story being that

for her

the

off,the
the

idol

chief

when

f" g.

Alcibiades

well

the

could

was

be

done.

It

have

been

exile,and,

merely part

of

and
significance,

necessitated

the

whom

the

whole

human

word

sin,which

on

up,

and

which

no

afterwards

was

as

day

from

him2a"b.

and

its robes

idol

in which
fetish-ritual,
clothed

as

certain

though

it

acquire

to

such

rites

pollutesthe temples

there

is

though

no

other

and

the

moral

leading Greek

or

ideas

in her

he

Ephebi

-nXvvtiv

the

that

the

idol

was

washed

divinityto

attached

thought

savage

in the

assumes

roped

were

explains all

properly refers
to
account
given by
Mommsen
{Heortologie,
p. 429) of the
Plynteriagoes far beyond the evidence ;
clothes ;

one

face

almost

was

Artemidorus

little of crude

so

Athena, and

The

by

it

unwashed

6.

images

On

but

with

sorrow

this ominous

was

goddess turned her


of cleansing the
ceremony

of

out

muffled

and

with

connected

temple

unlucky

an

from

returned

living person

moral

feast

its raiment

apparel

Plyntrides2 d.

or

year

the

is washed, oiled, and


fetish-object

were

as

veiled

Originallythe
may

for

went

stripped of

business

Loutrides

approaches to

of the

believed, the

The

was

day

important

the

of Attica

women

2 e'

garments

called

other

and

peplos

the

women

this occasion

on

by
the

official

took

worship

Plynteria,which is
though very probable, and
down

to

Phaleron

Plynteria with
without

the

he

did

not

not

told

was

us

taken

combines

procession of

warrant.

to

as

the
the

264

GREEK

Hellenic

Pantheon.

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

In

with
department of nature
especiallyconcerned, though she might
sion in a great many,
availing herself

there

is

She

leadingOlympian.

but

she

dew

or

he

that

heat

taught

men

moderns

in Messenia
Athena

hear

we

give

in Macbeth.
have

to

tory,

was

goddess

avert

or

it

speciallyconsulted
legend says is that
by frequent tempests,

would

All

that

was

troubled

be

the

have

to

say

gas, because

of Athena

shrine
either

by

ancients

or

Boreas

localitythe

that

in

of winds.

the matter

on

this

of

part

until Diomed

the

coast

prayed

placed an image in her shrine, and gave her


she was
title 'Av"{j."TL"f.
He probably did all this because
tutelarygoddess, not because she signifiedfor him the
or

thunder

or

remotely connected
8
Nap/cata

that

say

beneath
is thunder
effect of
who

dawn
with

in Elis ; and

therefore

and

tempest. Again

those

resolve

who

this
a

epithet refers to
midnight sky in winter
lightningmight

and

the

flash.
lightning-

this
petrifies,

would

the

so

translate

the

of

Dionysos, who

possiblethat
hero
on

has
the

grown

word,
built

here,
out

told

temple

in

as

of

contrary, Athena

of

but

many

hero

Athena

to

other

misunderstood
absorbed

go
the

in

who

goddess
the

wore

for

further

people

did

Napxaios, a

an

not
son

NapKcu'a. It

cult-name,

region

is

fictitious

instances, a
this

might

petrifying

the

goddess

gorgoneium in her aegis,and we need not


explanation. But in the localityof Elis

less

say that she

the

it from

the

blue

effects of frost

Nap/ccua means

denote

his

Athena

an

her into ether

those who

derive

or

more

hear of

we

numbing

; and

If

be

might

to

the

Athena,

ether

religionany leading

stood, then

have

to

the

nor

as

temple, which
prehistoric,stood

seems

olive,

easily as the witch


by the legend
appears
a
on
windy
promon

wind

occa

of the

Aeolus

as

privilege as

might

was

on

produced

regarded

never

If that
been

as

use

of

as

saint, could

the

we

wind-divinity,s'uch
powerful deity,as in the mediaeval

any

her

of mephitic
personification
of divination.
mode
particular

'A^eju"ms7,but
or

else

it :

active

of

that

earth

the

nourished

men

be

Athena

the

was

Mothone

At

showed

therefore

not

was

Apollo

that

which

no

worship

and

ordinary legend

the

or

the

that
local

x.]

ATHENA.

title of

and

honours

reference

have

to

Thirdly, in
with

nexion

whose
Ncdovo-ia,
that

flowed

the

And
brook

stood

KtopaAio?, the

the

same

of

called

hear

we

the banks

on

of

the

island
her

hill 10,which

maiden,'

the Boeotian

river

NVSow,

gulf; and

perhaps gave
the

con

Athena

an

of the

in the

name

beneath

brook

'

might

obvious

some

info the Messenian

Laconia

flowed

has

Strabo

Itonia at Coronea

that

Strabo

Athena

In

temple

from

Athena

cults

water.

worshipped by

was

name
Dionysiac hero, whose
stupefying effects of drink*.

certain
the

265

Cos9.

of

the

to

name

Alcaeus
which

but

she

calls

according

by
name
that need have nothing to do with the goddess.
But a lake
and
the worship of Athena
Kopr]o-ta,
Kop^o-ta14,are mentioned
by Stephanos as existing in Crete b ; and a lake in Lydia
to

is said

was

Eustathius

by

facts

These
toric

give

have

to

proof

no

at

settlers Kova/nos,a

given her the


all that

she

Yvyaiair".

name
was

his

in

ever

prehistorictimes

a
essentially
water-deity,though
she may
been
sometimes
have
worshipped on the sea-coast
at
as
Sunium, Calabria,and other places12'13'470'57.
They
merely illustrate how a local cult could give as well as owe
to surroundingobjectsof nature, whether
name
river or
a
hill,
The
tree.
for the
sea-gullsabout the rock might account
or

curious
of the

Megarid

identified

way

At0waln, which

name

attached

Athena

to

on

coast, where

by

possiblythe goddess was in


people with the bird, as Artemis

the

crag

some
was

is far less
occasionallyidentified with the quail. But Athena
a
water-goddessthan Artemis, who much more
frequentlyhad
"We have

va

in

examples of both processes


religion:e.g. Iphigenia do-

Greek

veloped from
Artemis, Peitho
the other hand
on
Aphrodite;
Agamemnon, Athena Aiantis90 b.
b

Another
of the

given

illustration that
same

point of

in Cicero, De

passage

quarta (Minerva) love


Oceani

Nat.
nata

view

et

sion

from

Kopv^rj.

the whole

context

is the

of

3. 23

faint reminiscence

Coryphe,

shows

may

an

un-

speculativeattempt to apply
the
principlesof logicaldivision to
mythology. If there is any genuine

an

Oceanid

or

the

the mother,

came

there

shrine

from

sprang

have

confu-

near
Kopv"f"rjs,

upovs

Hence

This

of

speaks

tm

Athena

A/o?.
Kopv(f"ri

been

Coriam
Arcades
filia,quam
et quadrigarum inventricem

fortunate

Kopia

Clitor ; and

nominant,
ferunt

it is full of foolish

Pausanias70

of Athena

Zeus-

has

Deor.

myth here,

been
may

the
be

of

name

here

of

Tritogeneia.
theory that Ocean was the
originof all things. We find partlythe
confusion
in the genealogygiven
same
of the Etymologicum
by the author
or

the Homeric

Magnum

L7f,who

daughter
Koryphe.

of Poseidon

makes
and

Athena

the

the Oceanid

266

do with

to

it be

to

on

thunder-cloud
have

We

would
Still more
absurd
running water.
the
these slightgrounds that Athena
was

rivers and
say

watery

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

then

the

consider

to

ether.

blue

watery

or

of

evidence

the

word

occurring in poetry as early as Homer,


local myths, but scarcelyfound at all
explained by many

a
TpiroyeVetaa,

and

term

in actual

worshipIGa.

rassment

even

the

to

the

That

caused

name

ancients, is indicated

embar

some

by

fictitious

the

headgrammarians that the word meant


born,'and the assumption of a Boeotian word T/nro meaning
This word
has no analogiesin Greek, and is probably
head.'
From
the analogy of such
words
a
grammatical figment
Tritonis
the
as
name
applied to
Triton, Amphitrite, and

explanation of

the

'

nymph,

the root

and

Triton

of the word

Aristophanes we
for the

meant

of water/

them

help

to

In

invocation

is

that the word


first

in the
the

nature

the term

that

that

believe

may

from

And

certain
fairly

be

can

lakes,we

water.

means

in

passage

TpiroyeWia

from some
kind
born near
or
ordinary Greek
call to Tritogeneia
the Lysistrate16 c, the women
the point of the mock
in bringing water, and
clear.
But
the grammarians' attempt to show
(

'

meant

place it

of

rivers and

to

'

from

is of

that

indicates

things the

did, namely, born

'

head-born

'

the water

why in
it probably
what
mean
and, secondly,that they
did

they

should

word

interest,because

some

not

see

origin. Accepting, then,


regarded the word as of Boeotian
the ordinaryexplanationof the word
as
meaning water-born/
have stillto ask why this name
was
we
given to her. Accord
'

ing

Preller

to

Homeric

it contains

theory

that

Ocean

But

not
why, then, were
just as they were
Tptroye^ets,

far-fetched

more

regarding Athena

the

named

Ovpaviaves?

is that

concludes
strous

of the

dexterous

name

TpiToyeveta, and

sign of the crab


worship

at

on

certain

her

the
and

of

Welcker'sb, who

ether-goddess,explains

article

rare

her

casque
maritime
places,he

and

Hesiodic

the

origin of ail things.


divinities equally termed

all the

solution

to

the

was

in the
by F. Lenormant
Gazette Archcologique,1880, p. 183, is
full of wild symbolism. On the strength
a

The

as

allusion

an

the

that

the

way

crab
to

once

was

with

Athena

sign of

there

the

the

fish

word
a

mon-

extremities,

alludingin
Moon

and

some

the

Gorgon,
b

Griechische

Gotterlehre,
i,

p. 312.

x.]
'

as

of

ATHENA.

born

from

ethereal

Heraclitean

elements.

the

first necessary

that

convince

to

tion

of ether.

from

the far western

way

of

it

water

later

cognate

were

cult-

philosophy,and

that Athena

us

anticipation

an

interpretancient

to

of

medium

in

sees

light and

hazardous

it is

through

names

water,'and

doctrine

But

267

was

it is

personifica

Scarcely more

inter
convincing is Roscher's
is devised
suit
his theory about
the
to
pretation, which
thunder-cloud, that Tritogeneia denotes the goddess sprung

confirmation

generallyfrom
from

what

made

at

word

only

all

One

this

best

of

those

'

He
Greece

in

latter
'

Trito

for

by

come

however,

observation

is

in Greek

ever

finallywhether

for

adds

like to know,

would

the

had

there

is

was
supposing that Athena
Roscher's
interpretationof

the

thunder

the

doubtful

the

is

meets

the

world.

thunder-storms

proof is that
geographical sense, and

reason

cloud

At

the West.

also where

valid

that

meteorological report

this fanciful
any

limit of the

watery

if this

case

last

point

conceded.

explanation of TpiroyeWia can


only be
probable ; and the most
probable appears to be that it was
cult-name
that spread from Thessaly or
a
Boeotia, Athena
in prehistoric times
having been
worshipped in locali
ties

ordinary
of

one

in

that
the

countries

Greek

Greece

Rhodius

any

with

Libya

mentions

three

Thessaly,and

ruined

mentions

as

near

called

When

of Athena

temple

it the

usually with

it

at

small

the

this part

on

Apollonius

one

in

Boeotia,

the

Libyan

Triton,

Libya, and

16d.

born

was

For

name.

Scholiast

the

in

that

word

rivers

one

of

water

the

associated

or

Athena

by

was

Pausanias
Alalcomenae

winter-torrent

in

is
in

describing
he

Boeotia

named

Triton,

and

implies that according to the popular belief this stream


was
reallythe place of her birth,and not the Libyan river 1G e.
he speaks of the altar and
Again, when
worship of Zeus
'

in child-bed
at Aliphera in Arcadia,
Aexecm;?, the God
he gives the local legend that Athena
born
there, and
was
they call the fountain Tritonis, appropriatingthe legend of the
'

'

river Tritonis
shows
meant

that

16

for

f.'

him,

The
as

first of these
for

properlythe Libyan

Aeschylus
stream

passages
1G

g, 'the

and

the

in Pausanias
river

second

Triton'

implies

268

GREEK

that

the

Arcadians

Libyan legend.
of

RELIGION.

[CHAP.

Aliphera merely appropriated the


case, as in their legend of the birth

at

In this

Zeus

already noticed, we
that, proud of
may
suppose
their aboriginalantiquity,they were
jealousto assert their
of Hellenic
divinities.
country's claims to be the birth-place
Now

belief which

the

the

just quoted

passages

the land with


which
the
Libya was
properly associated,is quite consistent
the term

into vogue

came

facie absurd

yeWm

that Homer

because

should

her

given

this

It would
title

from

appear

worship

from

this stream

have

spread
then

and

to

Cyrene

that

diffused

over

1G

tus

that

their

new

tale

the

colonists

found

goddess who was


probably of a warlike
suggested to
or

the

them

these

the

Minyae and
evidentlyfrom

Libyans

maidens

This

"

to

their

with

was

Herodo
a

and

her

and

'

Trito-born

'

it is clear from

armed

Cyrene,

the

it is

the

may

Boeotia,

settlers of

Athena

among

character.

of

rest

with

and

far

not

worships

two

the

by

For

identifyher

flourished

Itonia

of

by

a.

worship
who

was

maidenhood

goddess. She
also apparently a water-divinity
like the Syrian Atergatis,
have expressed it a daughter
as the Cyrenaic Greeks
may

was

own

"

of

Poseidon

river
""

dia

"

was

So

of

name

fountain

with

stream

ancient
on

TUV

Athena

tradition
its banks

Strabo, 407 of

was

of

in Area8.

12.

7.

this parthat there


a

named

6' 'EAeuatVct

Tritonis

Libyan

some

closelyassociated

existed

irapa

had

lake

'AAaA"ro/iej/ei'as
7777777Paus.

an

once

the

and

already

Cf. the

ticular

"

served

North

temple

especial sanctity,and

cityin Libya
of the Libyan
world.

her

near

title

the

carried

Greek

celebrity

Greeks

Athena

been

prima

sacred

was

for the

mythicallyconnected

were

the

an

it is

of the

this

T/oiroyeWiaover

have

the

because

that flowed

fame

The

name

it may

Thebes,

of

the

of whom

some

b.

river in

that

of

goddess TptroLibya : but he

where

had
'AAaA/cojucz^ts1
3A6i]vrj

less famous

no

Homer

called the

name

worship at Alalcomenae,
Triton
arisingfrom the stream

with

For

with

of her

T/nroyeWa was
the theory that

name

Boeotia.

have

of her association

have

well

may

first from

that

express

KOI

citythat
'AOfjvai
'AOfyas

Tpirowa-noTap-ov (vnt\afA/3avov

Whether

".

recalled

that

name

the

lake

"

Boeotia, and
This

ians who

afterwards
like

seems

the

to

olntiaQai) founded, according


he
legend, by Cecrops, when

or

to

swallowed

the
ruled
up.

fiction of the Athen-

recognizedthe great antiquity


worship on the Triton and

of Athena's
desired
river.

to

connect

their
c

own

Paus.

with
I.

that

14. 6.

ATHENA.

x.]

country,

the

name

and

the

and

associated

We

may

with

any

legend

tend

would

for instance

would

this

to

when

Tritonis

the

of

others

added

be

may

in the

in their land
fore called
still existed

the

1G

l.

And

of the river

at
Tritogeneia prevailed,

we
a

may
remote

desire
the
have

may

the

had
river

rise

given

to

localities would
where

instances

this

already

Cretans, according

that Athena

sources

name

been

when

Athena

the

to

early time

any

of

Triton, and
declares
the

in

from
was

the

to

Zeus
there

that

fountain

that

suppose
time

born

was

Tritogeneia.and the historian


a temple of this goddess by

stream

water

other

To

as

of the

land

have

may

at

legend

occurred.

Siculus,claimed

Diodorus

that

Athena,

the

with

for water

name

Cretan

old word

name

themselves

associate

process

parts of Greece

many
an

the

or

localityclaimed

or

ordinary language : then,


had
worship at Alalcomenae

sacred

celebrated

common

Or

of

was

river there

or

in Pallene.

city

country

name

lake

any

In either

offshoot

an

the

the

and

Triton

in

from

named

so

given

be

the

of Athena,

Tritonis

and

disappeared from
a

of

Alalcomenae.

opposite to
been

own

associated

birth-placeof the goddess, a lake or river of this


probably be found in the neighbourhood, from a

emulate

to

their

were

believe that if any

even

attach

to

hear

we

Gigantomachy 1G
be the

in

questionof slightimportance.

a.

Boeotian

Triton

that

names

Greco-Libyan Tritogeneia would

the

the

the

water

is a

Alalcomenae.

case

them

to

finding there a native goddess akin to


applied to
worshipped by the water, they at once

goddess

with

familiar

whether,

or

Athena

'

Triton

the

colonists

269

there
of the

legend

Achaea, where

of

the

by the local myth with Triteia


of Athena, daughter of a certain Triton ; probably
a priestess
herself 10 p.
It may
other than Athena
the priestess
was
none
connexion
with
be that occasionallythe title suggested some
city Triteia

associated

was

in Arcadia, Pausanias
Acropolis of Pheneos
found a ruined temple of Athena
spot
TpiroWa, and on the same
of Poseidon
bronze archaic statue
a
Hippios ; the legend said
to
that the latter had been dedicated
by Odysseus, who came

Poseidon

This

P- 355-

the

; on

is

more

or

less the

view

brieflysuggestedby

C. O. Miiller,Orchomenos,

GREEK

270

RELIGION.

of

neighbourhood in quest

this

there

suggest that

was

lost

does

not

between

the

possible that

it is

the

suggested

statue

title

of

goddess.
religionwas

between

Pallas and

that

we

suppose

no

Pausanias

But

part of actual Greek

In

he had

which

connexion

Poseidon.

Poseidon's

for the

Tritonia

local

any

and

of

presence

horses

some

there 1Gm.

again

of Athena

worship
the

found

he

which

and

[CHAP.

Poseidon

there any

connexion

originalaffinity
their cults existed
side by side,as on
Where
of character.
of Colonus
and possibly
the Acropolis at Athens, at the deme
at Sunium, at Troezen, Sparta, Asea, and
probably Corinth 17,
may

first.

To

Attic

land

that

say

is

encroaching

sea

untrue

Poseidon

and

the

the

divinities

two

the

of

and

for the
to

the

plausiblebut

very

Helios

between

physical explanation

: but
likely

it to be

know

we

territoryin disputebetween

Acrocorinthus,

was

been

in conflict at

allusion

contest

the

first place the

; for in the

wrong

analogy

had

Poseidon

and

receding, is

sea

natural

more

often

were

physicalchanges,an

Corinth, where

at

even

appears

of

the

or

have

we

cults that

an

placesthere

strife of Athena

the

symbol

of these

some

of two

final reconciliation

in

that

pointsto

which

height

the

in

never

threatened

of

memory
the

by

and

sea,

of the

prevalence of

Corinth,

which

paled

before
there

No

doubt

Helios

why

Poseidon

but

the

and

Corinthian

the contest
for the

of

Apollo

contain
of

the

earlier

an

"

and
locality,

Athena

Vide

1891,

Revue

pp. 1-23;

older

the

of

des
Les

be

grecqties,

cultes loniens

en

the

Corinth

the Delphic legend of


strife,
Heracles

and

and

Poseidon

theomachies, probably all

by

introduced

at

Ionic

worshipped at

of historical

goddess

abundant

Helios-cult

Python, of Apollo
legend of the rivalryof

lonians

"tudes

were

cherished

or

worship of
why
physical reasons

later

the

similar

flooded

have

we

the

later

the

was

god

great
a

kernel

same

been

ancient

very

of this

other

many

worships

the

Attic

tripod,the

Athena, and

and

should

legend

had

secondly

evidence

Poseidon.

Greek

any

of

fact,an
the

by

the

strife and

is the

exact

of

aboriginalmen

Attica,

Atlique,R.

conflict

actual

settlers.

new

the

Poseidon
the

de Tascher.

opposite of

friendship
A

view

that

which

taken

in

GREEK

272

the

that

traditions

of

Eumolpus
For

god.
North
this

reveal

to

Eumolpidae

Greece

bringing a

legend the

as

cult ; and

new

of

of Theseus

alien

an

regarded as

were

in the

[CHAP.

the father

him

consciousness

is shown

Poseidon

Poseidon

made

seem

the

RELIGION.

and

immigrant

alien clan from

an

that there

attached

rivalrybetween

and

to

Pallas

and

strange fragment from

Euripides'
Erechtheus
Attic
: the
king sacrifices his daughter to gain
the victoryover
Eumolpus, saying, Eumolpus shall not plant
the city's
on
foundations, in place of the olive and the golden
the
shall it be
crowned
with
upright trident, nor
gorgon,
be held
chapletsby the Thracian
people, and Pallas nowhere
'

17a9.'

in honour
The

jointcult of Pallas and


fair steeds,'where
Poseidon

of

worshipped

were

at

land

the

Poseidon

instance

in

Welcker

curiously explains

this

with

though

the

lead
be

latter title had

myths

that

makes
this

no

We

with

combat
At

mention

but

she had

Athena

taught

to

decide

the horse
a

2.
GotlerlehrC)

die Stelle der


b

with

Vide

Hippios

93a.

in that

the

stroke

'

Aristides,Panathenaica

use

the two

Schol.

she

chariot

altar

creative

(\avvcuv.

in

b,and

power

had

rj3

a.

said that

men

deities, had

her

with

not

that
which

produced
yoked

(Dindf.) tv rrj
TTJS deov 6 'E/"6x0"t"s
yfypanrai
p. 62

won

Giants

the

of the chariot

of his trident, Athena

Hippia ist an
Tritogeniagetreten.'
291

the
of

legend that
that

asserts

an

reference

rarelya

In Attica

trial of their

the issue between

is

battle

shared

in the

Again,

to

Hippia

Erichthonius

horses
the

in

Ares

with

though Poseidon,
was

yoked

Encelados

Olympia,

Poseidon

Poseidon, but

she

This

reasoning might
appellativescould
this is the only one,

Arcadian

an

as

his

Hippia, there

in Pausanias

of

connexion

displacedby Hippia.

goddess, whereas
they have in common.

read

borrowed

she

T/nroyeWta,and

of Poseidon's

any

explain Athena

because

name

been

noted

most

natural

name

for the

Soter, that

Poseidon.

to

that

expect

casuallyused

besides

of that

Hippia

of divinities.

though

as

the

the

union

highest degree improbable:

to

one

this

in

expressed

water

in the

of this

Poseidon, because

from

of hers

seems

Attica

name

Athena

Hippios and
altar 17aG,is

common

of

Colonos, 'the land

at

him

X0

ATHENA.
bridled him.

and
it

the

not

was

story of Corinth,the land of Poseidon,

In the

the

but

god

273

goddess

that

bridled

Pegasos or

taught Bellerophonthe art, and hence in Corinth she was


worshipped as xaAiwns- 95. We may believe then that she was
right
regarded as powerful in this craft entirelyin her own
either as a war-goddess or as the most
skilled divinityin the
also called
arts ; and
was
as Poseidon, for independent reasons,
Hippios,it was natural that their worships should occasionally
mingle.
have the same
At
Troezen
we
legend as on the Athenian
the same
and
divinities,
acropolisof the rivalryof the two
divinities received
explanationreadilyoccurs
; the reconciled
Polias
and Athena
as
common
worship,Poseidon as Basileus,
17

Sthenias

and

whole

story

merely

b. The

is innocent

'Ayopam and

historic shrine

on

; and

character

Uoo-ftbcov

in the

Poseidon

latter with

physicalreference

recondite

need

be

in the islands and


stood

sometimes

displacedor

was

by

the coast,

on

or

with

reconciled

affinityof

be

later which

noticed
which

sought ;

represent

the

to

water,

that Athena
sometimes

that her

no

these representa

that

peoples,and

maritime

pre

identityor

alludes

may

times

in the

at

Arcadia170,

together,or
that

of

in

near

simply allude to the fact


that she was
called Tritogeneia,

tions

Asea

to

badge

some

has

and

temple

Poseidon

and

natural

Athena

the

monuments

and

that the

show

association

'Ao-^aAtos in

Soteira

on

The

sense.

Boreion

based

obviouslynot

the

historical

Mount

to

seem

physicalsymbolism,

any

of Athena

Sparta17d,and

bring

of

and
political

Athena

is

titles themselves

was

some

worshipped
her

temple

worshipoccasionally

the cult of the sea-divinities.

of a natural affinity
general sense
have
been
between
Athena
and
Poseidon, it would
strange
that neither in the temple nor the precincts
of the temple of
the sea-god at Corinth,the most
famed
place of his worship
If there

had

"Mentioned
other

by

temples held in

by divinitieswho
with
one
affinity
mon

had

been

Pausanias

no

VOL.

I.

close

the other.

worshipor by the

among
at

common

temple-holdings
may

plainedby

any

Sparta

temple

natural

Such
often

statue

been

com-

be

merely local coincidence

for

theory

ex-

of

of

used

of

another,and
prove

about

the

this

have
or

too

that

originof

deity's
in

specialoccasion

to

vinities.
T

some

dedication

the

often

physical

Greek

di-

GREEK

274

Greece, where

in

reverence

common

divinities of Poseidon's
under

supposed

have

sense,

and
'AAea,'EAAam?, 'O$0aA/uTis,

of Athena

temple

Alea

her
and

Pausanias

hear

We

of

in recent

years

erected

to

Alea

and

Mantinea

at

wor

sculpture

monument

of the

instances

gives many

The

with

have

of her shrines

and

worship,

Arcadia18; her

in

embellished

and

of great worth

there.

Amyclae,

near

of Athena

vOyya.

high repute

in

built

at

discovered

to

was

Tegea was
by Scopas, and remains
been

many

originallya physical

had

been

ship

so

of her

in different centres

that have
are

to

mention

circle,is there any

cult-names, found

Other

paid

was

a.

name

any

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

respect paid

her

to

asylum.
The

usual

warmth,

as

derived

from

the

rites

and

in her honour.

Telephos
of

powers

light.

and

birth, exposure,

Auge
a

in

her

forgottensolar
we
can
easilysee
myth
this

about

time
it

was

and

that

games

as

these

may
a

of

Athena

contain

Auge

this
that

Heracles

Alea, and is sup


allusion

some

as

to

of

Telephos

usual

the
in

is dis

the

; and

names

this Arcadian

migration

in

called 'AAecua

confused, and

and

how

only

legend of

the

fact that

is the

necessary

been,

whatever

Paus.

be

to

came

that he
Vide

brought
having any

Telephos,

hero, the leader


then

be

without

personages

have

national

could

Athena

physical symbolism.

function

anything

know

legend

was

priestessand incurred her wrath by bearing


temple. Now,, granting that possibly some
astral meaning lies hidden
in the legend,
or

her

was

son

Athena

between

it

corresponded to
nothing except

on
by etymologicalspeculation

connexion

that

however, is
physicalinterpretation,

This

highest degree doubtful

covered

to

found

we

that

partlywith

Preller

and

the

But

is connected

Welcker

posed by
the

regards the rites,we


and
by a boy-priest,

served
held

were

if

mild

means

this doubtful

in etAr;; but

only have weight


'AAe'a
legends of Athene
As

it

corridor,and

sunny

would
or

was

is that

word

that is found

root

conception.
she

for

is used

aAea

derivation

of the

explanation

of

should
2.

chs.

regarded
Arcadian

an

be
and

2.

his
at

into

the

part in

original
an
early

migration:

patronizedin

some

X0

ATHENA.

by

way

born

was

is

great goddesses of Arcadia, and

of the

one

the

in

275

temple

of Athena

her

moon

or

In her

stars.

with

they grouped her with


by

Among

all the

in Pausanias

passages

only one

the character of Athena

Alea

regarded

health,and
From

the

that

the

view

point of

same

Pausanias

and

not

the

or

describes,

writers that

other

gives us

relation with

that

be

it may

sun

any

clue

; for it is clear that the

having some

as

did

Hygieia,whose statues
by the temple-imagels c.'

close

refer to her this is the

is

rate, it

Asclepiosand

Scopas, stood

carved

any

divinities of the

temple,which

own

At

in historical times

quite clear that the Arcadians

consciouslyassociate

Alea.

he

so

we

the

to

as

goddess

divinities of

title

expressed this ideaa.

may

with

probability

some

Auge ; it may well be that the


than a mere
latter was
more
daughter of the ancient royal
in fact an
house at Tegea, and
was
aboriginalgoddess of
But why, because
Arcadia, connected possiblywith Artemis.

explain

her

relations with

the

word

means

the

moon

the

livingnear
happens to
her

sent

the

identified with

goddess

to be in the act

supposed

of

\vyr]
Eileithyia

named

have

found

been

few

tv

that

perhaps savages
something like this

moon-goddess, why

of

and
child-birth,

form

the

idol possess

ancient

most

if

But

necessarily
boat by a

and

sea,

imagined

moon.

put into

was

the

over

have

sea

she

that

It is true

ruthless parent and

Auge

sense

some

she

was
light,'

'

in

of

was

did

why

kneelingwoman

so that the Tegeatae


bringing-forth,
b
?
statues
yoWi
Very uncouth

of this

ago

years

kneelingdivinity0,

image was at any earlyperioddedicated in the


and the form of the image,
temple of Athena, this dedication,
ancient goddess
and the desire to affiliate Telephos to some
of the land, may
have given rise to the aetiological
myth
if one

and

of

Auge

Or

istic

bearingTelephos in

'AA"a may

sense

iginalhero
may

such

have

adopt him

at

have

all : Aleos

of this
taken
and

no

character-

was

an

and
locality,

his

name

abor-

in order

8.

temple
"

Vide

The

of Athena

d.

p. 614, note
Eileithyia,

myth in its further

CQUrse

And

b.
may

mi: the Arcadian


aetiological
of
the
across
bears
o
n
worship Auge
grati
the myth tries to
the sea to Mysia, and
for Auge traversingthe sea.
account
Vide Aphrodite-chapter,
p. 638, note a.

also

Athene
to

his children ; vide Paus.

4Paus.

the

48, 5.
T

be

GREEK

276
the

goddess

would

of child-birth

[CHAP.

naturallybe

regarded as
Athena
'Tyi'eto.

Alea

of Athena

ministrant

RELIGION.

interpretedas
Greek
a
religion,
goddess

interpretersof
birth is inevitablyalso a moon-goddess.
might abide
Auge, a cautious
person
For

some

by

some

that Athena

of the traits of
Are

this

under

EiAojia,or

as

in

pontum

and

these

cult-names
and

Athena

Hellotis.

'EAAoma
and

Dorians

in Athena's

the

perishedin
and

flames

demanded

have

here

explain a

the
name

explanation that
Marathon.

Others

the

name

present

text

of

by

came

it to the
this

sent

took

Athena

the

refuge

it and

she

pestilence

propitiation.

Hence

Hellotis.

myth being

games

fashioned

We
to

suggests the alternative


the

from

marshes

of

legend that Bellerophon

temple

Corinth.

at

mysterious 21. It appears in


of 'EAArjina,
in the form
a
very

less

no

the

to

scholiast

of Aristotle

intelligible
epithetof
due to a change made

of

Hellotis,

fire to

set

and

the

for when

Hellotis

goddess

games

near

that

us

of Athena

named

worship

is

connects

eiArj,denoting

part of them

angry

referred

EiAezna

tells

in honour

The

captured (eAeiz;)
Pegasus
The

He

process

the

torches

conquerors

and

rite.

or

here

epithetwas

explanation

also

scholiast

temple

common

existed

or

the

; the

originated the temple

Meta-

explanations given by

new

at

ritual

the

temple ;

root

the

maiden

Corinth, a

same

Epeios

have

the

20ab?

in

formed

torch-race

took

of

hear

Corinth

at

that

with

of cre'Aajand

instructive.

held

think

the

to

to

appears

Corinth,

torch-race

by legend

root

we

The

are

were

that

of

case

at

Athena

to

Another

the

light,as

20a

Pindar

attached

might

with

with

belong

to

name

marshesb.

the

from

warmth

on

Welckera

connected

we

'EAAom?

as

honoured

was

cult of Hellotis

The

Marathon,

derived

she

name

worship

light.
worship

her

EiA??iua,a

Philoctetes.
at

in

thought by

It has been

of

goddess

found

these

where

in the

But

by the lower and


which
has the advantage of being vouched
sense,
safe in saying
ancient authority. At least we
are
to us, reveals none
Alea, so far as she is known

terrestrial
for

of child

Hellenic
a

later

Welcker, Griechische Gotterkhre,i.

goddess

; but

copyistwho

p. 307.

this must

found
Cf.

'

be

the word

t\ois.
tv
AQpot'tTr)

ATHENA.

x.]

Aristotle

unintelligibleas

that

explanationproves

etketv

it from

277

he wrote

Aristotle's

it, for

wrote

EiA.6wa

eiAeto-0ai in the

own

EtA^zna, since he

or

of

being cooped
tells a story about Epeios being kept in
up in a place,and he
Metapontum againsthis will and founding the temple. The
the same
same
legend are
explanation of EiAe^ia and much

derives

or

the

given by the author of


from Lycophron, except

sense

Etymologicum Magnum,

quoting

that Philoctetes is the founder

in this

version.
One

thing that

Greeks

themselves

words
the

more

Greek

important question whether


was
regarded
religionAthena

it much

can

increase
with

do

thing to
tion from

celestial

the

o-eAa?

belief that

our

of these

meaning
in the

affirmative

period of
Nor
a
light-divinity.
had originally
some

as

she

words

the

in any

lights.

sure, the

were

all this is that the

from

quite ignorant of
help us to answer

were

that it cannot

so

quite clear

is made

historic

For

if the deriva

even

refer to the fire

may

kept

burning in her temple, or to the use of fire in the handicrafts.


been
The
to have
seems
temple of El\"via at Metapontum
consecrated to the goddess of the arts, the legend recording
builder

Epeios, the

that

her

connects

for

of

limits

torch-races

at

being

that

then, to consider
arts

or

Athens

to

the

ritual a.

her

we

The

imple

some

way

same

fire of Athena
Athena

refers

might

the
of

honour

of

divinities

fashion.

find

important
in

run

Athena, the

in the

Or

most

those

were

and

thus

honoured

of fire in

it to

Hephaestos ; to
travel beyond
must

religion.

Hephaestos

Prometheus
arts

sense,

Greek

historic

the

him

from

attribute

raised

fellow-craftsman

her

with

Trojan horse,

demanded
and

use

non-terrestrial

it any

the

The

of his work.

the

she

when

propitiateAthena
ments

of

It is

of

the

safest,

usually to

her

possibly have

the ritual of some


'EAAcon's by taking over
acquired this name
even
sun-worship indigenous in Corinth ; and thus the name,
that it designated the goddess of light
convinced
if we
were
a

Note

I, p.

the passage

50): teal nty

'AOrjvdKm

in Aristides
KCU

(Dind.

ffiirvpos 76

'H"paiaTO)
-yevo^evoj

a/xa

(Atovu-

were
offeringsto Athena
tros).The
usuallyenirvpa, as the legend about the

Rhodians

in Pindar

shows

cf. Plutarch

of Athena
Quaest. Grace. 3, the priestess
Tivas
Troieirat
on
vncKfcavaTpia,
Ovffias /ecu iepovpyias
diroTpoiraiovs.

called

RELIGION.

GREEK

278
heat, need

and

the

of

character

have

not

Magnum

the

connect

the

and

suggests that

the latter writer

of

Phoenician

of the
maiden, is the source
nifying
force in Baethgen'stheorya that

word

Etymologicum
with Europa, and
eAAoria,sig

name

there

and

represents

Syro-Arabian goddess Allat,the Phoenician

the

early religionof Corinth

in the

story of the

possiblythe
a

preserves

alive

of human

noted

in the

sacrifice

temple
fire in

by

from

rite derivable

elements

already been

burnt

Hellotis.

Athena

Elloti,who

Non-Hellenic

have

maiden

reminiscence

vague

worship of

the

Athena.

identified with

is elsewhere

some

seems

'EAAom?

Athena

non-

the

feast

the

the

to

quite possibly

author

and

name

anything proper

it is

But

goddess.

Athenaeus

Hellenic.

from

arisen

[CHAP.

Moloch-

worship.
title

The

Achaea,

'Aua/ua,which
have

may
with

worship

Even

sky.

as

from

derived

and
'A^a/no?,

Zeus

have

instance

been

attached

once

was

applied to

an

appellativeof

Zeus

the

term

first

the

in

not

goddess

as

of her

association

need

her

been

the

in

Athena

to

of the

bright
to

seems

have

comparativelyearlyperiod b.
for interpreting
Other
Athena
as
originallya
arguments
of the moon,
slender enough. The
or
are
goddess of the light,

lost its

physicalsense

view

curious

moon,

and

of the Greek

sonages

According

historian

Istrus

the third

with
the

moon

such
Of

day

but

she

personal

was

that is

passage,

scarcely

Suidas

to

Attic
of the

month,

view

same

was

held

by

the

between

connexion

some

the

among

TpiroycWa being

connected

the three

phases

month, and

serious

no

the

ground of

the

on

enough

common

with

argument

be

could

derived

of

from

philology.
still less value

arguments
;1

1Gn

the

and

also in

were
religion

Stoics.

Athena

that
Aristotle,

in Plutarch's Tre/ol
TOV
rrjs
irpoa-^irov
seriously,
only illustrates what any philosophermight
uncritical physicalexplanationsof the per

c.
This
2eA?jr?js

possibly say,

to

appears

be taken

to

meant

attributed

of the

form

at

drawn

Beit '-age zur

from

semit.
c

P.

for the
the

purpose

worship

of this
of

theory are the


Athena
'OfvbcpKJsat

Religionsgeschichte,
p. 59.

93s

'AOrjvav
Xifoufvrjv KCU.
2t\T]V7)v

Vide

ovaav.

Zeus

-7,p.

43.

B.C., that

most

[CHAP.

GREEK

RELIGION.

unscientific

tendency

280

Greek

in

theory,and

possiblyfrom the confusion of Athena with Isis. Plutarch


VO^OVO-LV,
speaks of the temple of Athena in Sais, ^v Kal W
been conspicuous for
to have
the goddess at Sais seems
and
Isis was
sometimes
and purity. Now
her wisdom
regarded
a

the

as

of

goddess

in reference

of her

this lunar aspect

and

Eusebius'

read

to
interesting
^is

of

as

is very

of Apuleiusb.
descriptions

in the fervid

obvious
It

the moon,

to

often

more

explains her dyaA/xaraK"pa^6pa

Plutarch

moon-goddess, and

world, but

lower

the

of

condemnation6

the

his

were
day, who
mythic
always translating
into
^drj
physical facts,/Se/Siao^eW Kal OVK
personages
T"V [LV0MV TOV
eiVr/yr/o-a/ie^oi.
Ka\\(t"7TL(T[jidv
The
stronghold of the physical theory has always been

theorists

the

of

myths

two

slaying of
Diogenes Babylonius

of Athena

birth

the

the

and

Gorgon. The treatise of the Stoic


de Minerva, in which
according to Cicero he gave
siologicalexplanation of the birth, separating

the

myth d, has
because

it

which

different

regarded

the

as

dawn, she

let any

through point

point

to

of

the

one

take
then

of

he

whichever
it out
he

and

myth,

aether
with

Zeus

work

is

Athena

the
lightning,

head

the

than

observed, is the
be adapted
birth can

the

hypotheses and

various

this matter

has

the

the

or

he

chieflypuzzles

Lang
of

from

whether

see

Whether
interpretations.

leap from

appropriateness. But
of these

Mr.

myth

thunder

can

What

it

phy

regret it only

need

'

'

been6.

the

We

us.

to
interesting
physiology of

inquirer,as

suit many

the

in the

have

unprepossessed

pliancy with

to

been

have

might

writers

modern

to

down

come

successful

more

was

not

or

equal
pleases

rigorously

will

stumble

hopeless inconsistencies.

on

Now

if,without

any

of
descriptions
*

DM"""I
T' "
3'
T,
?L 'Vn*
De
DeNat
Dear,

Aristocles

the birth in the


wh"

9'

form

of

the

start

"Pen

15, 41.

no

myth given by

in

(Schol. Find.

01.

7.

66),

with

doubt

lism.

poets and

that

says

the
to

looks

with, one

ancient

Athena

'

The

hypothesisto

hid

Zeus

cloud

and

mythothe

then

"bo'-n

splitit

is intended
lightning,
"

at

also

is

graphers,one
thunderstorm

of

to

or

If

nature.

of the great event,

hymn

Athena

to
'

Zeus

to

she

is

lines in the Homeric

like

rises up

wall, and

the

war

the immortal
earth

the

head

troubled,

are

in his

stays

sun

'

of

golden-gleamingweapons

of

head

holy

the

from

'

sea

recitals

embellished

she springsfrom
as
gods stand astonished
brandishing her keen spear'; heaven and
the

to

strikingphenomena

more

born

of

allusion

any

convey

fervid

some

conscious

not

are

of the

first the

find

they

taken

other

any

we

the

holding

be

notice

we

that

assured

soon

that could

using language
a

281

ATHENA.

x.]

course

lays aside from her shoulders the godlikeweapons,


thunder, which
and Zeus rejoices.The poet does not mention
if he were
would
be a strange omission
trying to give a highly
in personalmetaphor.
imaginativepictureof a thunderstorm
she

until

Of far

the

allusion

to

be

supposed
records

snowed

gold

lost

full

from

paniment

it

as

The
a

of

that

later work.

deity

speaker
Later

on

the

at

this

of

treated

head
the

account

and

occasion.

the

largesse on

theme,

as

we

(1.1310)that
springingin

of Zeusa.

goddess

new-born

shakes

her

ecstasy V

'

there

but

leaps

and

brandishes

shield, and
is

no

accom

storm.

of the

Philostratos,in his turgid account


scholiast

cry, the

on

is filled with

her spear, and

whenever

unless

Apollonius Rhodius
first who
spoke of Athena

the

war-dance

Even

Stesichorus

the

was

is the remotest

that it thundered

distributed

Zeus

Lucian's

dances

an

goddess' birth Zeus


Rhodians, who
placed the miracle in
well have
explained their prosperity

scholiast

panoply

In

the

of

only

mean

may

that

by

Stesichorus

shuddered

exceeding great

an

legend

upon

poem

told

are

to

the

and

island

by saying
A

with

aloud

Pindar

their

earth

but where

of nature,

phenomenon

is said to cry
must

splendour ;

is full of Pindaric

This

shouted

(Ol.7. 38).

her'

before

sprang
with

mother

and

heaven

cry, and

exceeding great

through

when

Athena

axe,

father's head, and

of her

crest

'

narrative,

terse

his bronze-bound

and

Hephaestus' arts
down

is Pindar's

higher poetry

was

either

ignorant of

the

poem

of
b

'

Qwv

Homer,'

picture of
or

considered

AtaAcryot, 8.

282

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

allusions in
findingremote
searching after effective imagery, givesus

the

'A6r]vasyoiWa, fond

his

is of

he

as

subjectsand of
hardly any meteorologicalphrases.
her

panoply

All the divinities

secret.

bidden

are

the

attend

to

the

birth,even

nymphs, and they all stand astonished :


shows
Hera
no
indignation.
pants with pleasure: even
is clearly no
of Apollodorus there
the dry account
the

rivers and

the

indeed, that

says,

rainbow, but he fails to discover

like the

was

He

Zeus
In

intended.

symbolism

dwelt

I have

at

of any

this absence

lengthon

some

inten

tional second

this is not

made

comments.

meaning in these accounts, because


Roscher's
clear in Preller and
sufficiently
frequentartistic representationsof the scene

In the

is stillless easy

symbolism
the
when
with

Athena

have

Athena's

or

raise

ques

be

been

Preller

then

admitted

supposed

and

symbolic
But

diction

what

the

that

did

Zeus

Hesiod

occurrence.

be

noticed

destitute

of the

in

armour

bolical

and

with

detail

'

language on

an

ancient

parent, but he does


a

rather

of the Pindaric
to

the

axe

leaping forth

the

their

exceeding

loud

serve

highly
poetical

it.

primitiveaccount

directly,and

reference
to

of any

gives

imagery

hymn : there is no
Hephaestos, none

them

con

Homer

becoming stereotyped?

and

the sole

was

an

clearlyexpress

more

there

are

of

survivals

mere

taining this symbolism


that

these

Therefore,to make
must
regard
theory,we

as

traces

poeticaldescriptions
physicalfact to which they

that

to allude.

Roscher's

wrought phrases

knew

birth.

consciouslyexpress

not

will

if we

the

It may

the

and

imagination of the average Greek, there is not


thunder-storm
faintest sign that
he ever
associated
a
the weather
it occurred, or the blue sky when
cleared,

tion about

do

discover

to

physical

dwell

not

full narrative

which

which

is

ode

the Homeric

or

altogether

of Prometheus
of the

cry.'

on

goddess

or

of

in full

In fact the sym

partlyrely is not
found
before the date of the Homeric
Have
we
hymn.
any
right,then, to say that the phrases in that hymn or in the
Pindaric
ode are
survival of an
older symbolism, or that
a
which

"

modern

theorists

Imagines, 2. 27.

x.]

ATHENA.

these poets
natural

to

the

great epiphany of Athena,


the richest

with

in

incident

the

that, as

say

specialrevelation ? It
Greek
imagination dwelt

with

graced

were

283

poets tended

the

which

of

powers

heaven

it

great cosmic

as

the

on

embellish

to

it

to represent
phraseology,

is more

and

earth

were

myth

is the

most

concerned.
in which

form

The

He

instructive.

Metis, who

Hesiod

is described

then
would

be

king

suaded

Mr/"?

maw.'

It

Zeus, by

this Zeus

later

We

means

of

and

in the

older

Now

the

theories

as

this

to

And

drama

only

maintain

person

that

story

Zeus

other

reason

expected

""

and

but

Pallas

face

the

on

Roscher's

head,

of

to

fly.

Athena
doubt

no

the

in

for

of

it, primitive
such

of

way

sane

to

be

the
very

savage

later than

of this

form

Metis

without

god.

of this

of the

that

swallowing story
from
imaginationb,and comes

oldest

it

would

The

ode.

Olympian religion. But

because

savage

growth

no

version

swallowed
than

primitive folk-lore

was

The

clue

an

to

not

particularGreek

motive,

such

it does

or

for

no

might be
possibleexplana
act

as

strange tale is given by the word

Theog. 886-900.
Mr. Lang's chapterin

Vide

shape

to

weapons.

the Pindaric

than

in the

from

tion of the

the

of

(fesprit of very

period older

follow

story that

some

ignorant

Hesiodic

hymn

"jeu

in his

interpreter
phenomenon in the natural world corresponding
of the primeval ways
of Greek
providence.

the

Homeric

Metis,

stumbling-block

great

Preller's and

find any

her

and,

naiVe,

very

took

through Zeus's

story without

this

recital,is

of

out

sprang

per

persuaded Metis
swallowing. According

for

further

who

son

words,

complacently

nothing

words, deposited her

alluding to

subtle

her

was

Zeus, having

Then

is

convenient

after

of

advice

Metis, who

that

bear

men.

Hesiod
his

she

legend

developed

is

form

him

i'8e

dbviav

following the

was

of subtle

means

that

hear

can

by

and

swallowing

Qt"v

nXdo-ra

as

warned

gods

over

seems

some

assume
a

'

story of Zeus

Pallas,would

with

pregnant

the

merely

Gaea, who

and

the

presents

with

begins

QVT\T"V av6pMiru"v. In
Ouranos

Custom

and

Myth

on

Cronos, p. 53.

Metis.

In

what

himself, it is obvious

Hesiod

is, connoted

the

abstract

used

this

term

that

this name,

was

sense

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

284

of

sense

As

regards
personal as it

calls her

he

thought, as

But Preller refuses


gods and men/
that this was
the originalmeaning, partlybecause
to believe
deal with
the primitive language does
not
philosophic or
the physical and
abstract
and
concrete
terms,
precede the

J the most

knowing

immaterial
the

and

of the

This

abstract.

latter dictum

but

gradual human
development
to apply it off-hand
to the

and

to

maintain

distinct

data

be

allowed

in

metaphysical

any

early pre-

Homeric

'Counsel5
being named
a
deity called Themis

stages in this process


stractions

to

that
must

one

underlying
forthcoming.

are

capable of imagining a

was

'Wisdom,'

as

or

Charis

Nemesis.

or

he

of

was

imagining

The

various

religionof personifying ab

Greek

afterwards

be

may

but

or

in

become

suppose

idea

abstract
rare,

life,

is should

people

savage

are

Greek

to

enough.

there

mistake

or

time

still confined

were

scanty, but what

very

personification; instances
very

had

concrete, is hazardous

its

expect

the

course

speech

and

physical and

of

are

ideas

weight. It is a
mythology of primitiveor

the

not

their

of the

The

beginning of
period of Greek

earliest

of

true

the

from

that,by the time that the Greeks

race,

the range

be

may

For

noted.

the

present the

undoubted

is sufficient proof that to


antiquity of Themis
pre-Homeric Greek Mrjrtjmight be a vague being whose

the

little more

meant

name

In

that

the

myths

she

appears

that

than
mention

and

the earliest story she


the water,

myth
she

or

Thought

a.

her, it is

as

operates
is

be

sky-myth, is quite baseless.

is nowhere
that

she

said to be
is

Preller's

or

Counsel

belief that

in

purelyphysicalbeing,a divinityof

that after all it may

so

and

Thought

Oceanid

an

interpretedas
the

In

; and

ancient

we

have

cloud-

records

right

no

there is
because
being of this element
a sea-nymph called by the adjectival
name
'I5wa, the knowing
one.' The fact that in this earliest and half-savageform
of
to

say

'

we

the

Perhaps originallya Ge-Metis,


hear

of

fount

of

Ge-Themis

the earth

oracles is the

source

as

wisdom.

as

helps Zeus

of

dorus

In

Hesiod

it is Gaea

againstCronos

(i.2, i) it is Metis.

; in

who

Apollo-

ATHENA.

x.]

285

is a sign that for


is the daughter of Metis
legend Athena
their goddess was
these primitivemythopoeic Greeks
no
mere
of a part of nature, but was
already invested
personification
the

with

moral

non-physical
qualityof
long

been

of

; and

wisdom

them

to

the

worship

her

course

it occurred

before

in vogue,

with
especially

character, and

mental

and

tell

to

had

myth

origin. Again, her birth is assisted by Prometheus


or
Hephaestos ; ifthis detail belongs to the first period of the
have
indication
another
that Athena
was
already
story we
her

about

of the

goddess

artists.

divine

of life

arts

she

as

Lastly,the swallowing

be

any

already, before

was

wisdom,
to

be

love

and

story

tion may

was

mother-right:

and

then

that

Metis

daughter

and

inclines

she

was

not

if Zeus

rather

; she

one

of them

into

some

of him
to

born

the

all the powers

and

she has

no

than

the

father

the

in

has

ordinary

swallowed

have

may

relation with

bearing
stronger

children, as

more

any

than

he.

It

seems

very

received

cutting short
fact of Zeus

the

child-bearing

swallowing her

would

tion, then the story of the

paths

of various

explanation. It

other

would

could be taken

over

might

and

was

have
this

as

explana

else
this
the

be

born

prophecy

swallowing

easier ways

of Metis.

career

prophecy,which

myths,

to

already fixed

was

therefore

prevent her

to

unlikelythat

been

have

new

Metis

part of the originalstory, leading up

process ; for there would

this

is

weakness,

Afterwards,

son

mother
;

and

of Zeus,

feminine

way

mother.

her

swallowing-storygained ground, it
swallowed
tion, namely, that Zeus

the

other

all the

like

these pre-existing
ideas the Greek imagina
upon
thus : she has abundant
have worked
Metis, and is

daughterof

the very

was

of

Then

Zeus.

been

goddess

most

each
autonomy
Olympians, whatever
once
enjoyed,she had to be brought

the

that Athena

chief

the

grew,

possibly

primitivelegends she always appears


also the maiden-goddess of war,
to
averse
rather
goddess that protectedthe father-right

also the
the

than

in the

as

this

these

inexplicable

of Metis,

physicaltheory of the 'Atfrjya?


yovai can
Suppose
explainedfrom the other point of view.
on

with

associated

was

But

of

if the

in the

imagina
floatingabout

passably well as an
from the Cronos-legend

do

it

where

addition
national

hero

The

above

Thessalian

it has

but

the

and

ancient

most

is

of

the

the

being suggested by

his

on

told

only

epic

of their

a.

account

own

in the

again

perhaps an

was

only given

course

advantage
concerning

the

over

form

ancient

most

ideas

used

which

myth

winning Thetis
explanation

hypothesis :

it

Thetis, where

and

the

to

it was

place,and

in

more

Peleus

of

drama

much

was

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

286

of

the

the

legend

goddess.

myth that is supposed to prove that Athena


is the Gorgon-myth.
physical power
originallysome
need

the

raise

not

tellingthis story,

when

meaning,

had

or

for I believe

only

the

historic times had

that the

to

us

of

any

the

no

all derivable

at

with

concerned

the

authority,and he
in the
participation
tations

throne

slayingof
does

feat

of Medusa's

of

the

from

on

she

the

tuJf Mannhardt'
u

e,

"

2.

the moon,

Wald-

u"d

F^~

thought that the


so

did

view
there

is

Athena's

of the

Medusa's

or

presence

in the

appear

first

our

represen
the

Cy^sejusand
earliest

is

some

of

one

encourage
In

fact,
her

of

death, and
in

show

vases

of the

late

pic-

turesque representationsof the Gorgon's

Strom.
Alexandrians,
and

reject

For

Hesiod

Possiblethat

p. 4

Clemens

676, also

interest in

the

not

or

standing behind Perseus as he flies. Perseus


her favourite heroes,and she
be there merely to
may
him, as she is interested in all heroic achievements.
story of her

'

admit

her

the

hap-

it conveys

Athena.

chest of

Bathycles; though some

have

modifying our

Medusa.

did

; nor

of

tells us

legend as given in the


essentiallyand directly

mention

not

death

is

pre

Roscher

though

may

of Pallas

authorities that she

ancient

most

story in

Medusa

the moon,

V
We
ordinarysignificance
those
physical theories,without

proof

the

slayingof

concerning the originalnature


is

that

It is

implied this.

or

in its

moon

in his mind

nature-myth. And

opinion about

ancient

some

as

We

physical

primitiveGreek believed to
thunder-cloud,and Preller thinks that

the

to

meaning
legend of

its hidden

thunder-cloud

asserted

was

ordinary Greek,

the

something which
pened

the

or

generally believed

and

asserted

maintains

moon

of

aware

was

theorist has

no

the

question whether

of

other

other

The

as

5.

Gorgon meant

Plutarch.

It is

head, the
faint
moon.

face

is meant

resemblance

to

to

the

have
face

some

of

the

reading

the

If

RELIGION.

GREEK

288

word
the

above

natural

epithetof

the

was

as

emblem

goddess

the

and

emblems
the

explain

Erechtheus.

guardian

that

story

the

of

Gorgon's head,

Thus

hung.
by

the

city of the goddess, that Athena


lock
of Aleos, a
ancient
king, the son
impregnablea.
whereby the city became
The
never
epithet Topyotyovos,which was
b
the legend, recorded
by Euripides and
the

Athena

fifth century, that

Gorgon, might naturallyhave


of the Gorgoneum
on
occurrence

arisen

the

pre-eminentlythe
city walls, on which

favourite

earlier than

be

was

the

told

was

fragment

early artists probably

she

sometimes

were

in the

the

wore

by

her

that

say

ropy"iris would

who

the

regard

could

we

goddess, as

of terror, because

war-goddess

could

we

TopycoTri?
; or

given
originally

which

similar

the

from

quoted

an

of

put for the

been

has

badge

proved sound,

were

abbreviation

an

as

[CHAP.

her

of

men

had
of

we

may

Tegea^ a

given

their

to

Medusa's

not

hair,

and
cult-title,
known

herself

slain

had

the

from

constant

from

breast,and

be

to

the

who
desired to exalt the fame
pride of the Athenians
patriotic
of their goddess and
ignored the Argive legend of Perseus.
A vase-paintingof the fifth century0 has perhaps been rightly
the pursuit of Medusa
as
by
interpreted by Heydemann
from
the
Another
Athena.
obviously arose
legend which

representation said
because
against Medusa

that

artistic

mere

kindled
her

beauty

; but

part of the
become

image

fourth

invested
of

The

this story could

mere

the
not

an

ideal

goddess

beauty,and

jealous of

was

as

the
a

was

no

badge that has


thunder-cloud,but reasons

in the Athena-cult

battle-charm,and was
of temples
purification

Vide

this
interprets

Eur. Ion

longer an

is another

Athena

belief that

: vide
'thunder-magic'

had

physicalterror.

aegis of

Roscher

the latter

countenance

supposed to allude to the


and
already been given against this supposition13,
of the

was

anger

be earlier than

Medusa's

century, when

with

Athena's

as

Paus.

987.

kind

and
of

8. 47, 5.

it

sacred
as

object that

Lenormant, "lite

Arch.

have

in favour

regarded merely
was

aid to childbirth

an

was

been

Ctr.

used

for

67.

i.

75, and

Zeit. 1868, p. 6.
Vide Zeus-chapter,
pp. 97-100.

x.]

ATHENA.

There

appears,

then,

evidence

no

worshipped merely as
a
controlling
specialpart of

was

also evident

that at

Athens

to

convince

us

that Athena

nature-goddess,
personifying
the physical world.
But it is

ever

or

289

she

into

came

with

contact

some

earth-goddess,and acquired certain functions as a deity


in the first place,the epithets"AyAcoyjos
of vegetation. For
sometimes
and Udv?"po(To$
attached to her 25 a" 2G a. These
were
of the daughters of Cecrops, who
also the names
had
are
the infant Erichthonios
earth
been appointed to nurse
: the
his mother, and
natural
was
are
"AyXavpos and riai;8po"Tos
who
certainlyenjoyed
descriptivetitles of the earth-goddess,
To reconcile
ancient worship on the Acropolis of Athens.
an
her cult with Athena's, it may
well have
happened that the
the

latter

given two of her titles,and there is no


and
Athena
that originallyPandrosos
to
reason
were
say
the same.
These
originally
daughters of Cecrops, whether
of
the
earth-goddess,are
nymphs of the earth or forms
in more
with Athena
brought into religiousconnexion
ways
maidens
the
than
The
one.
Arrhephori or Hersephorib,
the temple of
and livingnear
trained in the service of Athena,
goddess

Athena

was

Polias,ministered

to

her

as

well

to

as

Pandrosos20"

they performed for Athena, to


whom
they brought a mysteriousofferingby an underground
from the temple of Aphrodite cr K?/7rois'
c, the fruits of
passage
And

in the

the

earth

her

2G

d.

appear

the

It is sometimes

the

Polias d.

Athena

to

been

have

shrine

And

doubted

the

consecrated

way

whether

the

that

could

I.

ritualistic law

curious

is

VOL.

some

to

of

*Af\avpos or "Aypav\os : both


names
equallywell refer to a goddess or nymph of vegetation
; but there
for *A.f\avpos,
better authority
as
seems
form
this
the inscriptions
:
only give
vide
Corp. Ins. Gr. 7716, 7718, but
cf. Steph. Byz. 'Aypav^rj-877^0? rfjs
'EptxOrjiSos
y"v\rjs.
b
Miss Harrison's view expressed in
the Hellenic Journal of 1891, p. 351,

word

in

the Acropolis,the
Aglauros on
cphebi took the oath of loyaltyto the state, and
the city-cultof
cult of Aglauros mingled with

In

Athenian
thus

rite which

sacred

Herse

mentioned

depersonage
the title of the 'Eporjcpopoi,

is

an

unreal

velopedfrom
is probableenough,
Monuments
In Mythology and
of
Athens
(Harrisonand Verrall,pp. xxxiv,
xxxv) it is suggested,for good reasons,
that the sacred thingswhich the maidens
little images of
carried in the box were
of animals (l/xrjj)"
the young
offerings
to secure
to the earth-goddess
fertility,
c

Different

forms

of

the

oath

or

2o b

illustrates

by Harpocration
'

if any

sacrifices

one

sacrifice

sheep

cmpoiov.'
Bekker

Pandora

for

probable emendation,

second

act

the

naturallyoffered
all sacrificed
chosen

to

festival

been

out

of Gaia

the later form


then

These

worship

of Athena

rites and

of

ideas proper

different parts of it
and

by

are

Plutarch250.

grace
desert

arms

'

entrusted

to

the

the

Pollux
to

lished

ordinances.

formula

includes

some

.'

the
dis-

I will net

comrade, I will defend

my

templesand holy thingsof the


and with others,I will obey

the

land alone
the estabPlutarch's

curious

words

of agriculin the
appropriate
enough
ture,
of
the
earth-goddess.
worship
the Apolline
Strabo,393. Similarly,
to
referring
an

the maintenance

oath

absorbed

of

was

Demeter,

without

an

religion
may

have

of Gaia

in

but

through

a worship
dispossessed

of the earth-snake at

Ge-Themis

of the

originalaffinity

goddesses

two

and

many

worship

ancient

very

happen

I will not
me,

that

supposing that the

for

reasons

early date

very

given by
According

former the formula was,


the

existingbetween

nature

worship

serpent

service

the

have

to

support this view

may

we

entered

of the

this could

b; and

Attica

at

on

a.

some

are

supposed

be

may

; and

and

sacrifice

annual

otyus,the
KuxpetS'/s-

the

Salamis

of

as

appears

earth-goddess,whose

ancient

of Athena

merged in that
by the legend of
was

driven

sheep

serpent of Athena, occasion

familiar

of the

symbol

Iliad, and

for her

Erechtheus,

with

identified

ally

and

oxen

the

cow,

The

Acropolis117.

the

than

the frieze of the Parthenon.

on

exceptionalvictim

an

as

of

sheep, swine and goat are animals


goddess, and these were
to the agricultural
but
Athena, the goat being usuallytabooed

bull and

The

offeringof

in the

mentioned

part of the Panathenaic

is

mention

first rather

the

be

double

This

in ritual.

Acropolis is

the

on

would

Pandora

sacrifice to

the

other

no

which

2C
according to Aristophanes

cult,and

in Athena's

Pandora

have

we

an

but

earth-goddess;

the

reading Tlavbpoo-vfor Uavbvpq,

the

proposes

title of

was

called

was

also to

necessary

this sacrifice

and

Pandora,

to

earth-nymph

the

Athena, it is

to

ox

an

the close connexion

more

once

earth-goddessor

the

and

Athena

between

[CHAP,

RELIGION.

GREEK

290

Delphi,where Gaia
reigned before

had

conApollo, and religiousatonement


made
times
to
be
later
tinued through
to the Python.
b
is also the opinion forcibly
This
Heorlologie,
expressedin Mommsen's

this is the least assailpp. 5, 9, 10, and


able part of his theory,which sometimes
carries

the

of
physicalinterpretation

the Erechtheusevidence.

worship

far

beyond the

x.]

ATHENA.

external
that

historical

It is noticeable

causes.

of the savage

291

cruel

the

at

time

same

ritual

commonly practisedin
associated
primitiveearth-worshipto ensure
was
ever
fertility
with Athena.
This agricultural
character
of hers is entirely
at one
with her civilizing
function ; according to Aristidesa it
she who
the use
of the plough, and
was
the
taught men
rhetorician could
have
appealed to certain cults and cultnone

support his

names

to

called

the
(3ov(vyr]s,

ox-yoker/

Acropolis;and

priestessof

He

statement.

'

the

on

or

Athena

we

are

Polias

mentions

the

belonging to
told by Aeschines
taken

was

from

According to a scholiast
Boarmia, the yoker of oxen,

Athena

the

as

the Eteobutadae.
an

functionary
service

that

the

the

family

of

Lycophron 3~,

on

worshipped

was

in Boeotiab.
of the ancient festivals
Lastly,the details givenus about some
at Athens, the H\vvTi]pLa,
the 'I2"r;(o"/""yHa,
and the religious
rite
of the n/aoxaptoTTJ/ua,
afford many
illustrations of the primitive
life of Attica under
the patronage of Athena.
And
agricultural
we

how

see

that of

naturallyher worship touches at


Demeter
Persephone and Dionysos.

The

about
'!l(Txo""o'pio,

Athenaeus

and

performed
'

in

Aristodemos

which

Hesychius, appears
the worship of Athena

tells

that

us

at

of
running-contest

the

is the statement
the
a

spot
Vol.

i.

Cf. the

the

Phaleron

at

of Athenaeus27

where

the

p. 20 (Dindorf).
attached
epithetTavpoir6\os

the

2"^pd

latter could

the former

to

appears
with the
not

have been

as
festival,
they were

an

offshoot

of

the

worshipof Athena Sciras


Most probably the name

there

was

having

ran

course

was

Sciras0.'

This

chalk

was

rock, and

(393)the

ancient

2*"pas. These

Sciras

according
are

to

of Sala-

name

the

only two

part of

Sciras that can


be
temples of Athena
proved to have existed. The supposed
temple of Athena Sciras at Skiron on

held at

the

con-

sacred

shown
may

temple

have

refers to

by

examination

and

way

of

the

are

silent

has
a

evidence,

Skiras

phorien,Berlin). The

the
U

Eleusis

to

Prof. Robert, after

fiction (Athena

Salamis27c.

on

S^ppd
they

of Athena

temple

white

Oschophoria ;

different times of the year.


d
The
temple at Phaleron
been

have

Phaleron.

at

the

ritual

According to Hesychius,

Strabo
mis

Aristodemus

fused the

feast of

l.

been

Sciras

Athens

Athena30.

to

have

to

from

something

: and
youths at
hands a vine-spraywith grapes, and
temple of Dionysos to that of Athena

in their
from

hear

we

pointswith

many

und

been

careful
to

be

die Skiro-

best authorities

and
concerningit 27ft,

it is only

RELIGION.

CREEK

292

stood

called the

was

Athena

of

had

that

reason

[CHAP.

Dionysiac character
rise to the legend in

gave

its institution to Theseus

Kto-o-ata,
by which

Athena
also

Epidauros29,may

Ariadne.

and

refer to

some

Dionysos. The Trpo^apicnripia, if


of
character
reveals this agricultural
clearly.According to Suidas, at the
c

beginning

was

to

sacrificed to Athena,
his

Lvcurgiis in

refer to the

must

is

called

and

goddess,

speech

sacrifice

ancient

most

right

in

of

return

the

sprouting of
the

During
which

mentioned

the

them

as

dice

of

resort

there.

The

of

the

haunt

string

and

by

Eusta-

it is mentioned

gamblers who

by
played

is in

statement

does

of these
mention

not

Sciras

there ; it

tonius

has

place

on

itself

name

of the

Robert
is

no

temple

sufficient

Athena

Sciras

phoria

or
on

but
characters,
of
Athena
temple
any
is probable that Suethe

Eleusinian

further

scholiast

bad

confused

the

at

tries to

of this

name

Way

with

Phaleron.
show

the
Prof.

that there

authorityfor connecting
with the Skirodirectly

Skira

festival at
2:

'

The

Athens

doubt

no

or

Athena,

of

the

"

the

Suidas
for

his

Anecdota^

of the

season

TT)S deov

avobos

in Bekker's

sacrifice

Persephone/ that

Plynteria,the

incredible; Stephanus of Byzantium


speaks only of the place called Skiros
as

the

called 7ipo\apia-rYipia

with

resurrection

thins (Od. 1397. io),bothdrawing from


the same
probably Suetonius
source,
irept iraiSiuv;and

more

winter,when

magistrates of

sacrifice

already described,

27a7

of

2S."

occasion

the

streets

Pollux

by

end

still

is,

corn.

feast

has been

through

the

correct,

are

goddess

was

the author

by

'

records

Persephone, yet

the

connecting

Athena, namely,

refers

priestlyoffice speaks of
the
of
return
commemorating

Lycurgus only gives the


to

H, who

one

the

on

Trpo^apiaTrjpia

is confirmed

statement

the sacrifice

and

been

the

all the

grow,

Plutarch

the

and

ear

have

may

Perhaps the epithet


the Acropolis of
on
conjunction of Athene

known

was

this rite in honour

That

Oschophorium.

all:

who
Aristophanes ftl,

the
is the

it
of

festival of
the

was

figs,a

only writer
with

Kore

his

called

connects
explicitly

it,admits

doubtful

bear

to

ceremony

who

Skirophoriaas

custom

Athena

that others
a

regarded the

festival of Demeter

opinion,and

o\\n

of Photius

statement

her

the

and
more

27a:i,
weigh

little

against the authorityof Lysimachides, whom


Harpocration quotes27"2,
who
and
nowhere
speaks of Athena
Sciras in his account
of this festival,
but
of Athena
Polias who
only of the priestess
took part in the procession. The Skiroconnexion
phoria had certainlysome
8- ll
with Demeter
and Persephone 27ftl,
;
and it appears that Athena
Polias played
her part in
connected

this

with

as

ceremonies

the divinities of vegeta-

tion.
a

in other

Theseus,23.

ATHENA.

x.]
2i

regarded
have
But

No

olive.
Welcker

attempts,

produce

the

men

of

Phytalos a,

is

or

so

Athena

esoteric

other

any

olive

theme

furnishes

lore that

are

the

of creation
the

whether
it ;14,

on

Euripides

to

of the

spray

cultiva

places in Greece
goddess0, if we

reveals

the

Attica, and

exhibits

Athena

that

divine

have

may

sacrifice at

strong

tive

the

of these

meaning
as

times

conservative

life
She

importance
that

ideas
was

the

is par
ft

the
the

borrowed

the

of

people

the

goddess

whom

to

sowing, harvest
feeling attached to
of

to

concerned

were

and
political
excellence

Pans.
c

Greek

civilization than
with

the

civil character

and

i.

37,

2.

P"or instance

of

at

vintage.

this

side

the

these

alone

7^roades,798.

Sicyon,vide Gcogr.Register.

of

able

were

Athena's

she

of

they

time-

primi

physicalwants

divinity;
political

the

and

feasts

of Themistocles
religion; so that the enemies
extension
to urge
against his projectsof maritime
traditions of the worship of Pallas.
honoured
more

few

are

with

her

Of

crown

there

associated

so

was

first

Athena

to

Academia,

at

Attica

prehistoriclife

ceremonies

And

olive

but

man.

where

olive,

Outside

the

inquiry into

far the

offered

Salamis,

olive to

'

supposed

is

Acropolis or

the

those

except

for Athena

grey-green

the

where

folk

Athens.

from

tradition
So

the

to

in Greek

myths

of the

use

in

glory for bright Athens

and

few

of the very

one

revealed

have

to

created

revealed

to

reallymyths

according

or

the

on

grew

the

of life were

have

for

and civic arts


land, justas the other agricultural
the discovery of the olive
imputed to her. And

peopleof

only

civilization

of Greek

Acropolis,the chief site of her worship. Therefore its


tion was
naturally considered as the boon of Athena

not

as

value
religious

wild

the

also

it ;

on

such

explainthis

to

source

almost

an

of the

symbolism,

physicalside

the

Attica, and

from

drawn

be

the

with

cultivation

the

as

to

appears

teaching of Athena.
closelybound
up

the

to

of the olive-tree had

depended

much

to

need

reason

the

Demeter

of

worship

Attic

ancient

the

of cultivation

art

no

of

attributed

here

elsewhere
fig-tree,

cultivation

gift of

as

been

the

and

ia

293

of
cult.

shares

RELIGION.

GREEK

294

with

of Polieus

function

the

Zeus

[CHAP.
Polias

Athena

as

in the

legends or cult-names, or
poetry and prose, is always that
her

moralityexpressed in

the

; and

reli

of political
of
gious utterances
this religionso
inter
else was
civil society. Nowhere
or
and
with the city'slife as at Athens, the very
name
woven
of
the growth of the city probably being due to the union

other

that, whatever

demes, they all

less held her

tells

sacred

was

Athena,

to

in honour35'

that

us

in the

established

worships were

the

none

land

whole

'

and

Pausanias

Athena.

villages that worshipped


the whole
city and the

have

we

Academia, Colonus,Acharnae, Peiraeeus,


Sunium, Phlyc, Pallene and Oropus, and no doubt it belonged
of the cult in

record

to

supposed to have
the Acropolis
on
fire of Vesta

Her

Attica.

in

district

every

fallen from
'

that

heaven, and

in the

shrine

petuallyburning
of the city's
perpetual life.
the

of the

founder

certain

ship 35

the

times
i.

the

The

lamp

was

the
per

symbol

'Apwyeris she

was

leader of colonies,to whom

Acropolis,and

sent

shared

who

race,

the

cleruchs

the

Polias,as

Athena

temple

tokens

of

shrine

and

at

gratitudeand wor
attaches
the legends
to
same
politicalsense
adoption of Erechtheus, the primeval ancestor

concerning her
of

As

was

the Tro'Aiy.' As

so

of Athena

and

state

Rome,

at

statue

in her

stood

formerlycalled

was

maintained

was

ancient

most

her

supposed

was

be

to

buried

story of Theseus, who

and

to

new

of Poseidon
divinities,

the
Pallantids,

men

the founder

of

of

and

and

in her

first the

in later

on

the

temple 35c"d,

Aphrodite,and

Pallas,but who

Athens

new

is at

worship

attacks

myth

of

votary

the

becomes

the friend of Athena.

The

the hope of Pallas ; and


in the
hope of Athens was
of EuripidesTheseus
in the battle
exhorts his men
S2ipplices
against the Theban
Sparti with the words, Sons, if ye stay
'

not

this stubborn

Pallas

of the

spear

is lost V

When

the citizens deserted

approach of the Persians,it was


Themistocles
The

Athena,

to

foundation

community

was

earth-born

'the

committed

the

the

their

by

guardian of Athens

of the civic upon

the great event

men,

cause

city on

the
35

decree

of
the
of

e.'

primitiveagricultural
commemorated
by the greatest

Suppl. 711.

RELIGION.

GREEK

296

[CHAP.

its
was
corn-god Erichthonios,which, according to Mommsen,
This view rests on
the singlefact
earliest form and meaning.
not allowed
to wear
were
that,accordingto Lucian, the men
gar
of dyed colour during all or part of the festal period 3G e.
ments
In fact,Mommsen
to exaggerate greatlythe reference
appears
a

Erichthonios

to

in the ritual

referred

have

him, and

to

who

mythographers,
Panathenaea
does

not

if

and
at

the

be

of

knew

we

him

the

that

citizens

they

did

The

the sacred
the

which
back

bring the
of the

the

were

received

public vote

work

under

Hecuba

look

Vide

note

on

It is doubtful

in later times
used

was

with

The

was

and

to

for the

pit pa

the

ireVXos

every year and


well as the
as

Uai

aBrjvaia,

or

every

four

years

peplos to lay
this rite,

festival,
goes
the Iliad

already
The

arts.

of the

the

latter

that

had

was

of

scenes

only

the

slaves
in the

women

the

it

weaving
tpyavrlvai,
sometimes

they

about

con

function

workwomen

captive Trojan

the

authorilies

are

this 3"",but it is more


was

always

yearly

custom.
"*

\\teDeUionArchaiologikon,
1889,

10"

probable

agri

In the earliest form

function

variance

are

remote

in

d. Doubtless

at

of this

its

at

women

embroidering

ritual,p. 320.
whether

harvest

weaving

for the

were

Athena,

that

therefore

skilful

the

as

the

believe

was

36n'
'App-qQopoi

forward

woven

would

important political
gathered together to

Trojan

the

was

Heortologie,
p. 37.

an

may

do

of thanks

them,

of

whatever

their Pallas.

robe

public importance,

ft

had

we

of the

patroness

whom

But

Attica

for

offeringto

the

as

among

to

from

little to

embroideringthe

of

always

Panathenaea, the goddess

ceived
and

facts.

birth

the death

way

been, it lost this

earliest times.

same

the

some

Pallas,bringing with them

have

to

the

have

of Pallas c;

statue

to

have

may

in

way

the

countrymen

hill of

seems

some

from

it must

aspect.

on

in

the

in Lucian

passage

equally remote
character

later

of

interpolatedpassage in the Iliad**


importance for Mommsen's
theory,if we
b. The two paradoxicalviews
interpretation

more

date, and

founder

The

cause.

cultural

the

to

mourning-garments
be only able to guess

wore

should

we

known

are

quote

the

of the ayo"i"es 3C b"v. The

one

Erichthonios, and

both

to

as

writer,that the festival commemorated


of

rites

useless

it is

mention

that

prove

of the

sure

of

or

of the

; none

p. 15.

ATHENA

x.]

Gigantomachy
to

weave

; and

masters

of

the

we

hear

of

3G

of the deities

company

the smaller

Both

greater Panathenaea

of

doubtless

3G

who

after

the

night and

have

been

peopletook part, marshalled


the

earlier

is difficult
The

Acropolis.

afterwards

that

century
the

with

sacrificed

the

at

for

their

aid

sacrifice was
victims
the

was

at

offered

same

time

Marathon.

performed
then

from

the

Ccnimicus

in

followed

have

The

course

divided

on

to

of

form

the

in

perhaps
maritime

the

clothe

on

car

ship,

the

fifth

supremacy0;
the

was

Cows

Erechtheum.

of Athena

the

ancient
were

and
Acropolis,

Hygieia and Athena


were
profferedin behalf
of gratitude
Plataeans
out

Athena

to

prayers

Possibly also a
The
the Areopagus.
the

among

simultaneous
flesh of the

officials and

the

rest

of

people.

Eq. 566,
has
been
ir(ir\ov,
wrongly
d^ioi rov
as
interpreted
meaning that this practice
in the days of the first
even
prevailed
a

forth
to

people,including the

of the whole

d.

the

in

Polias

specialsacrifices were
Nike:iGz;

:""(1

spear

designed

was

the great altar

on

and. at least in

and

of the Athenian

it

Athena

of

statue

whole

The

shield

introduced

was

time

which

image

d" x.

their demarchs

constructed

was

the

in

'"6

preciselyto determine1',till it reached


a
peplos was spread like a sail above

which

innovation

an

belonged to
peculiarto the quin

was

have
set
to
procession appears
to Eleusis
and, returning thence,

which

performed

all that

with

athlothetae

by

period,marching

acts,

procession to the
The TTO/^TT?/began at
there.
ordered
by the hieropoei,

what

the

arranged by

was

was

essentially

solemn

charged

celebration,while

annual

quennial

the

z, were

festal

to

appear

the

in

were

central

the

which

the sacrifice offered

Acropolis and
sunrise

year

every

that the forms

embroidered

be

low

so

n.

and

religiousceremonies,

the

Macedonian

its

being passed

should

Antigonus

and

figures of

decree

a, it sank
self-respect

the

peplos

on

Demetrius

its

and

When

in Athens.

Pallas

of

robe

lost its freedom

city had
as

the

on

297

The

Athenian

passage

empire.

in

Arist.

Mommsen,

Heortologie,
p.

190, vide

36n.
c

It

comic

is first mentioned

by Strattis,

poet of the latter part of the

fifth century-6".

religiousacts in the ritual. But


of the
possessed a religious character, or
agones
connected
by mythology with the cult of Athena.
supposed
pyrrhic dance, performed in her honour, was

These
many
were

The

the

were

have

to

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

298

chief

her

been

3G

invention

own

hopliteswho
apobatae, the armed
athletic practicepeculiarto the
an
said

was

lampadephoria

was

the

procession,by competing

the

torch

one

of the
KVK\LKOI

the

lyre

ascribed

The

of the

recitals
Plato

of

of runners,

each

for which

arts

fire

passing

to

Athena

was

used

consecrated

was

Homer

the ideal

were

Hipparchus

to

recognitionwhich
as

Boeotians,

and

as
3G

ln.

by

goddess

chariots,

the singing choruses, the competitions on


x"Pot/?
introduced
flute, were
by Pericles ""G ; the

and

rhapsodical

chains

its line a, and

divinities

The

Athenians

the

the

instituted

been

down

from

sprang

of

contest

3G
The
v.
by Erichthonios
performed,probably on the evening before

have

to

The

"i.

3G

fruitful

s.

find in the

we

incarnation

innovation

Panathenaea

of the

many-sided

of the
Athenian

life finds

expression also in many


strikingpassages of the
Such a watcher,'Solon
holds her hands
above
poets.
says,
our
city.Pallas Athena, the great-souleddaughter of a mightyAnd
in Aristophanes and Euripides we
sire.
have the fullest
of this idea.
'O Pallas,the holder
of our
lyricalutterance
'

'

city,guardian
all

in

Euripides,in
sion

to

the

and

guardian

thee,

do

nor

unheard, and

as

had

race

and

higher key,

come

the

companies, which

'

last

service

the

has

thou

Heracleidae

the

unmistakable

an

is the

of sacrifice is
the

waning

young

differentlyties

this

competition

it

by

his

between

all the older authori-

have
had

and

of
allu

basement

of

mother, mistress,

art

ever

month

and

fulfilled for

by

pass

the choral

the maidens'
windy hill-top

it

be

in

lady, thine

of the

single runners
to

of

days

the songs

on

city,whereof

; for rich

describes

between

probably

time, when

is the

are

Pausanias

still

the

silence,nor

lands,and surpassing
power,' sing the chorus in the

Panathenaea.

land,thine

our

of all

lyrical passage

a
a

holy

most

poesy

and

land

and

war

Knights

of

voices

in

strains
in

certain

holy

inscriptionsprove to
period,
been abandoned, perhaps because
been

the rule in the earlier

of its expense,

x.]

ATHENA.

acclaim

ring out while the

dance35

".'

Public

resolutions

of

299

feet beat

the

earth

in the

nightly

great import, the

cementing of an
alliance or the declaration
of a war, were
often accompanied
Polias.
The
to Athena
or
vows
by prayers
ephebi sacrificed
of their militaryservice ; slabs incised
to her at the conclusion
with state
decrees
fines
set
her temple, and
were
near
up
incurred
to her.
by certain public offenders were
paid over
And

the

Athena

of

the

Parthenon, who

Polias, was

the guardian
theoretically

from

which

sums

state

and

In

often
the

the naval

Greek

brazen

with
'

house

the

'

holder

also

under

hear

of the Athena

Tegea,

the

of

attached

title of

citywhich she
pregnable by the giftof a
existed

Phalanna

at

the

island

her

cult-titles derived

her

with

attached

of Rhodes

Zeus

of

as

title of
cult

was

The

'

its founder

:;n;and

Megalopolis,of Troczcn,

was

supposed

lock

from

have

to

Medusa's
to

rendered

hair;

her

her

acknowledged
from

the
The

names
same

her

as

Polias

of its

we

and

at

of
im

Daulis

city-cult

Perrhaebia, in Cos, Amorgos, and

Polieus.

and

los ;
gave

cities,uniting

politicalimportance

Crete, and the treaty of alliance


worship
between
of
in the name
sworn
Hierapytna and Lyctos was
Athena
Polias.
Many cities of Asia Minor
possessed this
in special repute at Pergamum
and
cult, and it was
Ilium,
where
festival and games
held in
a
were
yearly Panathenaic
her
honour.
We
find
Heraclea
in Magna
it also
at
Graecia

to

her

her

her, and

Polieus.

consecrated

were

in

of Zeus

'Ap^y^is

Polias

slaves

to

Athens, the

of the

goddess of
Sparta was
styled according to Pauthe city,'
and perhaps was
worshipped

the

enfranchised

besides

states

that
at

public treasury,

paid to support the other cults


:j:"
f.
militaryadministration

noAiouxo? was

or

combined

sanias*

and

other

many

FloAtay

were

the

of

Athena

also

was

in

38.

Besides

the

civic

worship

of Polias

there

arc

others

that

found
latter titles were
at Amyclne
inscription
suggests that the two
the Roman
distinct,but Pausanias may
theoretically
period,mentioning the
in maintaining
priest who
performed the religious be right on the whole
services of Poseidon
identical.
Athena
that
the
two
worships were
Asphalios,
Chalcioecos, and Athena
IIo\mxos38b,
A

of

The

RELIGION.

GREEK

300

consecrated

were

her

to

the

as

[CHAP.
land

the

of

guardian

of

or

find in an
At
inscription
Anaphe we
people's union.
Patrios and Athena
of the worship of Zeus
mention
Patria,
and 'O/ioAcafc,
attached
to Zeus
the cult-names
and
'QjjLoXvios
have
in Boeotia, may
and Athena
signifiedthe divinities of
the

publicconcord 42. In the precinctsof the temple of Artemis


shrine of
a
Laphria, the great goddess of Patrae, there was
title which
Athena
a
\lai'a\ais,
probably alludes to the
from

derived

she

did her title 'Ajuapi'a


in Achaea, which

league 41,as

Achaean

Zeus, and

which, originally
possessinga physical

and
was
changed into the form 'O//a/na,
given
meaning, was
a
sense
designating the goddess of the confederacya.
political
functions
of the city-goddesswere
the
The
probably much
in these places as in Athens
same
; she inspiredcounsel, and
the pledge of the continuityand securityof the
her cult was
her

state,

the

temple

localities other

certain
same

character
political

alone

by

Two

the essential

of the

cults

At

Thebes

ing of which
Argives, the
home

is

there

the

city under

so

no

was

chorus

temple

in the open

ing to

the

co

; and

her

class

or

During
Onka,

as

We

learn

for this

erected

possess

the

and

Athena

remain

to

Zeus

honoured

was

her

gates.'

In

to

come

this

"O/ya
\\Br\va.
to

archives.

their nature.

Athena

pray

state

belonged to

belonging to

name

our

image

it

; but

is unknown.

word

near

worships might
rightof

Boeotian

considered.

for the

storehouse

mean

the

attack

of the

holy

queen,

whose

from

that

Pausanias
an

there

introduced

divinity

"OyKab, the

cult,but

worship

legend indigenous,but

as

be

was

altar and
not

an

accord

by Cadmos, who
the slaughter,
as

slays the serpent and then does penance for


have
Apollo did for the Python's. We
probably here, as
in so
other legends,an
allusion to a conflict of two
many
worships,an older worship of the earth with that of Athena
;
for the
a

serpent,

symbol
ft

Vide

The

root

where

name

of

the

as

child

of

Ares,

is

of the earth c.

Zeus-cults, p. 43.
the

as

although spoken

may
Boeotian

Poseidon-cult

contain

Thebes
the

same

'Oyxyvros,
existed; but at

town

be

can

Hermes,
c

One

no

association

with

Poseidon

(vide Wilamowitz,
1891, p. 235).
that the
conjecture
might fairly

discovered

ATHENA.

x.]
Of

significanceof
political

the

temple

whose

Coronea

at

said ; and

have

we

specialcharacter of
some
mystic manner
is called Hades
by
speaking of
is

Itonia

to

had

at

Coronea

conclude
Itonia

Athena
the

for

It is not

show

her

festival at

forth

its

proved by
This
Plato

and
it

Palladia

that

idols

which

here

four survivors
after

the

Harmonia
"

Laws,

the

Greek

hung which

were

Greece
of

cult

cl c'

Amorgos

an

of the

ancient

totem

Sparti are
and

changed

745 B.

on

Cadmos
to

the

d.

named
and

serpents.

title

her

As

she

was

not

of the wilds, it is

by

rare

nature
to

mountain-top consecrated
often

was

to

Zeus.

Athena
of

her
The

oldest

\\npia""-'

the

Acropoleis''. Among

; the

is

Itonia

the

among

tells ; and

over

explainswhy

Hellas

cities'heights are

tradition

temples

serpent ;
are

and

temple

the

guard

refers to her
serpent was

Athens

the

of

where

her

in

was

victoryof

of

hear

indigenous in

was

shields

last

the

in

it

We

Acropolis of his ideal state to


Zeusa, and why in Aristides' summary
the giftsof Athena4'.
is said that cities are

character

is

Itonia, exclaims.

Boeotia, and

to

religionof
political

of the

consecrates

of

war

that the

Larissa

adoption at

survey

Hestia

worship

her

Finally the prevalence

barbarism.

poet, who

song.'

of

device

divinity of

the Gauls

from

won

Also

deities.

The

the

probably travelled

and

Pherae

between

of

contest

Crannon, and
it

who

fragment of Bacchylides that


only a war-goddess, but a goddess

delicate

chief

the

was

chthonian

the

was

and

earth

the

she

that

must
sittingstill or tarrying,but we
temple of Itonia of the golden aegis

for

some

Thessaly, whence

of

in

which

musical

the well-carved

and

and

especially
poetry.

peace,

task

to

were

not

the

fare

she

from

was

of

arts

preparing
'

some

Athena

character

Athens,

growths

be

must

that

be

may

of the

at

affinityto

we

may

had

the

fostered

had

of

she

who

who

If this association

Zeus.

something

in

world

lower

Pausanias.

in

but

accident, it

local

some

therefore

of the

the

Athena

It associated

god

of

evidence

ancient

cult, is named

same

who

goddess

the

Strabo,

primitiveworship

her
a

the

due

not

meeting-place of the
festival,
something has already

some

with

Itonia,

the

worship01.

this

of Athena

cult

the

was

confederacy and

Panboeotian
been

301

many

goddess
lonely

find the
to

her, as

it

RELIGION.

GREEK

302

the

temple
worshipped
warlike

on

the

guise,her

and

pose

she

ritual is that

shield

of

decree

Elatea

between

alliance

an

in

in imitation

of

being carved

preserved in her temple.


As
a
city-goddess she is also
growth of the family ; the Athenian

in her

peculiartrait

cult, the

this

inscriptionsreferringto

represented her

by boy-priests. We

served

was

the

in Athens.

Parthenos

that of Athena

of

most

Polycles,and

of

sons

prominent was
KpazWa58, the goddess
hill ; her
temple-statue

Athena

'

head

the

of the

one

of

Elatea

near

by

carved

was

of these

recorded

instances

[CHAP.

two

containingthe

one

Tenos

and

have

which

to

was

be

interested
bride

in

the

led

was

life and
the

to

up

her name
Hence
comes
Acropolis and consecrated to her63.
or
\\7rarovpia
^parpia,containing a reference to the feast of
solemnized
by the fyparpiaiof the Ionic tribes646.
a-rrarovpLa

Athens, indeed, it would

At

relation

closer

Athena

Troezen

the

to

'

'

than

gentes

to

seems

that Zeus

appear

have

been

did

in

stood
Athena

still

but

at

the

speciallyregarded as

goddess who protected the clan and who gave offspringin


be the meaning of the custom
re
marriage ; for this must
the eve
of marriage
corded
on
by Pausanias 64 b that maidens
their girdle to Athena
dedicated
was
'ATrarovpia.The name
misunderstood
vented
a

and

that

how

told

similar story based

to

the

on

custom

bearing

the

was

Cos

Another

by

which

we

of

Phratria with

in

just as

with

compare
the

of

newly

Zeus

Troe-

the

priestessof Athena

married

typarpiosis

people.

The

recorded

also

d.
title which
she appears

as

of the

one

When

of

the land

in the

presents Athena

by

their

legend

Aithra

deceived

may

visitation

66,the strange name


Mrirrip
women

same

aegis to houses

cult of Athena
c4

the

had

and
aTrdr??,

told
misunderstandingwas
at Phanagoriaa.
Aphrodite 'Airdrovpos

rite which

Athenian

zenian

at

Athena

explainthe worship of

The

with

connected

barren

which

Otol
she

same

and
light,

is 'Aflrjm
Kovporpofyoi,

was

honoured

in Elis.

according to the story, the


prayed to Athena, and, owing to the goddess'sfavour,
marriagesbecame most prolific.The title gives no hold
was

"

men

Strabo,495.

RELIGION.

GREEK

304

inspiringcounsel
Zeus
were

nated

were

that

refers

at

deities

of wise

known

and

the

they

Athens

In the

lepovof

prayed to her and to


and 'A/x/3oi"Aia,
which
'A///3oi"Aios7;'
BouA.auK,and the terms
applied to the two divinities at Sparta,must have desig

council-chamber

the

title BouA.ata72.

her

in

and

[CHAP.

men

deliberation.
also

worshipped

probably

their

to

At

shrines

the

latter

city

a word
'Ayopatot17d,

as

in

the

Agora,

and

in

and
the power
directlyto the presidency of the law-courts
the counsellor
of persuasion. The
is
as
aspect of Athena
vividly presented in the Odyssey and in Greek
mythology

generally.
Her
worship is also
of legalideas,at
ment
Zeus

As

kindred

blood,

illustration of this
humane

rule

and

called

riaAAaSiw

eiri

the

tion in the law of


Athena.

this court

It

who

was

night and
them,

not

was

legend about

then

Pausanias

knowing

Argives,and
of

on

the

fiftyAthenians

and

The

which

legend,of

they
; and

of the

was
as

court

the

illustrate the

the

and

of the

an

was

The
court

ameliora

same

connected
again is indirectly
to

of

involuntary
legendthat explains

try

cases

the

of Pallas.

from

slew

were,
on

is

accused

Troy,
territory.Demiphon

Attic

kinsmen

74.
principle

the patronage

his

deaths

said to

he

under

been

Argives.
slightlydifferent

landed

and

his horse:

first

by

attacked

happened

of the Athenian
have

Diomed,

of them

some

return

Athenians

trial for the


court

the

foundation

the Palladium

who

the

trial of Orestes

retributive
the

been

shedding
involuntary or

of

equal

givesus

put under

bringing home
ignorantlyon

put

Athens

instituted

was

captured the Palladium


trample to death one
was

the old

have

the

the

institutes
were

homicide, which

bloodshedding; and
why

whole

votes

at

about

develop

of homicide.

to

blood-feud

goddess

abolishes

constitution

with

the

if the

ideas

protected
The

the

that

acquitted,and
TO

moral

the Eumenides.

from

law

seems
MeiA.i)(ios

the

from

the

regard to

Athena

so

righteoushomicide
and

least in

with

for the

importance

some

and
TIpocrrpoTraios

speciallyconcerned
of

of

and

to

he
the

composed

many
a

has
preserved by Harpocration,
of the court
explain the nature

version

evidently been
at

Athens

and

has

invented
the

been
to

presence

ATHENA.

x.J

305

in it of the

image of Pallas. As Zeus was


justiceand right,his worship also

source

of

nected

with

of Zeus

this

Palladium-court, and

IlaAAaSio?;

"7Ti

74a.

Once

we

year

ultimately the

hear

of

the

be

to

comes

con

worship

statue, which

taken down
to Phaleron
certainlya wooden
"6avov,was
and dipped in the sea, a rite which
probably had in the later
period the moral intention of purifyingthe image from the
was

miasma

of

the

of homicide,

court

Miillera

legends concerning these Palladia,that speak


associated

wrong

with

them,

and

that

collects

of outrage and
the

attribute

the

Trojan image to the blind infatuation of the


Athena
herself b, who
slew her playfellowPallas
an
image of her. The conclusion
might seem
certain

dark

attached
should

and
her

to

cruel

conceptionsabout
ancient

most

idol.

the

many

originof
gods or of

and

erected
be

to

that

herself

goddess

It is strange then

that it

have

of more
to a law-court
advanced
given its name
equity. Those legends in fact do not lead to that conclusion ;
they are mostly aetiological:
invented,for instance, to explain
why the image had fallen from heaven upon the hill of Ate,
why it was the image of Athena and yet called after Pallas, why
it had closed eyes, why it was
set up in a court
to try involun

tary homicide

the

stories of Cassandra

and

the

suppliants

only prove the extreme


sanctityof the image, to which women
and suppliantswould
resort.
naturallybut often fruitlessly
There
also in all probability
was
some
religiousconnexion
Athena

between
the most
end

sacred
the

of

Eumenides,

'

and

of

the Eumenides
all the Athenian

play

of

With

my

I will escort
righteously,
to

your

nether

Aeschylus

of the
courts

Areopagus,
was

held

the

; at

goddess says
handmaidens, who
guard my
you with the lightof gleaming

habitations.'

The

reference

is to their

the

where

to

the
the

image
torches
cave

on

Areopagus, and almost certainlyto some


religiousritual
the priestess
in which
of Athena
Polias went
thither in solemn
procession74 c.
The
older view of Athena
retribution
a goddess of pure
as
have been expressedby the title'A"IOITOLVOS
75,under which
may
*

VOL.

I.

Pallas

Athena, Kleine Schriften,


pp. 207-209.
Apollod. 3. 12, 3.
X

she

worshipped

was

associates
in

viewed

cult

with

this

case

as

period,she

lawful

At

of Justice77.
personification
It was
probably as the goddess

who

Athena

that

interest

public

the

for

more

later

Themis,

foresees
the

won

epithet

the

Athens, in

identified with

been

have

to

seems

once

the

; and

vengeance

legal reference.

legend

homicide,
justifiable

of

idea

the

the

But

Sparta.

near

this

has

probably

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

3o6

the

as

advises

and

Hpovoia.

name

an
as
epithetof the goddess is
history of this word
mean
peculiar. As applied to a divinityit could apparently
either 'prescience'
or
providence : but it inclined to the latter
it in reference
to
uses
although Sophocles once
signification,
In the Oedipus Coloneus (1.1180) the Ttpovoia
rov
oracle.
an
Oeov probably is an
expression for God's providence,and it
this either in philo
denote
often used
have
been
to
must

The

'

'

sophic or

language

common

before

have

could

irpovoia

'

without
word, as
qualifying
providence of God
any
the Stoic vocabulary b. In this sense, then, the word
'

attached

in

compound

and

she

as

the term

sense
quasi-adjectival

the cult

and

certain that

almost

all others

before

was

Nike

like Athena

name

they

was
Hpovaia, which
worship of Thebes.

This

and

78

from

in

could

be

as

Aphrodite

or

to

Pausanias

form

Peitho

goddess of wise ordinance,


arisen naturally. But it is
confusion

'stands
that

with
the

in

the

that

learn

so

it did

epithets of Athena
title can
only have

of

meaning, denoting the goddess


we

Athena,

suggested by

were

one

the

have

might

to

denoted

local

before

the

shrine/

statue

of

Athena

Upovata, wrought by Scopas,actuallystood before the temple


of the Ptoan
been

found

hear

we

has

been

form

with

both

Track.

of

made

of the

fragments of pottery have


the inscription
'AOdvas Upovatas. At Delphi
Athena
an
npovaia and Upovoia 78 b' 79,and it

Apollo, where

824;

fMVTLKrjs-rrpovoiav

question which

name

several

in this

Delphicworship.

'

dentia

Mens

Now

Democritus,l/c TTJS irpovoia dicitur ;


ctpaaav ofTv fin^rjTfiv =8. Perhaps also

(ppovr)o~.3. 51).
mundi
prudentia vel

appellari
potest.

Graece

is the

two

'

cf.

(Stobaeus,wept
b

of the

Cic. De
in

Upovoia "' 77/^17,awaov

provienim

Aul.

864.

we

original
that

know

Nat.

Deor.

2.

Euripides: SiTvxr),
ovs

eyw

0"\a)

Iph.

x.]

ATHENA.

there

was

of the

shrine

temple of Apollo,and

goddess there,standingbefore

who

expect the

should

we

natural title to be earlier than


earliest authorities

307

the

more

obvious

artificial. And

more

the
and

the two

this

Athena, Aeschylus and


Herodotus, give us the form Upovaia. Speaking of the local
deities who were
worshippednear the Pythian oracle,Orestes
and Herodotus
says llaAXa? Upovaia 'has precedence in report,'
speaks of the FlaAAaSoj Trpoz^irj? rrjs tv AeA^ouri. But Demo
sthenes,or the author

mention

of the doubtful

againstAristogeiton,believes that the Delphic goddess was IlpoVota,


saying
the Delphic Apollo stood a very large and beautiful
that
near
oration

'

of Athena

temple

Upovoia just as
also calls this the

And

Pausanias

and

the passage

the

enter

you

temple

main

of Athena

shrine/

Upovoia,

well illustrates the confusion

in Photius

of the

was
epithet (Tlpovoia)
given
she stands
before
the shrine at Delphi, others
her because
her providence provided for Leto's delivery.'
The
because
latter part of this curious explanationis illustrated by a state
that a temple was
in Macrobius
erected
Athena
to
ment

epithets:

two

Some

'

Artemis

and

an

That

the

title

cult at

same

into

DpoVoia came

clear,as in

seems

'9

sagacitywhich aided the


b. This Delian
worship may

of the

offshoot

been

the

of her

because

Delos

Upovoia in
of Apollo

think

common

in Attica

have
79

c.

in later times

use

of Greek

fictitious account

Prasiae

birth

worships insti

of the

Hyphasis, given in Philostratus' life


of Apolloniusa, an altar to 'Adrjva
Upovoia is mentioned
together
and others.
It is
with those of Apollo Delphos Zeus Ammon
diffused,
was
probablethat it was from Delphi that the name

tuted

and
wars.

the
on

the banks

on

it

that

time

irpovaCasome

after the

Persian

was
change of name
suggested through
played in repellingthe Persian attack
part that Athena
the temples ; for it is noteworthy that Diodorus, after

Perhaps

narrating the
recoil from
goes

from

arose

on

to

miraculous

the
say,

Bk.

the

terrors

the

precinctsof
TO

2, sub

IJL^V

ovv

"v

which

made

temple

of Athena

Persians

Upovata,

rwl
fj-avrelov
AeA(/"oio-t
baifjioviq

Jin.
X

the

Diod.

Sic.

u.

14.

function

and

Athena.

She

of

side
far

implied in irpoWa, the power


attached
to
of prophecy might naturallyhave
by the
worshipped at Erythrae as "*"T?/uia
was
contained

the ideas

From

or

nowhere

had

she

hear

of

goddess

the
as
4"?]fuo"",

Zeus

we

as

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

3o8

81

omens

pavrelov,and

any

but

as

Aristides,

of the
give a complete account
concerning her prophetic character
goddess, says no more
oracles and
her guardian of his own
than
that Apollo made
sacrifice first to her 80 ; he is obviously referringto
bade
men

evidently tries

who

Athena

Upovaia
of

means

to

certain

Delphi.

at

attributed

pebbles was

her,

to

this

invention,by Zenobius, but

of divination

kind

of

goddess

recognizedby

not

was

as

by
any

cult82.
warlike

Her

it is hard

of

original.Some

times, and
pre-historic

inseparablyblended

was

social ; and

and
political
the

character

to

served

they

as

her

of the two

mentioned

Palladia

the

which

say

with

was

belonged

symbols

of

of

and

war

to

men
were
city'ssecurity.In fact,the goddess under whom
brought together into a community of villagesor clans, and
who
have been a deityof battle ; and
guarded the 710X19,must

the

Alalcomenae
her

and

worship

derived

from

two

divine

and

Athena

word

we

Boeotian

at

she

war

believe

no

through

secure

dread

relief-work

the

on

cult of Athena

of

ranks

we

the

have pro-

Theog. 924.

latter
the

goddess

leader

'

of

The

of the

the contest

with

in the

The

evidence

Hera

from

Hesiod

battle, the

Zeus, Athena, and


bable

As

and

in company

The

city,though small,
remained
always

cult 83.

Homer

in

name

of the birth of the

legend

of Achilles.

is
'A\a\Kofj.evrj

recorded also in Chios,and

immediately

that the

the

of the

form

the din of strife and

shield

in which

the

position,had

of

arouser

the

the

the

adds

conspicuous

marshals

derived

sanctityof

in
delighteth

Gigantomachy,
The

from

was

records

advantage

goddess, the

is she who

that it

Strabo

appears

host,who

of

Alalcomenae, and

having

cherished

arose

'A\aA.Kojmei;Tjts
; and

town.

goddess
and

Athena

may

cities that

of it,is itself a
by means
'the helper in battle V
'AAaXfco/xeVij,
the Argive
in Homer
Menelaos
are

that

aiders

oldest

of the

Boeotia, one

in

Ares

legend
Heracles

of it in Ithaca

of
are

It

the
the

83,83 b.

ATHENA.

x.]
chief

which

from

and

combatants,

309

she

poeticaltitle

the

won

of
version, the cult-name
and, according to one
yiyavro"l"6vos,
is spoken of as
she
myths in which
'iTTTua;the countless
in their battles; and, lastly,the
befriending the heroes

aboriginalprevalence of
temple

temple

the

of

Eumenes

Tegea, Corinth,
these

we

is also the

She

that
Ar/iris,

goddess

of the

where

the chorus

But

is

there

worship of

Athena

goddess.

Of

death

the

befriended

much
of

For

instances

in Athens.

worship

the

Tydeus

dedicate

to

'AA-xi'S^os,
Rome

M).

epithet
Olympia,

the
at
to

the

her

Sophocles'Ajax^
Ajax' trouble may

of

cause

the

goddess.
and

the character

either

93a:

war

statue

in

that

this

poetry

point of

view

whom

and

intended

his

dying

of Athena

with
or

whom
cult.

moments

stood

in the

It

in the

embodied

was

Thebes,

career

in

Greeks, and

the

to

before

all his

and

of Attica,

in

between

from

abandoned
85ft

see

side

war-goddess and of Ares, who, perhaps


origin,personifiedthe savage lust of

interest

through

the

by

and
spoil,

offeringspoilto

the art of

and

by

strugglewith

the

in

contrast

abhorrent

immortality, but
a

gives

rarelyassociated

is very

is civilized valour

of

as

at all times
strife,

Athena

in

marked

of his Thracian

because

the

suggest that the

his remissness

sworn

this class85,and

to

inscriptionsthat
by many
spoil8T,and by the passage

tithes

been

before

and

in Homer

occurs

is illustrated

have

who

oath

cult of Athena

Macedonian

sacrificed

Perseus

whom

of

cults

in the

Olympia, belongs
the

add

may

name

is mentioned

found

Hippia

the

the

in

in the

occurs

god

between

that

taken

she

where

title
and

the

Athenians

the

between

were

title

same

Pergamon.
The

Ares85.

to

the

Areia; and

Athena

of

Magnesians,

to

the trial of Orestes

with

alliance

; of

dedicated

Athens

at

(about 271 B.C.),and

and

Smyrnaeans

of

oath

The

war.

Lacedaemonians

and

altar

an

ranks,'

the

probably referringdirectlyto

but

Areopagus,

of

dess

of

of

hear

Troczen

far from

not

the

to

We

her.

fightsbefore

Areia, mythicallyconnected

Athena
on

and

Plataea

at

of

aspect

Bouporthmos,

of

the mountain

on

this

'who
Dpojuaxop/xa,

of Athena

testimony

Greece, bear

of

cults

public

numerous

is the story
Athena
to

had

raise to

through
temple

of Ares

RELIGION.

GREEK

3io

Tydeus failed
invents

in

Cadmos,

who

Ares

of

none

the

Pyrrhic dance,
at
which
Sparta was

instance, the
armour,

and
militarydrill,

is
rTupptxoV1,

When

she
the
the

it to

has

Dioscuri,

legend

of the

ritual of

of the

is

it

say

was

Athenians

Egypt

sacred

which

existed

have

been

in

she

teaches

with

accord

the

she

them.

the
The

was

part

close

island,is

in the art
important advance
mythb. Aristides,who
religious

the
had

who

popular belief,goes so far as


taught infantrytactics to
there

that

shields

were

in his mind

had

have

of Zeus

hoplitedance, which

her, where

may

Spartan

Athena30q.

to

originatedamong

Egyptians, and
to

part of

necessary

head

would

full

in

movement

the

in

For

an

beyond

Athena.

Gigantomachy

worship

in both

Athena
and

rhetorician

Zeus

ascribed

discovery of

from

of

fosterling

were

to

which

legend

the

attributed

the

it

that

explained by

usually advances

the

accounts

Kouretes'

the

parallelto this,as

be

story which

war

many

considered

after

or

of

measured

to

some

Spartans

Cretan

Ares,

the

in

life,

Norse

or

and

to

arts

full-armed

Pyrrhic ;

of the

war

in

sprung

claims

of

said

was

named

dances

Athena

inventor, but

their

as

of his great

help slays the serpent,

her

Moreover,

of Ares.
to

with

explain why

to

reward

alluded

Iliad, is also

skull

in the

pleased Dante

hostilitybetween

the

appears

the

have

would

which

The

saga-poet.

myth-maker,

obtain

last to

at

motive

Greek

his teeth

fixed

he

when

disgust at his savagery,


old
of his slayer. The

[CHAP.

Epidaurus

90

b,where

styled 2roix"'a, the

such
the

marshaller

'

was

the

district in
The

dedicated0.

worship as

to

that

goddess appears to
of the ranks,'
if we

give to this name, as to that of Zeus Eroix^s,a military


d. The
attached
to her in one
significance
epithet Zeoorij/na,
may

of her

cults at Thebes

former

city by

for the

war

the

vented

as

arparionuca.

an

in the

to

harness

oa/ri^a

ITTI ra

veu.v

the

seems

7:

in-

and

of

temple

armed
where

himself
she

was

the belief that

express
war

in the

explained

Amphitryon

near

Deipnosoph. 14.
raw

Athens,

that

this name,

girtthemselves
Athenae.

legend

at

against Euboea

worshipped under
men

and

under

her

auspices

Vide

Aristides,vol. i, p. 18 (Bind.).

Vide

Plato's Laws, 796 B.

Zeus

l56

"".

the

called
his

older

Greek

about

her.

the

her

assigns her

of his

goddess
of

daughter
related

her

merely

to

place in

earlier

the latter

the

Zeus

of

have

known

can

find for

to

than

of

he gave

Athena,

Pallas,who
into

the

understand

as

the

but

he

for

theogony

Athena

to

the

why
the

Titanomachy as

to

perhaps

was

already related

were

we

former

latter

was

giantsb.
evidence

some

Greek

figurethat

that

Athena

Greek

religionand

Nike

regards this latter


if we

determine

the statement

accept

the

prevalent

almost

can

we

was

before

art

personified victory became

of its introduction

the date

Titan

or

in the

the

As

form

another

in

associated

was

present Nike

not

being brought

least

to

artistic type.

theological
system

Hesiod,

at

both

winged

per

that

been

wished

his

If Nike

with

he

but

Athena,

as

prominent

battle

We

in

figured in the

Nike

say

giant

fictitious

be

in the

Hesiod,
these

have

it may

contemporaries

or

the

to

time

should

have

not

therefore he could

specialpurpose.

in

this way

in

Pallas,that is
an

is

silence
disproved by Homer's
religion seems
We
explain the curious parentage that
may

imagination

with

she

antedate

to

could

Nike

that

and

sonifications,

Hesiod

inclined

chronology,is

sacred

Hesiod's

and

But

Pallas.

Titan

the

of

daughter

In

trophy.

against the Titans,

assists Zeus

Theogony* Nike

[CHAP.

of the

existence

of the

evidence

have

RELIGION.

GREEK

3J2

of the

Aristophanes'Birds, ascribingthe first repre


sentation of the winged Victory,that is,of the personification,
l25
b. Even
if the winged
to the archaic sculptor
Archermus
Victoryof Archermus was reallyIris,as has been suggested6,

scholiast

yet

the

on

of

statement

the

scholiast,which

fanciful,
impliesthat there
Greeks

and

statues

were

earlier than

regarded as

whom

representinga personage

the

be

cannot

known

period

to

Since the above

graph

de la Victoire

Italic: his

JSike

The

written

mono-

appeared by Baudrillart

Dimmtes

Les
en

has

was

agrees

arguments

theoryas
on

the

to the

whole

Grhe

en

on

et

originof

with

mine.

againstM. Baudrillart's

the

later

of Archermus

they called Wingless Victory;


positionbrought forward

"

purely

in

the

are

not

Classical

Review,

convincing.The

bv Mr.

1895

Sykes
p

give sufficient weight to


by Hesiod and by
scholiast on Aristophanes
classical Xeview, 1895 p 282
to

seem

evidence

afforded

280

latter does not


the
the

ATHENA.

x.]
this

and

doubt

no

was

only

313

described

that

name

in her
goddess Athena, whether
other, was
naturallyregarded
any

Athena

NIK?;; for the

character

NI'KIJor

as

This
for

in

Athena

instance, and

found

three

and

was

that

local worships, at
enjoyed many
the Acropolis of Megara, where

Nike
on

temples,one

third

the

on

Aiantis

Athena

to

another

Athena,

to

Acropolis

the

; but

most

of Athens98.

In

wingless.
Erythrae
Pausanias

Athena

to

as

Nike,

celebrated

cult

Pausanias

the

of

name

Wingless Victory is given to the deity of the temple


to the Propylaea ; but her original
rightof the ascent

the

on

official

and
us

wooden

left

derived

from

the

mentioned

and

Nike

first book

of

then

'

her

in

tells

he

Harpocration gives
Athena.
a
wingless
that

us

Heliodorus

his

is

account

irepl

6 -n^piriy^ri^

of

"6avov

is the

and

right hand,

little shrine

the

ordained

inscriptionspeaks

spoil won
ephebi

of the

pomegranate

a
'

This

For

found
has been
by Pausanias ; and an inscription
sacrifice
about
a
Propylaea containing a decree
TTJ'A6r]varf/HoAtaSt KCU rf/ \6i]va rr? Nur/36z. An

the

other

Nike.

type

helmet

1SW.
a/cpo7ro'Aeo)9

her

the

idol, holding

her

near

Athena

was

descriptionof

in

name

in

war

her

at

refers

who
sacrifice,

offered

crown

third

; a

1JCa.

honour

of

to

assisted

the

appeals

to

Polias, who

worship

and

character

Nike
the

of the

in

Athena
title

part played by the


a

procession held

PhiloCtetes, where
him

saves

in

names

the

Ion,

Odysseus
ever.'

The

peaceful

in part the

evidently express

goddess, who

the

from

her

by these
goddess is invoked
century90'*;by Euripides in

The

by poets of the fifth


and
by Sophocles in
'

the

to

her helmet

after

pre-eminentlya goddess

of the

has

laid aside

battle.
As

arts, and
In
as

it remains

her

warlike

carver's

to

to

was

be

as

nature
man

dear

cunning,for

this side
;

to

in

Homer

her,

brieflyunder this aspect.


of her is presented as well

her

consider

the earliest literature

regarded
She

she is

goddess of peace

'

Pallas Athene

He

skilful craftsman

the

hands

whose
loved

him

above

goddess who taught the daughters of


accomplished in the arts '' ; it is she who was
the

//. 5. 59.

Od.

20.

78.

had

is

all the

all mena.'
Pandareus

supposed

to

the soul

added

have

fashioned

mysterious

of the

form

the

giftsof

the

gives her
souls of

There

men.

it is not

which

are

the

to

him
which
man

with

that

artist

could

have

not

its

of

that

it

which

they

excel.

was

how

taught

he

the

of Homer

the time

the

she

in

arts

have

must

recognized as the goddess of weaving, as the woven


she
the offeringspecially
meet
for her, and it was
was
At Athens
she was
the
wrought the peplos of Hera.

potter'sart, and

Plato declares

Athens, and
sacred

were

who

defrauded
Athena
in

crated

Colonus

at

with

it from

and

on

it and

Zeus

of this feast the

h.

Pausanias

first to
it is

temple dedicated
a

in

one

to

give her
her

IToAtouxos
conse

was

the

Athenaconnected

was

for

name

it

was

embroideringof

passage

supposed

he

the
the

places mentions

in many

'Epyai^,and
the

probably
another

beginning,for

mutilated, and
of

in

that

and

Athens

at

of crafts

race

chieflyto Hephaestus, but

day

were

the

dishonoured

the

Athena

the Athenians

speak

1()0

Hephaestus
title 'H^aiaria

Athena,

and

Academia

and

whole

the

feast of XaAKeia

part

the

peplos began

is here

The

some

and
'A0r/rcua,

of

workman

later times

played

that

Hephaestus

to
a

a.

cult

cult

story,

early was

women

worshipped in union with Prometheus


she was
Hence
fire-gods9^'9'.
given

and

the

entirelyinvented,though

was

men

disentangle.
begrudged

to

And

marvel.

who

Before

patroness of the
the

in this story

but

meaning, shows

Athena

belief

the

produces

distorted

have

may

who

try

again who
beguilethe

to

ideas
to

present purpose
friends

Hesiod

which

shawl

confused

many

embellish

the
not
man,
gods were
happiness,is an ancient view of the Divine providence
is here presented. But
Athena's
dispositiontowards
she has nothing to do
is not in question here, because
of this creation, but is merely the
the moral
purpose

skilled

been

Athena

of

one

creative

as

and

better

wherewith

arts

Pandora,

fashion

; and

maiden

the

That

she

the

of

Prometheus

presented

are

who

Hephaestus

and

which

clay out of
strange myth

divinities

the Greek

it is Athena

powers,

[CHAP.

the

to

in the

And

men.

the few in which

at

RELIGION.

GREEK

314

this title.

that

under

Laws, p. 920 D, 921 C.

he

he

this

was
name

says

that

The

text

going
on

to

the

ATHENA.

x.]

Acropolisloob.
tion

evidence

wants

indeed
these

have

may

altar at

an

the

Olympia

Megalopolis,and
Thespiae

; and

Delos

at

KaAAiepyo*

Perhaps
Athena

as

of

Bdo-Kavos

We
skill

of

were

attributed

fine
music

of

of

that

the

her

of

handicraftsmen,

and

how

her

to

pupils according
have

and

and

the

legend

odec

and

explained by

motive

for the

recorded

by

the

Mitt.

d. dcutsch.

3. p. 305, and

Inst.

of Athens, Harrison
414-418.
The
only evidence of

and

merits

cult of

Ath.

'EpydvT)
at

Athens

are

less

The

Monn-

Verrall,

recognized
lines

104.

inventions

but

with

the
The

concern.

Boeotian

myth, an
Apollo himself
titles

The
the

to

inventress
in the

Pindar

1889,

the

warlike

art
was

'A??"w^
in

goddess
of the

twelfth

scholiast,
gives as usual

invention.

zi. Mythology and

had

of the arts, and

the
agriculture,

of

influence

the

as

Opaveiav Topyovu"v ovKiov


*

arts

attached

105" 107

and

primitiveartist

Corinna.

to

been

Boeotia

the

taught, and

practised and

'Opyarr/

Samos

at

goddess

in the

was,

at

"

some
or

Plutus

at

the

she

poetry

flute alone

Bo|ui/3vAiu
may

Pamphylia

teaching

and

music

Athena

among
and

the

arts

some

noticed

have

at

Megalopolis108.
TeAx^'a interpreted

Maxims

reputationfor magic attachingto

the

pp.

'Epydns

refer to the

may

"

and

cult of Athena

of

Sparta,

at

Herme-statue

Ergane

of

Polias1'.

called themselves

sacrificed, a

strange worship of Athena

the

goddess

guild that

Athens,

Epidaurus,

at

the

but
'Epya^rj,

of Athena

temple

of this

evidence
at

as

supposi
inscriptionshave

Athena

to

of Athena

group
have

well

as

which

Pheidias

we

in the

temple

on

of

descendants

Acropolis

dedicated

records

that this

shown

has

improbable :

is

the

on

been

Pausanias

But

and

found

been

Dorpfeld

Dr.

But

315

flute,

Pythian
dramatic

re\ra TO.V irore FlaAAas


'AOdva. refer
Op^vov ScctTrAe^cuo-'
words

tural Athena;

but

far in

that

I think

she

goes

'Epyavrjcould

too

have

saying
to the working of
referring
the land (Classical
Review, 1894,p. 270).
Possibly by the time of Sophocles the
been

name

XIKVOS, from

in the

its convenient

form,

had

who
to be used
as
an
fragment of Sophocles100",
come
ordinaryrecepthe people of the handicrafts
tacle for cereal oblations.
Hesychius
into the public ways,
word
who
defines At/era as KO.VO., which was
a
worship
Athena
with
rather
ritual
than
set
to
to
winnowing-fans
Ergane
agrireferring
culture1001*.
is perhaps
upright.' Miss Harrison
11. 6-12.
right in explainingthe winnowing-fans
of
the primitiveagricula
as
memento
summons

'

lamentation

of

cries

callous

the

story that

curious

the

to

on
particularmotive
the changeful air
7ToXvK""f)a\o$,

hence

sisters

Gorgon

Athena

that

sentation

Python
ticular

strain

the

it

It appears
had

So

little

curse

they

Marsyas.

reference
The

had

of

of

the

it is

proof

stand
An

that the

around

her

natural
the

to

The

the

from

rival

Alcibiades

flute-playing,
had

also

they

of the

fond

were

had

practised
laid

disgust and

in

of inferior persons

probably
cult

malicious

of

the

artistic
with

scanty, yet combined

the Panathenaic

and

festivals

Itonian

poeticalphrase of Aristides, The Graces


hands108/ is appropriate to her worship.
'

the

by Pliny,

statue

of

quae

Minerva

by
appellatur127,'

musica

'

is sound.

last

Athens

before

The

the hands

appears

Athena

it is the

features

recognition in

worship that need


Hygieia 109?which seems

ft

to

par

Medusa

with

familiar

the

worship.

Demetrius, mentioned
reading

of

death

dislike

is

the

the

that

discovered

it away

there

of

that

arise

that Athena

expression of this feelingwas

if the

would

Boeotians, who

this

may

slaughter of

story about

the

we

worship

the

are

from

fell into

goddess

the indirect evidence

a.

pantomimic repre
the Gorgon, just as

the

We

flung

all

Boeotian

to

of

and

story how

In

evidence

character

of the

it ; it then

upon

like

told

it, but

on

unbecoming

was

still greater dislike

flute.

commemorate

Athenians

because
a

it to

Athens.

at

that

instrument

sisters' lamentations.

her

myth

on

was

death

the

the

invented

goddess
and

Delphi.

at

there

the

of

representationsof
Then
the myth

musical

of

hear

flute of

the

on

general

part

vopos

definitely

states
10"

of the

sobbing

simple explanation;

very

that

and

Athena,

Boeotian

flute-playingwas

that

suppose

we

of

called

Siculus

in

flute-music

invented

story admits

This

to

in

the flute

on

was

the

which

Diodorus

set ; and

was

sounds

flute

the

various

Athena

sister,and

dead

lugubrious

their

uttered

Gorgons

two

their

over

imitated

way

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

3i6

the

earliest monument
on
inscription

close of

potsherd

mentioned
to

the

that records
the

be

have

sixth

dedicated

is that

here

in vogue

been

century

a.

by Callis
basis
gieia109a. The

of

her

in

statue

Athena

to

of

Hystatue,

ATHENA.

x.]

bearing

this title stood

Athenian
to

people,and

Attica.

The

The

poses.

altar

an

same

outside

cult-statue, for

of it for sacrificial pur

placed in front
idea is expressed

was

existed

was

the

by

consecrated

was

have

Acropolis

the

on

Acharnae

at

scarcely to

seems

statue

basis

oblong

an

that

worship

this

Acropolis dedicated

the

on

31?

the

in

epithet riaiawia,

the inter
and at Oropus 110,of which
appliedto her in Athens
in Pausanias.
certain by the context
It is
pretationis made
probable,then, that before the introduction of the worship of

Asclepios at Athens,
of

attributingto

matters

physicalamelioration
first celebrated

supposed
it may

been

taken

have

daughter

dedicated

tion, which
been

him

and

constant

proves

by

the

monument

temple

the

Athena

to

to
c.

declined

have
But

of the

to

of

statue

after

the

death

late

on

this dedicaPericles.

the great

Hygieia,
of health,

on

the

Hygieia

Athena

basis
from

the
of

I Hero

101'

Epidauros

near

Bull,

Girard.

Vide

pios

was

all of

inscriptionof

an

156-160, Wolters
architectural grounds that
tion

Epidauros

god

A.I),

association between

of

temple

scarcely

that

be

Studies, 5. 96). In the Mittheihmgen,


shows

was

Athena

before

it may

companion

the

pp.

the

of Greece

near
are

1877, p. 164.

16.

; and

seems

to have
name
sculptor's
Kiinstlerbeen
Pyrrhos (vide Lowy,
inschriften,53; Journal of Hellenic

peopleand

con

itself the importance of Athena

Athenian

the whole

the

rest

Athena

also
have
We
by
second
century
inscrip-

the

was

plague that
new
worship

the

In

a.

Plutarch

to

preservedwith

raised

who

repugnance

The

and

in

and

Asclepios cult

according

Pericles,is

healing seems

of the

advance

with

in Athens

even

of

was

goddess, and
Acropolis,in which

the

on

the

to

Hygieia
Sophocles who

of the

precinctsthe dedications

art

tended

Athena

certain

other

in

as

of the great

Asclepios

recognized

And

It

z.

to Athens.

over

been

in its

for the

B6

ritual

the patronage

under

this

sacrifice to

the occasion

on

affinitybetween

period.

have

all that

erected
Asclepios was
occasionallyassociated

this

the

goddess

Aristophanes manifests

have

then

and

their

of life.

Epidauriancult passed

to

in

praisesof Asclepios in verse, and


his worship, to which
introduced

the
have

to

servative

was

Athenians

part of the Panathenic

was

to

the

Athena,

Apollo, was

divinity of health, by the side

chief

the

"

There

at

appears

to

dc Corr. Hellcn.

have

Athena

Tegea18*,and

been
and

perhaps

some

Ascleat

All-

phera16'.
c

We

have

one

late

referring
inscription

merely

was

Athena's

theory

would

be almost

in any

case

late

certain

that she

in the

there

The

myth

one

of

healing power
Proetus, who

of

Athena

and

of

Hygieia

supernaturalforms

to

very

that

aware

myth

about

of

their

madness

of disease

virtue of hers
may

we

in

parts of

later than

the

expresses

the

Athens.

at

am

such

some

be

is the
cured

were

; and

which

Athena

in other

is mentioned

supposingit to

for

earliest cult of Athena

is

evidence

of her until

hear

not

The

Asclepiosat Epidauros b,and

worship

reasons

are

thus.

arose

do

we

circle of
her

where

cases

Greece

that

only negative:

period

most

proved

be

could

and

detached

nature

goddess, a part of
personified
; in fact,if Koepp's
first at Athens, it
Hygieia arose
the Attic

from

emanation

an

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

318

the

daughters
Hermes

by
in

dealingwith

the

suppose

of

words

apply"' Priests and expounders of religioncall


cleansinggoddess11-.'
in the religion
in the
of Athena, both
and
character

Aristides
her the
The

myths,

to

appears,

the reflex of the civilized Hellenic

be

then, to

identified with foreign


polity. She was, it is true, sometimes
goddesses" Egyptian,Asiatic,Colchian,or Iberian" probably
of the

because
with

her ; but

Artemis

ideas, with
mystery.

we

cannot

Dionysos,

or

warlike

maidenly or

say

was

her

that

with
of

great indictment

to

common

worship,like
Oriental

with

tainted

orgiastic excess,
The

nature

or

them
of

that

barbaric

impure symbolism
Arnobius,Eusebius

or

and

Augustine against paganism is drawn from other parts of the


remained
religion, The tradition of Athena
pure and clear
in spiteof the Alexandrine
and in spite
confusion of religions,
of the later

Orphic literature.

'T7/em :
probably to Athena
Archaiologikon,1888, p. 206 :
'^vaia

Mfvcia

Deltion

HYGIEIA)

which
is interpreted
with much
probabilityby Reinach, in the Bull, de Corr.
Hell. ii. p. 261, as meaning that Meneia
had

seen

by

vision of Athena

been

her 'virtue.'

Mitt. d. deutsch. Inst.

P- 26"'

and

Ath.

Thraemer

ancient

aveOrjiffv

t'SoGcr'dpfTTjvTJ)S Ofov"O^iv

healed

1885,

(Roscher's Lexicon, s.
that she

assumes

have

must

from

belonged to the
EpidaurianAsclepios cult,but he fails
to bring forward
any real evidence or
against the theory
any stiong reasons
of the Attic origin of Hygieia. Her
worship at Titane was
perhaps early,
hut cannot
be proved to be as old as
the Athenian
potsherd (Paus. 2. n. 6).
Apollod. Bib. 2. i, 5.
c

times

v.

RELIGION.

GREEK

320

NOTE

As

dite,
of

find

we

Athena

noXian?

or

fire

we

pig

the

times

and

male

in

accuracy

important

bulls

this
and

naic,
bulls

without

very

be

regarded

is all

and
as

in
of

records

consecrated

in

as

the

to

belonged

other

his

more

time

as

from
to

to

of

Athena,

to

fifth

and

the

A.

is

the

sen

that

the
and

Mommsen
Panathe-

the

sacrifice

the
it

For

and

is

of
be

would

Panathenaic

downwards

Erechtheus

of

to

not

Erechtheus,

that

Erechtheus,

century

while

and

if, as

sacrifice

thinking

sacrifice

strange

of

that
facts

the

rhythm

by

in

p.v

the

Athena

no

used

was

that

is

is

(2. 546)

Iliad

that

is

Athena-cult.

Peisistratus

sacrifice
the

the

for

it
birth

the

death

the

the

but

of

and

reason

referred

to

of

respect

Peisistratus

the

view

legend

there

the

Athena;

to

not

own

line

one

refer

was

the

and

the

once

be

must

that

spoken

authorities

tioned.

at

pause

sheep

in

My

there

to

tenable

as

speak

there

strange

should

is

should

and

both

the

to

show

some

sometimes

dictum
to

was

were

was

on

cereal
where

but

Therefore

This

of

oblation

victims
bull

her

Athena

rarely

according

critics,

is valueless.

usual

scholiast

female.

Erechtheus

to

the

case

to

Rhodes,

case

the

the

boy-priest

was

at

her.

to

the

it

Aphro

of

priest

commonly,

and

the

modern

some

referred

interpolator

then

by

grammatically,

the

and

used

the

most

that

and
be

character,

sacrificial

the

Marathon

must

refers

view

interpolator

of

Athena

sheep

TavpojroXos,

Eustathius

argument

;
one

holds,

of

sheep

Erechtheus

then

been

passage

that

tence,

to

has

and

them,

bull

the

places

conclude

may

called

was

dictum

the

victims

the

show

she

as

At

we

was

Ilium

In

Lindos,

the

of

as

and

sacrifice,

other

and

cow

goat.

and

sacrificed

Theseus

that

the

female

her,

offered

and

in

; but

the

animal,

slaughtered

this

worshipped

m,

priest.

of

and

her

regards
that

ritual

her

hear

Amyclae,

conclude

may

in

used

was

As

the

and

We

and

of Athena

masculine

Zeus.
and

Elatea.

at

her

to

with

cult
Phaselis

at

Kprmu'a,

bloodless

the

of

in

victim

male

due

probably

Tegea,

at

Athena

no

is

connexion

frequent

the

infrequently

not

this

ritual

in the

but

by priestesses,

served

was

victims

of female

sacrifice

with

goddess

Greek

the

rule

RITUAL.

ON

offering
that

in

it

always

is

scarcely

men

the

XL

CHAPTER

OF

MONUMENTS

the

AMONG

Athena,
the

the

the

coin-representationsin
Not

important.

most

illustrate

that

monuments

find

we

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

do

only

respects

some

they give

manifold

us

that
belonged to her in
testimony of the character
national
more
clearlythan
religion,but they also prove
other

evidence

monumental

The

large

very

have

appears

worship

the

shield

probably

and

regards the

As

that

especiallythose

and
of

of very

Pheidias, are
have

We

art.

of Athena

images
Pallas

contained
and

thought
have

that

down

come

did

either

of

goddess, or
ft

The

refer to
VOL.

words
some

I.

not

the

to

So

of the

of

seated

of Tertullian118
formless

us

far

070X^0

as

the

type
seem

con

few

'

of

ancient

but

the

any

many,

creations

ideas

judge

religionof

the
'

of

earliest

can

we

which

wholly aniconic

survivals

The

monuments

that
the

primitive

arc

most

already
archaic

nature-goddess,but
Palladia, embodying the
as

characteristic
of

to

in Attica,

the

existence

nothing.
Y

her

historyof religious
that

shown

express

her

represent

type

for the

been

few
with

prevalence

comparatively
primitive ritual.

the

to

very

connected

the

it has

a, and

relativelyadvanced.

images

of

of

type

arc

great value

proof

no

as

in

Polias.

attached
be

public

holding

sculpture, those

can

figure

with

Athena

the

Athena

any

goddess, preserved

warlike

spear,

of
be

can

than

certainly recognized

the

of the

works

cult-name

definite

of

brandishing her

and

Palladia

be

is that

cult

with

of the

her

which

upon

the

cult.

of her

diffusion

mythology

only type
can

wide

vases

with

do

to

vase-paintings,which
nected

of

number

more

perhaps

the very

of

worship

of the
of

were
war-

goddess

which

we

of

know

Homer

state, and

the

the

But

forms.

most

primitive,
may

We

powers

cannot

The

Poseidon.

1G

archaic

been

bore

of Troezen

coinage
Poseidon
of the two

divinities there

head

we

that

lished
the

by
is

allied to

the

brow, and
few
the

us

not

large chin

countenance

dess of
be

the
are

the

she

Acropolis of
were

vicinityby
myth and

associated

actual

is most

of

advanced

solemn

Commentary

that

lip;

and

well

accord

than

Athens
in the

hieratic

pose,

M, i and 2.
Lenormant, Elite Ctram.

1846, Taf.

other

no

the

with

the

goddess

could

such

forms

and

such

we

know

that

Pallas

and

Erechtheum

the

standing

over

hand

39,

Die
i.

4-5;

PL

78;

Klein,

god
scarcely

by

which

her

is

The

'

of Athena.

as

of cult

P. 47, PL

Zeit.

of

styled at Troezen,

was

b, on

goddess holding up

Arch.

worship

Troezen, pub

as

its immediate

or

well

as

by religious
religiousas
black-figured

this
representation. And
strikinglypresented by a
archaic
style,painted by the

vase-painterAmastris

of

in the hair

forms

communion

mythic

sociation

the

to the

style(coinPL A 2 1 ),
fifth-century
broad
cheek, the majestic eye

characteristic

so

as
strength,'

Poseidon

in

of

trident

surelybe Athena's

it must

divinity,and

male

vividly depicted
expression.

vase

ancient

the

more

On

the

of the expression.
deep earnestness
of these coins, according to Professor
Gardner, show
head
same
wearing earrings,and therefore they do

represent

the

of

have

to

the

in his Numismatic

work

dignityand

masculine
A

And

b.

device
reference

of archaism

Pheidian

the

17

Gardner

noble

with

that

us

the

Poseidon

appears

coins
fifth-century

faint traces

very

its usual

for

two

on

Professor

has

one

other

see

informs

of Athena,

the head

and

Pheneos

at

Pausanias

assured

of

of

bronze-statue

temple

; and

the

demonstrably

not

cult-connexion

the

illustrate

site of Athena's

the

on

association

convenientlyconsidered first.
earliest period any
the
from

quote

with

her

be

representationsthat
goddess

of both

aware

illustrate

that

Nature, though

of

the

been

have

to

appears

monuments

with

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

322

the

divinities

two

against
drawing

Griechischen

signaturen,p.

Athenian

43.

Vasen

each
is

appear

other,

masterly

mit

JMeister-

XL]

its detail

delicacy of
representationof
in the

; for

present

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

MONUMENTS

instance, on

A).

relief in the

In

least

at

Erichthonios

of

birth

the

XIII.

(PL

323

one

Poseidon

is

Louvre, of which

the

receivingthe infant from the arms


figureis Athena
of Ge, we
can
recognizethe sea-god in the figureseated on
hair and
half-bare body, holding
the left with wild matted
central

trident

sceptre

or

It is hard

trident

was

of God

took

of

Greek

title

of the

various

Smyrna0
hand

figureof Poseidon
his

thigh

olive-trees.

In

coiled

it

round

grouped

on

The
the

on

the

'

the

the

on

his left foot

behind

and
is

on

we

side, while Nike

is

rival

version

relief in
see

his

the

on

trident

helmet

the twelve

and

divinityare

Athena's

taking the

Zeus

stone, his left

each

altar with

an

here

alabaster

right resting on
wearing a Corinthian

above

voting-place

Such

which

A. D., on

to

near

concerning the

his

centre

snake

divinities
votes

from

are
an

the altar.

on

rendered
by certain monuments
subjectwas differently
Pausanias
Acropolisof Athens.
saw, probably not

d, a group

the Erechtheum

from

from

Poseidon's

where

country.

lickingher robe, and

each

that stands

us

with

and

opposite him is Athena


leaning on her spear;

urn

to the

first century

of the

on

Acropolis and

divinities

story is presented to

the

land, and

suggest that

to

seems

and Athena

of Poseidon

left the

the

precinctsof the Erechtheum


called
stamped on the rock,was

The

the

on

represented that religiousdrama.

the

the votes

claims

that

monuments

place in

divinities

two

the story of their strife for the

spot in Athens, probably on

sacred

the

cult of the

separate the

to

Acropolisfrom
the various

a.

of Athena

and

far

Poseidon, the

goddess representedas creatingthe olive,the god as causing


Also in the west pediment of the
a salt spring to well forth.
the great group
Parthenon
of which
he saw
only fragments
he interprets
the strife of the
have
as
survived, and which
divinities.

two

11

Mon.

deir Inst.

Whether

i.

xii.

it

was

sych.Zeus

i.

Tlfaaoi:

vide
Atos
or
ifsfjtpns
Frag. 4 (Meincke
18), Suidas s.v. Ato? ^^o?, He-

Atof

Cralinus, Archilochoi
2,

p.

the strife itselfor the moment

PI.
d

Mitt.
i.
i.

m|.
d. deut.

Fig. 2.
24, 3.

Inst.

1882, p. 48,

RELIGION.

GREEK

324

[CHAP.

the preciseaction of the


triumph that was shown,,what was
the subordinate
are
two
personages,
protagonists,who were
questionsthat have given rise to long and intricate discussion
Our
here be omitted.
which
only trustworthy evidence
may
that is difficult to interpret"is Carrey'sdrawing*,
and even
of

"

the

before

made

it

it that

from

conclude

can

of the

destruction

the

was

figures.And

central

victorythat

of

moment

we

represented there, for the goddess is moving rapidlyto


the left with
triumphant gesture, as if to claim her own,
in anger.
back
starts
while Poseidon
By what token or by
was

what

does

drawing
Attica,

hardly

can

we

help

not

anything

that

of

the

the

but

On

olive-tree

of

of Athena's

it has

in

survive

Acropolis

token

olive,and

the

adjudged

the

the

that

suppose

be

been

decide.

to

us

rightwould
traces

strife had

the

creation

beneficent

the

held

been
of

centre

the

pediment.
In
have

been

the

of

representations of the

other

Parthenon
b.

emblem

burg

supposed

the

strike

downwards

this action
he

final

strikingand
why she should

say

olive-tree
his

with

Parthenon
a

what

has

The

and

value

representation has

Kunst,
In

her

121.

very

loom,

the

the

weaves

contest

with

Arachne

Percussamque sua
Prodere

cum

bacis

at

Poseidon
de

simulat

Published

by

Rendu, 1872, PI.

been

foetum

Stephani, Compte; Hellenic Journal,

the

given

why

Dionysos
to

of the

exaggerated ;

described

story

to

is after the

she

much

of

what

it easy

is

nor

to

and

doubtful

nor

by Ovid,
of

her

Pallas

strife with

cuspide
Met.
245;

3,

p.

p.

1395.

terrain

olivae

canentis

Mirariquedeos.
c

yet

as

centre

about

clue to the motive

been

der

the

apparently be running

as

vase

in

spear

purpose,

thyrsos should
of the

St. Peters

the

it is very

in

appear

be

Miiller-Wieseler,Denkmdlcr

altcn
b

with

Poseidon

as

wieldingher spear
already been produced,

panther

her aid.

interpretationhas

of Pallas and

is

olive-tree

weapons,

significant

vase

whom

of

which

reconstruction
as

appears

the

us

their

with

the

to

well-known

rivals,both

two

No

olive

the

shows

Kertsch

between

trident.

instance,

clue

the

group,

For

from

afford

to

myth,

sacred

same

6. So.

Baumeister, Denkmdhr,

Jace page 335

MONUMENTS

XL]
it may

but

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

the

of

reminiscences

certain

preserve

325

Pheidian

drapery of Athena.
Of still more
importance as a survivingcopy of the Athena
in
from Epidauros, now
of the western
gable is the statuette
Athens, representingthe goddess moving rapidly to her right
with

her

the movement

the gesture and

We

also

her

on

left ;

life,and

drapery and forms


of late Attic coins b,which
in the

number

shield

full of fire and

seem

styleappears

have

her

and

outstretched

right arm

the Pheidian

figureand

the

especiallyin

group,

a.

illustrate

prevalence of this myth, but do not help


the figureson the Parthenon.
much
to settle the question about
and
the figuresof Poseidon
their obverse
They bear upon
Athena, standing over
against each other, the god on the left
public value

the

and

the

goddess

the

on

threateningPoseidon,
a
menacing gesture.
her

left

tree

In

sign.

little resemblance
it may,

for all

group

that

Pausanias

In

these

and

peaceful,and
standing

with

of contest,

just

as

XIV.

faring.

PI.
b

free

strife.

On

the

at

are

meeting

their

they

middle, there

in the
in

seems
seen

are

is

and

of reconciliation

scene

published

sign

no

concord,

ArMologique*
forming the vine (PL
Gazette

On

Ath.,

of her

in

Mythol.

Harrison

and

and

relations

of South

Alon.

Museum

Verrall,

17. 4.

46.
Gardner
Pans.

and
Z.

Imhoof-Blumer,
n.

12.

A 'nut.

14. 16 ; tiritish

JVum.

we

the

with

coins

of the

some

Poseidon,

with

association

record

Published

Comrn.

the

the

in

very

Carrey'sdrawing,

coins c, where

jointly engaged

her

monumental

Anc.

presents

a).

Besides

olive-tree

them

find

we

the

the

pointing to

scene

in

reproduction of
Acropolis.

above

other

two

if

of

deities

mentioned

on

the

on

saw

cameo

the

motive

know, be

we

with

shield

and

spear

right as

central

possibly a

but

on

her

representationsthe

black-figured vase

the

bears

composition
the

to

coils her snake

raisinghis right hand

stands

out

olive-tree,

the

which

around

and

Athena

holds

hand, and
her

as

who

them

between

right,and

is seated

her owl

which

upon

and

and

sea

and

Italy,Thurium,
Catalogue of
Conuji.

17.
d

water

other

have

1886, PI.

3.

i.

Coins

Paus., Z.

Attica,

15.

and

RELIGION.

326

GREEK

Heracleaa, the head

of Athena

PI. A

22).

explain these

To

in his strange fancies

need

we

is that

say

in

maritime

occasionallya

divinitymight ; and
yeVetato the Pallas
the type was,

for the

of

fish-tail ;

do

we

from

birth

all.

character

and

All

that

acquired

do not

we
probably a cult-title,

was

cult.

blue

that

any,
The

not

know

speciallychosen

was

blue-eyed

certainlydid

the

know

even

localities Athena

was

of that

of

shape

not

at

Lenormant

maritime

if there

Ceramicus980

in the

her

images

on

symbols, as any other


vaguely apply the term T/oiromay
the coin-typesmentioned
above.
But

we

this
though originally
what

follow

not

coin-type represented TptroyeWa

this

that

helmet

originalmonstrous

an
a

wearing

rudder, is incised (Coin

need

we

about

T/nroyeVeiawith

Athena

an

is found

holding

Scylla,sometimes

which

[CHAP.

of Athena

statue

allude

to

story of

the

Pausanias

imagined. The
bronze
statue
at Aliphera 119,wrought by Hypatodorus, was
probably a representationof Athena TptroyeWia,but Pausanias
its size and
on
only remarks
beauty, and saw
nothing in it
The
in Rome,
speciallycharacteristic.
Rospigliosi statue
water,

as

us
published by Gerhard c, shows
hand
enveloped in her large mantle

at her feet is

adorned

with

expression.
regarded as
d

to

with

few

monument

with

fertility.The
in which

Guide

she

to

P- 59;
b

Gazette

water-born

Brit. Mus.

Hut.

Num.

p. 72, Fig. 48.


ArchtoL
1880, p. 183.
;

be

And
a

of the

hip ;

aegis is

sentimental

scarcelyto

be

it is absurd

similar

Tritogeneia.

conventional

earth, with

of the

3. C, 17 ; 4. C, 16 ; Head,

Fig. 35

Pallas with

representationon
is seen
by the side

the Coins

cult.

left

her

her

languid

work, and

signs

her

restingon

public

may

the

wears

is

with

left the owl

of

the

merely

are

her

late

robe

or

Athena
and

this that every

monuments

association

ft

is

this

simply a
symbols of the

no

are

But

be

may

at

her face

starry aegis

the sentiment
stars

Triton,

stars, and

from

argue

and

female

an

expression

The

pose

later age, and

decoration,

or

at

and
the
least

divinity.

Athena's
quoted illustrating
of
Dionysos, and the powers
the fine

cameo

of Poseidon

Minerven

quoted above,
assistingthe vine

Idole:

Akad.

Abhandl.

24. 4.
d

AS Hettner

argued,Annalideir

1844, pp. 115-132.

Inst.

MONUMENTS

XL]
to

is

grow,

at
grape-cluster

festival of the

the

Petersburg discussed

St.

new-created

We

in Munich

which

illustrates

the

Athens.

On

find

we

the

of

vase

Dionysos coming

to

interested

was

in

olive-tree.
the

regard

may

above,

327

who
Dionysos AevSpiVrj?,

her aid, possibly


as
her

which

motive

unique

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

back

these

divinities

the

lyre,and

her, as alludingto

upon

in cult

chariot

in her

who

by Dionysos
association

some

festival.

and

black-figuredvases

mounted

represent Athena

preceded by Apollo playing


looks

certain

on

scene

between

herself

Athena

stands

lyre by Dionysos b on an archaic vase


published
by Gerhard, and possiblythe vase-paintermay have thought
of the Oschophoria the festival in which
Dionysos and Athena
the

playing

Sciras

jointlyhonoured

were

c.

of the goddess with the divinities of vegetation


affinity
might explain the attribute of the cornucopia,which was some
in later representations,
times placed in her hand
although,as
Miiller suggests, she may
have
acquired this from her later
This

identification with
have

to

appears

Tyche,
been

of the state.

the Fortune

But

there

belonging to
representation

some

the

period of Athena holding in her hand an apple,which was


usual symbol of fertility,
for an epigram in the Anthology

Greek
the

describe

clearlyto

seems

female

figuresin

holding

shield

hand, have

the

terracotta

the

on

recentlyfound
and

arm

supposed

been

an

with

the archaic

Athena, and

belong

gested above

that the cult of Athena

partlyas

her

the powers

Jahn, Vasensammhtng,
784" I13I-

O.

353"
*

Auserkscne

Gerhard's
a

and

futile ;
which

attempts

element

the

gems

and

on

which

wor-

Sciras

terracotta

publishes(Akad.

7, 8, 10, 13),

dis-

to

in the

festival of Athena

he

Itonia may

are

relief

Abhandl.
he

finds

the

the

Acropolis,

Maenads

have

regarded

for this

reason

world.

We

of the lower

have
should

dancing before
wrongly inimaSe
Denkterpreted(vide Miiller-Wieseler,
clasping or
of Atnena

lhe

Vasenbilder, i. 37.
further

Dionysiac

cern

ship

112,

on

and

in
apple or pomegranate
to represent
good reason
period. It has been sug

and
divinityof vegetation,

associated her with

25.

to

1-"

of this kind

statue

mater,

14 a)

there

orgiasticcharacter

an

Scirra,

nor

consecrated
d

A then.

are

is

no

is it certain

that

it

to Athena.

Mittheil.

of

evidence

in the festival of

1894,^491.

was

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

328

could
of this cult if we
inter
monument
interesting
pret the figureson a largegem publishedby Miillera as those of
seated
the Coronean
worship (PI.XIII. b). We see an Athena
the left,and the god of the lower world with Cerberus
on
on
the flame
and the goddess is pouring a libation over
the right,
an

possess

this

That

of Coronea

the Zeus-Hades

Itonia and

them.

between

of the altar that stands

is the view

is Athena

of Overbeckb

and Wieseler's objectionsand his own


archaeologists,
lack weight. The
representationis unique,and
interpretation
of the unique cult of the two
have
the literaryrecord
we
other

and

divinities

And

Coronea.

at

is at least

Overbeck
local

The

have

reason

to

power,

have

the

other

any

On

of

hand

and

chiton.

As

might

of

garland

in

Auge

Villa

Athena

an

Co

the

obverse

of

to

d. alt.

Kunst,

Pans.

here

allow

to

us

helmet

2.

p. 47.

p. 90.

2 2

5.

we

of

head

this and

rendering

and
can

of Athena

Alea,

reproduction of

foolish and
the

the
has

Sciras

temple

take

among

mysterious

with

armed

comic

see

is too

attitude

Albani6, in which

mm.

Oriental

representation,and

no

the

have

discover

to

i.
Kunst-Mythologie,

Num.

the

them
is the
Auged: above
column, holdinga patera in her right
her left,and wearing a high-girdled

we

the

statue

Denkmaler

Of

or

prove

between
distinguishing

representation of Athena
the

might

terms.

their

on

at

and

that

but

attempt
A

all that

have

surprisedin

was

meaningless

cessful.

as

goddess.
South
Italy we

on

suppose

too

The

way

of Heracles

temple-image;
butes

bear

of

vase

goddess

that

Hellotis

supposed without much


a
physical or elemental

of these
we

Miiller

by

of the

type

myth

statue

no

us

late

of the

we

of Corinth

coins

give

been

at

precisemeaning

and

Tegea

at

monuments

no

Hellotis

Tegean

Alea

Alea

worshipped

been

left

illustrate the
Athena

goddess has

the

cult that

interpretationoffered
valid hypothesis.

cults of Athena

Corinth, in which

other

no

the

explainsthe monument,
and

is

there

as

the

the

attri

figureseriously.

monuments

some

been

equally unsuc
ghostly form exists
discern

the

outlines

in
of

shield,and enveloped from

and
d

Mon.

Gerhard, Akad.

del?

Insl. 4. Taf.
Abhandl.

12.

Taf. 24. 3.

XL]
head

foot

to

enigmatic
that the

in

statue

have

of the

he

'which

that

on

occasion,

far

more

probable

of the

image

of archaic
ritual

type,

of

We

of

hear

believe

that

it

Athena

name

seem

Sciras

to

playersat

Sciros

has

was

ever

the

lightsof

for

we

The

crescent

statue

from
b

the

und

in

The

stars

the

is

coins

not

practice of smearing
Alpheionia

Abhandl.

the robe

on

the robe

on

with

has

as

9.

been

Taf.

clay

Mon.

Cf. Etrus-

Campanische Vasenbilder,

Inst
d

the

monu

religion
or

moon

at

19.5.29,13;

no

way

shown

Ined.
On

Taf.
vase

also

reveals

already ;

p. 291, note

is

Raoul-Rochette,

56.
published Jahrb.

1892, 102.
Vide

all,

vase-scene.

one

shield-device,and

uncommon

the

in
in

Athens

of

dice-

nothing

mean

of Creon

26

the

Greek

with

idol,

unlikely(i.

and

is unproved

but

of the

the

between

anticipationthat

in

Alpheus.

Akad.

kische

Sciras

said

also

moon

type of the

the

connexion

moon-goddess,

of Artemis
the

been

on

as

Cf.

Athena

heaven.

find them

Athena

the

and

and

spear

them

behind

stands

discovered

the

with

no

half-moon

the

that

in giving
justified

was

goddess

repre

divining their lot

that Athena
sign whatever
identified or by kinshipconnected

give

ments

the

Gerhard

and

he

on

if we

representation0 she has the form

and

already

board

that

have

not

Parthenos,

was

; and

draughts

or

published by

vase

might

Pheidian

It

above

similar

for in another

earth-71'3,which

of dice

vestment

should

we

so

xoanon

primitive fetish

the

to

divination,practisedat Sciros

seated

the star-embroidered
even

the

did

nor

procession. It is
alluding to the veiling

white

means

on

scene

in this manner,

the

of

process

warriors

two

sents

submit

to

used

was

Plynteria.
was
probably

Sciras

The

for olives a.

good

Way, by
a

in the

with

daubed

Eleusinian

it had

as

be

to

Polias

Sciras

that

sculptorwas

of Athena

being

supposed

the

of Athena

cult-statue

The

the

that

this ;

as

the

heat.

the

sunshade

gives is

of Athena

from

know,

we

as

this

procession of

image

covering such
play any part in

not

Sciras

idol of Athena

the

Gerhard

the

to

sheltered

and

is that, so
difficulty

explanationof

which

goddess

supposes

covered

329

The

allusion

an

conveys

been

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

mantle.

ample

an

appearance

in
Scirophoria,
to

OF

MONUMENTS

d.

d. d.

found

sometimes

the shield of Pallas ; where

on

aegis it need only be regarded as

the

for which

it

purpose

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

330

has

Archaeologicalevidence

on

danger,

to avert

used a.

sometimes

was

charm

it appears

found

been

Roscher

by

to

of
the personification
was
theory that Athena
the thunder-cloud, namely, in certain coin-typesof Macedon,
Athens, and Boeotiab,that show the goddess stridingforward
We
can
brandishing the lightning in her right hand.
his

support

scarcelycall

this

period,and

may

type, which

represents Athena

this

that

the

coins

of

Homer

Pindar

that
lightning,'
weapon

but

is to

it is

Alkis

is there

the

has

but

been

if these

works

Hesych.

oirep

baneful

have

(-fKp(/j.ara.i

Jahn, Ueber

den

bei

Sachs.

Gesellsch.

den

52. Wieseler's

Kunst,z. p.

Alten,

side

bronze

Mus.

Berichte

d. Wiss.

in

O.

bosen
d.

1855, pp.

K.

Pyrrhus struck

at

15.

variety

the spear

in the hands

deal with

the

supposed

that

Medusa

even

slighter

theory

herself is

on

Syracuse Pallas

d:

Medusa

the

prove

is
spear but the thunderbolt
B
rit.
Cat.
Mils.
Thessaly,
field,

"c., PI.

20.

have

we

dishingthe
Centr.

holds

relief in

marble

shield and
in the

42,

coins of

The

embody.

to

Syracuse and

Gorgon-

physicalforces

various

alt.

this lunar

Cat. Attica, PL

of

quoted representing an armed


are
rightly interpretedthey

discussion (Denkm.d.

68) of

the

of Athena

symbolism
appliedto Athena is scepticaland sane.
b
Head, Hist. Num.
p. 203, Fig. 146;
coins of Athens, Brit.
on
third-century
1

his

wield

for the sake

in support of the

Aberglaubendes

Blicks

been

TraiSiois. Vide

TOIS

the

to

nearest

and

that

ffeXrjvis1
fyvXaKTrjpiov

s.v.

give her the


idea expressed

sometimes

suggestion of

literary.A

Messina

the spear0;

might

monuments

archaeologicalevidence
than

in

that

sat

place of

the

wields

common

Athena

know

not

Promachus.

or

Athena

personifiedthe

'

do

we

merely

the

in later art

takes

any

that

facts

or

that

only

in the
Nor, lastly,

myth

to

coin-

thunder-goddess

Philip V

and

Zeus, and

that the thunderbolt


of Athena

of Pella she

later

Macedonian

But

as

all of the

are

the

by

Alkis.

allude

only

and

influenced

Antigonus

need

coins

recognized

the coins

on

thunderbolt
in

all be

divinitywas

Macedon
and

evidence, for these

12;

later coins of Boeotia

on

winged Athena Nike


Brit.Mus.
thunderbolt,

Greece, PL

coins of Phaselis

6.

she

3 ;

stands

Cat.
certain

on

on

bran-

ship's

bearing the aegis as a shield and


prow
wielding the thunderbolt,Mull.-Wies.,
Denkm.
c

d. alt. Kunst,

Brit.
P.

Mus.

287.

2.

223.

Cat. Macedon,

p. 90.

Polias

in it the

tern

spindlein

each

and

holding

upright
sculptor.

or

ancient

later

There

is little value

seated
but

her

on

there

is

figuresof
in Attic
that

tombs

if there

even

her
were

been

of

dead

the

only

; we

demonstrably
interred.
a

De

from

the

One

his article

for the former.


Phocaea

because

the

their

origin

the

on

was

mother-city;
the

that

cult.

seated

Acropolisand

the

are, there

its favour.

Polias

hear

levied

small

Athena

of the

should

There

is

of

way

tombs

all,or

of the most

Minerv.
Poliad.
Antiqiiiss.
A
ncient
Miiller,
Art, " 96, 24;
P. 689.

burial

and

to

the

priestess

G4

compensation f. Again,
is very slightindeed ; for

are

not

Gerhard

known

to

simulacris,

96, 9.
d

ought

that for

Akad.

Abhandl.

Taf.

22.

not

are

have

strikingof these, discovered

cf. "

ritual,

probably

enacted

paid

for

proved

no

that there

eccentric

figurespublished by
at

Attic

e.

Furt-

evidence

thinks

be

123

scanty

by Hippias,who

sum

the Attic

seated

againstProf.

the

and

so,
on

form
virginal

of

is too

be

may

of Athena

statues

always

were

This

strong arguments

city-goddess by
of

some

found

generalgrounds

on

citizen

the evidence

Prof. Curtius

and

contention

that

Athena

exceptionaldeath-tax
each

from

Pelasgic

cities
no

between

have

marble

there

althoughGerhard
to

his

in

positivelyin

pronounce

connexion

of the

strongly main

questionablytraced

declares

wangler's view, as
to

the

on

12'2,
was

was

that

borrowed

ancient

Acropoleis of

But

same

he considers
Polias : and
reproduce Athena
in
of a peaceful maternal
goddess is most

this form

the

temple

Furtwangler, in

argument

was

and

terracotta

her

O. Miiller

by

the

type of their city-goddess,who

weight

more

keeping with the


although Arnobius

us

his

the

throne,

in

'

'

question whether

Lexicon^, pronounces

in

Athens, therefore

to

the

goddess
polos

to

olive-wood

Prof.

Erythrae mythically and

and

wearing

latter view

also

Roscher's

in

and

on

from

enthroned

attributes

Polias

archaeologists;but

Athena

on

spent

The

sittingor standing type.


tained by Jahn a, and held
and

he

which

Athens, carved

of

hands,

of Athena

image

Acropolis

of her

been

has

of the

pie-image

work

discussion

Long
the

crown,

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

332

been
in

an

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]
Attic

a, is

tomb

small

her

wearing

arms,

clad

blue

painted blue upon


these figureswere

in

Athens, and

that

the ancient

if

than

monuments

there

Besides

the

the

on

of

sanias

few

form

before

seated

seen

on

of

her throne
and

it is the

supposed

to

Nike, which

cup

is
in

reproduce

find

in

name

the shrine

der Hel-

The

But
I

as

the

this is

am

and

aware,

worship
is

goddess

1893,

the

latter

whether

on

maintains

one

no

it could

the

seated

finds

Acropolis,is

the

almost

with
Grec.

on

idol,then, was
;

M.

Lechat

the

assigningthe seated
Acropolis to the period

Persian

incredible
connected

the

for

reasons

Athena

be

of Athena

xoanon

part of the sixth century

have

to

far

which

the

measure

after

belong

by Pau-

temple.

own

Polias:

testimonyas
Stackelherg

containingthe
inscriptions

of Endoeus

published,

mentioned

helmet, but

later.

p. 142.
two

often

and

receivingsacrifice

her

some

raised

\\fcjahi-lmckd. dent. Inst.


The

mentioned,

aegis,and holding the helmet in


in her right(PI.XIV.
b). This is an
peaceful and beneficent divinitywho,

Taf. 57.
/";/"?",

fix

no

preserved in

direct

be

may

described

Berlin, on

of Athena

image

was

which

of her

Athena

'provenance'; but
vouches
for it, Grtiber
tacitly
b

idol would

existing
energeticgoddess of

of Athena

image

wearing

its

to

might, the

the various

only representation,so

question that will be


I cannot

well

ancient

the

interesting
type of the
in her own
city,can lay aside

the

Polias

and

erect

the door

seated

left hand

that

the ancient

Acropolis,which belongs as
might be the actual
century0 and

black-figuredvase

on

her

the

the

sixth

the

Endoeus, the

in which

is

been

if this type of

so,

we

of

more

have

to

among

among

terracottas

side

cult-image. The

no

be

aegis

an

iffar

copies of

to

of the

statue, often

north

regards style to
work

of

that

is the marble

found

be

urged, as

we

and

known

were

common

fails,for this type is far less usual


war1'.

head,

the imagination of the people,


tenaciously upon
be most
frequentlyreproduced. But the argument

would

and

most

that conceals

a). But

(PI.XV.

existence,and

of

itself most

her

on

the dead,

monuments

representation of

ample drapery

polos

temple-idol? We
the seated
divinitywere
argument

in

red mantle

333

terracotta

why must they


might believe them

with

buried

coloured

and

goddess, seated

the

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

invasion; but
that Pausanias

it is
should

fifth-century
sculptor

mythic Daedalus.

1892, p. 386, and

Rev.

1893, p.

des "t.
23.

RELIGION.

GREEK

334

evidentlyin

some

custom,

which

Athena

with

is far

than

more

we

armed

and

and

conclusion

ancient

words

the words

they

Athena

erect

a, the latter

are

also certain passages

has

collected,and which
of the

Two

his mother's

evidence

both

from

ancient

who

is

xoanon

of

murder, is bidden

to

the former

go

to

and

b.

an

There

which

dramatists

In

in the

sense

seated

in the Electro,
d.

Athens, with

no

same

the

contrasts

at

the

c'

probable

very

between

point clearlyto

Aristophanes 322

of

the Birds

of the

pose

erect

; there

Greek

in the

threat

the

by Endoeus

being the

better

was

Athenagoras,

are
striking

most

and

draw

contrast

express

accord

Polias

can

olive-wood

idol of

an

city-worship.

cumulative

of

general

armed, erect, and

ancient

carved

city-idolof

unless

inter

the form

We

figureof Athena,

seated

the

were

to

say,

of Athena

monuments.

from

the

were

figureis proved by

literature

the

form

actual

the

that

can

than

of the grave

ening figure,
though this latter
temple-image of the most
very
And

if it

; and

dead, this tranquiltype would

the

the peace

with

at Athens

vogue

[CHAP.

Jahn

conclusion.

Euripides and
Orestes,after

Athens

to

the sacred

'for she will


image of Pallas Athene, and claspit in his arms
that they touch
thee not, and will
keep back the Furies
hold above
thy head the round shield with the Gorgon's face.'
The
be supposed to be speaking of the chief and
poet must
"

the

head

left arm,

cityof
guard

the

the

is

'

asks

right?

How

hard

complete, and

it (IToAioSxo?)
for whom
:

Epops.

these

to

understand

Why

could

could

Polias
:

at

to attribute
Athenagoras seems
Endoeus
:
granting there may

not

Athens

both
be

in

hold

her

shield

shield

raised

over

her

on

Still

peacefulattitude.

Aristophanes. The birda


they want
goddess to
we

allow

card

the wool

of the

Polias

Athena

her

when
city be well-governed,

have

for Dr.

her

shall

stands

woman,

words

of Athena

'

how

But

goddess, being

statue

in

passage

'

peplos?
usual

Clouds

seated

were

is the

could

with

erect

were

if she

but not

familiar to all his audience

most

Polias,who

if she

convincing

more

to

of Athena

image

Orestes'

/Sperasof Athena,

sacred

most

in full armour,

"c. ?

been

written, unless

were

erect

and

'

the

armed, is

Furtwangler'sexplanationthat
some

in
corruption

of the whole

passage

the words, the force


is not

invalidated.

MONUMENTS

xr.]
Attic

the

Pallas

poets

unnatural.
unless
Athena
The

whole

in

temple on
temple-image of

the

of the

sacred

fallen from

of

conceive

for the

stiff

divinityshot from
also that in Alciphron

rTpo/otaxos
; the
is elsewhere

interpretedas
ing

Athena

to

noticed

bridal
Polias

in the

; and

b), has

contains

form

type

no

so

much

pose

of her

these

Hellenic

with

as

Polias,who

styled
u'2

attitude

e.

published by

the

by

has

been

he has

that he should

her the

with

olive and

already
wor

by

have

her serpent

the

chosen
the

sketched,

are

column

reference

the

doubt

If

the

whom

peacefulness of

the

single Doric

goddess

dominated

been

not

the

of

shield.

and

upliftedspear

of accord

offer

character

and

name

of the goddess to
city-temple

all

of the

Polias.

easier
representation,

Journal, i,

p. 202, PI. 7.

Murray (ClassicalReview, 1887,


p. 315) explains it as a sacrifice after
a
dithyrambic contest, an explanation
Dr.

of

may

altar,receivingher

her

temple is indicated by
symbols placingbeyond a

Another

We

well be

not

been

of the

is inconceivable

out

Behind

rite to Athena

men,

is addressed

people

doubt

her

and

all.

interest taken

behind

stands

due, it

was

ceremony.

be

can

of the idol in the

sacrifice

was

than

imagination had
vase-painter's

the

there

warlike

shippers in

early

thence

in warlike

and

it

evidence

marriages

divinitywho

of the

of

Athena

she could

marriage-rites.The
preliminary
of the state

Poliuchos

have

to

representationthat
processionbringing a bull as an
the TrporeAeta ^ji^pa,
the day
on

a, which
a

very

and

and

naturallyto

style (PI. XV.

Smith

Cecil

Mr.

sky, throne

erect

were

lost,

is the

fabled

was

imagination

Athena
be

is

Acropolis.

naive

the

very

supplied by actual monu


black-figuredcylix in the British Museum,

archaic

of very

she

is forcible

of cults.

ments

'

panoply

Athens

Poliuchos, and

unless
there

Also

wrould

prayer

called

Promachus

her

log-likeidol descending

seated

note

energetic

122a,like the Trojan Palladium

heaven

probably easier,even
to

Homer's

of

seems
city-idol,
Aristophanes'joke

of

point

335

own

standing

'

goddess

Polias

their

of

never

The

the

always thinking

were

Athena,

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

to

interpretand

that does
but
the

not

in any

appear

case

goddess of

we

the

pointing to

quiteso
have

city,

probable ;
sacrifice to

336

GREEK

the

same

the

Berlin

RELIGION.

conclusion, is found
Museum

a, that

to an

altar,behind

spear

upliftedin

her

large

altar

stood

Athena

which

that

Polias

on

shows
stands

right hand
before

be

must

[CHAP.

black-figuredamphora of
worshippers bringing a cow
the shielded goddess with the
a

(PI.XV.
the

supposed

c).

The

Erechtheum,
have

to

altar is the
of which

out

receive her

to

come

sacrifice.
third sacrificial

b.

Museum

from

that
is

there

nothing

for the helmet


is the

tion

able to
We

in

earth

this votive
the

Polias:

coming

as

appearing
also

idol

far

The
Miss

by

Monuments
b

2b.

was

coins,

sculptorwas
Polias.
in

rarelyused
of her

because
the

asso

goddesses

connected

in

of

some

has

Harrison

been
in

Ancient

Fig. 76, p.

519.

with

for

for alone

well

among

the battle of the

described

Mythology
Athens, p.

and
457.

Vide

and

vases,

bronze

And,

that the Dresden

statues

peplos,in

Athens,

reliefs0.

marble

Jahn's view

Also

votive

some

of

yet forth

the latter in

of Panathenaic
in

worship

throne.

of this type, is

monument

from

as

her

on

than

reproduced
Acropolis,and on
reason

the

cult-

in

appears

evidence

seated

that

monuments

Athena

such

large'
group

the embroidered

scenes

Attic

and

is much

with

of

the

with

from

in vogue

more

Acropolis;

are

vase

the

on

no

goddess

the very

on

wrought

of which

have

we

type

the

on

for

present ques

very

naturallyconnected

important

an

which

been

warlike

and

the

there
finally,
Pallas,

the

her here

have

evidence

erect

regards

figuresfound

fl

direct

and

Attic

on

attributes,except

or

animal

festivals

slab may

most

are

Athena

the former

to

mentioned

the type of Athena

an

sow,

certainlydifferent

concerns

to

as

sow

Arrhephoria.

then

that

scenes

attitude

allusion

the

is

last

by
figure,

rites and

type of the

the

is

that

certain

have

We

casual

form

What

Athena, is offered

; and

with

way

her

in

Acropolis

bringinga

are

monuments

of the

pose

believe

ciation

two

her head.

erect

the ritual of

worshippers

warlike

on

convey

may

the

in

relief in the

on

goddess, whose

the

seen

appears

of

group

offeringto

an

scene

the

gods

Mythology

of the

copy

of Athena
small
and

and

this

squares

the
giants,
Monuments

of

Athens, p. 459, Figs.55 and 56


Curtius,Arch. Zeit. 1882, Taf. 8.
Ancient

coins

Thessalian
a

usual

in the

of the

above, presents

tioned

with

stridingforward
ally,as

have

we

much

without

as

"

men

Alkis"

b.
the

also

on

Occasion
of the

place

in the pose

of

part

been

she appears

takes

change

lower

has

Mesembria

thunderbolt

the

seen,

in her hand

spear

shield

and

spear

idol

of Athena

form

the

with

us

Himera, Camarina, and

of

coins

the

of the

coinage of Pella,which

the

And

body.

on

goddess

the

resembling

Herme-shape

the

Melos, and

of

the armed

see

Palladion,but
in

Ephesian Artemis

the

coin

island a,we

in that

of the

pose

On

24).

(Coin PI.

relief found

marble

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

338

probably

or

in the idea.
find

We

spindlein

the

of

device

Palladia

soft

or

right hand

in her

spindlein

of

hear

we

by Alexander38

Polias

Pallas

the

appears

with

the

spear
with

and

her shoulder

level with

with

accords

head, with

her

on

cap

preserved the

her left c.

Priene, where

At

on

which

city on

Phrygian

it

his account

and

later coin of this

TriXos

hand, while otherwise

one

of the older

forms

the

idol

The

marked.

is most

character

earlier

the

123
Ilium, according to the descriptionof Apollodorus b,

of New

held

peaceful

peacefulpose or more
city-goddess,although in

more

her warlike

monuments

the

for the

chosen

attributes

held

times

at

the

temple dedicated

worship

for the

carved

image

Athena

to

peacefulattitude ; for a coin of


the city of the imperial period,bearing the figureof Athena
standingwith her serpent coiled before her, shows us probably
chryselephantine
the
temple statue d. The
type of the
probably presented

masterpiece

of

peaceful type

more

evidence

can

very

which
a

Vide
Brit.

207 ; ib.

well

have

must

far

but, so

still be

the

as

the

regardedas

in the later

will

to

given vogue

Polias ;

of the Athena

decide,the militant

the

period.

conception, but differentlyexpressed


In consideringthe monuments
Nike.
Athena

kindred

that of

art, was
to

may

Parthenos, which

Athena

type of the city-goddess,even

dominant
A

in

Pheidias, the
described,

afterwards

be

her

this

name

can

be

Jahn, op. cit.,Taf. 3. 7 and 8.


Mus.
Cat., Sicily,pp. 81,
Thrace, p. 133.

given, we
c

can

put

Gerhard, Akad.
Head, Hist. Num.

aside

Abhandl.
p.

24.

508.

in

the
12.

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]

339

be
ingenious suggestion of Jahn% that the trophy may
sometimes
regarded as her (3per as or rude image ; for none
noticed
have
of his proofs suffice for the theoryb,and
we
the trophy always as the ayaX/xa of
for interpreting
reasons
of Victory, was
in all pro
Zeus.
Nike, the personification
from

emanation

babilityan

herself,but

Athena

in the

monu

distinguishedfrom her; nor is it difficult to


the abstrac
them, for the goddess who personifies
distinguish
of Athena's
tion is usuallywinged, wears
none
attributes,and
be recognized generallyby her action : she is pouring
can
ments

be

must

god, or is crowning the successful


athlete,or decking the trophy, or leading animals to the
But it is
sacrifice as a thank-offeringfor a triumph won.
marks
difficult to
can
we
recognize
more
by what
say
a

libation to

warrior

or

in actual
goddess revered by that name
the Acropolis of Athens.
on
cult in Megara, in Aegina, and
We
of course, say that the largegroup of representations
may,
of the goddess bearing the Victory in her hands, the great

Nike, the

Athena

Pheidian

statue

descendants

remote

or

torious
Athena

of the

goddess.
Nike.

present

Yet

But

for instance,

Parthenon

we

none

with

us

of these

have

are

reason

no

the

to

near

of the

idea

actual

its

and

vic

cult-typesof

doubt

that

(;

the

by Harpocration of the goddess holding the


in her left,'
is
in her righthand
and the helmet
pomegranate
called in later times the temple
for which the chapel,
the xoanon
wall of
built on the top of the southern
of Nike Apteros, was
It is usual to explain the pome
the Propylaea at Athens.
Athena
of fertility,
was
as
granate in this case as the emblem
the giver of the kindly fruits of the
revered
at Athens
as
the whole
natural
earth ; and this explanation is more
on
who
than Botticher's,
here, as always,an allusion in the
sees
and death ; for surelythe goddess
to bloodshed
pomegranate
who has laid aside her helmet
is more
properlyto be regarded

statue

De

The

wooden

'

described

Minerv.

Simulac.

pp. 23-24.
that the
slightresemblance

post

with

the

helmet, shield,

and

it bears to the Pallaspear upon


dion is accidental.
The
coin of Pergamon,

bearing a trophy and


'AOrjvasvtKr)"p6pov,
may
this case
the trophy was
ing to Athena, not that
her image.
as

published by Jahn (ib. 3. 4),


Z

Vide

p. 313.

the

inscription

show
a

that

in

thank-offer-

it was

regarded

unpublishedblack-

peacefuldispenserof blessings.An

the

as

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

340

it
by Prof. Furtwangler a, has upon
figured vase, mentioned
but
the seated figureof the goddess holding the pomegranate
and
wearing the helmet ; and another, published by Gerhard
the

Jahn b,contains
is seated

who

other.

statue

in

That

thisc, but

than

the
work

represented

Nike

is
in

must

some

else it is hard
the

was

to

why

see

goddess herself,and

and
personification,

This, then, is the

belonging

Nike

criteria it
other

to

gives us

to

Athena

found

is

always

be

to

is held

to it raises the

also

suspicionthat

wooden

archaic

appliedto

tine
tained

works
a

of

kernel

of the work

is

seems

applied

it was

Pheidias, which
The

wood.

elaborate

too

impute
antiquity; although
to be able to

to

it

it

i.

i.

an

is

con-

motive
for

us

very
well
may

be
the

temple,
would
be serious,
difficulty
chronological
older

than

the

actual

as

applied

pomegranate

bare-headed

the

Niked.
be

may

But
reason

the
we

accept the story that

carved

were

Olympia
this

wrought

was

Calamis,

by

'floruit' belongs
d

to

in

statue

at

imitation

of

whose

a
an

sculptor
earlier period,

instance, the

For

bare

headed

Olympian Metope need


have no
given her ; this
specialname
is simply a natural type of the goddess
Athena

in

remote

is what

simultaneouslywith
construction of the temple, and if

chryselephan-

the great

of

Athena

later work

no

the

figure of

if it

this term

idol, but

In

there

1-2

be

may

in her hand

Simulacr.
which

foavov

term

name

of

the

was

question

Athena

out

it

it

winglessness.

interpretedas

Roscher, Lexicon, p. 689.


AuseHesene
Vasenbilder, 242,
The

the

symbol

the

whether

Minerv.
Antiquiss.

De

the

the

and

survived.

have

bearing

the helmet

where

public cult ;
judge whether
that

it is doubtful

and

monuments

is Athena

to

Nike,

of

of
representation

well-attested

one

Nike

that

the

on

Athena

forgottenthat

have

commented

have

seated

form

believed

have

latter

Besides,

c.

from

the

it, that

the standard

should

men

the

Nike,

conclude

figureof

the

resembled

have

way

9G

erect

type, and

unusual

most

Athena

or

may

we

mentions

who

goddess

the

was

and

the helmet

and

be earlier
they must
probably a standing
Nike
at
Olympia by

Athena

type,

same

Athena,

to

reproductions of

are

latter

of

in Pausanias,

context

hand

one

because

not

statue

of the

was

brought

Wingless Victory
the

because
the

figure; since
Calami's

of

improbable;

is somewhat

in

cup

of these

any

shrine

the

sacrifice

holding the

and

in the

of

scene

also

on

the

peaceful situation,
on

vases

of the

fifth century: vide

and

appears

earlier part of the

Furtwangler,Meistcr-

werkc, p. 14 (Engl.ed.),note

5.

PLATE

XVI

for

named

was

and

the

figureas

the

naming

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]

we

marble

beautiful relief of Pentelic


which

the measured

stateliness

falling down

into

olive

the

of

the

on

of

House,

after

the

origin of

Attic

of

manner

the fifth century.

the

show

to

seem

Athena-Nike
Lansdowne

in

folds

columnar

sculptureof
religious

austere

by Harpocration

given (PI.XVI). The figurehas


a
temple-statue,the Doric chiton

illustration is here

an

described

xoanon

recognize an

may

341

owl

The

work.

the

the
and
The

and the details of the


wonderfullywarm,
flesh and the drapery are
carefullywrought. The cheeks
very
still broad, as in the fifth-century
type of head, but are
are
The relief belongs to the earlier part
beginning to be rounded.
the tradition of the older religious
of the fourth century, when
is

body

surface

of the

art was

stillstrong, but when

form

the features and

and

drapery
The

softlyand lightlyrendered.
beginning to be more
gives a profound expression of victorious
representation
were

relief

Athena
of

absence

the

by

that

be

It may

style

and

peace.

characterized

sometimes

was

and

helmet

Pheidian

of

Nike

beautiful
aegis; a very
in
noble
expression, now

shows
the
us
fragments of three
Acropolis Museum,
ephebos standing before a winged Nike,
figures,a naked

the

who

usual

attributes

entirelydifferent

An

Nike

tion of Athena
with

above

ning, and
the fourth

Nike

and

Anc.

Num.

seen

is

on

the

this

certain

one

Athena,

representa

coins

Boeotian

lacks

almost

here
to

name

own

scarcely less

carrying the

mentioned

and

Ath.
Comm.

p.

none

of the

Verrall, Mylhol. and

p.

PI.

AA,

24.

or

arms

136.

d. A.

367.
Pans.

The

Palladium.

goddess

of Victory, the
representations

for

bear
personification,
Harrison

is

who

she

winged goddess wielding the light


Attic drachm, probably of the earlier part of
an
on
the winged goddess wearing
that shows
us
centuryb,

merely Nike,

the

but

in such

the type of the

the helmet

Mon.

than

her

rests

goddess, who
Athena
though

other
;

and

another

probably give her


explain her peacefulgarb.

and

of

head

his

crown

her would

with

be

to

neck

the

scarcelybe

can

group

all the

left hand

round

right arm
a

her

raises

K.

other

cannot
mere

attributes

Cf. M tillerWieseler, Denkm.


2.

220.

of

RELIGION.

GREEK

342

this

And

Pallas.

in the

known

type of the

rare

[CHAP.
Athena

winged

period,for it is found

archaic

already

was

the

on

treasury

for the
can
only account
Siphnians at Delphia. We
them
from Nike.
wings by supposing that she borrowed
Of the other political
conceptions that attached to Athena
be illus
in the literature,
recorded
and were
only a few can
of the

from

trated

surviving

We

monuments.

might

interpret

(Coin PI. B 25) as that of


figureon the coins of Alexandria
she carries
the leader of colonies,because
Athena
'Ap^r/y^ns,
and this is the motive
owl in her hand
which, accordingto
an

of

the scholiast

this title351.

bearing

descriptionof
this

But

as

the scholiast is

bear

of her

on

the owl

Athenian

which

decide

; and

be

stalks in her other

hand,

for both

would

The

symbols
the

colony

of

name

such

many
them

among

that

in which

one

that in which

or

be

representations
not

are

we

in the

able

to

the

holds

she grasps
the

corn

the spear

goddess

who

land.

new

and
Srafyu'a76,

she

appropriate to

of the state

commerce

are

that Athena

them, if any, is the specialtype of Athena

of

It may
'Apx7?ye//ri?-

planted

there

coins,and

natural

It is most

cult-typewith certainty.

should

the

appropriatedto the goddess


has pointed outb, the
Wieseler
to discover
too slightto help us

Aristophanes,was

was

protected by Athena
of Alexandria

coins

on

under
find the

we

goddess wearing helmet, aegis,and chiton, and holding the


scales of right measure,' and the cornucopia0.
It is an interesting
question whether we have any character
the goddess
istic representations
'Ayopcua,
survivingof Athena
the assembly and
who
presided in the market-place over
is elaborately
such
monument
council of the people. One
Niketas
Chthoniata m,
described
by the Byzantine historian,
'

bronze

the

of Athena

statue

forum

of Constantine

thirtyfeet

in

Byzantium.

at

folded chiton,and
long and elaborately
Her

long

historian,an

de Corr.

was

Hell.

BtdL

Miiller- Wieseler, D.
the

was

clad

aegis and

in

helmet.

bare, and

'

2i9a, where

wore

She

in

stood

produced, according to the


overpowering impression of voluptuous delight

neck
'

height,that

whole

1894, p.
d. A.

190.
K.

question

2.

is

discussed
"=

Brit.

643.

with
Mus.

negativeresult.
Cat.

Alexandria, PI.

4,

PLATE

XVII

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

MONUMENTS

XT.]

343
half open,

0"rjuajjv)
f]bovr)v
; the lipswere
was
passing through them, her

els
soft voice

languish

were

eyes

if her

as

luxuriantlyarranged,and her left hand


of
pressedagainsther body and gathering together some
hair

ing,her

garment, while her head

folds of her
direction

spiteof

verbiage of

the vague

of

ment

later

the

same

In

have

we

reason

no

presented to

of

us

an

incongruous and excessive senti


Alexandrine
perioda. Now, the leading

'AyopaCa,full

Athena

the

pointing.

was

this account,

clear type is

its accuracy.

in the

inclined

was

right hand

outstretched

her

as

doubt

to

was

was

of the

traits of this type, the

the

and

outstretched

hand

one

other

pressed againstthe folds of the robe, the sidewards turn of the


head, the partedlips,and the expression of languishment, are
Mediatrix,'
found togetherin one
survivingwork, the Athena
of early Graeco-Roman
work
period, but
in the Louvre
a
]),
original(PI.XVII).
probably derived from an Alexandrine
essential respects strikinglyagrees with
in many
The
statue
'

and

the

generalcharacter

and

that is stretched
its

but

the

small

the

And

type

same

for

the

from

tions of Orestes'

it,Athena

relief upon

aegis,and

no

wears

The

and

pose

strongly against
which
work

Mr.

Stuart

with

the

(videAncient
ture, p.
b

the

goddess

fightingpose,
seen,

must

go

by

the representa

to

the most

She

her action.

stands
de

over

the

identification,to

$71; Miiller-Wieseler, Denkm.

Jones inclines,of
on

this

Promachus

Greek

'

Sculp-

121.

2, PI. 20,

/"". no.

320,

d.

A.

217.

207.

Baumeister, Denkmdler

Alterth.

78).

Frohner, Sculpture Antique,

Kunst,

urn

Sctdpturc,PI.

Clarac, Muste

'

its

illustration

for monumental
we

took

expression make

Pheidian

Writers

certainlyin

was

have

we

as

is of

important is perhaps
the figureswrought in
cupd. Among
is recognizedby her helmet, though she

of which
trial,

Corsini

beautiful

Athens,
But

Palladium.
of the

of this function

at

the

title.

same

in the traditional

AyopaCa.

Miillcr0

the

law-courts

the

of

claim

may

'

Athena

an

side

and

the same,

are

publishedby

whole, and

law-courts

of the

one

name

the

the

on

least that of Pallas

at

case

sentiment

statuette

type of the Athena

The
one

bronze

left hand

rightis pressed against the

strong for callingthis also

are

reasons

out

it is the

here

by Niketas, only that

described

that

p. 1119.

des

Class.

RELIGION.

GREEK

344

it the

into

dropping
regarded

as

The

casting-vote.

of

copy

[CHAP.

of the

one

that

two

is

cup

bore

generally
the

same

by Zopyrus in the time of Pompey : but there


of the figuresthat suggests an
in the styleand forms
period than this.

carved

scene

is much
earlier

who

Athena,

Of
Athena

protected the

The

ceivingthe

family,

or

infant

or

Erichthonios,,may

of hers ; and

function

clan

Kurotrophos,we have no certain monu


vase-representations,
showing the goddess

Apaturia

ment.

of the

union

Athena

bearing

express

the

the
child

the

in her
But

idea.

same

in the

statue

allusion

an

convey

Berlin
be

aegis,may

these

re

this

to

Museum

of

intended

to

merely mythological

are

a.
representations

She

goddess of the arts, both of


Hippia, who taught the use of
Colonus, and though we cannot
representationin

every

and

cup

on

Athenian
monument

was

solemn

refer to any

the

found

on

Athens

of

'Ergane';

at

Erythrae

but

on

the

the

and

is

car,

we

in

evidentlyderived

the

from

acquired by

represents

the

hands

Athena

that it does

not

this

to

the

same

it

is

source

in Crete, and

not

the Louvre, which


of almost

identical

form

nios

pi.

with

The

which

security

her

riding
aegis the

sacred

Grecques, 1895,

12.

Op.

No.
Griechische Reliefs,

D.

cit

d. A.

2.

on

the serpent ErichthoMon,

emerges.

But

representation

Athena

holding in

chest from

function.

can

Miillerd,of

Polias

Athena

of

cult.

actual

child, for

found

her in

of the cult.

alluded

Ilium

at

published by

Athenian

an

represents

suppose

may

monument

Z". d. A. K. 2. 236. It
Miill.-Wies.,
to
interpret the Berlin
impossible
Athena
as
statue
^parpia holding a

ago

the

Acropolis, and

is

long

at

driving the chariot,

the

spindle

with

gem,

statue

worshipped

safelyapply this cult-title to

figure of

the

chariot,was

existing representationsthat

no

connected

as

Athena

peace.

peaceful arts was


worshipped, if not
the
title
Sparta and
Olympia, under

at

yet

be

new-born

the

the

as

of the

goddess

have

in her

myth,

at

we

of

and

war

she appears

which

it to

erect

pose

The

monuments

goddess on the silver


the
the Attic coin published by Miiller b,and
on
As
the last-named
relief published by Schone
c.

attach

may

we

the

frequently in

more

appears

240, 240 a.

Kunst,

2.

225.

136.

has

the ram,
work

supposed

been

the

and

with

standing
has
a

for

of doubtful

work

The

representationof
the shipb,but we

345
interest in wool

her

to

it

probably

more

in Florence

statue

her

round

but

snake

allude

rolled

something

taken

been

to

loom, but

the

of

arts

sacrificial reference.

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]

be

may

of

Athena

an

which

right arm,
a

skein

wool, is

of

than
have
more
interpretation.We
the goddess assistingat the fabrication
cannot

that

say

such

alluded

scenes

has

one

of

inten

The
of Ergane.
potter who
tionallyto the cult or the name
in his art, on
a fifth-century
brings a thank-offeringfor success
form
whose
Athena
of Athens, is making offeringto an
vase
is that

of the

Athens

any

cult-type or

the
'Epydvr],

of

goddess
We

find it here.

to

Parthenos

Pheidian

skill
potter's

on

been

at

accepted representationof Athena


have
should
the crafts,
expected
we

have
rude

there

had

; but

allusion

an

the

of the

patroness

d,showing

Museum

Berlin

in the

vase

to

perhaps to her
standing by a potter'soven
; also
in the lampadephoria, the ritual of fire consecrated

Athena
interest

taught and fostered the arts of life,


the figuresof Athena
which
contains
in a gem
standing and
Hephaestus seated under a tree6, both gazing earnestlyat
the goddess herself
some
b). Once
spectacle (PI.XVIII.
divinities who

the three

to

as

appears

potter,

on

Berlin

represents her

that

vase

allusion

clay model of a horse, possiblywith some


the wooden
constructed
of Epeios, who
to the work
the capture of Troy with the aid of her teaching.
The
most
showing the
interesting monument

forming

the

conception of
well-known

and

Pandora

touch

as

in

the

British

scarcely

Museum,

to

Hephaestus, while the goddess


complete her dangerous beauty

Abhandl.

Gerhard, Akad.

E. g. Miiller-\Vieseler,
D.

37. 4.
d. A.

K.

and

described

Harrison, Mythol. and

461, Fig. 58.

Mon.

by
Anc.

Miss
Ath.

is
f

between

adding
and

which

on

the last

the

idea

Beschreibungder Vascnsamml.
Miiller-Wieseler,D. d.A.K.i.

this is Wieseler's

238.
Published

beautiful

figure

animate

Published

Mythol.
Fig. 50.

and

for

popular

is the

of Athena

power

and

p.

creative

cylix

appears

Athena

2.

the

horse

801.
235

probableinterpretation.

in Harrison
Mon.

Anc.

and
Ath.

Verrall,
p. 450,

346

GREEK

in this is also

expressed
the

illustrated

CapitolineMuseum,

ing the soul in the


body that Prometheus
of Athena

with

and

myth

of

form
is

of the

with

curse

took

them

is

which
flute,

by
the

to

; and

in

in Boeotian

monuments15;

of the

myth

threw
has

of them

none

of

human

association

appears

series

small

Lastly,the

the flutes that she

up

presented insert

butterflyinto

cult, is illustrated
who

in
sarcophagus-relief

a.
fashioning

which, however, mainly refer

Marsyas,

by

Athena

which

on

the art

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

goddess

her

the

and

away

and

figure any

religioussignificance.
We

then

cannot

of monuments

group

reference

useless

just examined,

find in them

or

the

from

Ergane

clear

any

as
particularcult. And
regards the statue
Musica
attributed
12T,
by Pliny to Demetrius, it

difficult to

be

type of Athena

any

the

to

called Athena
is

derive

speak positivelyas
search

to

for

of

copy

any

it would

its type, and

to

existing

it among

monuments.

On

the other

hand, the cult of Athena

undoubted

two

Central

Museum

the

upon
former

of

of which

basis

her left

on

is stretched

arm

the

to

out

Athena

and

in front

type of Athena

the
Nor

can

we

derive

from

Baumeister,

the

type

Denkm.

des

Class.

Fig. 1568.

Miiller-Wieseler, D.

d.

A'.

A.

239 abc, and

Overbeck,

Griechischen

Plastik,i. Fig.50:

Geschichte

cf. vase

in Berlin,Beschreibimgder Vasensa

lung

im

Antiqitariunii2418

; and

mm-

the

the

in

; her

right

moving rapidly
type of

It is the

must

we

second
is

of
representation
clue for

no

monument
one

that the

suppose

other

among

of the

existing works.
d
special
any
reliefs

ex-voto

publishedin the AnnalideW


1879, Tav. d'Agg. D.
c

Published

1886,p.

314

in Milt.
; and

34.

Instil.

d. detttsch. 7ns t.

Harrison

op. cit. p. 392, Fig. 23.


d
Bidl. de Corr. Hell.
no.

her

discovering

vase

2.

der

in the

battle,and wholly inappro

gives us

; this

is

back.

head

us

Epidauros,

near

she

her, and

; and

Hygieia

characteristic of the

Alterth.

he

statue

her breast

first traditional

him, and

left

helmet, and bears her

the

of the

health

has

inscriptionmentioned
aegis on

in front of

priateto the goddess of


sculptorhas chosen the
to

her

Hieron

at

wears

turning her

charging

that occurred

is the

goddess

arm

rightwhile

first is the

Athens, found

chapter. The

shield

The

monuments.

Hygieia

and

Verrall,

1877, p. 164,

PLATE

XIX

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]
found
her

Hygieia

nothing here appropriate to the


of Hygieia in the Belvidere

is

there

been

wrongly

to

statue

with

restored

the

of Athena

seventy of the outline of


indicate

two

each

on

latter

side

for

Athena,

b.

Ludovisi
be

they

of

stephane
to

of

Attic

markedly

we

in

she

horizontal

wears

position

for this

Hygieia
in the

the

Vatican

see

rather

head

of Athena's

surfaces, that

rounded

of the hair

in relief in the centre,

same

with

head
the

in

does

severer

sharper

originatedprobably in

on

of
the

the

Villa

not

seem

and

more

lines and

the

these

type

way

Hygieia formerly

style of

The

has

naturallyregard

arranged

undoubted

an

maidenly type

from

found

are

worship.

Vatican

helmet

her

most

may

borrowed

symbols

as

we

of the

and

thoughtful expression,

of it,and

rests

face, the arrangement

gorgon'shead worked
serpents symmetrically carved
with

stephane

with

probably belonged
The
health-goddess (PI.XIX).

instead

; but

Athena

an

way

her

that

head

behind, the

long straightmass

and

the

usual

the

of

statue

name

idea

see

we

must

left hand

her

which

shield,on

the

in

is armed

she

but

helmet, aegis,and

which

Asclepieion on the Acropolis,on


side of Asclepios,and therefore we

the

by

in

347

in the

Athena

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

less

Peloponnese

after the Pheidian


time
some
penetratedalso into Athens
period. We have no clue for testing the suggestion that the
in the
carved
head is copied from the originalstatue
Vatican
is of great interest
time of Pericles by Pyrrhos. But the work
but

it is the

because

only

expression proper to one


symbols of Hygieia, so
Another
though very
divinity,that

seems

that

double

the

the

which

ideal of Athena

are
name

forms

combined
is

and
with

justified.

representationof the same


trustworthy,is found on a gem
the goddess wearing the
shows

inferior
be

to

publishedby Mullerc,

in

monument

that

the serpent
hand
holding a spear and in the same
that Hygieia usuallyholds,and standingbefore the seated Zeus
the types of
figure appears among
(PI.XVIII. c); the same
of Athena
also give the name
Hygieia
Etruscan
art d. We
may

helmet

"

and

Mon.ddT

Inst. 9.49;

Annali, 1873,

MUller-Wieseler, D. d. A. K.

2.

no.

226".

p. 5.
b

Vide

Helbig, Fiihrer,870.

Gerhard,Akad.

Abhandl.

Taf. 34. 4.

348

RELIGION.

GREEK

to the

representationof

candelabra

of the

the

Vatican

her

The

Hygieia.

less.

The

served

he

work

to

easy

wished

with

of this

the

manner

here

have

we

otherwise

pre

Parthenos, and

expressed the idea that


by associatingAthena

than

divinities of health.
relief has

of the Vatican

wholly ground

is not

of the

have

snake, the symbol of the

character
religious

that

Pyrrhus

he could

embody

to

after the usual

from

reminiscence

how

say

of

and

sphinx

sculptor might naturallyhave

details

in certain

it is not

Hygieia

its

on

Parthenos, and she is hold

Loeschke

conjectureof

of the Athena

copy

with

helmet

Pegasoi recalls that of the Pheidian


ing a cup for her serpent to drink
of

in relief

that appears

goddess
a

[CHAP.

The

pointedout

been

by Woltersb.
But

we

that

ments

conclude

may

the

from
of

statues

this

the

paucity

cult

of

of

the

Athena

monu
com

were

ex-voto
parativelyrare, and the discovery of the numerous
reliefs in the Asclepieion may
incline us to believe that the
health, the daughter of Asclepios,
goddess who personified
took the placeat Athens
of Athena
Hygieia.

The

of Athena

monuments

name

with

may

but

number

enough

to

attached

certaintybe
the

record

which

to

both

the

of

especiallyat
closely with

the

hopes and
public life. The

and

expressive of this,and
by way of conclusion
already examined,
Polias

they

do

not

belong

the

to

put

group

the

goddess.

togetherhere
of the ideas

some

of

character

of

Die

can

Helbig, Filhrer, 210-211;


Neu-Attischen

92-93,

pp. 151-154,

PiStolesi,// Vaticano

be

no

Reliefs,
p. 63,
169;

reasonable

Hauser,
nos.

published in

descritto,
5. 28.

Athena

cult-monuments,

most

There

most

most

are

illustration of
strikingmonumental
in honour
of
of the state-religion
imposing ceremony

afford

cult,

frieze-reliefs,
though

Parthenon

The

monuments
to

is

art

people, their

the

illustrate

that

the
especially

and

Boulaia.

and

few

well

be

it may
a

Attic

and

linked

was

in

be few

national

the

of

sorrows

to

literature

high importance for


her worship
Athens, where

fortunes

found

are

her

prove

definite cult-

some

Bausteine,

that many
of Pallas

but

doubt

2 1

of the
stand

separate statues.

on

24-2

still

the

most

the

city-

that

the

29 ; he also notes

figuresincluding that
a

separate basis, like

PLATE

XX

MONUMENTS

XL]

subject representedis
with

spondence

certain

of

Panathenaic

the

scenes

the

on

349

procession treated
The

artistic laws.

of certain

observance

due

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

OF

the

with

frieze

corre

written

is,as Overbeck
concerning the details of the ceremony
conclusive.
We
have
others
pointed out*, sufficiently
offered by the state
and
the sacrificial animals
by the

record
and
find

scaphephori and

allies,the

with

chariots

the

in the

peculiarfeature
'

cannot

the

that

prove

part of the

anything

of

service.

It would

be

out

of

thallo-

'

been

incredible

that

group

here

discuss

to

Pheidias,

this,

say

which

of

motive

forms
the

to

whole

the
the

many

expressed concerning this

sufficient to state
are

To

clearlyalludes

frieze

place

have
be

the

leading

conviction, which

own

that

whole

peplos,the

the

divergent opinions that


vexed
question. It may
appears

essential is omitted.

conviction

of the

centre

bringing

of my

and possiblythe
ritual),

whole

most

of

implies the

however,

water-pots,

elderly men
bearing branches ; and
representationis undoubtedly incomplete, we
band

the

phori or
although

the

apobatae (perhaps the

armed

their

of

carriers

the

two

in

the chief

in the

first

reasons

place,it

which
representation

the Pan
to interpretas
reasons
compelled for many
athenaic
procession,should have omitted the chief feature of
that procession: secondly,it is inconceivable that the greatest
sculptorof the city should have placed in the centre of his
herself the figures of a priestand a
Athena
frieze next
to
are

we

them

boy, holding between

garment

or

piece

of

drapery

wearing and perfectlyagrees


large for human
with our
conception of the sacred peplos, and which would
inevitablybe taken for the peplos by the average spectator,
intended
but was
by the sculptor to be something quite
The
belief that it is the peplos gives a deeper
different.
b.
national significance
to the whole
scene

which

is too

Turning

played by
"

Gcsch.
The

Review

an

other

Athena

Griech.

most

question is

to

in the

Plast.

recent

Attic

the

(1895,p. 268), by

of the

Classical
Dr.

illustrative of the

we
publiclife,

1893, p. 438.

discussion

article in

monuments

Furt-

may

wangler, whose
Harrison's

select

perhaps

arguments againstMiss

theory that

question is a
convincing.

as

part

arpca^vr)

the

object in

appear

to

me

GREEK

350
the

of
interesting

most

certainlythe

and

covered

all the

of the

Acropolis Museum.

the

the

contains

slab about

half

her spear, her

leaning on
restingon

her

folds

shows

also

and

Such

such

the

represent
she

that

lead

of

mourning

part of the slab

tion with

the

of

We

names

also

have

of these
of

the

stone

written.
in

whose

form

Pheidian

M.

Cavvadias,

immediately
to

fourth
which

the

great national disaster


of

may

have

The

Tanagra
that

relief and
on

the

or

is

Athena

been

dedicated

we

written

on

the

inscrip
Acropolis

the

accordance

the

Pheidias

later years

other

period
Mr.

E.

of the Pelo-

other

with

vote

is

states;

filled the

inscriptionof

usually

Archaeol.

to

and

century and

state

can

Deltion

Athens

the

Athenian

assignsit
before

The

singlecitizen.

public griefin

masterpiece,the

1888, p. 103,
Gardner

upon

The

no

; and

been

and

should

period

Egypt

lost.

unique

divinity the
ordinary grave-relief:

the battle

in

is

that

some

names

between

of the

are

and

series of historic reliefs that refer to alliances

relations
political

or

is

of this age,

art

austere

some

as

have

may

of the

over

that

now

of cheek

What

a.

this

be

can

whose

the lower

testimony
the people.

column

right hand

her

in the

divinity,and

citizens

those

of

such

Athenian
over

small

contour

rare

found

are

one

commemorated,

fall of the

by

melan

to
assign the monument
and though
slightlyearlier,,

or

mourning

belief forces itself upon


is here

diplois

to

is very

This

be

the

us

work

sorrow

here

cannot

stands

and

eye

of this

Athena.

conquering

Doric

expression of

an

drooping,and

fifth century

instances

unparalleledis

height

in

drapery is arranged in rigidcolumnar


slighttouch of archaism, of which there

expression of pathos

yet other

She

head

in the

of the

with

and

in

now

The

indications

middle

the

hip.

faint trace

chin.

as

and

is

metre

dis

was

icS883and

wearing helmet

Acropolis,

which

one

in

figureof Athena

the

on

Parthenon

strangelypatheticpose,
choly in her face (PL XX).
in

reliefs found

mysterious,that

most

the south

on

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

the

represented
the

trace

city by
ponnesian

war

part

upper
decree

was

by Athena,

influence

the

most

male

or

(Journal of

Studies, 1889, p. 267).

The

of

the

female

Hellenic
earlier

date appears to me
after examination
the originalfar the more
probable.

of

PLATE

XXI
a

"

H$U04"ANrAIANI

E Y

OF

MONUMENTS

XL]

ATHENA-WORSHIP.

351

it or
by its tutelarydivinityor hero.
figure that personifies
The
most
interestingand beautiful of this series is perhaps
the Acropolis
relief that adorns an inscription dedicated
on
a
a

in the year

of Athens

tude

who

remained

clad

in

b),and

last distress

her

in

the

faithful to

and

grati

of the

Samians

democracy.

Athena

mantle,

helmet, aegis,spear, and shield,stands

Attic

the

expresses

those

to

Athenian

chiton

low-girtDoric

(PI.XXI.

B.C.

403-402

and
on

equipped with
the right,
grasp

chiton
figure,who also wears
She
and holds a sceptre upright in her left hand.
and mantle
her forehead, but is more
the stephane above
wears
probably
the tutelarygoddess of
than Hera
of Samos
a personification

ing the

the

hand

of

statelyfemale

history of

The

island.

with

the alliance of Athens


b

sentation

and

of Athena

of that island

in

Eleansc

362,by

On
we

of

monument

her

see

wearing

a);

relief on

her hand

calathos, whose

her alliance with

the

which

to

name

the

her, and

demos

she stands

by Zeus and
Peloponnese.
Schone,

goddess of lesser stature,


'the maiden,' is
Ila/,0eVo9,

inscriptionrefers
Thracian

and

Neapolis, the
the worship
Pallene,where

Athens

between

repre

the Arcadians

probably personifiesthe
kindd
the same
published by

extending
above

inscribed

Corcyra about 375 B.C., by a


male figurepersonifying
the

(PI.XVIII.

maidenly figurewho

first half of

the

in

century is also illustrated by similar reliefs ; for instance

fourth

and

Athens

to

treaty

coast-city,or

of 'the Maiden'
must
city in
have
a). A decree offeringhospitality,
prevailed (PI.XXI.
to another
by such a repre
TTpofeina,
city is commemorated
has published of Athena
Schone
in
that which
sentation
as
the

attitude

an

Parthenos, standing before


himation

leaning on
friendlystate.

and

of the

Demos

few

of

with

the

Boule

at

in Delt.

Archaeol.

Sketched
124;

p.
pp.
b

for

Athens,

inscriptionvide

staff,and

ib.

to

and

1888,

1889,

who

her

Hell.

878,PI.

1 2.

1 1
,

the

in

the
personifies

close

connexion

title BouAata

Arch.

Zeit. 1877, Taf.

Schone, Griechische
Griechische

Pheidian

is half-clad

her

Cf. 50, Athens

27-29.
Bull, de Corr.

figurewho

reliefs allude

these

ft

male

from

derived

immediately

form

and

and

the

as

15.

i,

2.

no.
Reliefs,

Methone.

beliefs,no.

62.

48.

divine

counsellor

figure,

whom

of

is

the

of

of

meeting

These

was

secrated

to

them

in

the

to

the

matronly

personification

of

Athena
This

refer

may

is

the

to

that
is

the

Athena

distinguished

who

soldier,

girl-priestess

who

then

how

an

ritual

preceded

it

reliefs

while

a,

prayer.

prayers

other

to

crown

had

the

fulfilled

b.

monuments

prove
in

rooted
her

much

so

than

manifold

Grieck.

of
her

she

Reliefs,

hearts

the

invested

devotion

to

and
On

or

Attic

worship

whose

the

well

duties

side

representation

council.

athlete,

victorious

the

the

sacrifice

be

to

by

hand

and

majestic

proves

his

the

the

giving

appears

her

and

eiVir?j/Ha,

state.

standing

seen

relief,

the

inscription

raising

is

citizen

of
the

fiov\ri,

ex-voto

more

RELIGION.

GREEK

352

their
with

possessed

of

the

in

Ib.

81,

life,

literature.

85.

this

con

deeper

older

94.

private

character
the

who

people,

and

public

deeply

and
and

CHAPTER

IDEAL

THE

TYPES

sculptor who
with

associated

archaic

greatest

his

name.

been

said

about

character

there

maternal

idea

the

seated

older
and

Apteros.

add

drapery
she
a

mantle

from
it
a

on

much

often

wears

beneath
the

work

is
the

form

that

those

looped

aegis

Sacken

and

VOL.

I.

Nor

later

in

the
have

Broncen, Taf. 8.
A

does

the

period

period

falls down

the

in

before
a

see

we

could

art

published
i.

this

over

girdlingand

significanteffect

arc

face

Aeginctan

that archaic
The

the

the

archaic

sleeves, and

western

it had

proportions

shoulder, and

the

Kennera
n

the

Nike

of

aspect

parallelzigzag folds,as

a).

known

of

type

character.
in

the

peace,

expression

and

with

utmost

with

century.

the

as

already

goddesses, and

one

from

chiton, which

used

on

up

represents the

scarcely

forms

the

the

such

and

maidenly

the

chiton

XXII.

are

the

even

of victorious

of

limits

ideal

rendering this type (PL


works,

goddess

in stiff

of Athena

are

it is

predominant

monuments,

the

of other

the

Ionic

the

Acropolis :

individual

or

to
an

which

worship

these,

; her

art

brings, under

usually

from

of

show

to

clear

rarely any

archaic

narrow

own

able

but

this

accomplished by

the

as

peace

its

scarcely distinct

understand

been

some

on

depicted her

been

war-goddess
has

in

appeared

Within

sometimes

of her

warlike, although the peacefuland

is

that
fertility

the

had

in the

figures found
had

art

dealing with

period. Enough, perhaps, has already

form

her

in

monuments

To

what

transitional

and

all others

the

remember

to

necessary

ATHENA.

OF

surpassed

type is Pheidias, and


are

XII.

gable,
do

in

the Doric
Pheidian
the

statuette

fifth
of

Athena

at

wearing

that the

drapery down

we

as

diploidiongirded with
it

see

advanced

more

faces

serious

and

it with

connecting
does ; it is
much

the

the

and

of

attributed

the Athena

Nike

been

mentioned

have

survived

us

Olympia

and

discussed
the

advance

earlier

The

at

of the

As

have

type of features

and

have

holding the
of the
Zeus

sculptureof

cleansingout
The

at

the

this age

'

an

Attic

of

triangularformation,

sombre

new

and

austerer

manifest; she
the upper

wears

fold falls from


a

Athena

type.
Doric

from

is

presence
her

temple of
represented

the

of Athena.
shield

is

on

expression in her face


her eye
has something

the

and
But

at

of

centre

her

face

the

drapery that
is
and nobility,
simplicity

it is in

chiton, a

the shoulders

History of Greek

21);
fine severe
style
in peacefulpose,

Heracles
the

severe,

remnant
interesting

metope

and

style,aiming
a

of

with

us

(Coin PL

hair

An

show

rendering.

presents

helmet, and

earnestness,

flatness,of the archaic

that

is little

feet ; there

of

works

earnest, and

of the

'

has

fifth century

of Troezen

is the

few

except

which

characteristic

of the Louvre

except
the

ideal

Olympia, on which
Augean stables in

goddess wears
ground by her

the

the

olive-branch.

and

spear

Olympics

But

of

strikingrepresentationof

Murray

monumental

by Calamis,

broad, strong, and

masculine, arrangement

we

Dr.

great

above.

coins

red-figuredvase

for

a).

no

carved

towards

almost
on

sur

reason

artist of this age,

first half

two

broad

Pheidias, as

well-known

any

from

marked

to

of the hair, but

meaning clear simply by


regards the period imme

their

diately preceding Pheidias, we


work

archaic

an

sufficient

no

effect

pre-Pheidian period,retaining

action.

or

pose

is

style (PlateXXIII.

archaic

earliest artists made

symbols

shows

treatment

; there

earlyart
of

probably

of the

The

expression

fields,

in the British

type of features with

noble

and

b),

aegis,so

similar

Promachus

archaic

an

the

into three

find

Murray a, which

Dr.

and

drapery

We

of Athena

girdlingon a bronze
Museum, published by
of

is divided

Athena.

the Pheidian

on

XXII.

period (PL

serpent under

the waist

to

of

scheme

late archaic

of the

Vienna

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

354

to

Sculpture,vol.

the

diploidion,of which
justabove the waist,
2.

PI.

10.

xii.]

IDEAL

where

there

which

is formed
the

over

chiton

delicatelytraced
of the
have

beautiful

see

on

355

and

of

some

chiton
here

edge of the
being drawn
of

one

up

earliest

the

statelydispositionof the
the figuresof the Parthenon

Caryatids of the Erechtheum, and


after Pheidias,chiefly
for religious
and

use

fold

which

con

ceremonial

a.

purposes
Another
Pheidian
which

we

ATHENA.

the

frieze and
in

OF

by a part
girdle. We

that

of

which

tinued

the

appears

hidden

instances

TYPES

still

period

Athena

more

has

interestingmonument
already been mentioned

of
the

the

pre-

relief

on

is

represented in pensive attitude, and which


shows
careful sculptureand
far warmer
more
renderingof the
surface than the Olympian metope.
No
preceding sculptor
had
profound an
expression of thought into the
put so
the drapery, a Doric
maidenly countenance
diploidion
; and
girtabout the waist, has a fascinating
simplicityand lightness
appropriateto the martial goddess. We find such an arrange
of the dress,though somewhat
ment
richer,on the masterpieces
of Pheidias.
One

that

work

has

Pheidias,and

style of

the

Athena

from

appears
been

even

great

himself1',is the

master

Portici,

belong to the period


thought to illustrate the

to

in

the

small

Museum

before
earlier

bronze

of

of

Naples (PI.
XXIV.
a). She stands with her weight restingchieflyon her
her
and
rightfoot,her righthand holds forth a libation-cup,
head, that is guarded by the high-crestedAttic helmet, is
is held
turned and slightly
inclined to this side ; her left hand
up

on

level with

drapery is the

same

her

now

head, and

in its

arrangement

Athena, except that the Doric


fold

chiton

overhangingthe girdleis

richness

of execution

was

grasping a
as

spear.

that of the

here

smaller.

has
But

Her

Olympian

sleeves and

the

in softness

and

superior. There is a trace of


the old stiffness in the attitude,
for,though the lower limbs are
well posed and there is a distinction that produces a fine effect
is
of balance
between
the leg that supports and
that which
a

\Ve

find it

on

one

it is far

of the

female

carved
figures,
probably a divinity,
the drum
of the Ephesian column

the
b

on

Conrad

p. 35, Taf.

in

British Museum.

Lange,
2.

Arch.

Zeit.

1882,

GREEK

356
free from
should
But

the

face

the

largeeyebrow
locks

back

The

car.

broad

of the transitional

ful,and

benign. The whole


statelybeauty ; and we

and

of

copy

Athena

than
we

the

was

; but

only

was

we

it to

by

certain

archaic

of

type

which
and

goddess

the

goddess

spear,

but

with

his

should
We
that

of the

same

work
age

and

much

the same,

icsembles

that

no

less
If

him.

to

of

her
of

Pellene

near

words

that

that

may

the

ascribed

that
be

to

appears

compared

PL

j-; the

and

the

of

the

pose

be

with

of the

of the head

that

astonished

figure,

claimed

Pausanias.
in which

we

temple-image
to

of Athena

Pheidias, the Athena

except that the Doric

diploidionis not
are
girdle; her arms
up
held out rather stifflythe left might be
holding a spear, the righta cup ; the expressionof the face is earnest and pure,
drawn

over

the

"

b
are

drapery closely
Portici

legend

the story.

certaintybe

as

type of idol

the embarrassment

believed

b,

into different sections

local
have

find

Pellene

of

If this archaic

well

from

us

coins

we

upliftedshield
in
tightly encased

limbs

is divided

Now

it.

with

pose

earliest

the inclination

limbs

the

peaceful

that

Pausanias'

imperial

this,the small bronze statuette of Athena


that is published in the Gazette Archtologique,i8Si.

shrine

marked

the

regard

with

Another

the

to

temple-image

from

lower

sculptormay

honesty saves
be placed if we

can

in

in warlike

her

chiton

for its

may

darkens

ascribed

are

that

of horizontal
bands.
by means
reproduces the temple-image,

But

temples
revealingthe

that this is a miniature

earliest

Roman

on

show

Pheidias

the

of Pheidias' work

character

Athena

closelydrawn

few

direct evidence,
or
legend,no inscription
struck
Pheidias,and that he himself was

ascribed

the

the local

that
a

type
on

consecrated

conclude

can

hips.

maidenly, thought
impressivefor its reserved

chryselephantinestatue
134

Achaea
it

the helmet

was

Pausanias, his

trust

may

Pheidian

believe

may

of the

statues

seven

it

as

art, but is

dispensingblessinga.
gather from the records

We

the

is most

that
temple-statue

of the

marking

rightangles to the face,half


that
no
longer the sombreness

at

face has

countenances

carried out

surfaces, the strong chin, the

beneath

appear

is not

the

in

eye-socket of

and

of hair that

drawn

are

and

body

the

shows

[CHAP.

this distinction

weight,yet

be in the upper

RELIGION.

Imhoof-Blumer

Comm.

Pans.

and

Gardner, Aum.

p. 91, PI. S.

10.

PLATE

XXIV

IDEAL

xii.]
dedicated

Areia

of

cost

kernel

in her

the

of wood

laid

she

as

dedication

the

and

war,

battle,she would

his colossal

this aspect

was

which

been

has

there

though

called

is

be

historian

of Athens

the

sack

the

walls

one

may

to

then,

see,

fact

In
her

pose

which

was

no

ancient

no

writer

and

spear,

of

of

What

simply

is

stood

in

'

the

the

arisen

with

the

she

that

air

Athena
between

at

she

and

crest

the shield,

bore

was

armed

the

point

the
with

could

Sunium

from
famous

work
it

and

Erechtheum

the

to

as

where
Acropolis,'

the

Parthenon, immediately facingthe old

all

representationof

and

on

supposed
goddess.

actual

clear clue

any

Centaurs,

which

bronze
open

has

was

vision of the

Pausanias
chased

Alaric

seen,

to

to

name

the

in

according to Pausanias, as you sailed


The
Athens.
designation of this
proper

be

Promachus,

Error

passage

gives us

the

with

Lapiths'contest

Athena

writers

under

Acropolis 13(i

the

on

Demosthenes.

on

statue, but

learn from

we

of

goddess

presented Athena

statue

statues.'

subsequently

was

helmet

as

in her

her

see

the

as

but

'

saw

and

armed

survived,

Byzantine
that Alaric when
recounts
sailingto
the
moving upon
fightingAthena
about
to charge the enemy,
as
one

who

Zosimusa,

and

of materials.

has

there

head

authorityfor attaching this

misunderstanding

the

that

bronze

it,except that of the scholiast


from

the

of

the
image commemorated
represented in warlike attitude,

modern

by

ancient

no

formed

was

combination

temple

the greatest of his works

But

spoilsdefrayed

shield.

and

spear

of the

of her

probably

with

advancing

in commemoration

of this statue

copy
in her

worshipped

was

body
gold, and

unique

357

the

with

over

other

or

tithe

of which

marble,

numismatic

ATHENA.

at Plataea1

temple

statue,

feet of Pentelic
No

OF

victory of Marathon

of the
the

TYPES

the

the

approach through

Propylaea.
discard
must
and
in discussingits motive
Now
pose, one
conclusions
the
and
the
illegitimatetitle of Promachus,
clear:
it.
One
that
from
thing seems
might be drawn
;1

to

Hist. Nov.
The
allude

5. 6,

epigram
to

the

of

statue,

2.

JulianusI36*

warlike

pose

seems

of

the

refers
machus'

but
to

it is doubtful

the
statue.

Polias

or

this

whether
to

the

'

Pro-

358

GREEK

the

must

spear
the

on

have

been

and

its

ground,

Pausanias

could

Sunium

could

RELIGION.

the

the

statue's

basement, which

the

exceeds

which
view

for if the

the

ground,
the

was

than

depth

coins.

We

the
And

are

have

small

basis

least have
of the

ought

from

bronze

to

least in two

at

the

the

held

rightarm
the

of the spear
But

appears

to her

they

the

or

have

we

Athena

was

has

with

standing

with

ft

M.

Propylaea, and
examination

and

held

has
the

been

Parthenos,

the

and

'

from

Promachus
these

'

is that

rightangles

at

was

nothingtangibleabout
a

too

into her extended

conclude

the

of

the pose

drapery.
different type

face, but

with

shield

her

on

her

b,on

which

her head
left

turned
at

arm

right

the

torso

Pans.
Z.

en

the pose of the


from
late Attic

body,
on
spear
ground, but not
the body (Coin PI. B 26). It is this figurethat
great probabilitybeen regarded by Lange as show
of the

'

in the

Imhoof-Blumerand

Comm.
b

and

type with the


a

us

holding the

her

ing the type


of the

tell

as

greater

even

"

die-cutter

puts the Nike

dispositionof

angles
parallelwith
to

the

that the forearm

so

equal, or

the

this statue

can

the

on

buildingsthat certainly

for the

we

former

Acropolisrock, the

and

But

few other coins of

right,and

of the

two

Parthenos

All that

; and

body

he

cases

of

the age of the Antoninesa

Athena.

disappointing;
distinguishbetween

right hand, which


certainlydid not.
to

the

is most

careless
and

the

be

to

them

between

statue

about

evidence

actuallygive us a rude sketch


steps leading up to it,the Parthenon
colossal

been

conclusions

number

for the

Parthenos

supported by

of

discovered,and

originallyplaced

that

dimensions

breadth, makes

at

from

voyagers

The

been

been

these

shield

feet?

has

had

would

with

depth.

and

spear

breadth

case

the

shield

otherwise

point and the helmpoised on her arm


or

shield

the

the

resting

the

her

by

end

air,,for

that

distance

crest

its butt
the

in

believed

in the

together. But was


the
resting on
ground

with

point

have

not
see

held

[CHAP.

i.

Z. 3-6.
2.

Promachus.'
torso

For

Medici

Central

Gardner,Num.

it agrees

in the Louvre

Museum

of

in all essentials

(PL XXIII.

Athens6,

Arch.

Mon.

dell' Inst.

Zeit.

MitL

"

and

b),
with

1891, p. 197.
3, Taf.

13.

deutsch. Inst. 1880, Taf. 5.

360

GREEK

is the

merit

and

Medici

torso

the breadth

preserves

of

stateliness

Athena

of

guardian
who

the

on

stood

this

the

the

belong

to

decor

Arts

; it

form, the strength

in the

Pheidian

for

reasons

before

mysterious

folds

of

the

originalfamous

believingthat

the

The

entrance.

is mentioned

name

cited

Cliduchus

and

of

Beaux

this

bronze

also called KAeiSoCxo?,'the


Acropolis was
gates,'an epithet naturallyapplied to one

armed

of Pheidias

des

large fullness

pose,

strong

are

[CHAP.

Ecole

the

in

and

drapery, that would


throughout Greece.
There

RELIGION.

by Pliny a,and

the

among

by

called

statue

all the laws

bronze

by

works

of context

the

should

certainlybe an Athena, and if it is not the


colossal work
the Acropolis,then Pliny is strangelysilent
on
about this great monument.
An
objectionhas been brought b
against this interpretationof the word on the ground that
Athena

no

vanishes

if

Propylaea,but
it

warder

hand

who

have

we

alone

epithet
in Greek

of the

gate.'

'

the

is

But
as

"

is called the warder

is

objection

well

in

may

but in
literally,
only, then, is this

not

"

Not

stood

before the

testimony of Aristophanes

goddess at Athens :
cityand visible power

our

which

the

we

Promachus,' who

the express

to

world.

usage

Athena

applied

was

in whose

and

'

epithetfor

natural

the

its constant

of the

sense

that

represented holding a key,

understand

we

with

accord

be

of the divinities of the lower

symbol

the

could

35

of the eate

'

the

maiden

and

might,

g.'

In

the

warlike

Pheidian

and

form

of

predominated. But
ivory temple-statue of the

Athena

which

was

dedicated

Pliny,34. 54
Minervam
dias)
n

"

Ex

critudinis utformae
Fecit et Clicuchum

l)

in the year

Phei(fecit
pulacceperit.

acre

tarn

eximiae

cognomen
et

aliam

By Preller in
Allg. Encyclop. sec.

Ersck

who

Cliduchus

considers

the

more

Minervam

und

3, vol. 22,

Gruber
p. 195,
to

have

been

the

masterpiece,the
Parthenon, the ideal

manifold

438

examined

in his

the

accepted by

was

world, the expressionwas

hitherto

character

gold

statue

of Athena

statues

B.C.C

and

Greek

profound.

; the

of

whole

most

The

detailed

priestessof Athena
a priestess
in Aesch. Supp. 299 (cf.Iphig. Taut:
1463). For the key borne by the priestess
vide Callimachus, Hymn
to Demeler, 44.
U6b
Schol. Arist. Pax
605, acceptthe
correction
ing
QeoSwpov for IIvOoa

statue

Polias ; the word

Zwpov

is appliedto

IDEAL

xii.]
of

account
136

sanias

of which

the centre
crests

of

her

the other

her spear, and


Erichthonios

breast
was

shield
it

near

the

of the statue

in relief a.

drapery and

the sandals

gold

head

cubits

in

the

on

side-

wrought
height,in
side

same

serpent, the

symbol

wrought

the

was

on

as

of

base

of

ivory,the

Plato

that the

be

learn from

we

of the

each

would
flesh-parts

The
of

in

Gorgon's

the

coiled

the birth of Pandora

helmet,

wearing

her feet

lay at

was

in

four

Nike

Pau-

given by

upright figureclad

under

and

was

is

us

an

was

sphinx

to

feet,and

the

to

hand
; a

it

that

her

one

spear

down

was

: on
griffin

ivory,in

come

us

reached

that

chiton

tells

b,who

OF

has

it that

361

ATHENA.

TYPES

preciousstones, so that the eyes gained


which at the height of nearly twenty-six
distinct expression,
a
cubits could not have been
given them, had they been of the
pupilsof

the eye

material

same

that

wearing

was

inscriptionb proves

An

of the face.

the rest

as

herself

Nike

of

were

golden

probably of gold and ivory, as Athena's was,


perhaps of thin platesupon a wire framework,
gather something more
lightness0. We
of

impression

the

from

work

the

conceived

Thus

of

Zeus

the

the

goddess

that the Homeric


who

gives

us

the text

and

Homer's

in

expression when
mentioned;

little
'

and

this is
no

the

an

spear

serpent

giants

been

on

sphinx could be said to lie


under
the point of the spear ; aerial
the best emendasphinx is nonsense;
'auream.' Pliny
tionis Subcasside'and
than

the

'

writes

as

if

he

had

never

seen

of

the

'

the

the

say

by Pheidias,

from

learn

\ve

battle

the

rather

religion,and

Attic

on

inferior

way

of this

of

ideal

the

no

the

contest

concave

him

Amazons

side

convex

is
was

of

of the

gods

'adeo

momenta

the
and

capacia illiartis,' every inch of


an
to him
material was
opportunity
'

omnia

more

no

helmet,

less than

no

might

shield,and the

unnatural
had

in

all that

wrought

maiden

crested

We

the

that

Maximus

beautiful

realize
'

statue;

general

the

Athena

portraitof her falls short


the ideal goddess of the
adds

of

secure

spear

says,

poetry/

evidentlycorrupt ; sub
under the point
onlymean

and

spear,

Tyrius

to

as

|:

and

represented,the
was
thought to

is

could
cuspide'
her

bearing shield

Maximus

I36b
Pliny'sdescription

"

of

and

Pheidias

being, as

Homer,
to

aegis,and

an

so

in

'

was

constructed

but

account

as
a
Tyrius, who describes the Parthenos
of high stature
and gleaming eyes, wearing

girtwith

form

; her

crown

for art.'
b

C. I. G.
Vide

i.

130.

\Valdstein,Essays

of Phcidias,p.

280.

on

the Art

362

GREEK

whose
The

work

RELIGION.

possessed the

vision

of Athena

Pheidian

goddess

present, according
tion

of the

her.

And

her

Aristidesa

sculptor and

ancient

ranked

was

of the

having been
the imagina
worthy

art

great

the

among

sculptors.

vision

writer,to

with

rendered

the Parthenos

is

saw

perfect form

full and

another

to

of later writers and

minds

that

[CHAP.

of

great works

of Greek

religioussculpturenext to the Zeus Olympios, that


Pheidian
thought to
masterpiece of which the creation was
have added
something to the received religion.
have
Yet, although we
high testimony to its surpassing
have

merit, we

ing the

Pheidian

the work

to

expressed
from

that

could

it,and

wrought

gather

her

in

that

triumphant
threaten

whole

the

her helmet
shown

in the

olive,her

righthandb
have

and
art
a

an

as

while
as

the

Vide

i, p.

as

been

shield

she

and

stood

peaceful;

dominated

was

the

typifiedby

wisdom,

may

in the

of

and

can

we

the

idea

of

that

powers

the

head

Pausanias

on

sphinx on
was

power

perhaps

in the

supported
and

her breast

wrongly

calls

'

her
the

griffins,'

sympathy with heroic achievement


legend that she taught Bellerophonthe

to

475, ed. Bind.

infra,p. 365.

the

creation,whose

possiblyhave

Medusa

will appear,

allusion

holding

by

against

lie

spear

is the

goddess

her

possiblyto the
of bridling
the horse
Vol.

the

; the

after battle

product, which
:

of

shield

and

spear,

of the birth of Pandora, and

scene

Pegasi,which,
we

have

of hidden

; and

character

warlike

helmet,

pose,

such

contest

goddess

The

meaning, in artistic sym


of the gods and giants,the Lapiths and
She was
and Amazons.
presented also

For

Centaurs, the Greeks


as

by which he
gather much

can

we

gave

gods and giants


certainlytaking a prominent

work

won

order.

the

accessory

must

he

complete presentationof

battle

was

whole

hand,

peace

bolism, of the

she

merely
her

the

to

great

shield

feet,and

Victory

wanting

the

this is

But

of her attributes.

undisguised;

in

her

on

Yet

her

at

there

concern

possess

countenance

of his ideal.

be

never

of the

forms

the nature

was

tell of

part.

of the

or

we

as

spiritual
qualitiesthat

Zeus, of the

consideration

Athena

record,such

distinct

no

c.
c

It would

anachronism

be
to

merely
search

to

commit

in this

case

an

for

PLATE

XXVI

But

of

wealth

that

of the

treasure-chamber

and
was,

hard

was

no

Botticher,but

posed by
the city.
Most
fortunatelywe

proved
copy

be

to

the

omitted
base

other

of

and

on

written

(PL XXVI),

with

Pausanias'

the

accessories

the

shield ; and

sup

was

worship

of

of this

records

marble

which

can

be

unimaginative,

it is

miniature

account, and

it has

relief-work

the

except

the

between

the well-known

have

of Pheidias

Parthenos

to

Parthenon

chief

of the

than

Peiraeeus

entirelyagrees

none

the

and

faithful,
though dull and

very

of the Athena

that almost

the

in

attached

distinction

no

shrine

the

In the first place we

found

statuette

is

was

temple

the

in

festival-edifice,
as

or

have

stood

con

foster-mother,she

Athena,

Polias

the

treasure-house

great work.

ancestor

Erichthonios

to

sometimes

fact there

In

and

mere

relation

xoanon

was

the

serpent by her shield

guardian and

name

herself.

Parthenos

her

in

archaic

whose

and

by,

Parthenos
the

his

Polias, whose

Athena

The

a.

Hestia, the religioussymbol of the

city-life.As

the

Opisthodomos,

Erichthonios, the mythic

of Athena

like the cult of

tinuous

of

in the

her

temple

form

regarded as a
the worship

in her

reveal

monument

behind

stored

was

363

Athens, the keeper of its imperial

of

guardian

ATHENA.

OF

this

clearly did

most

character

was

TYPES

IDEAL

xii.]

on

copyist has faithfully


which
the Nike
as
original,
to the whole
figurethe pro
the

preserved the proportions of the


bears
she carries in her righthand

twenty-six,and on the back of the statuette


also
helmet
three points for measuring. The
discerned
are
natural
the
to
rich ornamentation
shows
chryselephantine
four to

portionof

technique.
display the
courses

of

followed
cross-lines

The
forms

deep sharp-cutfolds
of metal

edges

and

the

only

work, and

of the

chiton

lines and

main

drapery have been given,the copyisthaving


delicate
originalin avoiding the smaller more

the

the

that would

have

lost in the reflection

been

physicalmeaning or symbolism in
the sphinx or Pegasos or Medusa.
The
denoted
sphinx may have once in Egypt
the sun, Pegasos and Medusa
once
may
have been the lightningor rain or moon
;
but this had been very long ago.

any

3.

Vide
20

domos

Boecldi, Economy
who

shows

which

held

confederacymust
Parthenon,

temple.

not

that
the

have
of

the

of the

of Athens,
Opistho-

the

treasure

been

that

Athena

of the
of the
Polias

GREEK

364
material

dazzling

something of
original. We
yellow
of the

of

gold. He
splendid effect

the

colour

and

sphinx
the

on

Gorgon,

well

as

as

which

he

the

of the

manes

in the

saw

plume,

on

of the shield ; and

border

goddess,of

the

on

reproduce

to

in the hair of the

of the

hair

tried

also

of colour

the

on

[CHAP.

has

of red

traces

note

of the

the face

RELIGION.

sphinx, and

winged

horses

edges of the drapery. The eyes are bordered with


The statuette
also enables
red, the iris is tinged a blue-black.
in one
of
to supplement, and
us
respect to correct, the account
and

the

on

He

Pausanias.
shows

of Attic

less

or

more

that the

much

in his account,

something
show

on

are

later,it is

imagery, for
forms

alluded

found
further
were

doubt

Vide

the

there ; and

the

forepartsof

of Athena

visor

that

title of

Gardner, Ntitn. Co

with

mm.

of the

gem

in the

XXIV.

the

b.

d'Athenes,p.

is chiefly
associated
griffin

Apollo

and

has any

symbolic meaning

other
the

than
helmet

Artemis

mere

of

it is doubtful

decorative

Athena.

tions the dedication

at

richlywith

of

with

traces

Boeckh

Athena
e

any
on

men-

to Athena
griffins

and

that

may

owl

the

And, lastly,
and

earrings,as

ears
see

we

d. Ath.

Staatsh.

Parthenon;
find them

It

of

on

Comm.

(Num.

of
gem
Athena

5r.

value

animal-

other

work, the neck

We

the

if it

all,or

the side

2.

p. 252, 1. 15.

andria

Eeule, Monnaie

again

on

most

of ornament6.

d. dent. Inst. 3. Taf.


Aspasios,y"z/j;7".
St.
10.
jo;
PetersLmrg medallion, PI.

The

laden

the visor

over

of

relief

the

on

mentioned

in low

was

this fabulous

Parthenos
be

will

necklace

Pans.

p. 127 ; late silver coins, PI. Y. 23;

is

coins

some

as

Hippiad: possiblyeven

the richness

adorned

proves

Still Pausanias

not

this accumulation

enhance

to

no

not
was

probable

her

to

place in

Parthenos

carved, namely, the forepartsof horses

were

have

11

it is

reproduce

though he omits
that he saw
state
positively

In fact the helmet

c.

that

now

and
short-sighted,

Petersburg, which
carved
probable that it was

of the helmet

works

of Athena

of St.

medallion

the copy

and

side-plumes;

in this detail a.

which

above

seen

helmet,

two

other

helmet

he would

statue

and

and
distinctly1',
griffin

the

animal

coins

been

the

under

correct

have

to

the

on
griffins

the
faithfully

copyistwas

known

not

of

horses

winged

us

evidence

the

speaks

the coins of Alex-

the

Aspasios, on
of

the

them

on

Y.

Pans.

Villa
the

25),on
visor

Albani,
visor

of

of
and
the

Antiochus.
appears

on

the

St.

Petersburg

medallion, but this is in all probability


a

freedom

himself.

that

the

goldsmith

allowed

366

GREEK

maintain

that

of the

statue

'

the

he

goddess

maintained
all

at

and

was

of bars

weights

itself ; but

these

statement

writers

last contribution

external

regard

Athena

towards

petual triumph,
victoryfrom

the monuments0

very

serious

whether

hailingher

to

If she

turning her back on


tainlybe ungainly ;

the
and

support

have

been

in

copies.

Nike.

the

Victory
the

from

her

Either

pose

The

wrritten
turned

was

be illustrated

can

but there

either

the

spectator, and

in

goddess of per
if dispensing
as

the

as

are

real

she would

frontingAthena,

were

of

knowledge

of

reproduce the work

if she

view,

is its evidence

objectionsagainst accepting

motive.

was

mechanism

some

our

as

away

people.
that

no

might

statue

action

turned

or

her to her

from

Pheidian

if

as

stele

on

'

Newton's

in the

statuette

whole

doubtful

us

'

'

statue, is reasonable

of the column
of the

golden

sufficiently
explain Plutarch's

not

position and

leave

records

the

the

b,that

by

pillar-

inscribed

this

Nike

of Athena

within

of the

motive

the

to

figureof

do

the presence

or

The
the

hidden

'

was

Dr. Waldstein

the hand

on

name

Sir Charles

a.

the

as

his

the

to

carved

suggests that

developed by

secured

and

Pheidias

that

and

[CHAP.

actually refer

monument

necessary,

poised and

'

context

part of the whole

does

that

says

for the

pillar :

13G

Plutarch

support, when

RELIGION.

effect would

be
cer

standingwith her back to


flyingaway from her, and

were

to be
goddess, she would seem
the whole
lose in unity. The
statuette
composition would
shows, no doubt, the originalposition and testifies to the

the

skill of Pheidias
be

could

face

her
whom

arr]\T) could

late writer

though

the

this

in

K'IOJVwould

spectator
been

the

be

not

used

is not

sense

be

is

Athena

to

up

have

it may

That

looking
from

for Nike

the

more

by

Vide
2.

clear,
usual

no

Newton, Journal of Hellenic


of
pp. 2-4 ; Waldstein, Art

Pheidias, pp.
account
on

The

the balance
hand

for the presence

the reliefs and


same

who

275-281,

tries

explanationmay

be

Turned

coins, Num.
on

to

athlete,

the statue

the outstretched

on

Olympios, where
external

there is

support,

towards

Athena

Comm.

Pans.

Y.

coins
fourth-century

Attic

on

18,

20;

of Cilicia,

statuette.

cle Luynes, Numismatique des


Due
Satrapies,PL 3. 5-6 ; turned away
Athena
and crowning an
from
athlete,

given for

Michaelis, Parthenon, PL

to

of the column

the marble

of Nike

of Zeus

hint of any

also

successful

bring up

to

Studies,

the

from

or

custom

word.
b

placed obliquely so that she


and
yet not wholly turning

15. 7*

xii.]
his

receive

to

addition

in

IDEAL

TYPES

crown.

And,

the

to

OF

ATHENA.

the
lastly,

which,

crown

367

statuette

according to
was
wearing on

already mentioned, Nike


inscription
she
held
a
garland in her hands, raising
of her triumph.
goddess as an emblem
As

the

regards

accurate

copy

appeared

the

see

we

figure of

the

on

drapery,

the

the

Athena,

bronze

Attic

her

head,
the

doubt

no

Doric

girded

same

the

it towards

is

statuette

that

proves

an

diplois as
which

and

is

Parthenos,
by the coins that reproduce the Athena
and which
maidenly character of the
belongs to the austere
goddess ; it is so arranged that the whole front-surface of the
body is divided into four fields,and the heavy straightfolds
below
perform the function of columnar
supports, and give
to the temple-statue.
the solemnity or (rcfj.vorri'sproper
idea of the proportions
We
gain also a fairlyaccurate
may
attested

and

pose

ratio of

normal
the

original. The

of the

to

one

parts the

upper

have

not

Pheidias

take

into account

emphasize

to

they

should

the

left knee

is

pose,

and

side

one

the whole

form

is

noted

in the

supple balance discernible in


for although the body leans
level and

hips are

the

But

Doryphorus.
the

canon

by

image,

distance

rightand

the

on

free

as

see

we

the fine
is not

of the

and

rhythm
found

the

in

as

something

that

'

'

for

lower.

has

or
four-squareoutline
quadrilateral

ancients

of his

parts, lest diminished

the

the

in

necessary

height

the great

gives to

but

was

proportion with the


the weight is thrown

bent, and

Polycleiteanstatue,
same

of

out

seem

regards the

As

the upper

excess

some

felt,for it

been

need

and

of

appearance

the

in

body

helmet

yet the massive

seven,

originalthis
to

the

is to

head

the
and

here

weight on the right leg,the


is only very slightly
left shoulder
higher
its

that the
believe
here, too, we
right. And
may
accuratelyfollowinghis model, and that Pheidias,
copyistwas
of his colossal temple-image, which
in determining the pose

than

was

the

an

architectural

construction

as

well

as

preserved something of
religioussculpture,intentionally
of the ancient style;of which a trace appears also in
rigidity
symmetrical dispositionof
It is incredible

that

the locks

this should

be

of hair
due

to

on

of

great work

the
the

the shoulders.

lack

of skill

or

368

GREEK

knowledge

the

Parthenon

of his hand, would

not

of

somewhat

archaic
is

sides

architectural

certain

precise,and

very

modulation.
earlier

tions of the

of

with

the

in its treatment
in

is

only

allows

statuette

of this

lacks

blank

have
is

eyebrows

and

mouth

lack

show

to

of the

judgement

height and
other

an

the

with

reproduc

suspect the accuracy


part of the original.

spiritualexpression

scheme

feel

to

us

the forms
full,

fact, especiallyfailed in his rendering


which

countenance,

from

thought

to

of the

distinct

examine

we

if

Pheidian

heads

were

the

show

begin

we

other

the

nose

be

genius

face also is

line of the

the

when

head,

copyist has,

ethos, and

the

the effect of

But

Parthenos

of the statuette
The

also

they might

of the material.

nature

are

might
qualities

reckoned

sculptor,who

The

the

it

as

the cheeks

parts about

These

style,or

type than

severity;

the

belief.

plane being

though

and

of his

four-squarethan

more

Parthenon, the central


two

[CHAP.

frieze,the work

refute such

more

heads, for its form


the

RELIGION.

the

of

forms.

Yet

the

of

solemnity

austere

and

the

original,the

of the
impressiveness of the measured
pose
limbs, and the purity of the drapery.
To
gather an impression of the face of the Parthenos, we
other
should
examine
two
copies of far greater technique

and
A
has

imagination.
head has recentlybeen
not

instance

the

yet known

helmet

piece.
note

we

published,and

yet been

ivory original;

found

of

it is

which

reproduction of

marble

undoubtedly

head

of the

wanting, and a copy


marble
is polished so as

the

of

eyeballswere

of

traces
a

gold

to

the

on

different material

of

gold and
Athena, although
a

Pheidian

resemble

have

hair ; the

fallen out.

regards the features,this fragment serves


the
impression given us
by the statuette :
mathematical
scheme
of four-square outlines
is

oval, and

full,rounded

are

eminently Pheidian,

the

Parthenon

frieze

an

the

epithet with

furnishes

us

type of the grandest style of Attic

to

and

ivory ;

As

contour

master

red-coloured
and

which

remarkable

is the most

is

The

(PL XXV),

in Athens

there
here

traits of
which

describe

sculpture.

correct

to

the
the
The

is
;

no

the

the

face

work

on

dominant
forehead

PLATE

XXV

To face page

368

and

is broad

ATHENA.

OF

TYPES

IDEAL

xii.]

the hair drawn

it ; the cheek

from

away

369
is

large,

lipsare full and half opened, and with


much
curvature
out
large and thick. The
; the eyelidsare
expansive brow, the deep large eye-sockets, and the great
and

also the chin

the

between

breadth

the

contribute

eyes

the

to

extraordinary

of Greekimpressivenessof this head, and perhaps no


striking for the expression of
religioussculpture is more
It is
solemnity, earnestness, and inner life in the face.
probably the work of a sculptor of high imagination who
aimed
lived not long after Phcidias,and who
at reproducing
work

in marble

the Parthenos
work

The
the
found

in

ordinary life-size.

of
importance to this is a representation
the St. Petersburg gold medallion11,
on
South
Russia (PL XXIV.
b). The face is

in

next

head

Parthenos

the scale of

on

in

grave

full ;
given three-quarters

and

can

we

see

whole

the

of the

of the helmet, with the sphinx


rich decoration
extraordinarily
with
the three crests, the visor adorned
and Pegasi beneath
the foreparts
of stags and griffins
alternately.The spear rests
is kept in its place by the device of
the left shoulder,and
on
it with one
of the serpents of the aegis,a motive
encircling
which, as the writer that publishesthe medallion well argues,
the
hair falls upon
be derived from the original. The
must
this is the
shoulders in two
beautiful spiralsof gold,and
as
only styleof treatingthe free locks proper to gold-work, we

may

believe that

The

face

the

artist has followed


that which

closelyresembles

the features

full and

are

justparted, the

in

nose

broad

thick,the pupils marked.


ness

and

tranquilpower

that
by Kiescritzky
school

is not

The

copy

Reproduced

dentsch. Inst.
15, with
VOL.

aus

long
I.

in the

of

the

Parthenos

expressed

in the Pheidian

head

in the Berlin

now

specimen

of

found

Museum

in

Mittheihtngend.

also
and
b

by Kieseritzky
;
B

in
Mon.
Ant

Harrison
Anc.

and

the

b,is only

polychromatic sculpture;

Athen, year 1883, Taf.


article

trained

earnest

reason.

gardens of Sallust,and
as
interesting

mild

the view

masterly,and

the artist has been

without

marble

the

in this also.

justbeen described :
rather large,the lips
forehead, the eyelids

expression of

The
is

has

the chin

line with

Pheidias

it is

Verrall,Myths

Ath.

ike Denkmaler,

1886, PI.

3.

GREEK

370
Roman

work, false in forms

small

and

lack

showing.

The

gem

are

is

important

expression; the features

and

grandeur
of

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

the

breadth, and

or

of the

work

Aspasios,a

teeth

later

are

period,

for the

representationof the helmet, but the face


lacks expression,although the forms of the face
to be
appear
correctlyreproduced.
It might be expected that so great a work
the Athena
as
Parthenos
and

two

of Pheidias
statues

would

least may

at

left many

have
be

that

quoted

free

as

reproductions of it : the Athena


Ludovisi,by a sculptor of the late

Villa
name

have

may

the

Minerve

with

the

Antiochus

a, and

Collier of the

Louvre.

been

au

in the

statuette

in the arrangement

of the

of the face ; the

contour

right hand

the

the Nike

the

and

has

lost the adornment

had,
originally

the

style proper

appear

so

much

hair,which
the

is twisted

forehead.

balance

and

in
original
other

by

in the

The

in

respects the

of the
same

of the upper

as

agrees

limbs,

upper

the whole, in the

is
But

the
it
not

of the

rings above

shows

the

same

to the
probably nearer
the drapery,though in

of the

garment.

does

arrangement

Louvre

b,and
that

restingon
figureswhich

of concentric

the

the

left

metal-work

in the

as

arms.

as

former

and

of

to

series

statue

the motive

restored, and

into

of the limbs

pose

the addition

drapery

known

restored,but doubtless

are

shield ; the helmet


and

on

school,whose

statue

The

drapery, and,

arms

holding

was

Attic

of the lower

pose

copies of itself,
be regarded
may
formerly in the

statuette, is modified

The

face has been

much

scarcelydraw any conclusion from it as


the fidelity
of the copyist; but the helmet
retains part
to
of the originalrich decoration, and
the symmetrical
we
see
the shoulders.
The
has
statue
dispositionof the curls over
we

can

but the
preserved something of the stateliness of the original,
sculptureis cold and dull,and dates from the Graeco-Roman

period.
The
notice

Albani

It
a

the

among

arises how

far it

surelycannot
Mon.

delV

Pallas

(PL XXVII)

ideal

can

types of Athena

claim

be derived

Inst. 3. 27.

is

with
affinity
from
b

work
; and

that

deserves

the

question
original.

the Pheidian

type created

in the

Miiller-Wieseler,
Denkmakr,

2.

22.

period
211.

PLATE

XXVII

IDEAL

before

shows

body
and

Pheidias,as

TYPES

has been
advance

some

beyond that
weight is thrown on

supposed

the

is

head

371

For

a.

in the direction

the

is turned

the pose

statuette, for

figurebeing
the

side

though

is continued

be in the statuette,

to

appear

to

of the

of greater freedom

side,the motive

same

in the upper body as it does not


the rightshoulder of the Albani

left,and

ATHENA.

of the Parthenos

ease

the

OF

lower

which

on

than
the

the

weight

Ionic chiton with sleeves,of which


an
poised.
wears
the delicately
traced parallel
folds appear at the feet,and over
She

this

thick

double

himation, which

right shoulder, and


again

its open

borders

of the other

some

between
the

this

Pheidian

Doric

idea

columnar

the

with

have

we

the

older

effective distinction

an

appropriate with
the

free ;

fine freedom

stylein the drapery.


entirelylost : in the place of

folds to

back

line of the

wavy

milder

sleeveless chiton, so

and
plicity

with

folds,and
is

the

over

up

large upper fold falls


body, leaving the left breast

severitycontrasts

stronger and

looped

the

marked

are

style,but

severe

of

of the

most

over

of which

is

its

But

here

the

girt
sim

severe

temple-image of

the armed

maiden

of costume
that is
goddess,we have an arrangement
aims
majestic and stately,but which
at
imperial display
rather than expressionof character ; it is matronly rather than
maidenly. The face;too, has little of the Pheidian form, but
has the sharp mathematical
lines and angles of the Peloponnesian
nothing of Pheidian
type, and
expression. The
is severe,

countenance

almost

sombre, and

by the lion's muzzle, the curious


head which

takes

sculptor,who
wished

to

For

may

allude

instance

the

placeof

have

her

been

vaguely to

can

be

traced

period:
of Athena

we

unique

helmet, an

device

b.

her heroic character

Dr.

is

entirelydifferent;the

show

the

Albani

statue

Pheidian

and

of the
who

or

The

whole

bronzes

arrangement

same
are

all
of

some

her

on

innovation

thinking of Heracles,

Furtwangler in
Reseller's Lexicon, pp. 695, 696. The
examples he quotes merely prove that
the peculiararrangement
of the drapery
by

and

this is enhanced

of

that
the

as

the

the

postRoman

back

to the late archaic


period,e.g. Sacken and Kenner, Bronit in germ on vase-figures cen, Taf. 8. 4 and 7, Taf. 9, Taf. 5. 4.
b
of the red-figured
transitional
Dr. Furtwangler maintains
in his
see

style,
e.g. Gerhard, Aiiscrlcsene Vasen116. 147. 143. 18, but the effect
bilder,
B

Meistcrwerke, p.
that it is

80

wolf 's or

(Engl.ed.),note
a

dog'smuzzle

i,

that

GREEK

372

figurehas
it

time

less effect of

impresses us

the statue

as

with

sculpture. It

is

by

different
Pheidias

cated

it has

his

others,appears

conception of the

same

interest

have

inspired
'grand style'of Greek
to

and

the

was

interestingrepresentation of

very

famous

Lemnian

statue, which

Acropolis by the inhabitants


tells us merely that this was
the

Pausanias

of the works

of

air

"

the

; at

historic

an

the

on

Athena

of squareness

strongly,and
all

[CHAP.

probably a copy of an originalwrought at the


fifth century, possiblyunder Polycleiteaninfluence.

of the

height than

which, above

Winckelmann

end

RELIGION.

Pheidias,and

that it
that

avaOww,

rcoz-

of

dedi

was

13G

Lemnos

is, because

c.

remarkable

most

called the

was

Athena

Lemnian'

its dedicators

have
been
belonged to the island. These
usually and very
naturallyregarded as the Attic colonists,
who, as Prof. Kirchhoffa skilfully
from
epigraphicaland other evidence,
argues
allotted

were

the view

put forward

erected

was

but

cleruchies

cannot

quite
some

the

on

the

on

in their

home.

new

as

who

from

this

token

about

prosperity

this work

Pausanias, the
it is

Athens

to

their

priori

Lucian, who

only

borrows

are

other
traits

type of the ideal maiden, praisingin particular


of its face,the tenderness
of its cheeks, and the

it for his

of its

symmetry

nose'; and

perfectachievement

most

Pausanias

that

It seems,

in

bronze

of such

of "formosa"
refers

on

most

Pliny

that

of Hades,

head
and

we

expresslytold

are

natural

'

surpassing beauty
(?) ; and nearly every
the

Lemnian

; and

the

refers to the cap

chthonian

character

name.

of Athena
a

Abhandl.

who

Minerva

of

We
in the

the

assumed

may

have

should
worship at

d. Berlin.

it.
the

has

about

this work

it received

writer

Athena,
such

to

wrought

that

'

to

refer

to

Pheidias

or
some
styledKaXXijjiopipos

the

evidentlyregarded it as the
We
Pheidias' art.
gather from
the Acropolis, not
the
far from

is all that

however,

statement

he

of

it stood

This

Propylaea.

covers

; it is

proved

records

Besides

mentions
explicitly

the 'contour

this

be

sent

ancient

monument

departure,is probable,

for
thank-offering

The

unfortunately vague.
writer

their

of

Now

B.C.

Loeschke, that the

settlers

the

448

451 and

existingevidence

afterwards

years

between

Prof.

by

occasion

likely that

as

there

Akad.

title
that
been

gather,
Coronea.

1873^.33.

IDEAL

xii.]

TYPES

then, that the Lemnian


at

was

the

as

speaking

of

sure

that

Athena

form

the

on

And

balance

Pliny,Pausanias,
in any
know

of
and

case

probability
Lucian

are

cannot

say

we

the

even

of

the

statue,

can

far

so

of Pheidias

powers

did

forms.

He

maiden

with

always

instead

as

the

Himcrius.

Lemnia,
evidence

his

devoted

to

art

the

of

helmet

blush

blush

divinities

other

might

as

serve

these

covering for her beauty.' Is there any realitybehind


If they signifyanything they ought to mean
?
words
carved

her

helmet; it is far

found

near

site of

the

tested

been

restoration, would

the

second
to

that she

mean

the second
did

not

this line
war.

mean

Therefore

to

any

that
we

restoration

she

do

had
not

century

need

of the text
her

here

sure

any

13G

B.

c.

c.,

But

points where the


line,by a probable

left behind
find

to

inscription

her

shield

make

tokens

allusion

or

be

cannot

that would
these

when

arms

coming to visit Cypris ; but the first line mentions


in it
aegis and Nike, and the dative Xept that occurs
accommodated

the

was

allusion

Aphrodite

corrupt just at those

is

have

of

an

in the

arms

dedicated

of Athena

mentioning a statue
unhappily the text
theory might

Paphos,

have

to

her

without

type of Athena

Pheidian

supposed

are

this

that

conclude

to

that

without

Athena

unarmed

of the

much

too

Lastly, we

Lemnian.
a

type

new

the

into

Pheidias

the

in bronze

cast

nor

maiden-goddess, infusinga

the

cheek, that

Zeus,

carve

but

her arms,

adorned

and

be

the natural
pains to inform us that
strengthened by the discovery of new

were

not

we

'

takes

rhetorician

of

material

The
quotation from
literaryrecord can teach us.
the records of the Athena
placed by Overbeck
among
is mere
hazy verbiage,and can give no scientific
the

also

Pheidias

carved, still less

was

motives

and

antiquity,but for one


the Acropolis was
of
on
Promachus
was
generally
the Acropolis,while there
the

we

Lucian's

that

goddess by

But

should

we

of

same

statue.

same

the Lemnian

which

'

certainty that

absolute

with

the Athena

still reckon

may

of the

Athena

of the

statue

of the belief

in favour

judgement

Athena

bronze

We

of bronze?

the

it that

another

there

373

work.

bronze

Lemnian

came
'

known

the

ATHENA.

identification,
assuming

also

judgement was
if
:
difficulty
bronze, how

was

this

accept

once

OF

to

of
an

type of the

unarmed
a

RELIGION.

GREEK

374

work

of Pheidias

at

dedication

as

monument

possessed

with

type of it among

say

about

the

after effect
is another

the

merely signifythat
grace.'

the

definite

it is for

and

which

of the

this

in

Lemnian

the

on
figureof Athena
type of Pheidias'
interesting

there

All that
the

we

can

quality of
'

Parthenos

'

was

as
certainly,

excessive

striving

the Parthenon

frieze

any

The

discover

can

we

statue, yet

sculptor,without

about

difficult to

reason

is that

work

appeared

in the

the

a.

literature

from

question whether
existingmonuments.

evidentlyenhanced
was

Pheidian

nothing

character

beauty

Pheidias

need

to

describes

effect the

any

the

formal

'

Athena,

Lemnian

pursue

learn

we

reference

certain

any

nor

all,for the last line which

"I"ei5iaK?}z;
y^apira

Therefore
the

goddess :

[CHAP.

creation

for she

is

her
helmet,
peaceful goddess without
carved in forms of simple maidenly beauty ; the arrangement
of the drapery, a singleungirt Doric
chiton,has nothing of
hair is
the severityof the temple-image; the short unbound
b.
of the figure
in keeping with
the naivete

seated

from

statuette

terracotta

lished

the

as

Prof. Gardner

by

and

that of the

Cyprus has

been

pub

by Ohnefalsch-Richter,affording

illustration of the unarmed

further

in

Salamis

The

c.

type

pose

the

on
Parthenos, the weight falling

resembles

rightside,and

Her left hand


the shield
rests on
being bent.
which lies on the ground, and the rightis half envelopedin the
Her flowinglocks fall
and holding an Attic helmet.
himation
emblem
there is no
her
of terror
the shoulders,and
on
on
left knee

the

the chiton

above

the

but

hangs

the

drapery suggest
mantle, and

light diploidion falls

columnar

down

no

to

seem

See

Appendix

We

have

the

war-goddess :
girdlingis visible,

the

waist, and

the

drapery at her feet are softlymodulated.


large and full. The whole figurecombines

dignitywith great delicacy,and might well


of Pheidian
work
style.

an

Dr.

B.

exact

figurein a
Louvre, noticed

thenon

the

folds of the

features

The

the

does

Neither

breast.

copy

small
and

of the Parterracotta

of

publishedby

PL

Waldstein

be

copy

in his Art

of

later

of Pheidias,

9. p. 214.
c

Hellenic

Mitt.

Journ.

d. dentsch,

2, p.

Inst.

326,

6, p.

250.

PI.

16;

XXL]

IDEAL

The

TYPES

chryselephantinework

OF

ATHENA.

375

of Pheidias

completely expressed
the ideal that the Attic religion
had developed of the victorious
whose
goddess of war and peace, the guardian of the city-life,
maidenly form was combined
by him with an almost maternal
fullness

of countenance,

earnest

but

nated

still free

It is

most

distinguishedfrom

the

Corinthian

of features

cast

is

structure

wisdom

the

is

by Pheidias, predominate
the exclusion

of the

of the

goddess

and

forms

fifth century, but

the

in

find

and

of features

Cyzicus

the

of Corinth

sively
Athens
the
had

; for

and

of the

goddess with
prevailed*.

coins of

30);

the

Vide

Thurii.

same

and
most

thought and
sufficiently
expressed

ideal

that of Athena

was

and
its

but

purity. The type originated


We
birthplaceis not known.
her

on

head

and

of the

but

it cannot

broad

hair

on

be

the Attic

beautiful
which

type
Leucas

helmet

is also

the Attic

and

instance

of it is

type
coin

the

in

It is commonest

B. C.

in

rendered

of

coinage

called

exclu

coinage

penetrated later into the


Attic colony of Thurii, where

most

firm and

is austere, self-centred

it

Syracuse, of

Ambracia
The

the

is very

is narrower,

idea

colonies

her

Doric

Perhaps

and

430

periods.

Parthenos, the maiden-goddess

arrangement

severe

of about

Attic

helmet

Corinthian

the

later

the

of her, to
representation
conception of the beneficent

Pheidian

exceeding beauty

of

mouth

been

had

The

The

wisdom.

vogue

in this other

Polias ; this other expresses


war

origi
in

of intellectual

power

deeper

people.

which

the

the

was

former

virginalcharacter,which

the

prevalent in

as

externallyby the taller


helmet, and essentially
by a different
face is longer and
thinner, the bone-

the

strength;

and

considerable

stronglymarked, the
expressed in the face

more

; what

severe

of

had

the

became

slimmer

and

expression profoundly

an

of

fifth century,

in the

fourth, and

with

severity. But great


masterpiece,a different type,

of this

influence

and

the

of

type of

countenance

on

the silver

specimen is here given (Coin PI.


strikinglypresentedon coins of

(Coin PI. 627, 28).

strikingexample

Carelli, 165-167, Athena

in

of the

sculptureof
later

this Athena

'Corinthian7

type

on

with
coins

of

from

statue

her

right

out

in

the

lost

has

it, but

the

In

can

face

thought,

the

later

note

life

its

the

its

rectilinear

the

it

holding

with

character,
The
of

working
in

with

Peloponnesian

accords.

remains

period,
in

the

Corinthian

with

type
Athena

the

as

of

of

surface
later

high

free

chisel

seriousness,

sentiment

being
Agoraia

city-life

of

representations

charged

the

and

and

left

the

force.

decay

of

long,

hair

her

her

spear,

and

from

expression

becomes

her

on

is

represented

slim

the

of

Alexandrine

original

referred.

outlines

intellectual

and

purity,

its

very

arrangement

face

upon

the

of

is

which

resting

xn.

expression,

corresponding

Louvre,

and

face

severity

the

in

raised
The

the

the

the

hand

the

and

Velletri

cup.

which

we

helmet

Corinthian

the

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

GREEK

376

the

or

preferred
of

the

city
with

to

Louvre

decayed,
goddess

of

excess

this

period
may

be

378

GREEK

names.

The

very

unsubstantial

works

whole

ascribed

Praxiteles
of the

could

fourth

of Calamis

of

the

have

better

why

believed

have

temple of

; the

Praxiteles

replaced the

charioteer

in the

Hera

the

when

of the

one

any

elder
supposititious
by the famous sculptor

could

and
designed figure,

for the Plataean

appears

the

carved

could

Praxiteles

reason

the ancients

as

city by Philip;

Plataea

valid

been

Attic school
a

elder

an

criticism to

recent

not

with

the statue

; there is no

century

of the younger

about

theory

by

[CHAP. xn.

RELIGION.

have

built

after the restoration

Thcbans

first

destroyed

of the

early period
Peloponnesian war,
have
commissioned
scarcely likely that they would
Athenian
sculptorto carve the image. We should never
heard

of

elder

an

mysterious

Praxiteles, if it had

(i.2, 4) about

in Pausanias

statement

tion written

in

pre-Euclidean letters

of Demeter

at

Athens, ascribingto

there consecrated

was

too
altogether

eccentric

elder Praxiteles

an

has

be used

to

who

the wall

on

have
the

inscrip
temple
that

group

the statement

reasons

is

If there

in evidence.
all that

achieved

an

an

for

of the

Praxiteles

for many

; but

been

not

it is

in the last ten

was

years

been

imputed to him, the ancient authorities on the


either strangely ignorant of this
history of sculpture were
distinguishedman, or preserved a conspiracyof silence.'
'

The

rest

of

Dr.

Furtwangler's theory

accepted,namely,

that the 'Promachus'

the

Lange

Dr.

Parthenos.

already

Furtwangler,startingfrom

torso, shows

by

in respect of the
was

had

somewhat

in

minute

was

the

drapery

and

advance

marks

this

than
;

and

of

style that

details of the pose

which

that

later work

be

evidence, the Medici

in certain

of

probably

maintained

same

analysisthe

will

is

revealed

in

the Parthenos.

APPENDIX
THE

recent

of
investigations

supposed discovery
to a question of the

archaeologyto

B.

of

decide.

the

very

By

combination, he has arrived

Dr.

Lemnian

Furtwangler
type

have

highest importance
a

very

brilliant and

at the conviction

and

given
for

his
rise

modern

fascinating

that the

Bologna

APP-]

IDEAL

head, hitherto
even

misnamed

in

statues

Dresden

copies from
Athena

the

of

be

true

adverse

to

yet

appears

(ib.PI.

article

June, 1895.

This

The

which

proved, namely,
reallybelongsto
second

Museum

evidence

the

head

The

Furt

involves
real and

two

fruitful

contributed

it is

Plate

something, but of
Furtwangler ; he has

Dr.

to

Dresden

from

2,

the

the

Bologna

torso

of the

an

entirely

which

authorities

The

(PI.i)

statue

replicaof

fits into

exactly

on

Dr.

the Classical Review

first is

of the

removed.

The

have

We

and

of the Dresden

restored
Dr.

Cassel

the

statue

same

originalwork

accept the

must

(PI. i) has
figure,and the

the

on

to Dr.

Furtwangler,

bare-headed

work, for

famous

Athena, and
have

we

sculpture the two Dresden


Bologna head belonged, and
published

gem

with

the
2.

an

at

statues,

"

(M tiller-Wieseler, Denkmdler,
has

to

reason

no

the cast, to be in admirable

type of

been

it in

Furtwangler

of the

again

beautiful

to

which

set

is

first statue

recovered,thanks

then

the

third

of the

and

have

originalmust

head

judging from

to me,

appears

copies of

bust

as

Lemnian

of which

the Mcisterwerkc

have

latter

statue

least four

and

been

replyin

figure,that

certain.

as

remarkable

the

the

has been

harmony.
a

in

is due

the

rightly restored

whole

has

Furtwangler's suggestion; as there


they have deceived themselves, we

suppose

been

two

guarantee these facts after careful experiments made

Dr.

at

others

that

Dresden

alien head

the

or

connected

this is the

points,some

points.

greatest credit

that

be

to

that

theory

theory in

discovery,to

head, and

Amazon,

or

accepted with
certainlymost would confess that they desire
but no
one
except Dr. Furtwangler himself
have
tested
it by searching criticism ; an
Grecs (1895)
concerning it in the Monuments

distinct

the

379

Ephebos

2),are

and
original,

same

separate and
which

of

and

by M. Jamot is full of weak


wangler successfully
exposes
of

ATHENA.

the head

Pheidias.

enthusiasm, and
it to

OF

forgery (Meisterwerke,PI. 3), and

modern

TYPES

ill-

210)"
Athena

type, which suggests that the sculptorof the


representedher holding her helmet in her right

held out
the left arm
was
(Meisterwerkc,
p. 6, Fig. i):
doubt
no
almost
the shoulder, and
was
at right angles to
This is the type of the peaceful
goddess
restingon the spear.

hand

38"

GREEK

which

was

vases,

being especiallyused

another

in vogue

the earlier

with

evidentlystill popular at
gather from the Lansdowne
other

to

So

in

far Dr.

waif among

relief.

Here

fault.

In

that

discoveryof

lost

literaryrecord
without

of the

first there

Classical

his

led

is

as

we

travelled

M.

to

of

she

that

last

not

in many

extreme

the

Lysippus.

anything

nor

have

that she had

or

Nor

this cannot
be

be
the

his

Athena,

head
to

exact

are

be

to

me

consists

we

any

had

not

we

the

Dr.

in

the

are

Athena

Lemnian

of bronze

carved

as

point is only probable,and


In his reply in the
at all.
slightlyless dogmatic

is

know

we

if

the

words

from

conclude

the

Apoxyomenos
clues

Lemnian

therefore

grant

least that

important

about

can

we

at

that the

and

are

rightto

that

but

no

Athena.
are

found

give little

Lucian's

words

helmet.

by elimination,so
reveal

statues

Parthenos

Lemnian.

Furtwangler

cheek, symmetrical nose/

argue

these

the

It is doubtful

clear

so

heads,and

again can
example, that as

no

these

contour, tender
ancient

Lemnian

which

is

proved certainty,but as a
such
that which
as
probability,
Doryphorus of Polycleitusor the

as

and
using the strigil,

Beautiful

head

to

point of

appears

was

he

Jamot,

this ; for
as
quite so much
Doryphorus was carryinga spear,

tells

leads

works

Bologna

that

evidence

discover

to

us

of the

the

know

him

must

have

the second

archaeology

we

no

theory

Apoxyomenos

was

to believe

Bologna

Now
by inscriptions.

of most

combination

the

; and

and

in the text, the

Review

states

clue

greeting

antiques among
existingcopies,scientific
impossible unless we are helped by clear

helmet, and

shown

'

is

reason

it may

of his research
of

part

or

I have

one

is

these

But

statues

throughoutthat

assumes

of

is the type

the method

is almost

certitude

was

There

monuments.

this type

copies.

has

Athena

close of the fifth century,

the

Furtwangler'sstudy

that the Dresden

he

red-figured

80, 82, 86),and

i.

speciallyAttic type, though

thesis is that

was

the

xir.

art-centres.

longera

at

where

scenes

scientific results of great value

and

paintersof

(Lenormant, Elite,

person

that this is a

[CHAP.

RELIGION.

Such

or

the

as

to

Pheidian

prove,

for

type, and
it

Promachus, therefore

argument

is useless

unless

we

IDEAL

APP.]
know

that

have

we

of what

and

Pheidias'

works

ments

forms

the Parthenos

be

real test

artists in

is the

wanglcr

admits

Bologna

does

of

horizontal

of theirs

is

theirs

and

its

recalls

the

that is
The

the

of

though

it has

upon

it,yet

upon

the authentic

of the

than

The

of the collar-bone.

the

which

young

and

the

the

mouth

its firm

top

nose

on

closed

there

have

is

wholly
to

Parthenos

the

lips

of shoulders

expected
is very

countenance

impress of

an

the

expression

faces.

Pheidian

goddess presented

that
the

not

while

top,

angle of

should

we

in

the breadth

breadth

The

reserve.

head

at

any

this,with

and
self-contained,

ideal

ideal

is there

style,but

this

slightlyrecedes,while

the chin
nor

Dr. Furt-

show

; the

our

sculptures

oval

an

have

For

Now

to

imposing

of the

we

hand.

broad, while

not

resembles

Parthenon

stamped

narrower

tend

are

and

expression of cold

character

Attic

cheeks

that

features

It has

the

features,which

statuette.

these.

straight;

frieze that

and

earnest

; its

the

been

But

the Parthenon

are

Parthenon

have

long study

Pheidias'

to

the treat

may

conclude

its essential

resemble

and

indication

more

in

is different,and

is firm

Parthenon

head

Parthenos

conspicuous

the chin

with

the

the

line

only

can

of his work

that
not

heads

the
a

such

of less value"

and"

after

the

figuresof

elsewhere.

even

; and

correct, I

direct evidence

only

Athens, and

Furtwanglcr'sanalysisof

penetrating and
rightto attribute

no

the female

on

notes

disposition of the

Pheidian,'but this

'

countenance

of Dr.

and

cast

called

main

part from

generalstylein

The

regards the

lower

the
or

is

certainlythere

other

by

statuette,

monu

folds,but he

the

these

Pheidias.

as

the

of

resemble

not

of

Parthenos

treatment

does

that may

used

another,

or

by Pliny,evidently

hand

important differences

very

the Parthenon
ment

writer

one

if all

And

it clear that

the

the

of

the

partly in

drapery on

is

that

downwards

knees

make

original by

resembles

and

himself

by

this?

mentioned

Furtwangler

an

prove

drapery

sculptor'sworks

know

we

mentioned

'alia Minerva'

381

list of the

sculptordo

were

Dr.

does

Nor

ATHENA.

in Rome.

known

well

OF

complete

ancient

is still the

there

TYPES

us

in

this

embodied

half-developedmaiden

type
; it

is
is

deity,

and

self-contained
the

that

tempted

place

to

it

regard

ideal.

But

support

of

few

Dr.
the

origin

the

the

ness,

right

than

is

places,

there

and

tion

of

out,

the

and

solidity

Parthenos

of

earlier

transitional

girlish

type
the
and

On

the

the

the

be

relief-figure

of

almost

as

so

the

head,
remind
lest

old

as

mourning

youthful

flaps

and

440

pliancy

the

c.,

Athena,
simple.

broad

rather

deep

the

should
B.

pointed

austerity

more

of

these

inclina

the
has

the

under

at

in

and

us

we

grim-

statuette

hand,

some

later

and

required

Bologna

And

the

and

Furtwangler

other

countenance,

not

is

Dr.

by

archaic

achieved

rhythm
as

period.

could

Parthenos

temple-statue

pose.

upon

but,

of

the

in

strong

softness

more

later

somewhat

the

of

girdle

much

free

more

as

face

the

impressed

earlier,

is

of

of

surface

shoulders

the

centre

mind

the

in

seen

the

by

with

treated

are

arm

back

less

and

the

to

Parthenos

reserve

of

style

think

we

be

time,

is

suggest

has

Gorgon

the

at

that

the

indeed

may

the

of

visage

of

argumentation
preceded

first

at

point

from

life

rich

intellectual

might
in

transition

it

details

One

full

keen

the

nor

Parthenos

the

that

few

drapery

the

the

the

neither

type.

Furtwangler's
view

years.

after

it

has

reveal,

slimmer

pointing

as

face

the

Parthenos

latter

the

of

cold
the

of

heads

traits

to

RELIGION.

GREEK

382

may

which

that

bear
is

the
this
in
still

REFERENCES.

REFERENCES

Primitive ritual
Human

Koi

fV

Cf.

25

sacrifice at

AaoftiKfia TTJKara

CHAPTERS

FOR

cult

or

383

X-XII.

Laodicea.

Porph. De

Alst.

fdvfTo

56

2.

yap

'

Supiai/TIJ AQrfvqK.UT

vvv
Trapdevos,

eras

5e

f\a(pos.

d.
Schol.

TzetZ.

Lycophr.

(p6opd8e
Xi/zos
T"}I/
eo-^e
Sta
eV
AoKpida
TI^I/ KafTtrai/Spai/
d0"p.iTop.i"iavA'iavrns. "E^p^fe "' 6 $eos-,
i\ao~Kfo~6(itABrjvavTTJV
'lXi'a"eV ?r/;^('Xta,
5uo napOcvovsTrefjirrovras t??rt
xai Xa^o-ei.Ile/xTro/ifi/ny
Sc
TrpouTra^TaJi/re?
Tpcoef, KareV^oi',
1141

KOI

TOV

(v

auras

Kalovrfs uKtipnois
KOI

KCU

rf)sTpoiasTTJV

opovs

anecrTfXXov.

Ei 5e

Ifpeimfyevovro*
roG

ifpov OVK
i.

f-v\ois
dypiois

TCI

fK(pvyoitv, dvf\6ov(rai

rtref

de aiiTo teal tppaivov'

eaatpov

XiXuoy

Se

Acat

Xen.

KOI

at Athens
nXvt/r^pia

Hell.

I.

Kai

avTo)

(Tirovomov

epyov

Plut.

ird\iv ol

\ddpa e'sTO

TT/ 8f $ea)

(pijac

Tip.mos6

oti

fSoj

TO

Trjs'A^^rarlepov,
Trpocrj/p^oi/ro,ou5e

rru\f/j.ov

MffivrjratSe TTJS

45

12

KarfVXeufrei' c'sroy

Ilftpatar]p.epq fjTlXvvTnpia
rjjev

777 TroXfi'

'Adrjvaiwv
yap

ola"vi"ovTo
dvfrriTTjdfiov

ovo'els f'v TavTr]

ovdevos

TIJ yp-fpq

civ
To\p.rj"rai
d^aadat.

Aldb.

34

fdpciTO

TCI

UXvvTrjpiaTTJ

6fa"'

Upa"ifpyi8aiQapyi)\ia)vos
TOV
dnopprjTa
f"Trj (pOivovTOS
Kai

AoKpol erepas

QOIKIKUV

TOV

SiKeXoy.

roi) efiovf KaTaKfKciXvfj.fj.evov


Tives
o
T) TroXif,
TTJS 'Adrjvus,
eLvat

drro Tptipwos,

Kvpyvaios KaXXi'/xa^os'.

Feast of

auTcof,

KCU

TrapeX^oircoi/
/Ltera

ercof

ei

*H(rav 8e Kafcipnevai, /zoi/o^trcovey, Kai

fl fif]
(f-fjpxovTO,
vvKTcop.
.

oora

(TTroSoi/ets- 8d\a(T(rav eppirrTov,

TTJSTOICIVTTJS dvcrias,
cos
imopias

ot

Se
fyxocrt

re

ra

opyia

KO(rp.ov

K(iTaKa\v\l/avTfs.

Hesych.

J. V.

ol
Tlpagiepytoai'

eSos

TO

'

dpxaiov TTJS

TO

aiJL(plfVVVVT(S.
d

Phot. Lex.

(KaXovvTO

df

p. 231.
Kai

avTai

II

nXvvTpiofs.

'

OVTCJS

6 TCI KUTCt)
KaTO.Vl7TTT]S'i(p(i"O-VVT)
A6rjVTJO'l)

Phot. Lex.

p.aTa'

p. 127

yivovrai
fj.fv

avrai

8vo Kopui

AovTpidfs'

TOV

7T(p\
TO

'

edos TTJS

Cf. Et. Mag.


A.pio~To(pdvT)s.

TTfVXoV TTJS

''

ABrfVClS
p

Kai 7T\vvTT)pia,
KaXXvzr^pta'KaXXvvTrjpia
eopTwv

Qapy^XtiavosP.TJVOS, (.vvarr]

pev

enl dfKa

6i'6-

KaXXvvrrjpia,

RELIGION.

GREEK

Sta
ra
(prjcrl
TO.
/zeVTrXuj/Tjypta
irXuvrT/pta'
devrepa8e (pdivovTos

'AyAaupoueWos

eVt
f]v
Hesych. s.V. nXvvTrjpia'eopTr) 'Atirjvyo-iv,
Bvyarpl(ri/zr;y)
ayovffiv,

Athenag.7""\ I
1

ollux,8.

TTJS

eadfJTas.
[j.rjTrXvdrjvai

eviavrov

Qdvarov

TOV

'AypavXwT# KcKpoiros

77;

'A^ralot f^va-Trjpia
'AypctuXw

KOI

ev

ra

ayovai

tiVo^paat,

rais

iepa e'Xfyov
ircpio-xoiviarai

141

reXfras

KOL

/ecu

TO

oloi" H\vvTijpioi$.
7rapa(ppa"ai)

tcr^aScoi'.
TToXddrjv
(TvyK"ip.evT]v e'^

(pepovm

Jj/jta in

C.I. A.

4a

ITaAXaSa

Suidas, 4.

eVftSr)ot

10

ird\iv

ffprjjBoL
.

e^yayov

8e

Ka\

rrjV

TTCIO-^SfVKuir/j.ias.

crvveHrfjyayov
/xera (j6a)r6f
/xera

II.

p. 1273.

vo/jio(pv\aK6s TJJHaXXaSi

Se

ot

Pall.

Callim. Lavacr.

Schol.

2265.

2.

TJ)I/
rrofiirfjv

TO
^oavov liiirrjv 6d\aacrai".
KOp.i"oiTO

ore

eKoap-avv
5

469,

2.

; 471,

II

C. I. Gr.

Paros

KaKeWcv
3"a\r]pol

Cf. 470,
b

Tr
(irapaj
r^ e'opr^

eV

CTVKOOV'
Hesjch. "y. ^. 'Hy^r^p/a'7ra\d6rj

eV

Wot
fjfjLepa
upitrfjievrj

ru'i

TO

at

Ato/^Sou?(o-a*co$-

/caiTO

'Apyeuu yvvalKes\ap.ftdvfiv ayaX/zczr^y 'A^wls


/ca/cfldnoXoveiv.
fVt
"li/a^oi/
aye^

eixov

TOV

Kf/t

l)

PauS.

as
Adrji

e" 'iXiou
eKKop.L(rOev

TO

Oneirocr.

Artemid.

TO.

Kaoaipeiv Tj crapovv

\\pyeloi

5 \fynva-i
yap

23,

2.

2.

Kelatiat irapa

aya^^a

a(pL"rt.v

"\\iov.
aXtovai TTOITJO-IIV

KOI

ciyaX/zara77 aXet'^ft^^

e^do-a-fii;B^wv

33

ayaX/zaTcov

TU"V

Trpo

^apT^/ceVai
Tt

ets

TOVS

avrovs

6eovs eiteivovs
r

in Mothone
'Adr]vd'AvefJiVTis

Se
Aio/a^S?;^
\\6rjvds'AvepoDTidos'

Athena

Napwua

in EHs

TOVTOV,
NapKdiov (Xeyovai)-

TratSa

Nap^atas
9a

Athena

in

NeSoto-ia

eV Hoioecrcrr)8'

In CeOS

Laconia

'

eoTti/

Strabo,487

'iTww'as 'A^r/i/ay
tepoy

Kovdpcov

KojpdXtoi/.

TO

oi/o/xa

T^ Ocai

'

rjvgrjOr],
.

re*:eiv

Afyvds Ifpov"7riK\rj(nv

Strabo, 360

Se
e'^et

Trapa

5e Qrjpas NeSuv

''

tepov

Adr^vdsNedovaias.
e-ni(Tr]^ov

AQrjvas NeSovcr/af Iep6v.

otrabo, 41-"- KpuTrjcravrfs

noTap.ov

KU\

t(TTiv

vaos

idpvo-aa6ai.

MoQavrj

5. l6, 5 $uo-Ko'ai/"5eeV Aioi/uo-ou

MS

8ia rrjsAaKcoviKrjs
e^aXXei pe'coy
Kat

eV

4. 35,

aya\p.a dvaOiivai

TO

PauS.

PauS.

TO

T^y Nedovfrias 'AfyvasIfpov.

8e T?}?Kopcoyem? eV

idpvcravTO
O^LWVV^OV

Trpoarjyopfvaav

TW

TW

Trpo

0eTTaXi/cai

eVet.
rut
6jj.o(pa"va"s

TreS/coTO T^J
aiiTr/s

/eat

TOI/

TrapappeovTO.

'AX/catos 6e

/caXei

RELIGION.

GREEK

386
Herod.

(in Libya)

l8o

4.

\i[J.VTjv
Ma^Xves 7rept"TTJV TptTcoz/t'Sa

ot

'

d\\r}\ovs\i6oi"ri

npos

CLUTUIV

6eco \eyovo~at
TO
r"0
"uXoto~t,
avdtyfVf'i

Kat

re

'

TI^I/
Adrjvairjv
KaXeop.ef.
ayroreXeety,

Trarpta

irapdevov
rr]v

eV

KOL

J/"?/. ir.

ai/eivai

p-a^eo-tfai,

avras

KOO-fj,r](ravTfsKVVT)re

K.ak\icrTtvovcrav eVaarore

Kal iravoTrkir)
'EXXrjviKf]
Kopivdtrj

Ov.

Se
Trpii/

raSe 77Oie{}o-4
KOt^/y*

St'^aStaoracrot

AOrjvair/s Trupdevoi
*OpT778e "Viavo~irj
ot

dva^L^da-avres,
Trepiayoutri

ap^a

r^f

356:

Hyperborea Pallene
Qui soleant levibus velari corpora plumis
Cum
Tritoniacam
novies subiere paludem.

Esse

Diod.

Sic. 5- 72

eV rdis Trrjyms
ecrn
fr6t]vai.

Find.

Paus.

in

est

8e
fj,v6o\oyoixn

Km

vvv

01

eri

TTJV

Atos

"K
Kprjrrjv

TpiToyevfiaveVoi/o/za-

KOI

ifpbvdyiovrfjs6fov

Trrjyds

ravras

ras

napa

Kara
'Adrjvdv

TT]V

dio
yfvvrjOrji'ai.

TpiTotvos Trora/Jiov

TOV

8e Kal

Cf. Schol.

fama

viros

7. 66.
in Arcadia:

8. 14, 4, at Pheneos

eV

rfjdKpon6\civads

*A0r]vdse7riK\T](riv
Tpiraivias'
^a\Kovs

Suidas,S.

Tore

farrjKfv

TI

TpiTo^vis'rfjvTpirrjv

V.

rov

'A6rjva."larpos6e

Schol.

eTrcovvpiav

//. 8. 39

Geier

77)077

TOV

Xeyea^at,
TTJV

avrrjv

rfj

Cf.
fTf'xOr).
rpirr)
(pQivovros

on

yeycvr)(r6ai

Soxel de

Ka\ Tpiroyeveiavavrfjv
(prjcn

TpiroyfVfta

Callisthenes,
Frag. 48

(JLTJVOS

'Afyvaiois
Trap'

St6
p.r]vos eyewrjOr]'

ifpa r^s ^Adrjvds.


f]Tpirr]

Worship

Paus.

7-

8,

22"

v
.

fv

Athena-cult
17

al

In

Pint.

Tpire/a
.

and

eVrt Se
.

e/c

Paus.

i.

Quaest. Conviv.

9.
"

Apollod.3.

Himer.

26,

15)

Eclog.5.

6
/cat

tan
(on Acropolis)

30

(at Athens)

evravda

be

KOI

OU

*cat

iSpvp-eVoy.
/Sco/io's Arjdrjs
eort

'AdqvdsK"u

TOV

ofos 6 TTJS IlaXXciSos'i/fa"y

Kat

T'?I/ ifpGHTvvrjv

Sta TWV
THoo~(io'"i)vosTefjievos'(rvvrj^ap-fv

a/ztXXai/.

roO /zavreu/zaroy.

eV
ocrciSco^)
p.era r^s *A.6r)vds,
a

rao'y.
'A^^i/a?

KOI

with Poseidon.

associated

Athens:

Ovovai
a2

legend of Triton in Triteia of Achaea :


iepdadcu5e r^s *A.dr]vds
Tpira'a6vyarp\Tpir"vos'
rrjv

of Athena

TTJS

TOVS
dvciKTOpcw

Beovs

Tloo'eio'wvos

TO

TOV

TOV
Tr\rj(Tiov

aXX^Xot?did

TTJV

REFERENCES
a5

Plut. Vit. X.

Bodrov

Kal

Orat.

'Ep^"W

8e irivaKa

843

CHAPTERS

jrivaKi

X-XII.

387

Lycurgus'familyKaT^yov

yeVoyd"

TO

eV"

Ka\

Iloo-eidtovosfv

TOV

pfvuv

FOR

roO yeVouyT"V itpaaaj /caraycoy.)

avTrj

6$- dvaKfiTai
rfXfi'a),

6 wals nvTov, \axi"v6Vc


dvc0tjKfv*App""v,

TOV

Kal
TV
f)o-as
d5eX0aiAvicoQpovi,

did

yEpeX6dcp

cv

TOV

/cat
yeVouyT^V lfp"otrvvr}V)

nenoi^Tai
6"Aj3pa"v
TrpoMovs

TOVTO

rptatvav.
At

ColoilUS

Paus.

I.

no"r""cSWff 'I^'ou

ft^s

30, 4

f.

"

In the Lakiadas

deme

Paus.

i.

'A^S

37,

""i Hwrcitfo

?Xot-i"

af.

a8

At Sunium

cf. Arist. Z^////.


vide13,
559
1

Eur.

a9

e'X^'

ey

\opuv,

/"a^. Erechtheus,
362

fV^' fKOV(TT)S TTjS

Ol/K

TraXcua ^fV/Lii'
oo-rty
TipoyoVwi/
OL/5' air' Adas

xpuoVaf

c/c/3aXet,
Fopydfof

re

@d6pois

eV TroXewy

rpLaivavopdrjvaTacrav

Xecb?
Evp.o\7rosov8e Opa^ iivaartyfi
6'

arfCpdvoun,DaXXa?
b

Troezen

At

PaUS.

2.

30,

ovdapov
'Afyi/ai/

eV
Se f'^eif
Xtyovo-iTTfplTTyy ^^"fj an"pio-@r]Tr)(Tai"Tas
Ai'a

oyrto

"cal5ia
o-^x'o-t.

"ovT(S T^V
avrols
c

TO

avTrjv,

roCro

HoXfaSa
ae'ftovo-i
re
'A^r/i/ai/

xai
IlocmSaii/a pa"ri\fa enLK\r}(riv.

/cat

apx^iovciriaripa
e^ei

? at Corinth

KOti/w'

KOI

Tpiaivav

^ai

Trpoora^atyap
Sdcmdda

8fjKOI

TO

ovo^i'i-

v6/j.i"rfj.

'Adrjvas
TrpoVcoTroi/.

(jn the legendof Bellerophonand

Pind. #/. 13. 115

:
Pegasos)

6'
avfpvrj

At

Sparta: PaUS.

Uoo-fi8o)vos

3.

I, 9

"

TO

'A^vas 'AyopaiasKal
(icpbv)
38

'Ao-(pd\iov.Cf.
(7rovop.d"ovo-ii"

ov

b.

in

Pheneos

At

Arcadia,vide I6m.
6

At

noirjaat

Asea
5e

TO

Paus.

8. 44? 4

""7r*r.V "fpa

re
Ifpov*A0r)va
Scoretpt"at

TOV

opovs

fo~Tiv
(rrj^eld

ifpov'

at/axo'OSno-trea e'Xe'yero
IloorftScJi/t

eg 'iXi'ou.
p.io-0(VTa
-"V. Mag. p. 479- 3O 'iTTTTia'
OVTCOS
"K\T)dr)
TOV

ovo~a

Atbs

?7T7ra)i/
a"f
df^Xaro,
fifff

atrJ/sup.i/os $77X01. fj

6 eV

OTL

e^ovo~a
vvydrripKal Kopv(prjsrr^f'Q,Kfdvov,
C

'

fTTfl(K
f)'A0T]vd.

ap/ia,

OVTWS

TT]S

K"(pa\T]S

IJoo-ddcovos

^ 6Vt
fyfvvrjdr].

RELIGION.

GREEK

338

6r][Br)6(V
"AdpacrTOS
(pfvywv, eVri KoXooyoi
'Adyvav 'nnriovs 7Tpc"(rr)ydpfi;"r"V.
18

'AXf'n

Athena

'AXe'as

"ep6y

TO

TO

Tro'Xu dr)T""V
KOI

45,

TVyearmy

3-4

"AXeos.
enoirjo-fv

ap^aiou

e'"p'^if

vaos

a\\r/v

7Tp'"e^fi TTJV

KaTa"Kevrjv

KOI

\\6r)vas T^S

oe

Se

elo~iv}
es
Hf\onovvr)(r!.ois

O"TOL

vau"v

8.

Uoaeib^va

iTTTrovy,

peyfdos.

es

PaUS.

rovs

o~TT)o~as

PaUS.

8.

46,

TO
ayaX/na rrjs 'AXeay
TTJS Se '"6r]vas

Travros

TTt'Sat
avrai,

e"edcaro
Tt^o-a'

eVi

6^

I.

"e

at

eV Teyerj,nepl TOV

e'se'/xe
(rwai
^o-ai"

Kat

Herod.

'Ej^Soiou.

^
TrenoirjfjLevoVj T^Xvrl

f\"(pavros 5ta
eV

dvaKeirai

p.ev 677eiravOa

roCro

'Pco/zatcoi/
/SatriXew?AvyoutTTOs

"\afiev6

itp^aiov

ro

vrjov

yA.drjvair]s
Kpfjj.dp.evai.
Tij$'AXerjs
PaUS.

8. 47,

Se

TO

ayaXp.aev Tfyea

'ITTTTIO
o"e irnpa
Mav6ovp"(")v,

ToG

KaXeivQai

/xeV TOI

KCU

TlfXoTTOviTjO'iovs
fKveviKTjKf.

a\\ovs

"EXXrjvas TOVS

aydX/uuTiT^s 'A.drjvas
Ttj

e'(rTi \i6ov

'Y-ytfta
7rapeo"Tco(ra

Be

"e

TO)

Tf

es

fK

AXeicw

dx*v fWUcXi^O'ii'
blavOovpevo'iv

Tols

TCtVTrjv

Sr/^oi;
e(^)'
r]p.a)v fKOfjuffffrj
fJL"V

TO

KOI

avTovs

ts

Trj
/uei/ *A.(rK\T)Trios
6e

SKOTTO
ITefTfX^o"iov,

TOU

fpyct

Ilapiov.
^

Ka\

/"^.3 ifpaTat8f T/7'A^ra


ov

lb. 4

Ifpaxrvvijv.

Trpoaa), TTJV
TOU

8e

vaov

OVK

be f](3d(rKfiv
Tivd,rrplv

Troppco CTTU^LOV

ov

oi'Saoo-oi'

^poVoi/

7T"if

dyuvas

\^P-a 7^f eVri,/cal ayovaiv

'AXeaTa oi/o/ia^oi/Tes
UTTO
tvTavBti)
TTJS ^Adrji'ds.
1

Near

Amyclae

Paus.

3. 19, 7

8e

KUTU

T^V

oftbv 'AQrjvds
"6av6v ea-Ttv

'AXe'crs.
At IVIantinea

Te

At

19

Alea

Athena

eV T^

OVTCO

PaUS.

8. 9, 6

'AXear
'Adrjvas
"iya\fjia

KOI

20

Kat

'AOrjvav'AXeav

KOI

Paus.

Ai'$uin: PaUS.

I.

8. 23,

5, 3

fjLvfjfjid
(llai/8iow)
Trpos 8a\da-a-rj
f

''

eV AQ^vas Aldvias KoXovfjLtvto


o-KO7reA").
Meyapt'St

Athena

'EXXcoTt?

Ka\ovp.fvr),
eripaTO

Mapa0S"vae\ovs

fv

at
ev

Corinth:

KoptV^w

"at

aj"V.

^/^.

eoprr) 'EXAama'

iSpuTai. Schol.

Pind.

p.

TOU

OTTO

17

...

Ol. 13.

42

332.

'EXXcorta

56

KOI
CTriOefJiCVOi
fv
Kopivflims
'Adrjvds
Aeopielf
Kopti/^a)'
pfTa 'HpaKAeiSwi/

eKaiov'
^ftpaxrdp.evoi
Tavrrjv (p\oy\

TTJS
TOV

ifpov

t(JT\v avTois.

Arcadia:

in

Se
2e'/3of"ri

'A6r)vas
vaov,
vadv, at

OTTCO?

p.ev aAAat

(pvyovaai

rrp\vTas

vaTfpov
TK"V

'EAAcoTia

Se

T"V

Trapdevcov
efpvyov,

'EAXcoTtay lopvacovTai.

f^pr)o~ev

e'opTi^

Kdptvdov

fls
TrapQevoi
Kopivdicov
nvp

yevop.evov

KaTaKaeivwv

al

aladopevoiv"a)piea"vKal
o~ct"dflfv}
'

Aotpou oe

ovv

Trpos

A6r]vap.r) npoTfpov

TOV

fls
ep./3aAoj/Tco;/
.

Travaeadai

Kal
^t'^n? f"i\do~ovTai
7Tap0eva"V

Kare(p\"x0rj.
\oip.bv

TOV
'

Ifpov

REFERENCES
b

Athenae.

(pTjcri

TOV

FOR

p. 678 a, b Se'XevKoy "e eV

"K

fjLvppivrjs

'EXXam'oV

"oi.viKfs TTJV

ot

8e Kai
ayecrQat

-ZsV.Mag. p. 33

21

2-

'EXXr^to:

tv6u
(pacriv 'EXX^fi'a?,

ra

A.drji"ai"

(7i'Tco

8ia

@pa$vT"pas

TOVTO

TTJV

Et.

Mag.

vide
'A/uapi'a,

Athena

-s

Athena

rai

cv

27

Zeus

'O^^aX^mt

dvaOflvai
'Q(p6d\p.iTi$os'
TOV

fTfpov.

Cf. Plut.

'

"(i\ Eihfvia

the

on

\drjva. $"t\OKTr)Tr]";

'A^r/wy Ifpov'OTTO

Acropolis:

dicere licebit lovem


20

Athena

Sc

Pals.

Demosth.

TCI

KaTiiHrxvvw

UTrcp tfpwi/

AaTTco

Paus.

Harpocrat.

Trarpta

Kai
.

ot

mo's- eVr
ru"v

83

i.

isto

oculos

enim

modo

Minervae.
evn

v.

V.

U'pfia
yeyovev
"AyXavpos

Leg. 438

7rapa8coo-w,

KOI

rots

Tip-rjaa). ivTopes

Au^a", 'Hyc/AOf^. Plut. Ale.

rt's6
.

105

TI
.

rof

KOL
fj.6vo"t

(legendum
"AypavXosA.6r)vaiQ)v
tA.6r]vds.
iVpetarfjs1
.

eV

rw

r^y 'AyXavpouTCOJ/ efprjPuv

*cal eS/zi/uoi/
ev'A.ypavXoV
(oftyrjfSoi)
Tn/paoTarjyi', cp

p.(Ta

af

7roXXcwi". Kai

o-TOt^w' ap.vva"
oix
Trarpt'Sa
T/}I/

nfiarop-ai Kai r"


Oftrpolsruts I8pvp.fvois
vApr/f,
Zet^, 0aXX"),
'Ez/uaXtoj,
6f("i,
"AypauXoy,
.

15

T^S- 7^$- "rvvf^ov\"Vfv dvT"X"T0aiTOU

aei
^ots 6'pKoz/
e'"p
*Aypav\ov 7rpo/3nXXo/zei/oi/
'Arrt^s Tru^ots Kpi^aiy
/3f/3atoCi/.
'O/ii/wouat
-yap opot? xP^aa^al TV
Kai
oiKtiav noiflaBai dibaffKopfvoi
TTJV fjp.epov Kapno(p6pov.
Kai
'Adrjvaiois,

Porph.

roi/

iv

^4foA

TOIS

2.

'

14

oaioiv

/cnt

24,

i]Bvya-n^pKeVporrof.

r.

S.

(KKonfvra

caesios

2.

OTTTiXovs oi r^6f
o"p6a\fj.""vs

yap

TOJ/
077X0,ov5e KnraXf/x/^a)

ffpaTO

TOVS

Z^c"9r. Nat.

; cf. Pollux,8.
(dvayiyvtoo-Kvv)

/cat

vide Suidas, s.
'Adijvas'

Philochorus,Frag.

opKov
ov

18,

3.

\fyovcnv

barbatum

Cf. HeSych. S.
*A6rjvas).
c

I I

Z?f

semper

"AyXavposI

8e Kai fnaivvpov
k

fie Au/corpyoi/

Cic.

cV

rou

o(p6(i\p.(H)v.

TU"V

Paus.

Sparta:

at

Lycurg.

Cf.

Acopiet? KCI\OV"TI.

TOTTCO, prj

il.

at Argos
'o^vSfp/c^

Athena

K(i\

opyuva

vnofj.i'^p.aTt
Av"6(ppovos.

cv

fV 'iXt'w TI^Ver^Xt'J'
fjdfbs arrb
d"pfl\ei"
24

(pavra^o-

TO.

on
Atofi^Sovs1
uvu6r)p.a,
'O"v$(pKOisKaXoup-eV^s^
ifpov 'A@r)i"as

Trore

T^V

TO
'Aflrjvas
'E\\r]vias
ifpnvrrpoaayopevecrdai.

e'/cetVa)
T("7ra).
ra"
fri'"y(C6KX6i(7^at
22

opyava.

dvay^yr/selXelcrdai

'iraXt'nv,
IftpvaaToEtXevta?

ft?

TrapayevofJifvos

yap

Trepi fe

CL^LOVVavaueivai,

298. 25 EtXei/ia,7TO\ts'

p.

jj6Yi

Adrjvas iepbv flvai

Merarrovrtou,

VTTVOV

rrjs

rvy\avovra

odfv

(K7T\"v"rai'
tovvafuvov
^

TOI"

Kara

fjLevrjv y(tp

840

ava"^l(r6uL
Xfyoucriv

Enfiov

TOV

Ko/xt'"ea$ai,
?)f

TraXatoi/ e/caXetro'

J///'. y4//^c. p.

KaXovfjLfVTjv
Tdpyapiav, fyyvs

TTJV

TOW

'EXXdma.

EupcoTnj ro

17

eV r^

re

rrop-Trfveiv

Ka\f!a"al

KaXoCcrif.

Arist.

KoptV$"yra

tv

389

TIJS Eupomrjs oVra

TO.

'EXXama*

4^

eXXoriav
Trapdevov

Athena

'iraXiW

ai"TU"

X-XIL

'EXXam'Sa
yXebo-o-ai?

rats

ir\"K6fjifVOV
(TTfCpavov,

'EXXeort'ooi/fopTTJ. (paal 5' eV


eKaXow

CHAPTERS

54

eV T.V vOv

SoXa/ilw

pp*

^ara

RELIGION.

GREEK

39"

v(p'eVa

'

edv"To av0po)7ros
T?] AypavXco
'A(ppo8to-u"
'

\6r)vasvews
is

Aristoph. Lys.

Schol.

:
Ildvdpoaos

'AypauXr;,

ndvdpoaros /cat

6e

UfpifioXov
o

TTJS

re

KOI
Ato/zqSovy.
rijs\\ypav\ov

KOI

CK

8e
IIai/8pdVoi"

T/J?

KtKponos
tivyarepfs

440

KOI

17

ABrfva ndi/Spoo-o?

/caXetrat.
b

Philoch.

Frag.

'Edv

ovro)s

(Harpocr.s.

32

oY

TIS

dvrjj3ovv}avayKaiov
*A.6r)vq

rrj

dvetv
Hav8(i)pa(Bekker Tlavdpoo-a^

|3oos),
(/nera
KOI

oiv

Av.
Aristoph,
C.I. A.

Paus.

887

3.

OvyaTepaNavo-iaTpdTYjv
eppr)(popr}"Ta"r

favToiv

TTJV

av

27, 3

I.

T"B

6e

i/aw

Bvo

avrai
rr(j)dsdppr](pdpovs'

Trapayfvop,fvr]s

olKovtnv

rrjsTlo\td8os

vaov

TOV

[JLCV

\povov

d$f\(pcit)v
povrj.

TO"V

ov

diairav

TWO.

(rvve^r/s

eorf

'A.dr)valoi

napd rfj dew,

e\ovara

VVKT] rotciSe. dvaOeicrai acptaiv eVi T"\S

Se rrjseoprfjs
8pw"nv ev

rals

1383.

Se
7roppa"} Ka\ov(Ti

ovre
fa'peiv,
KffpaXasa f)rrjs'AdyvasiepeiaSi'Sa)(ri
ovre
etoula,

2.

rr]s'Adt]vdsIlav^poaovvabs

"?

TTcipaevoi

rrj

8vp.a

TO

KOI

dvalnos
r?)fTrapaKaradrjKrjv
Ilai'Spoo'Off

eori

K(U

ocaXeTro

ov

V.

Cf. C.I. A.
dvedrjicav.
\9rjvaIloXtfxfiiKCU Hav8p6(rcp
^

KOI

eori

Kal fciftcopos
IIai"5a"pa'
T; yrj, d(j)
6vaai XefKorp/^a
Kpiov*
896 npwrov Tlav8"i"pq

fTriftoiov.Hesych.S.

eV
: 3"i\6xopos
tnipoiov)

v.

(fiepovaats
"ni(TTap."vais

eori

"

77

$t8ov(ra

OTTOIOV

didacriv

eV rfj TroXet Tijs


7T(pij3o\os

Se

'A^)po"ir?y? n6pp"o,/cat Si' a^roC Kadodos vnoyatos


KJ^TTOIS
Xdnovat,
irapOevot,
p.ev drjrd "pfp6/j.eva
aTTj' ravrr] KaricuTiv
fjdr]
fie aXXo
Kopi^ovcnveyK"Ka\vfJi^Lfvov. rds fteVd(piu"riv
eV

ou

Kara)

at

evTevaev,

"e

C.I. A.

3.

Schol.

Cf.

Moeris,

Athena

S. V.

tpprjcpopot

...

Aristoph.Eccles.

o-/ctaSeto^XCVKOV
(pe'pei
'Epe^^ecos

Harpocrat.S.

V.

18

"6
o

"aXov/Zfj/oy
2/cTpoi/
TTOpevovrat
6

TOV

/cat
Arjp,j]Tpos

'HXtoi".

Photius, J.

Z".

TT)S2/apaSos

Kopr/y. cV ?Jo

iepevs

rov

\eyercuVKipov.

rjre

^vwv

(pfpoptvoi

/cat

eoprow

/cat
te'peta,
ri}s'A"fjvas

Ko/ifCovertSe

TOVTO

2Ktpoff- eopT?7

Tiy

T"V

rov

'Ereo/SovTaSaf/cat

rrj
dyop,fVT}

/n^

'Adqvyo-i

rtm
es
eg 'A/cpOTrdXecos

2/"pa8a Tip.uxrii''A^i^aiot.
a

dpocrov(pepova-ai

a^)'T^S/cat
'A^i/atoty,
2/"tpoj/.2/ctpaeopr^Trap'

aidpov o-/ctaSftoVeVrt /ie^'ov

/cat

TYJV

fWt
Sxtpots-S^tpa e'opT?;

re
ot
irepi
ypd\^avT(S
2Kipo(popi"av. (pctali*

tepei-s

at

^Kipds.

1/3*.of
'A"T)vas.
2"Lpo(popia)vos

""$r ro

avr1 avr"v.

r?
318 eEpcTT]$dpoi

SKipocpopiaand
'27al

aKponoXivrrapdevovs
ayovaiv

Lys. 643 rf)yap "Epo-r)


TTopTrfvovcri, rf)KtKponos fivyaTpi,

"ivrpos.
i"rropel

TTJV

es

Schol. Arist.

"of

erepas

TO

KOI

rt

'

rpoVoi/

REFERENCES

FOR

CHAPTERS

X-XIL

391

t"f"poVTl{ova.Knf)

TOV

Kavuaros'

(paalvdXXa

OTTO

SKipa"v'AQrjvav.Ib. 2Aapo(poptcov*
I(3f.
p.r)v 'A.0nvala)v

ev

fita TTJV

fie'a?ro
"ovo/j.da6rj
a

a5

fie

o~Kipa

(nun'Seia. oi fie

TO.

Std

ov

TOVTO

TT/S-2Kipd8oy'A$//i/d?.

Suidas, s.

v.

Paus.

36,

i.

l38.

.vide Zeus
icuSiov,

Atoy

On

4.

the

sacred

x(jip'LOV
2"cpoj/ eVl

way

KakovfltVOV. 'EXeuo-ii/iW no\"fj.oixri


irpbs'Epe^e'a dvrjp pavris
Aooficot^?
ovop.0. Sripos

Kal

os

Toiwfie

rj\dfv e'"

rrjs 2/apa8o?iSpuo-aro
'A^^i/a?eVt $aX^pa"TO

dpxalovifpov.
"

Strabo, 393

Xeyerai^KipcisKal
a?

Pollux,

2"ipny

5e
2,Ktpd(p(ia

96

tKvfievov enl 2Ki'p"ufV


'AdrjvJjO'iv

Mag, 717.

8rj\olTOV

OTTfp

Steph.Byz. J.

30;

fls

r"nov

Meineke) a^aiWi

d"coXao~Tor

TOV

TO"V.

Se

aXXot

OTTO

2Kt'pwK(K\r)Tai(leg.
OTTfp

fie Kai

Kal

re

fito'ri/unXirrra

dno
KvflfVTTjv,

"nt

TO

cf. .AY.

(TKipafptlov,

((TKipcKpos
CTKipo"f)6pos

eV

rwv

2"cipwdiarpi(36v-

\\6rjva(libri
2/ci'p"
^veTat,
'A^^i/r/o-i)

eVt

Kop?; eV T^ f'opT^ravrrj

KfVX^Taj).
HarpOCT. ^.

(TKtpa

y\0rji"d

pev

2"/pw Ifporroua
rtf.

ura"9

iepwv Ai^/a^Tpt*rai

yivop.evu"v

TCOV

2/a'por

/ieVoTt

8e KexXr/Tat,
Tivey
2/ci'pa

o^

r^f 2/ctpaSo?*A^i/a" "fpw

r"u

X'.

d0'

xu/Sevr^ptaaj^oyunorat

ra

Kvfifvral(Tvviacri.

ol

ov

Kal eVl
'A.TTIKTJ

Sxi'paeV r"y

roVoy

9.

2nXa/ity)
(^""a\"iro

tnl

Z'

f'1*
ot
Ku,3fuoj/ref,
2"i'/)0)
eVfiSj)
8teTpi3OJ/
/cu/3fVTJjpia,
a

ra

PhotiuS,
viro(Tr][j.aiv"i.
KvfifVTaiI
oi
eTrat^oi/
a

V.

S.

%Kipd(pia'eV

J. 5^.

T^f 2KtpaSo? 'A^r/i/ds

Rhein.

Mus.

5e
pia (sic)eoprr) 'EXX^i/coi'
p.vcrTT)pia 7repte'^ouo"a,
TO

i.

Cf. Clem.

ra

TtvfS

SufTv

10

C.I.

(poptwvos
a11

TrpwTop
bl

A.

eVi

eV TJ; e'opT^
TOUT/;

3. 57

TO.

fjitv

(pavi
2fc/pa\eyto-dai

Kal Koprj. ol 8e
^rj^rjrpi

OTI

fTTicrKVpa

rrj \\6rjvd.
ri; fie

TOU
TWI/
ficofie/caT//
^Kipu"v Trj fio"fieKrm/
=

ToO
2/ci'po)

TraXatoTaTou

2/cipo-

Tp(%(iv

"Q-XOV,Tpex"vo-i

Athenae.

eV TptVoi
495 f 'Apio-Tofi^os

dyvva entreXflo-dat
2Kipot? ^^o-ii/A.6fjvijtri
f

fie auroi/s
fie eV

viKrjo-as

dpoVouy iepovs ayovo-tv,

Tpay

o-Trdpcoi/
vnouvrjpa.

TCOI/

2Kipds at Phaleron

TrepiHii/fidpouToiy

'A^vaiot

Conhtg. Praecep. 42

Athena

fepoO,KOI

2xtppo(popta

(?).

Plut.

dpu/ioV

/cai

al yuvalKes
p.vdo\oyiav

8e

Ta

Bverai
2*ci/pa))

CTTI

TTJV

0',
Hvavftyitovos
0"(rp.o(popia)v

TCOV

-yii/o/ifi/aifpa

(leg.

ravrrjv

OL/TO

548

fopralyvvaiK"v
Aristoph.Thesmoph. 841 d/i"poTfpat

Schol.

2r^i/taTrpo

Protrept.14

25.

TTO\V\\ppr]Tn(popia
$eo-/uo(poptn,
2/ftpo0op(a,
eopTti^ouo-t

TroXv

Kara

a9

Alex.

fKade
oi /zdj/Tet?

ou
'A"yi/floni/,
e^"'

TOTTO?
2i"poi"'

publishedby Rohde,

Schol. Lucian

TOJ

e^ovray
TOU

/cXdfioi/KaraKapTrov,
d/zTreXou

roO
tepoi)

Xa^dfet

Atowaov

/ci'Xi/caT^

p.fXP'

roii

TO"V

e(pr)[3a)v

TOV

T^' 2/cipdfios

Xeyo/ieV^Trei-TaTrXdai/Kal

GREEK

392
b

Hesych. S.
Paus.

Thes.

17

i.

Phaleron,SxipdSos 'Afyvtisva6s

at

6e TTopa 2/a'pov
(p^o-tv
"I"iXdxopo9
8e 3"atWa
Trpoope'a
p.ev Natxntfooz/,

e'/c2aXa/itwy rov
.

TTJS

A.6rjv(is

Plut.

eon.

e^o-ea Xaftelv
8e

Maprupei

Grjaeoos ""aX?;pot
flo-apevov
vrpoy

$aia*0$

KOI

TO

(videAphrodite1W).

4,

i,

'

tvPa
'AOrjVTjo-i
"J"aX?7poT

TOKOS
oxrxocpdptov

V.

iepov. Cf. Plut. Thes.


1)3

RELIGION.

TOVTOIS

qpooa

2/a'poutfp"3

roG

ra"

Ifpa). Schol. Arist. F^/".921 'A(9^;/a


^Kippas
(= r^s SxtpuSoyyAdr)vas

on

xpi'ercu.
r^ \fVK.fj
2/ctpasat Salamis

Athena

Kara
TTJS^aXapivirjs

ro

tpoi/

Herod.

8. 94

0)$-

Se apa

favyovrasyiveo-Qai

S^tpaSoy. Cf. Plut. Solon.

'A^auys

C.

9 a*poz/

in Salamis.
2/ctpaStoj/

Ipoxapio-TYjpia Suid.
'.

(Sauppe

"Wt'a

Kop?;).Tt^ Sc

TJ)VrotW

77 fjivaTiKrj

8e

r^

ev

TTJ

: Hesych. S.
Tauporro'Xos

SuidaS,S.

Schol. Arist.

V.

o'

eWt

fKaXovv
"ApTcpLV

'A^i/a
TOO

rfjsdeov,

(pvopei/cov
Kap-rrvv.

TCDV

Paus.

2.

29,

aKpoiroXd"6avov 6eas a^iov Kio-aaiav (novop,a"ovaiv.

Athena

10

Cf.

'Adrjvav
TTJV

dpxfj

(leg.
Trpoo-xaptor/Jpia

p. 295

Acropolisof Epidaurus:

the

on

Anecd.

rrjs'Adrjvas
vrrep

Bvvia

rrj

e^uor r^

6v(riav 8ia rrjv avobov

ap^amrar?;!/

Bekk.

ev

eV
Tr/jo^apiar^pia.
Av/coupyos-

oz/o/ia

8e Trpoxapio-rqpta.

Kio-o-aia

ol

X^-yo^TOsjy"yroi) ^et/iwwy,
^uecr^at,

ap^o/zei/coi/Kapnoov

IIpoxapHTTrjpia,
rj/jiepa ev

J1. 27.

KCU
TavporroXm'Tj "Aprffiis

V.

Lysistr.448
'

K(u

ore

Tr)v

vr/ rrjv

'

rj

TavponoXov :

A6r]vav euro)

KaXovviv

a"s

Adrjva.

OVTO"

TTJV

EfvofjLrjSrjs

'

tVropeT. Tavpo/SdXosSuidaS,S.
1

;2

33

ABrjva.
.

17 a

eVrii/ tVpem. Cf.

3,and

: Schol. Lye. 520


Boap/x/a

Athena

BouS"a

'AKaftilpiav
.

Apollod.3.

14,

IOOI

"u

SuidaS, S.

Tols

fKfl
/Liera

tepat

eXatat

p. 20, Dind.

420.

(i"
T^? 'A0rji/ds

TTJ

aKponoXft

rfjs'Adrjvas
e^

tepat

Ilavadrjvaia.Schol. Soph.

O. C. 705

Z"v

TO

rrepl

TTJS 'Adyvas lepovISpvpcvvv.


p.opia"v
napa
fidcovet)
xal Trotf/a-a/zeV
5e
(iLoa
rjKfv 'Adrjva,
TO

TOVTOV

rfyyKUTuXtyfus Kf/cporrapdpTVpa,tyvTtvvfvcXaiav,TJ

35

i.

Se

OUTOJ

Mopi'of eXatat

V.

TO.

VIKUKTI

TMV

oQev r, r^js'A^i/ayr^s

(?):vide Gtograph.Register,
p.

Schol. Arist. Nub.

enadXov

5. Cf. Aristid. ^/"5.

Athena

popiat fKaXovvTo.
t\aiov

T)

" 147 'Ereo/SovrfiSats7rapa7rpf(T/3.

Aesch.

HoXtoSos

V.

vvv

ev

TU"

Havdpoai"o

Athena

At Athens
u

vide

TJ Trao-a

ov8ev
p.ois fft"ftv,
TroXXoTs" TrpoTfpov

6t

a.

opoicos
yrj.
TI

Paus.
KCU

rjo-ffovTTJV

I.

yap

TTJS'A^ras-co-rti/

26, 7 t'epa
pw
orrois

Oeovs

tiXXovs tv
Ka6eo-TT)K"v

'AQyvdvliyovo-ivTip.fi'

"T"O~tv
i"op,io~6ev

17 re

TO

ei"

inro
T) o~vvrj\dov

TWV

aXX;;

TO'LSST}-

eV KOIVOJ
fiedytcbraroj/
8riu.(t)vlo~T\v 'Adnvds

GREEK

394

RELIGION.

Solon, 'Y-rroQriKai,
4 roirj
yap

Arist.

xtTpayvTTfpQev
e^a.
a"

eTTiWoTroy o/Spt/zoTrdrpj;
IJaXXay
jji"yd6vp.os

Equit.581

iroXtoO^eIlaXXdy, oo

drraTTJS lfp(OTa.ri]s
T"

KCU

"

vnfp(pcpov-

/LteSfowcra

O-TJS

Arist.

TTOir]-

ITiesmoph.1136:
devpo KoXflv

vopos'

es

TTapdevov,
ci^vyaKovprjv,

Eur.

Pier ad.

770

aXX', a)
ya?,

Aral TroXty

croy

deanoivd
"TT"t

(ro^

Tron/ia,

crv

"pv\a"

KCU

re

yap
ay

p.a.rr]p
.

(TOl

Tifj.d
(

\ir]vu"v

dotSai x"^v

T"

yds

iravw^iois

VTTO

0"VO)V

Eum.

Aesch.

997

Trap-

laKXfl7To8a)V KpOTOKTl.

Ato'y,
rjnevoi
Xfcoy,i'xrap

^a/per'ao-riKos

eV
0i'Xas^)i'Xoi
o-axppofoCvrey
rrapdevov
IlaXXaSos
h

Athena

(Tov

of

noXiov^oy at Athens

Athena

'Ap^yeVi?:
aSe

C. /. (7r. 666

add. IlaXXay

base of Statue

century

B.C.

Kol Trarpwoy

fragment

C.

17^

'ATroXXwi/ e'crrt. Cf.

eixfv
Aflrjvds ayaXp,ay\avK.a

*v

TO

lb. 66

S^/uoyOTTO

ran/

'lovXiou
.

Plut. ^4/f.

Panathenaea

KatVapoy ^eoy 'AOrjvq


Tapy^rrtoy
476 'Afyva'ApxriyeTidi 'Ep/zo
Cf.

Tat'ov.

on
inscription

wo

1883,

'Epf^^aSavapxayen

rot

C.I.Gr.

36

/lr^.

j"^.
inscription

archaic

On
inscription
$tXrepa'Hpa/cXeoy
Idpvdrj
Polias. C.I. A. 3. 65
dedicated to Athena
priestess
vaov

Kara

I/TTO
Scopfcoi'

ort

a^erai

nrepols ovras

vrro

/z'dve6r]Kcv.
'lepoKXe/S^y
IIoXiou^o)
AfKaTrjv*A.6r)vaiqi

p. 35. 5
i

S'

Paus.

altar

Athens,

at

'Afyvaiots

Schol. Arist. Av.

Tll

8. 2,

roiy

of

? second
'

apxT/yeViy'Adrjvd

515

T-?yy

'Ap^^yeriSoy

XfiP"lK\rj6rjvai
Havatiyvaia
(pao-tv eVt 0r/a-ewy,

'Afyvaitov
triQj]
avveiKeyufvuves piavcnravTcav

iroXiv.

REFERENCES

Harpocr. S.

fitrrd

YlavaO.

V.

CHAPTERS

X-XIL

395

rd p."V
IIava0fjvaia
jyyero tA0r]vrja-i}

rd fie fitd Trevrcnjpidos,


oVep *ai

wunrrov,
fie rrjv eoprrjv

FOR

peydXa

eKaXovv.

rjyayc

6 'Ucpaio-rov,
Ka6d "pT)(Tiv
'EXXdviKos
'Epi^o'i/toy

irpatros

a' 'Ar"'fioy. Trpo

'Ai/fiportW,
etdrcpos eV

fie

rourou

naff

Kal

re

'A0gi/ata
e/caXelro,
a"9

eV y' rail/ 'Arrt/caii/.


fte8r]Xa)K(v*l"TTpos
c

Schol.

Dind. rd fiepeydXa

Aristid. p. 323,

Ileicrto-rparoy
(Uava^vaia)

eTTOirjae.

ocnol,

AriSt.

0r)vata}V
(Koo-p,ovv.

J\llb. 37

ourot

Thuc.

58

6.

fie

T"V
(of fir/pap^ot)
rr]v 7rop.irrji"

ydp dtnriSos

pera

etco(9eo-ai/
ray
fiopnroy

KIU

rro^rrdyTrotelt/. 'AtfXo"'rat for the p.eydXaHai/. Pollux, 8.


rd
i

povviicbv/cat

TC

:;fi

for the /zt"pd,


vide

Lucian, Nigrin. 53 eV
TroXtrcoi'ayco-0ai
rrapd
6.

rw

"

54.

c.

\t](p6fVTa
Hava6r)vai(uv

rcof

e'^ecopet.
dycovodeTrjv fiatTTove^cov I/JLUTIOV
on

eV r^(rt

ray
Travrjyvpias

Km

'A0rjvaios
d/ua

x^pu^

Trei/rer^ptVt
-yti/opeVay,
Karey^erat
rd dya^d
Xe'yooy,
yii"fo~0ai

yvftviKov

'\Qrivaiwdmyovrav

Bvaias

I I I

dywvt

ra)

roz/

Herod.

roj/

eVi

Kal TTJV JTrTroSpopiai/.

Cf. Arist. ^4M"?". Polit.

z.

ra)t"

rti^a

reVanpa err/,

fie ap^ovai
fio^tp-ao-^eVrey
"pv\rjv'

rov
nai/a"9^ata,

d^Xo^e'rat

93

"

fie'xap.eVeiVti/,
efy Kara

Tlava-

re

A0rjvaioi"ri,

"ai nXnratero'i.

Schol. Arist. TV7//^.


385 eV

Traa-at
nai/a^^mt'oty

roty

at

TOOJ"

vno

\\6r)vniwv

cnrotKicrdflaai TroXety ftoi'v


TvOrfaop-fvov
errfp-Trov.
Yl

1J

-L

riarpocr.

"

"

-L

"

rTK(Xpr)(popoi'Aeti/ap^os

S. V.

("770-1ot

aKrxf)r](p6pa)v

am

(is TI}VdxpoTroXiv
vftive^oi/rey X"PIV T'?f TroXtret'ay,
d"/a/3r}(rovrat,
e"prj3oL
ovx
dvn
roO
dXXd
rai TOVTOV
/ze'rot/cot.Ar/pr/rpioy-yoOf eV y'
dpyvpicp."
.

d VO/JLOS
Trpocre'rarrev

Nop^oaefrtay"pi)a\von
fJ.(t"(TKafpas

avrovs

Pollux,3.
i

Schol.

fie

(ptpeiv, ray

roty

Alex.

Clem.

"

Protrept.p.
fie xXdfioy

Treptaprcoi/rey

P.

(K\"yovTai. Schol.

rr}yMop

OTTO

Soph.

6ta/. (7^/. 7^^

e'Xat'ouroi)
ITai/a^i/ata,
10.

"

^^

p.

rau/uur

'A^i/atotHavadr)vaia.

rfj 'AdrjvqTOVS
eV

417)

aKpo8pvois

*cat

roty

KaXovs

ot
Tlava"qvaiois,

'AptCTrore'Xr/yroty
KOI

dido"r0ai (prjai:

e'/c
p.opiu"v
yivopevov

Eur.

SO

rd
viKfjcraat

also Pindar

65.

Harpocr.j1. Z'. Xaprrdy. rpety

iuts Kal
n

"

HoXtdfit

F^/". 542

'

ln

r"/

e'Xat'ay

tar

0a\\o(popovsyap

Arist.

i.

0(i\\ovs "\oi'T(s (TTOftirevov.

Schol.

17

(Dindorf,vol.

/cat
e'ptoty
7T(pt(i\ovi"Tfs

OVTVS

(is AxponoXiv
dvfjyov

Xenoph. SympOS. 4.

y(povr(s

TropTraty

raty

o-Ktdfita. Cf.

yfipeta/cat

UVTMV

'

ytpovras

eV

55.

t'(paa-/zar")J'Xti'etoj/ ^i/

perot/coty

^uyarepay

(ptjalv
e'pt'a)'
ri^v\(yop.tvr)v
r)v
etpeo-ttoi/r/i/

TTCIVTOIOIS

ayov"riv

UavadrjA6r]vaiot
copras XapTrdfiay,

*:aiUpop.r]d(iois.
'Hcpato-rei'oiy

//^"r.466

17
ray

IlaXXdfioy

eV rroXet

Ka\\i8i"ppov0fds

GREEK

396
vaiovo~

RELIGION.

(V

"evgop.ai
app-aTL
fiaifiaXe'ato-i
Trot/a'XXouo"'
dvdoKpoKOiai
Tnyi/ai?,

fv

y"Vfdv}

Jj TiTav"v

dp.(plTTUpU"

ZeUS

TCIV

Kpoviday
Koi/jii^fL
"p\oyp.a"
"

Cf. Schol. ib.

ov

povov

Kal reXetat yvvaiKes,


fim

tos

dXXa
'AzroXXo'ficapo?
(pr)(riv
.

AouXofiifiao-KciXa)
tv
3"fpfKpu.Tr)s

o"s

dvayopevovTTJ 'Afyvq

TreTrXos
rrapd rols 'Adrjvaiois

TO

dvfi\fv
olC.

T)

'Aflrjvd
.

46

2O.

olv
eirecrKewd^ero

fie

ot

'KXeuati/i'ou.

r"v

[AfXP1

p.ev

G.I. A.

rou

oTTcoy

So^

ai/

2.

TreVXaj /Ltera

3-^4

77; ^fw

eXKova*

rovroi/

ivriov

TOV

es
77OLi]6(1cra
rr/v

V.

Philostr.

ets

vavv

TOU

'EyKeX^Sos1,
ov

Diod.

eviavrov.

Tre'TrXoi/
vtpaivovcrai.

29,

TreTrXw

KepaiasKal

vnep

tarou,

eV EVKTIJ^OVOS
eKou-iadr]

Grace.

Com.

IO

Kal 'A-VTiyovov}
(Ar)p.r)Tpiov

772

2.

TreVXoi/

roi/

els aKpov
(iv8pesdvapi6/jLr)Toi,

Tontiots

I.

Plut. Demet.

/car' eviavrov.

TOV

ai

cocnrfp

fietWurai
roi) fie 'Apeiov
ndyov irkrjaiov

i^avs

Tlava6rjvaiu"v
7rop.7rr)v.
2.

I,

nerr^ov
TJKOVOV'

imo"vyi(i)v
uyo^rcoi',

OVK

re

r"u
TlavuOrjvaia

ra

Fz'/"2^/^.

TiavaBrfvaiuiv
TOVTW

r)v ol

'A

'EpyaoTivcu'

uvfvovres

rS)v

Eq. 563

rrjv 7rop.7rrjvOTTO

ettao-rov

Kal
AteXe'^^ 5e ""L\nrnL8rjs

PaUS.

ICTTOV.

Arist.

eyeypanro

^ecoi' O.VTOVS

TCOI/

Meineke, Frag.
XpXGVTos. Strattis,
6e

dvitpovv

TreTrXou roC

c'dfrjCpia'avTO.
Hesych. S.
"

'A.0T)vdioi
"^rjfpicrfj.a
ypd\fsavTOS
2rparo/"Xeovs

(iKovas

de TO)
(vv"paii"(O'6ai

Ov

6 Tre'nXosKU"

e'0'
or^crnt
(ipp.aros
TreVXov
fls rbv TTJS*A.6r)vas
avrovs
cvv(paiv6i"T(i)v

Xpvads

t rrjs Hava6r]vdiKri":
veus,

apuevov

AarjvaloiKaraaKevd^ovai rfj6ecS did rerpaeTT/pi'fios.


f]sKal
Troiovai
K(pafji"iKov

rod

Schol.
IIava6r]vaiois.
/oteyaXoty

rots

fie

TOVTOV

Ilavadrjvaiois.
HarpOCF. TreVXoy.

Tcls
fv
TTfVTafTTjpidos

I8ta

TrapOevoi
vcpaivov,

yap

K(pap.eiKovfie apaaav

"

(Kayser,p. 236)

rijsV(a"s
p.ei" dvfjfpdai

aX\'

/ca/ceim

Trepi raiy

dpapelvfierrjv

fTrdXi
/n^ai'oTs1
viroyeioLs

eVt
xl^^aKCOTTJ; dfpflvai

ro

'EXfucriwoi/ /tai

TlvOiov e'X^elj/
fie nupd
Kop,i"oij.ei"r)v
tteXacryiKov,
Tropap.e'i'^l/'ai
Thuc.
'EXei;o-iVaSellaz/a^^aia.
I.
wp/ito-rat. Ar. Atken. Polit. C. 54

avro

ot

TO

TO

ra

raj

TO
77e/;i
iTTTrd/j^o)
Tre^irir^oVres'
TrofjLTirjv
AecoKoptovKaXov^evovTTJV Havadrjva'iKrjv

(1

Ci.
'

2O

Schol. Arist. Nub.

984 'fip^oiWorots

eV
HavaQrjvaiois

OTT\OIS ol Treaties'

Z(^.9^5 Tptrayevctiys.
eldos opxrjafcos r) KaXetTai eVoTrXioy* fiia fie TO

A0r]vdv Tavrrjv

p. 70"
Pind.
(vonXiov

fie "pa

T"\da6at

TpiToyeveia xaXeirat.

ets

LysiaS 'AyroXoy.Acopofiox.

Schol.
Tols p.tKpols
Havafojvaiois
ayevei'oty.
e'^op^yuw
TT^ppi^to-rals
Tols AtoaKovpois
'A0r)vdv(prjal
T?)J/
Pyth. 2. 127
'ETr/^ap/MO?
Dionys.Halic. Antiqu.Rom. 7. 72 'EXX^wKoz/
errav\rjo-ai.
vopov
R

TOV

/cot

TO{}TO

17^

eV TO!?

7rai/u

TraXaiov

orrXoty 6p\r)o~LS
f)
eTrtTi^fieujMOj

etr' 'ABrjvds7rpa"TT)s eVt Ttrapcof


Ka\ovp,(vr)IIuppi'^j

""

cz0ai/ta-/ia)

REFERENCES

FOR

oVXoif

CHAPTERS

X-XIL

397

iraXatrepov
avrfjvKaraoT^o-a/zeVwi/.
Beule, F Acropole(fAthcnes, 2. p. 313
vvv

NIK

I2TAI2

showing two

13

of four dancers

Nub.

r,

Lycurg.

o-TTovSatoj/ei^ai

pi8a

TUT

Hipparch. 228

OUTCJ

(rbv"Oprjpov)
axrrf

TIayatirjvaicaP
povov

icat
r^ "9fa",

Tratam

'in-Trap^cp,
or

vevop.Hr-

aurois

orfai/oiy

ot

eOivro KCL" cKaoriyi'

TTOLTJTWV

eV/;.
pa\ls(p8fl"r0ai
ra

'O/jirjpov
(TTTJ TT/jwro?

ra

ra

u7rAo/3oi/v/zwy

yn/j

vop.ov

a\\a)v

ru"v

rovs

XP*)

IO

a'^oj/oroXfjr,aurr] ^Xn/nuSt /cai

w?

noirjTijV

a'w^ora

TOI/

AfcoKpar.p. 209

Kara

.4""//i.
I.

Plut.

eVi y^f rij'A^i/


\\0rjvaloi

j/auy

Se

ffaPtvuv,aaas

pev

npoTTOfMTrevo-as,

r^

rols Tlava-

aywva

a6\o6err)";
alpeOelsnation

UVTOS

965

2.

(B.C.456).

Trp^rov e^ny^tVaro^ovariKrjs

ore

A.

Kitiapivcunap

Trpwror

aSeti/ 7}Kitiapi"iv.
Heliod.

^eyciXwj/
ayopevav,

fttva

So*eT

SuTagev

KCU

tn

shields. Cf. C.I.

with

"tyuwff

971

rore
Ilfpt/cX^s-

av\flv
aya,vi"opfvovs

fTvyxavov

ap^a^vrjs,eire

X"P"

eVi KoXXi'ov ap^ovros


viKTJo-ai
navatirfvaiois

ayf"rdm
Brjvaioig

TWV

VTTO

Cf. lb. PI. 4 relief


vit^vas"\Tapj3os.
7rvppiXi"TTa'is

Arist.

'A"paiotrKtil
Pericl.

PBO2

groups

Schol.

Tcnriwwa

Plat.

fls rr]v

eKopiafv

Ka\
Tuvrrfvi,

yr)v

Stitvm.

avra

eVi Ato/"Xfot'$- Ua
A"jpo^o*:.
I/ysiaS,
'AvroXoy.
p. 698
KVK\IKU"
(ftpnxpas
p-iKpols
dvfjXoxra).
xnp"p TpiaKoo-ias
1

8e
A6r)vr)(Ti

.rollux, 4- 83

(Tvi/avXta rts1

icat

IniriKOV
dTrofidrrjs

J. Z'. ATro^drrjs
Jrlarpocr.
...

eV

avra)

rovra"

8/7X01Qfotypao-rostv

yivop.fva

rw

'A^i/alot
'EXX^i/coi/

/idVoi

ri

TIS
av\r](TiifjLffx^via

aycowcr/xa

K' rail/ vopwv.

Ka\
Se eVt/zeXcos Tlai"a6i]vaLa
"Hyaye (6'E/^^^evy)
ra

6e

ra

xP^VT(li$*,07?0"',

Cf. Eratosth.

Botcoroi.

/"at

rwv

e/cnXeiro

a/za

Cataster. 13

r]vLnXos
e'x^vTrapa-

enl TTJSK""pd\r)s. DionyS.Halic. yi///.


da-rridiove^oi/ra *a! rpi\o"piav
f3(iTTjv

Rom.

7. 73

*TfP"v

7r"p'oXiyatf

en

Tf5

Tro'Xeo-t'EXX^viaiv"v
^)t'Xarro'/Liei/oy

b
TICT\V dpxn'tKd'is,
dpopos.
7rape/M/3e/3^Korcoi/
a/ipaa-t
ifpovpyiais
C. -t. A. 2. 968 appari TroXf/zif/r^/n'a)
(i/tKijtras).
roty

rwv

Boat-races.

IMeineke, C(?w.
6
StOcleS,
y

Time

C1. /. yl.
Grace.

2.

trbs 8e ru/j/3o$
.

and

date

p.

2.

a/iiXX';/ raw

festival : Schol. Eur.

Procl.

rj/J-epas Travrjyvpi^ovT"v.

the

of Themi-

tomb

dedcreTcii.

vewj/

7rdvTa"v Atirjvaicav
trvvtovTcov
6i]vaiarjveopr?)'A.Qr)vds,

'EXX^i/coi/
Tecraapas

Plato,
d/j,i\\rjs.

ve"v
viKr)T^pia

to
679, referring

^coTrora^

of the

965

Hec.

469

e'/cettre
/cat
111

Tim.

Se Ilaz/a-

ra

laToprjrai. Cf.
eprrpoadev

Schol.

Plat.

Rep. 328

A.

aXXcov

ran/

p. 9

us
Tpirydntovros,
e'yt'yvero
'EKaTop-ftaioiivos
TOV
p.fyd\a(lilaviidrivciiaj

TOII-

Cf.

ra

KU\

yap
TOVTO

DeniOSth.

398

GREEK

RELIGION.

'E/caro/z/SatSi'os
MVOS) TOV
Ttpoicp.
p. 708 deodar?/(ro"

Kara
K"V

vdfjiov
eiVqi

fita ^(pt'ovofioderas
dia7rpagdfj."vos/ca$t'"eo-#ai

npo(pdo-ei.
TiavaOrjvaiwv
C.I.

A.

2.

the administration of

LycurgUS" OTTOS

"v

a"s

'Afyvaiav

raXXa

KOI

/caXws
TUS

VTTO

Set

ova

Qvarlas

T^V

6vop.evrjvdpxaia"
or

rols

Aarjvatoispepifav
.

oe

BVOVTUV

TavTas

apxovo-LV

Ifporroiol
/ifra

@ovs ando-as enl

ras

'A^m

r^ IloXta^t

Tas

/car' eviavTov
ra
ILava6r]va(.a

ra

TJ)I/
nffinfiv
7rofj.7rrjv

/cat

eK

dp (?

rw

etw

veipavTds

Kal

rots

5e a'XXa Kpea

ra

/z/ai/
^a)/zwr^s 'A^i/asro" /ieyaXa",

rw

flvaavTes Trj

KaX\i(TTfVOV(ra)v /SocovKat

TWV

Trpvra-

r^s 6eov piav

Ta"dpxois

Trayw

rots

iroelv TIJV

rovs

fie tepOTroiovs rois SIOIKOVV-

Ka\\icrTr]V
r.y

Travvvxida

"ws

TOV
fofjiiovvTas

^ew

rats
p.r]neidapxovvTa

rail/ v6p.a"v
fypiais.

1 he feast Of SwotKia:

ovv

KOI

*w

TO

KOIVOV

trap

ry

Meroi'/cta

r^

"ax

Anst.

oCnol.

Q^o-fats rols

evreira*

OTTOV
irpVTavelov/cat /SovXewr^ptov

24

/cara-

5e noirjo-as

i/Cv 'IdpvTui
TO

aVru,r^v

6vo-iav firolijo-e
KOLVYJV. *E0vo-f
Tlavadfjvaia
6vovo-i.
i/i)j/
fie'/ca
rot) 'E/caro/u/Satcoi/Of,
T)I/

e/cr?; eVt

1019

ev

"px"f"

e'^

o-vvoiKta

/cat

/cat

(\OVVTVV

VVVT

Kal /3ouXeur?;pia
/cat
Tfpvravfia

TroXii/ Afirjvas
Trpoo^yopevere

fie /cat

aTrep

(9e(S e'opr^i/
g?7^oreX^7roto"o-i. Plut. T^w.

e/cacrrots

tvTavQa

e/caa-rous

xPW0at % airdvTWV rjbr)

rawr?;

p.f-yd\rj
yivopevrj TrapeSd^vno

e/cetVou ert

ayrao-i

avT"v
TO.
15 V"/jLO/j.fvovs

2.

e's avTr}i"

\vo~as

ThllC.

r]vdyKa"T"
("f]o-cvs)
pia TroXf

rou

TTpo

re

Ifponoiovs

irefj.\^avTfs
/3ocoi/a)^
TTJ
TTJV 7rop.7rf]v

TWV

OVLOVTI
r}\ico

apa

KCU

Kciira/itats

rolf

Trj 'A^i/arfyNtK?7

Kat

rfjvIv

TOV

TOVS

fij^iou

TOV

Qveiv Se
.

Trapeo-Keu-

dyop,evr]v
TTJ6e"p

eopTrjv TTJV

TTJV

Kal
(TTpaTrjyols

ol

fvvea

e"
r^s Nt'^s TTpoKpivavTfs

ra"

eTTt

fitot/c??rai
TTfpt

Kaddfrep
6vop."vr]v)
irpoTepov

vea"

p.[avKal
iepoTTOiols
6ew

TOV

KOI
rrj 'Adrjva
rr, 'Yyteia

re

Tre'vTf/X6pi'8as
Tols
KOI

vfcri

eVtauroi/ vnep

rw
S^w
tyr)(f"l"r0ai
tepo7rot"i/,

TWV

dvo

p."v

rfj AQrjvq/car' eKacrrov

apiara

"

^ nop.^
TtXeo-Br,

'

aapevr)

inscription? during

163 (Rang. 814), Panathenaic

/cat

/cat

ert

"paat

Trj

yap

fopTr/ 6vo~lav reXetcr$ai

o~vvoiK(o~ia"v

TWV

eVt fie'/ca.
fE/"aro/i/3aia"i/os
(Sap-ovp.r) alp.aTovo~0ai,
p.r)vos e/cr/;
Steph.Byz. j-.v. 'AQijvai "pr)o~l
Xapa^ ort o e^creusras eVfie/caTrdXetsras

Eipj]VTjTOV

de

ev

TTJ
38

Athena,
At

els 'Adfjvas
trvvoiKia

eopTrjv

/careo-r^a-aro.

Paus.

8. 47. 5

citygoddess.
l7

b.

At

Tegea

IToXtartfios'eKdarov
'Adrjvas

fiea7ra"erovs

tepeus

A0T]vasavaXcoroi/

e's roi/

Trai/ra

XPOVOV

e^at Teye'av.

dovvat rpt^aii/
e's(pvXa/CTyi/
r^s TrdXecos dnoTfp.ovo-av
TTJV 6fbv
b

fieeVrt
TeyedYats
e'savTo

o-eta-i'

'AXeoO yeVotro
ra"
ficopea
a"s
Xe'yoi/re?
Kr](pel
Epu/zaros tepov ovo[jid"ovo-i,

TOV

Trapa

the

Troezen, vide

a'XXo tepov

feat

ro

ATTIKJ]avvoiKKTas

At

Sparta: PaUS.

3. 17,

fie
'EnoiTjo-f

*at

ao-para

at"ra)

(pavlv

rcov

'Ei/raiJ"i'AfyvasIfpbvircirolrrrai,

Kal XuX/ctot/cou r"}s


aur^s.
Ka\ovp.evT]s
f7nX"*"pios.

/cat

Ttnafias fie e'pyao-aro


ai/j)p
(roayaXpa)

Acapta6 TtrtafiasaXXa

re

/cat

vpj/ov

e'sr^v

REFERENCES

6(6v.

FOR

8f
eVe/pyao-Tat

CHAPTERS

Polyb.4.

yw.

Arch.

Eph.

1892,
'

Tloaidcovos

At

35

Kara

p. 23

Daulis:

At

(jLr)$f}f
TOVTOVS

"vcriav

Paus.

67TI

TOVS

rals

ei"

p.ev

TJJS AdrjvdsT?]SXa\KlOlKOV

TOV

VfWV.

Amyclae mentioning 6

at

XaX/acHKoi/ 'Adavas JloXtavou.

8. 31, 9

tpeiVia5e 'A^i/5stepoGnoXiaSos

Dialect. Inschr.
CollitZ,

avtdrjKfKdXXco^

ovs

eSa

Ttarpiov

found
inscription

a"' ov8es

'

'Adavas
A.(T(f)a\iov

Megalopolis:

noXui^o i/uedcfc
raura

Ttl/a

7"P

07rX")Z"TTOp.7TfVflV

T]\lKtaiS
/JLfTCl TWV

399

TCO

Delect? 17 Ao/AOfoi/ di"e6(Kfv 'AOavaia


roO

X-X1L

6e
/u;)(earaSouX^ao-oro)

1523

*A^avai

A"/za)TCU

/cat

eVt

IloXiaSt.

rat

In

Rhodes45.
Crete

of treaty between
Hierapytna,inscription
Lyctus : Cauer, Delect.11 117 (C./. Gr. 2555) 'o^co

and

iiXfpt'ai/
.

at

'AGavaiav

KCU

IloXtada

Cauer, Delect?

121

C. /. (?r. 2556

OTao-fii/Tcoi/
8e

Adavaias

Tay

At

Chios:
s

At

"

tepoi/
h

Cnossus
Herod.

Au

TCOI
.

At

los

160

9. 40,

Pi iansus
tfpw

'Adavaias

ras

ffpw

T"S

fie,e'"Ipoi"'Adtjvairjs
Uo\ioi"xov

Bull,

1891,

dra^twu

"

HoXifl

KOI

T";

JA^i/a HoXtdSi

oiV

p. 582

TO

'Atirjvai
TJJ IloXuiSt.

jcat

TW

3.

tvBtvrfv

Mitt. d. d. hist. Ath.

Cos:

At

I.

eV
Ilpiai'crtot

Dreros

TW
ei/
fiei/ 'ifparrvTvioi

ot

-Z?////."/f Cflrr. //f//.

noXtdSt ?).
'Aflji/a
r(j7
1

Paus.

At

HoKiov^ov.

rav

kQavaiav

cf86

Xicoi/

vno

Amorgos

TO)

oraXny

01

'

rav

/"ai 'hdyvaiav
SaX/icofiai/.At

\\0avaiav

roj

HoXtadof,fcal

ras

At

dSos-.

'O/xvi'co
TCU/

Hierapytna

1891, p.

Cf. C. /. Gr.
Corr.

de

2263

Hell.

Au

172

TW

C.

1881, p.

220

rcXctav.
k

At

Erythrae:

Priene

Paus.

in
inscription

dv(6rjKeTOV
ov

KU\ 'Adrjvas
7- 5, 9 vEo-rt Se "V 'Epvffpals

TU"
'Aflrjvas

(V

vabv

British

Museum,

IloXtdSt.
^Adrjvairj

Hpitjvrj
vaut

C. /. Gr.
Paus.

7. 5? 5

At

TrtdSa Evdi/^ou

T))I/
yevOfJLfinjviepfiavTTJS Tlo\iddos

KCU

ftovXrj/cat

Kal UoXiddos
n

KXavStav
6^/iosfTfip-Tjaav

'AQrjvas. Cf. Polyb.4.

At Ilion

Dion.

in
Inscriptions
"

'AO-^XJ/ftfjiJ-os

'Adqvds
Nixr](p6pov
Cf.

oKTco/caiSe/caToi? NtK^cpopt'oir
evfica.
(vae'fteias

TOIS

eveKct*
dyuXfj-aros

TOV

tal Ni^cpopoy.
UoXias
Pergamum : Athena
Ergebnissed. Ausgral. zu Perga?n. 1880, pp. 7^-77
m

2904

C. /. Gr.

fv

3553

KXavSias icpeias
NiKTj(f)dpov
/u^Te'pa

49.

Halic. ylw/. Rom.

6.

69

yap

avru"v
f)yep."bv

TOV

GREEK

400

At

diro

NauTioy

yevovs

Phaselis

TroAetos tfea? 'Ai/a?

TloXuidt ol

At

"i

I.

Gr.

Heraclea

'A^va?
39

in

3048 apoypa^cu

Macedonian

Zrjvus Tlarpiovxal
Athena

35

tepoi/

Aristid.

Sparta:

TO

TO?

7. 20,

i.

p. 608

(Athensand Sparta).

de Corr. Hell.

Paus.

'Atirjvas
vcios

KCU

TO

etj

accordingto Boeckh's

2155

Patrae

at
nai/a^aiV

i. At

ufjifpoivrciiv noXfoiv

Anaphe : Bull
\\6r]vas
Harplaf.

TIJS AaCppias

fvros

'A$a*/a noXidSi

period.

at

Uarpm

doypa

TO

C. I. Gr.

Athena

C. I. Gr. 5774-5

at Athens, vide
*Apx"?y"rt?

Lemnos

41

\\ddva

1330

Heracleenses.

^ KOII'J)
(Dindorf)
/zei/ apxnyeris
40

Inschr.

Dialect,
Collitz,

Graecia

Magna

noXiaSos-.

TO?

Athena

? At

$fa"j;Se/Sacrrcoj/.

rcoi/

ovefaiicav.
TTTo\iapxot

At Istl'OS: C. I. Gr.

/cat

uTroiKtW,rjv'kfyvas ifpev

lepaTevo-avra
T?}?irpoKadijyfriBos
TTJ

4332

in Perrhaebia

the Tabulae

on

C.

IloXiaSoj

At Phalanna

"ji"vAtVi'a crretXai/rcoi/
TTJV

rwv

RELIGION.

restoration.

1892,

143, No.

nepipoXov

rov

27

8e e'o-Tii/

Hava^atdos.fXecpavros
eniieXijO'iv

TO

(iya\p.a ^pucroi).
KOI

42

43

Athena

'O/zoXcois: Schol.
Lycoph. 520

Athena

A^juoKpar/a
: C.I. A.

first century
stood

B.C.

the

near

Titles from
44

p.

?rapa

on
altar,
1672 'A^va? ArjfjLOKparias

2.

base of
on
165, same
inscription
Atticus.
Parthenon, periodof Herodes

cities and

Ti/uarai

statue

(?)that

localities :
the

mountain

in

(Geogr.Register,

Boeotia

419).
b

Athena

45

: Herod,
'Ao-o-r/o-ta

Ibid,

LTjs.

'laXvo-ta in

Athena

aSof

Corr.
46

Hell.

1894,

I.
recos

Kai
.

'iXias :

Plut. Akx.

everrpr]o~av

Arch.

AivSia

at

'Ao-eViKX^o-u/

e'v
X^P1!5T*ls MiX^fftiys

1867,

p. 30,

No.

^ai Atos

DoXietos

Physcos in Caria, Bull,

71

de

10.

7.

43

Sep^s

es

TO

lipid^ovn/pya/zoi/

rfj*Adr]vair)
ry 'iXiaSi e^ucre /Sous^iXtas. Cf. Xen.
15 ;

0ao~tTO
fJ.evK0)p.t]v fivo.1

Slrabo, 13,

p. 593

TTJV

de

rav

'iXeecoi/
rwv

lepove^ovo-av rijstA.0^vas
piKpbv

8f dvajBdvraperd rr^v eVt


'A\e"avo~pov

ifpov.

'A$a'j/as'laXucrms IloXtaSoy

Herod.

'Adqwu^s

^oD

7?^.

Athena

p. 31, No.

Se
8ea.o~dp.evos

I, 4;

19

Rhodes:

imperialera.

Athena

dve(Br)
^//.

i.

rov
rrjstA0rjvaujsf
vrjbv

rov

)^ajAu/8i'as

vvv

5e

; 3.

'ApdKwQuisfrom

'O^oXons

KCU

evrfXes,

re
TO
Koo~p.fjQ-at,
FpapiKcoVIKTJV dva6fjp.ao~i

63

T?/

Xen.

Scepsis:

At

Hell. 3. r,

6 8e

21

Ovo-as rrj'A"jva
AfpKuXidas

ei

TO"I"

54

Se
Elis,eV "*po7rdAei

Paus. 6. 26, 3, in

Se
e\e(pavTos
8e

RELIGION.

GREEK

402

ayaXpa

TO

dXeKTpvvveVi
55

/cat

Kpdvft,art

r"5

'Adrjvas aya\fuieWiz/
56

Megara

At

TrdXfcos

57

i.

ro

TrpocrcoTrov

Athena

: Paus.
Kopvfpaaia

4.

o-raStW

Kpavaia

Elatea

near

e'iKOcriv
a(p"aTT]K"V
.

Se tepea

TOV

10.

Cory-

8e

7 'EXare/ay

34,

6Voy

eVt Tourep

dvrjPuv

iralo"v aipovvraiTUV

eic

IIo\VK\eovs

TOVTO

KOI

TO

Paus.

of

the promontory

on

2,

Kpavcuas lepov.
ciriK\r]criv
'Atirjvas

Xo^"a" lepov7T"TTotr)Tai
fie ayaX/xa
tirolr]"Tav
pev
TO

Aiairioos.

Kopv"paaias.
*A^i/Sse'lri"rjoriv

ea-nv

Athena

36,

aXXo

KQt

phasion in Messenia, Ifpov


58

eVt

7T\rjV
eirixpvaov

etmv

eXecpairo?

eariv

Se jcaleV di
xaX*o{)i/
6e eV T^ X61/3'1
"XOU(ra-

oe
3 wKoSo/ujTcu

42,

'AOrjvas,
aya\[M Be

vaos

5e Kai

raura

Paus.

vnaitiptp,
Kopuvrjv

eV

TO

rqs

4. 34, 6

Paus.

"'Ld\"KTpvoves.

paxa*

es

cxovviv

Trpoxfiporara

in Messenia

AtCorone

*"8tov

/xei/"17

eiwu

xpuaov.

Ifpov'A0t]vds'
a"rqy,
TrenonjTai
^k"riv
eVrriv

'HXaW

TT;

rw

5e eo-Kevavpevov

ear*
iraio'es,

piprj^aeirl TTJdanridiTTJS
'ABfjvijffi
cireipycurTai
TTJ do^rioi
in Bull de Corr.
KaXovpevrjs
'AOrjvaiav
UapBtvov. Cf. inscriptions
'A8r)vqTTJ Kpavda. Ib.
Hell. 1887, p. 318 'Ovr]"ri"p6pov
IfprjTevo-avra
dvaOtro
^ai(pio-pa
(decreeof alliance with Tenos) amypa^ai 8e icai
a"s

TWV

KOI

puxrjVj

es

VTTO

'

'

pev

59

TO)

ev

tepa)

KQavas

'ABrjvas
Ifpoveorii/

22,9

TrdXecos Trpos rols


*"

Larissa

At

PhilipV

from

o-TaXXay
60

ev

near
Asopus
RuTrapio-o-ia

Athena

Tas

ev

Athena

the Laconian

on

coast

Paus. 3.

napaKVirapio-aiav.

TWI/
'A^atwi/
TroXecoy epeiiria
Kahovpevrjs

TTOCTI

B.C.).
Se a^po-

Thessaly: Collitz,Dialect. Inschr. 345 (in letter


eV
(TO^dfpiapa)
concerningextension of civic franchise)
in

KarBepev
oyypa\^ai"Ta"

Trjs
eirii"r)"ri.v.
TJ)aKpono\"iKvirapiffffias

ev

Kpavcus (?fourth century

Thebes

*OyKa at

p.ev

TtpwTov

dKponoXiv

ev

TCLV

Sept.501

Aesch.

"OyKd

Tas

'Adavds.

rjS"a

HaXXas

dvSpbs \6aipov

Trv\aio-i yeirov

vabv

TOV

eip^et.
11. 164:
av

p.dnaip(ivaao-'"OyKa,

Te

enTdnvXov

PaUS.

2, at

9. 12,

avaOclvai

oe

TrdXeco? eSoy

Thebes,

Kdfyov Xeyovvi

CLVTO

^v

eari

eirippvov.

/3"op.oy aya\pa
vrraidpcp

."Oyya

3"umW
yXwo-crai/
TTJV
"OyKa yap T) A6r]vd

Kara

'

Steph.S.

'Oyieaiai.7fi"\ai Qr]$S"v

V.

Schol. Eur. Phoetl.


TOVS
61

fort

670

686vTas

(pr)0~i.

Athena

'ITWW'O.

TO

lepov
.

KOI

es

TOV

6 pev

Near
KOIVOV

'

KOI

ev

Kara

KaXeiTat.
3"otviKas.

^TrjaixoposEvpa"7reiaTTJV 'Adrjvdve"rrrapKCi"ai
ev

Coronea

Paus. 9. 33,

avvia"riv evraiiBaol BotwTol

T^S 'l"vias 'A^vas


ov\\oyov. ev

oe

TW

FOR

REFERENCES

va$ xaXKoO

'Afymr

n"7rou}fi"va

'AyopaKpiW Strabo,41
TO)

Kal

QeTTaXiKw

Kopeov/asfVt

trio-few

II

ag.

23

aydXpaTa. Te'x^ fie

TW

2" YaoV
KwpdXtoi/Xe'ycoi/,
"

edpas

o/wxpeowoy T"p

'A"9ai/daTroXepafioWa

Trot

ndpoiQevdpfa"aiveis
KcopaXta)
otfais."
TroTapaiTrap'

vav"0

6 "Aidrjs
KOTU
\\Brjva

oi"x

403

(Bergk,Alcaeus,frag.9) tWav^a
OpvTai fie T^

e'er"

TrapappeWaTrorapbv
Kovdpiovnpoa-rjyopevo-av

TOV

'AXKaTos fieKaXe

"".

'iTaw'a? Ka\ Aids

X-XII.

fie (oiBoiam"l)
TJ}s Kopcom'a*c'v
i:parij"raw"
T^J 'irai/ias"Adrjvas
icpbv idpva-avro
opwvvpov

Trefit'o)
TO

awr^s

Trpo

CHAPTERS

fieKal

ot"6" dp/3oXaydXXa

fpyov

"rvvfT"\ovV

avyKadi-

Bacchylides

pvo-TiKrjv alriav.

(pan,

ws

Tiva,

Uanpoi"na

Ta

'iTcoi/i'ay
^pi)Trap'
^puo-ntyt'fioy

ev8ai8aXov vabv e\66i"Tas dlBpdvTI fiet^at.


b

Athena

KeXTtKoii/ ec

i.

13, 3

TO

dvaTc0(vra orrXa

KOI
p."Ta"i"
T^S 'A^j/i/ay
tepoi/ T^S 'irmvias "E"epaii/

TO

eV

fTriypappa

TO

Thessaly:Paus.

'ITWW'O in

TO

TWX/

Aapivrjs,
KOI

a^Toi?

'A^dra
Gvpeovs6 MoXoo-o-oy 'iraviaificopov
TaXarav.
0paO""av
TLvppos
eKpepaaev
Tovy

OTTO

PaUS.

IO.

I,

IO

TO

ovv0T)p.a

ynp

'irwvias.
'A0r)vas

Schol.

^? Exaraio;

TJ/ irpwrr^

TP

ev

Athena

festivalTO

e'fit'SoTo
eV
.

ap. Rhod.

r^?

551

I.

pd^ats-Geo-Q-aXot?

THIS

Icnopiutv
X/yet. At Crannon

TU"V

pej/

eV Qftro-aXia 'ircoviasTrepi

Polyaen.

Tra'i^ovaiv.
ev
f)Trdvres KpavvaivioL
KaXovpcvuv'lroWa"i/,

54 fopTTJsovarjs r"v

2.

'lro"i/ia
worshipped at
in

'ir"w"m mentioned

T^
Amorgos : 'A0i/i"a

de Corr.

there,Bull,

found
inscription

the

'irwi/ia and

Hell. 1891, pp. 589-590.


d

century
e

C. /. ^4.

At Athens:

At

B.

i.

'iTavias (latter
part
'AO^vaias

210

of fifth

c.).
in Phthiotis

Thaumakoi

Collitz,Dialect. Inschr. No.

1459

P.TJVOS Iratviov.

TrdXets*
S. V.
A0fjvai
oteph.I3yz.
.

CKTr) Ei/'/Sotaj
.

Cults

S'

TavTas

the

to
referring

KaTa

pev

Qpov

irevrf

fie ^tXcova

Kara

e"

Atdfiay XeyecrBai.
'AOr/vas

family.

ovop.dfovo'iv,f/els
S. V. npoTe\fiavf)p.epav
PhotillSj
ev

oi

yap.ovp.cvr)i"TrapOevov
ayovaiv

yovelscos

TTJV

Qeov

KOI

BvaLav

TTJV

dxponoXtv
TTJV

emTf\ovo~iv.

At Athens : Schol. Arist.


QpaTpia.
Achcirn. 146 "77aToypta eflvov Au
""paTpia" ^AOrfva. C. J. A. 2. 844 :
to the 'ATrarovpia.Plato, Euthyd. p.
inscription
probably referring
64

Athena

or
'AnaTovpia

KOI

302
b

D
At

Zfvs

fie ypSiv
.

Troezen

fieKal rols

epKflosfie Kal

Paus.

2.

33,

(ppaTpios, Kai

(on

the

(ppOTpt'a.
yA6rjvaiT]

island

the

just off

shore)

'AnaTovpias
'A0r)vas
'^
dvaTiOevai Trpbydpov TTJV ""avT]v
TTJ
napflevois
Tpoi"r]vi(t)v

iopvo~aTO p.(j/ fita TOVTO


(TOTO

AWpa

vabv evravda

Ttj AnaTovpia.
Dd

RELIGION.

GREEK

404
c

At

At

C. /. Gr.

Sjros:

Bull, de Corr. Hell. 1881, p. 224

Cos:

pvavuKTiSdv
(?fourth century
Herod.

147

I.

Cf. AristOt. Oecon.

civ

ora"

y5

dnoOavovTos

TO

avro

'AdrjvStv
yeyovatri

an*

"icot/ey,
oaot

KOI

Ko
KOI
'E"pe(7tcoi/
TrXfjV

8e ndvTfs

''

tepei'a
TTJrrjs ABrjvasTTJStv

rfjre

KOI
xi)"iVI-Ka
Kpi6(i)V

(ptpeiv

'Adavaias
3"parpt'ov

Ato?

c.).

iravrts

p. 1347

7rcu8apioi/
yevrjrai,

Athena

6e

eto-t

B.

6pr?p. uyovcri

ayovcriv

TOV

""pa(rpiav).

q 'Adrpa?

2347

Ka\
6jBo\6v)

ere'pav

KOI

nvpu"v

("eKf\tV(Tcv
'imrias^.

TOVTO

tw-nviav
: Ilippocr.Trepl
Kr^o-i'a

Kuhn,

eVi /*""/

10

2, p.

Ait OvpavifjA/i Kr^crieo,


'AOrjva
KT^CTIJ/,
yadolaiv
'J^ppfj
'HXi'cp

66

Oai

Athena
Tfl

Mi^n/p

PauS.

\\6r]vq\"yovrai
.

5. 3, 3
Ka\

8e 'HXctcoi/ ai

ro""/

yvvalKfs

Kai
ar(pi"rivereXea-Qr],

r] "V%T)

(v"aa-

*A0r)vas
lepov

Mrjrpos l8pvcravTO.
07

? Athena

Ao^/a:

lepavaiyi'Sa
(pepovcra
Trpos

fliriTTJV
'3

? Aihena

rei/eTuXXty

yth. Grace,
9

Athena

vide

Niketas

HapBtvos:

C. I. A.

I.

de

ras

Suidas,j.

v.

fjSe
alyis"

etcr^p^ero.

^toyajuoi^s

Epitheta ^fco^ Westermann,

\\6rjvair]
TTOKOV
^vrj/jia

Athena

Cleitor

Kopt'anear

Kill errl opovs

oraSiot?
Kopv(prjs

Trarrjp dv-

ITap^eVw'EK^)di/rov
^e

374

eiroirjadTrjv.
17 n"p^eVosin State-decree
70

Cf.

p. 355.

vlos ev6d$

Kai
fdrjKe

Aristid. i, p. 21, Dind.

vApeoy
.

circ. 420

in Arcadia:

KptVtoyxai

B.C.,

Paus.

C. /. ^4.
8. 21,

r^y
drrcoTepa)

rpiaKovra

i.

51

TroXecos

vnos

/cat

a
Kopi'a?. Cf. Koprj"i

Political titles.
ri

r2

Athena

: C.
Elpr]vo(b6pc"s

Athena

BovXm'a

73

Atoslfpe"os

Athena

Athens

BouXaiou

Kat

"A"pas

BofXai'ou Knl

Ato?

272

at

I. Gr.

6833,

on

Antiphon,
BouXai'a?

at Sparta:
'A/jj3ov\ia

Paus.

3.

789

p.

Cf. (7. ^. ^4. 3.

iepovecrn.
Cf.

BoiAatas.
'A0r]i-as

of statue, cult-title.

base

683.

1*3, 6

Aior

'A/ij3ovXtou
KOI

'

/Sco/ndf.
'A"qvasearrlv Afj.[3ov\ias
74

Athena

vide
'Ayopm'a,

'AQyvaeVt

century Attic
C. I. A.

I.

XpTjo~avTOS

TOV

e"
(ravOai,

century

XlaXXaSt'o) and

(i.
mentioned
Ar/piovfia)

eVi llaXXa5/a)

inscriptioncontaining schedule

273.
Hvdiov

T""V i8iW

A.D.

1T

Ib. 3. 7^ tcpfvs

TOV

Aios

norjaas

rot?

re

religiousfunds,

roi) eVt HaXXaSiou

ort
'ATroAXeofoy,
^pj)"Tfpov

^eots 777

of

Kat

edos rrjs HaXAdSos1


re

TroXei

in fifth

? Second
dvedrjKCV.

REFERENCES
b

PaUS.

28,

I.

riaXXaS/o

/caXoOo-i,

Cf.

es

Eur.

Taur.

^.

KdXovp-cvrjs
iepov.

Athena

lo-fjpfis
oaris

cos

Athena

yap

6e

3.

'Afyi/Ss'A|io7rotW
rot's

\\6rjvas.

'oA^opou (? OuXo"p6pov)

323

Delphi:

\6(pos

cv

S("iq rcoz/

fv

/^//.

1887,

bronze

'Atfai

nv\wv

iepos

p.

tcmv

."//;;/.
21
Trpoi/aia 8' fV

8e ""-n
92 Kpoi'o-a)

Se TIpovTjLTjs
TTJS

pottery and

CVr.

Kai 'Ep/j.ijs
tAdr]va
r^i/Se 'A-Qqixiv
^fiSt'ar,
XeyeraiS^OTrac* perd

Kara

Aesch.

of

^////. ^

rrfv (croduv

8e avrbv
TtoiTJcrai

I.

fmticTov

Z'.

Thebes:

at

CTTI

IlaXXas

Herod.

3. 15,

'

A.

fragments

p-ei/ S))\tdov

Trpoora

At

Xa/3/;.
^T](povs

av

Ifpbv'AQrjvas
7rpjvrrf)p"av,
iSpufrai.

npoiWa

IO,

9.

Upovaoi.

npovaia and

inscriptions

ye

in Attic theatre.

seat

on

TOVTO

S")a^iufo^ej/os 'HpaxX^y'in'TroAcocoira
/cat

Qfjus: C.I.

on

Athena

PailS.

/SpeVa?

(ppovpovcriv

2ra^p/a : Hesych. J.

Athena

'.

/cara

TOTTOVS,

fs
Opeora, Kai vdfiKTfi

/car'd^iav,
jj.fTrj\6f
u"v

78

x"ovbs

/carco

'A^toTrowo;
at Sparta: Pans.

Athena

Demosth.

1469:

WKai/,

77

eV Trayoiy \^/}""ous
TrpiVo-' 'Apei'otsicraf

Kpivao"

76

eVl naXXa5/w

aiT"
TTpocnroXoKTtv,

"cat

75

eVt

/cat

/wjrr. 814. 8.

Rang.

405

evepQf /cat

rovs

(rvv

Cf.

rots

1022

X-XIL

drroKT"ivaa-ii"
a/couo-t'co?
Kpiais KadecrTrjKev.
Cf

Eum.

CHAPTERS

eVt rot? (poveixriv


(Si/cao-rqpta)
aXXa
e'"mi",

Harpocrat.j1. ".
and
4b.
4*

Aesch.

8 OTToVa
KOI

Pollux, 8. 118

"71.

FOR

/cat

ev
dvadf]p.aTa
rfj'EXXtiSt

aXXa

darrls
A(\(f)ol(Ti

Xo'yoty

\pv(rer)

yueyaXr/.Aeschin.

Kai rqv x^Pav


Kippaiois
(499R) dvaipdr] Hv6La-no\(^(lv

K.

rroXXa

108
KrrjaKf).

dvaOeivai
"

"

eV

"

ra"

'Aprf'/iuSiA?;roi KaC \6rjvqUpovata. Hesych. S. V.


'Afyvas rtp-cvos eV AcX(potf. Harpocr.S. V. ifropafcrd Trapa
Upovatas'

'A7roXXa)"/t
roi ITu^ia) Kai

/cat

rty

Sta
AeX^oif 'A^r;i/a
npoi/at'a

Rei. p.

825

inscr. 43

and

iKfTtvovras

45 'A"ij/a

cv

ra

ro

TTpo

rep(fpw

roy

r?ys

i/aoi)

idpvaQai. Plut. Praec.

llpovataf. Curtius,Anecd.

Ger.

Delphi.

79

Athena

fie (vabs)
TeYaprosDelphi: Paus. 10. 8, 4
Tro'Xecri
A. p. 780 eiVi TOLS
npovoias.DemoSth. K. 'Apto-roy.

Kal
irdo-ais/3a"/xoi
KOL

TO

npo

ndvTav

vca"

TJ ArjTO).

Sic.

Diod.

I I.

of 5e

14

TO^
fJL"VfJ-^XP1

ws
'A6r]i"ds
Ilpovoias

Km

AeXfpoisKaXXiaTos

avrrjv,

ol Se

eVi TTJV
(nepa-at)

VUOV

OTI

Trpovvorjo-ev

OTTCO?

TOV
pavTeiov
o-v\rj(Tiv

'A.6TJVO.S
IlpOVoldS

TT)$

KCII

Upovoia 'A^i/a'ol fJi"V

S. V.
PhotillS,
fepo'i/.

AeXcpolsea-rdvai

eV

rov

vaov

fie TOVTOIS

'AzrdXXcoi/iev

T"U

Trapa

e'yTO

Vf"s evdvs eiVidWi


TOV

eV
6(S"v,

TCOV

6fov}Kal
p,eydXr]s

dyaOrjs

fj."yio-Tos

At

Upovoia.

KaXclTai
'A6r]vas

dia

RELIGION.

GREEK

406

TO

...

p."V

QVV

diecpvyev.
ai^oviaTLV\ irpovoiq
TTJV O-V\Y]"TIV
b

Macrob.

Delos:

At

dill intervenit luno

in insula Delo

Ideo

creditur iuvisse partum.


fabulae

divinae

sed

Providentiae,quam

aedes

referringto the birth of Apollo,


quae
providentiaevicit instantia,

17, 54,

i.

vaov

fidem

ad confirmandam

appellantapta
Upovoias\\6rjvas

celebratur.
religione
? At

ovofjia

Prasiae in Attica
fv

TOV

AeAcpoT? rrpo

Anecd.

Bekk.

TOV

vaov

TOV

TTpovorrjO-aTo

Koi

fTreTa^ev.Id.
TTpoOvfiv

ISpvpcvW Ilpovota 6e

Aio^Sovy.

8' 'A7roXAo"i"TU"V

'AdrjvddydXparos
Ilpovaia

'AnoXXuvos

VTTO
tdpVTai
Trjs'ATTIKTJS
A6r]vaev TIpaaia'is

AriStld. I, p. 23, Dind.

299

p.

)(prjo~iJ.(ooiS)v
TavTrjv

OVTOV

6 M.OVT)Se

Ka\ Ilpovoia
'Epydvrj

K"K\T]Tai.
!l

Athena

""?//uaat

Sylloge.
370, 1. 27
Erythrae: Dittenberg.

Kal 'Adqvds^rj[j.ias
$rjfiiov
.

Zenob.

F.

eirvviov

flpeivTTJV fita TWV


TTJV 'AQrjvav
5- 75 -^ aXXoi fieXeyouo-i

tyrj

Epithetsof the war-goddess.


13

Athena

Horn.
:
'AXaX/coueV?;
a

Aotoi

9. 33,

Oedcov,

'ASrjvrj.
'AXaXKOpevrjis

6e KW/JLTJp.ev
'AXaXxo/zei/ai

fieri
dprjyoves

p.fv MeveXdto

Kal
"Hpr]r' 'Apye/7;

Paus.

//. 4. 7

CQ-TIV

ov

fjLfydXrj yei'eV"ufie
.

avfipopaiiTO^Oovos, TOVTOV
'AXaXKo/iej"eW,
eV
fie TTJSKW/U^S
eVerroir/ro
'ATrwrepco
'AOrjvav
TpacprjvaiXryovtrtV
avTfj TO

6Vop-aof

p.tv dnb

VTTO

vabs
X0ap,aXa"
r^y 'A0r]vas

Kal

fie
rco

cXt"pavros. Cf.
ayaXpa tzp^aloi/

Steph.BjZ.

Ael. Ft2:r.//"/. 12.


erjftaiois
roty
57 (Trepl
reparwj/
'AXaXKopeviov.
eV avTovs
dyovTos) fie r^s 'AQrjvds
'AXegdvdpov
TTJV dvvafjuv
7rpo"pai,vofj(,6V(Dv}
/care^Xe'^^.Strabo,413
ayaXp.aavTOp.dTO)s
TTJSKaXovpfVT]s
'AXaXKOfJifVTjLOOs
.9.57.

TO

('AXaX/co^ei/ai)
e^ei
.

ye

S'

"ai
fepov*A^i/ascr"pofipa
dp^atoi/
rt/nco/xei/oi/,

cvddot
T^J/^eoy yeyevrja-Bai

ovo~a
fj.fydXrj

OVT

ev

cvepKflX^P

0ao-i

del fitereXeo-ei/
/coldnopQrjTos
17 Tro'Xts,

REFERENCES

TO

Bull, de Corr.

In Chios:

Sc

: Paus.
llpop.axdpp,a

TrerroiTjTai

34, 8,

2.

IfpovArj^rpof

p-ev

407

'Afyj/a'AXaXKop.%

KarafTKevijs.
lepov7rept/3dXou

TOV

Athena

X-XIL

Hell. 1877, 82, No.

BvpfTpiKOV
Trr/yp-a dvedr/Kev
84

CHAPTERS

FOR

Kai

Tr/y

Hermione,

near

eV

8e

TrniSds1,
TreTroLTjrai

/3cwrop0/i(u

'A"jvaV

eVi-

6V e'ori TJ/ $ea" Trpojua^dp/ota.


ffXr/aiy
85

I.

Athena

'Apt

At

f(TT\v

Plataea

Areopagus :

Paus.

B.C.).

Paus.

the

near

or

r'H\iov,'fApr))
op.6arai
'A^vaious p-ey AaKfdaip-ovtois

333

2.

\6rjvav'Apdav (circ.
271
b

on

*A.6r)vas
'Apdas,oi/ dvedrjKCV
dno(f)vycc"v
('Ope'f/T^s)
TTJV

torn/
28, 5 /3o"p,ds

8iKY)v. C. I. A..
f

Athens,

At

ia.

de dno
Ifpov. wKit8op.r]6r)

Se

IlXarateCo't

9. 4,

\a(pvpu"va

'

'A.Qr)vas
"TrtK\i)"riv

TTJS

Smyrna: C. /. GV. 3137, in the oath dictated by the SmyrAt'a r^v "'HXioi/"Ap?/\\6r]vav'Apfi'ai/
the Magnesians, 'Op-i-uw
to
naeans
(periodof Diadochi). Athena-worship at Smyrna, id. 3154.
c

At

At

Oath

of EumeneS,

8;

sacrificio

op.vvu" Aia

Inschr.
.

42.

Minervae,
regaliter

quam

Athena

\\pTepidiflvovvi
KOI

Kal
ni

Paus.

8l""s
'AdrjvaiTj
\TjiTiftt,

CollitZ,Dialect.

Inschr.

\\6rjval
dv"0r)K(V
(circ.
450
Athena

rpvaivos
TCI

o?rXa
l"

At

Century

'A%aff
avBa
c

90

8vo

//.

460

IO.

'OSvacrevs

Toi'8*

Megara

3001

Trennra

rjvda.
OTTO

\atas

rav

beKarav

C.).

B.

Paus.

Thebes:

Zcoo-rr/pia at

9. 17, 3

8e 'Ap."/un\rj"riov

evTavda.

C.I. A.

Athens:

B.C.). Cf.

I.

PaUS.

Kal 'ATro'XXcovosKat

I.

Athena

z;.

'A^i/at'as
Zcoor^ptas

273
31,

cV

'Apre"iSos

*ai

(paa-i Xvcrao-#a" 6e

Hesych. J.
a

Kal

rerapra

Xa/3eiz/
Za)(TTT]pias.
yap
'AdrjvdserriK\rjaLV
dydXp-ara\i6iva Xeyouati/

avTov

ov

6i^dp.e^osfnos

KOI

89 a

14,

5.

\rjlri8iAdrjva,ZKTCI 'Epydvr).Cf. Hom.

dvecr^fde^fipi
{/v|/da'
88

facto.

Alcidemon,

vocant

'

13,

hostiis

Ipse (Perseus)centum

51

Olympia:

AT/Irt?at

vol. i, No.

Pergamon,

von

"Apr/\\6i]vav\\pfiar.

Liv.

'AXK/S^os:

Athena

^7

Frankel,

Pergamon:

TOV

Zojo-T^ptSe
A^ToCy.

T"*cfii/

(fifth

TOKOS

feat
^aXao-o-77?

pev

ovv

TOVS

{waTr/paCDS T("op."i"r]i".

Zaxn-fipa' 'AdrjvdsenidfTov

SrpaTta

CTTI

H.

Plut. Praec.

ev

BotcoTia.

Rei. Ger. 80

"Apeos'Ei/i/aXi

'A.61JVO.S,
t'aat

Epidaurus : Cavvadias, Epidaure 90, dedication

'

408
11

92

Wta

Athena

at

'EywAaSor: Hesych.j.

Athena

'

Argos : Paus.
'Hye'Xeooi/.

2aX7uy"
Athena^

tepoV(paviv
2a'X77iyyoy

93

RELIGION.

GREEK

r6 fie "VaXMa eV

MavQovpew, 'innla

Sfoov
p.eV
^wi; (KOf^iadrj
e"/"'
STL rai
elxtv "7riK\n"riv,
6ovp(vo-iv

rov

"

'

";

21,

Paus. 8. 47,

Tegea :

at

2.

tiuivaw

Teye'ar6

fie jrapa

Xo'ywyivopevrjs

rols

rols Mav-

Beols irpos

"3p^a.At Acharnae in Attica:


riyavrasndxrjscV^Xao-f'Ey/"fXdSa"
Paus. i. 31, 6 T" fie 'iTTTr/ai;
found at
'A^i/avopo^afouo-t.Cf. inscription
Menidi:

C. I. A.

Olympia: Paus.

ro

ITTTTO)!/

rfj 'A^i/a rrj 'innia.


587 avaB^ara ave'OrjKtv

2.

5- 15, 6 rfs fie vrpoy

At

e"j8o\oi/
/xeV
KaXov^vov fa-odovrfj

rov

Cf.
Athena

KtXtitfcia at

Sparta: Paus.

3.12,4

5e r^^

rov

0ifi,aiWa^"'w

Kai oi/o/zaVai
lepov'Odvao-fvsfe!8pv(ra"r8ai
eo-Tiv'Adrjvas
ayaX/xaXeyfrat
TO

fie r^p
lopva-aro

oi^sniyi/eXoTriyr
pvqo-nipasSpopcp
viKqaas.
Qelas Ifpa
4

rpia,fiieoT^/coraaXX^Xcov.
dpi6p.q"
air

Uapcia

Athena

lovaiv

'A^i/a XaXmrtff

'AtiTjvav
tepili;'
yap

at

Corinth

^acri*cai cot

...

evQfitra avrq

/cat
X".p("(rcifj."VTi

fan,

Sparta: Paus.

at

20,

3.

fie eV

r^

'Adrjvas
TlapfiasayaXpa
^TrdpTrjs
corrjKev ciriK\Tj(rtv

(K

fie"
*ai

^eipey

Trpoa-coTToj/

rep
/cat

Paus.

a^pot

4,

Athena

Nuo;

vnai6pa".

XaXmYtfio?

^nXii/oV. ro

fie ayaX/zaof

?rc)SeyetVt \CVKOV

at

74

i, p.

fie

WfXovnwrjs

rovro

678

f)vKai
avfiTT"iJi\l/avTfs

ctivtrav ev

Ion

Eur.

Trpocrayopeverai.

1528

p.d rrjv Trapacnrifrvaav


appaaiv
ZTJV}yrfyevris
Ntm^v *A6r)vdv

(TTi.

HpopaQtl Tirdvi Xo^euGelcrav /car' aKpordras

KopvfpdsAtdf,

Eq. 581

36

supra

z.

rrj6e"$. Ib.
aKpoiroXfi

OTTO

'Kedva HoXias

Arist.

22, 4 TS""

'Adrjvq
NIKTJ o~Tt(f)avos Xrjiuv. Soph. Phil. 134 NIKTJ
Et. Mag. 605. 50 Mtv Kal rj 'AOqvaNIKT)
^ del.
f,(rco^et

I, 15

Cf. /"?" 453

goavov

Ib. 2. 471, 14
'AOrjvaias
NtKi/r "TTc"pavos
^pv"rovs.
"'aX"S
Kai r^y ^tnas
T" 'A^m
r^ NiViytrvwTrd/iTreuo-ai/

itnl "vo-Xr]p6va)s
fiovv
2.

'A^Sff

\i6ov.

ev

C.I. A.

*ApKaMas

Trapaftoir)
U^yaa-ovol (BcXXeptxpovrrj)

TW

ITTTTO)

2.

eV

: Paus. i.
Athens,called later*A7rrepof
Cf. 12'" b, vide
fie irpoirvXai"v fiesta
vaos.
'Arrrepov
Nim/r eWw
90

KeXeu-

a"

ITdrva

Nt/en.

:
a)

IloXtoC^eIlaXXas
'

dcpiKovXa/SoCcraTTJV

Trore

RELIGION.

GREEK

410
b

Paus.

At Athens:

I.

24,

Soph. Frag.
'Epyavrfv.

paa-av

yopyamiv

XfiKvoiai

XeiKfa
7rpo(rrpeVecr$ai

etcrt

2.

eWt

...

e'0'ofs

Kai"a

found
inscription

1434,

the

of

Acropolis,Platter part

x"p"ira"

ot

Xqi'aeVere$ero,

ra

fourth

Epydvr],

a"v

trfjv.C. I. A.

2.

oTc"j"ava"Qfls
VTTO

the base

on

century

duuiiais Gpf^a^evrj
reKVvv
re
rdApfJtsr^rjv, 6fa

nvpivoi.

Kapnot

C. I. A.

eTTCOI/O-

686i/ 81)Tra?

/3ar'ek

724

yap

(TTUTO'IS \IKVOKTI Trpoarrpeireo-fa.


Hesych.J.tf.
'Epydvr^v

r??!/ Atos

aTrep

peV

Trpamn

of

statue

Xcptri

B.C.,

ao\

MeXivva
dvcOrjice

yevfav

r^vais

Kal

T"

the

on

rrjvSe

Kredvoov,
nolpav dirapgapevr)
n^waa

fTrovrjcrfv

\apiv

airapx^v dvedrjKev
BaK^ior rfj 'Adrjvaret 'Opydvrj
the theatre of
found near
inscription
OiavtoTtov,

1329
T"V

Herodes.
d

Sparta: Paus.

At

Se "al erepoi/ avroOi

3. 17, 4 eVn

'Epydvrjs
'A.6rjvas

lepov.

Olympia: Paus.

At

HXetW

oi 'HXelot)
'Epydvg.ravrrj
(Bvovaiv

"i-

rov

Qvovcriv ivravda
f

e/cra

6e 3"ai8pvvrai,
/caXou/zet/ot
dnoyovoi"b(idiov,
Trapa
yepas
KaOuipciv,
Trpoo-i^ai/oircoi/
ayaX//aa;r6
(i\r)"pOTfSAtos

^Pyavfl Kfu

T!l

5. 14, 4

npivTJ Xapirpwciv ayaXpa


TO

: Paus.
Megalopolis

At

OVTOI

TO)!/

ro

8. 3.2, 3

upxovrat.

etVi W

8e Kai

"9eot,
7rapeXovTai

8e e'aTiv avrois eViAcX^a-is,


re
^Adr/va
'Epyai/?;
rerpdywvov,'Epydrcii

Thespiae :

At

PaUS.

9.

TTJV Se

26,

'A^wli;r^i/'Epyai/r;i/
/cat

IlXoCroi/

oi

Et. Mag. p. 369. 51


eiroirja-c.
7rapeo-rr?Ko'ra

\\0rjva'Trapa

ro

T"V

icai

XaX^eTa
8e

pov

i"7ro

eVicrraretv,
ravrjyf

epyoov

ray
cvpafJLevrjs

etrn

TWV

vea

Iv rj KOI
Ilvai/e^taii/o?,

TOV

8e (prjrriv
dppr](popoiv TTtnXov did"ovTai. ^avodr]p.os
: cf. Harpocr. Et. Mag. s.v.
coprrjv, aXX' 'U(paio-T(o
TOV

101

Athena

'Epycm?at Samos

102

Athena

'Opyai^ at
OPTANHZ,

Athena

varc-

ev
X^KOV
ort
"Hcpaia-rus
rrj*A.TTIKTJ
re^i/troij/,

rjyfro

de evrj Kal

flpydaaro.

103

re^i/as.

d rives 'AQfjvaia
KaXoixnv.
'AtirfvyiTi,
Suidas,J.Z'. e'opr^

novav

AOHNAH2

'Epydvrf fj

Delos

OVK

Hesych. s.v.

Bull, de

trapa

lepeiai
pera

'Afyvadvca-Qai

T""V
TTJV

5e SO/LWOW ff'Adrjvd.

Corr. Hell. 1882, p. 351

? fifth century.

1884, p. 28, Inscr. 72

at Epidauros:Eph. Arch.
KaXXiepyos

'ATroXXcbi/ioy
(?
rrvpo"popr)(ras
Acopat (?Awpaiou)
'A^T/i/as
Ka)XXiepyou
=

pr)"ras)ZP1
TO

14

Athena

e'ros:

at Teumessos:
TeX^ti/t'a

eorii'
N7i"oXdov

imperialperiod.

ayaX/ta O^K
tepoV,

e^oj/.

Paus. 9. 19,
Cf.

"ai 'A

Stobaeus,Florikg.38. 56

e^oai/(rvvaywyTJs.TeX^ti/ey
dvdpairoi
.

re^irai

Se

ovrts

"FK

/cal

REFERENCES

ra

rwv

npoTepuv
et

15

Athena

36

411

/3acrKa'i/ou.
'Adrjj/as
Xe'yoi

TIS

: Hesych.
'ArjSou/

s.v.

17

C. /. yl.

? Mouo-tK"7at Athens:

'A%a

Trapa

69 T^S-p,ouo-"d)s
(Ad^ms coniec.

2.

Cf. 527.

Boeckh).
17

X-XIL

CHAPTERS

'AfyvasTeX^u/iasayaX^ta 7rpu"Tov iftpvfjKOfj.Tjo-dfj.fvoi

epya

cbarncp

O-O.VTO,

FOR

'

eV Boiama.
Plut. De Mus.
Hesych. s. v. f) A0i/i/a
'ATroXXcora UTT' 'Adrjvaias
avXelv.
1336 B 77 8"i Kopiwu Ka\ di"ax6r)vai
(prjai
Schol. Find. /^'//$.
12. 11.6-12
e^per6 ^e'Xo?
77 yap 'A%5

Athena

Bo^v\ia

TOV

18

Athena

Ma^aj/ms

Paus.

8.

36, 5,

?o-n
Megalopolis,

at

ea-rlv f)6ebs
ort
f$ov\"V[*a.Ta"v
(iriK\r)"nv
Ma^ai/i'rtSo?

oi/

Arist. vol.

fvpens.

109

Athena

TravToluv Kal

Xapires 5'

i.

5,

23,

the

on

Kai TciVTrjs 'Yyifias.Arist. vol.


'Adrjvds
(7TLK\r]"Tiv

I, p. 22,

'

eT

Kepi

avrr)s

rraida flvai
r)i"'A.aK\r)7nov

'Yyifias
rf,

tcmv

Bind.

Paus.

Athens:

'Yyiaa "at

dyaX/jLUTa

I, p. 24,

6e

Acropolis,
Kal
Xeyouo-t.
'A

Dind.

Kal 'Yyifias
j3a)fj.ov
i8pv"ravro.Mitt. d. d. Inst. Ath.
'A^//va9
TrpfafivTaroi
EPOIE^
AUU*
VPIEI
1887 (xii.),
p. 388: cf. p. 154 0EN

ol

..

KaXXts
'Yyi"ia
:='A^'?I/ai'9
published in AeXrtoi/ 'Apxtuo\.1888,
inscription

E"

K A IAN

vyifia

C. I. A.

(Ho)Kfpapfvs
av(6fK.e)v
Ev(ppovios(ft

TratSi Aioy

av

(H)

peyaXo.

rovra)

Kal

(6 YlfpiK\rjs}
dveaTijaev
'\6rjvds
^aX/coCyaynX/ua7779 'Yyteta?
Kal rrporfpov f)i",
a)j
Xeyoucrt. C. I. A. 2,
os
TQV
(3(ap,bv

TO

aKpoTToXfinapa

163,

a-rvap\"v

'A^i/aioy.
r^ 'Yyieia
IIvppos eVoi^crei/
r^ 'A^r/i/a/a
'Adi/paloi
Pericl. 13 ewl
(on the occasion of the recovery of his

workman)
ev

p. 95, 3

335

I.

Cf. Plut.

Kal dve6r)Kf.Cf. fifthcentury


fTroirja-f

vide S6z.

At

Acharnae

At

Hieron

Second

Paus.

eWii' *Yyt"'as.
'A^/i/as
j3a"/itos

31,

Epidaurus: Cavvadias,Epidaure

near

century

i.

A.D.,

TOV
*".6r)va
'Yyida6 ifpevs

49,

inscription

MdpKos
SuTijpos'Ao-KXriTTiov

'lovviosAa$ov%os.
0

Athena

Ilaiuvia

Athens

at

PaUS.

I"

evTuvOd

2, 5

COTIV

'Adrjvds

Haiuvias.
"iya\fj.a
11

At

Tvape^fTai

Kal

Oropus
de 6

? Athena

KaddpviovavTJjv
113

115

Athena
Aio?

PaUS.

I.

fla^bs pepf)'

fTi
IlavaKfias,

12

34,
"

"

8e 'lao-oCsKai

'flpWTrtWi"ao'sre
$e eVrt

TfTapTT)

TOV

eoTTii/

'A/n^iapaov
.

'AtypodiTrjs
/3a"/iou
fiolpa

ILaiotvLas.
'Yyteuis 'Adrjvds

: Arist.
Ka^dpo-toy

/cat

Dind.

"e Kai tepeis


vol. I, p. 26 7Tpo"p^rat

eViKaXouvrat.

Syll.370.
at Erythrae: Dittenberg.
'ATrorpoTrata
a

Kal 'Atfr/i/
dnoTponaiov

1. 70,

RELIGION.

GREEK

412
b

Rome

At

114

Athena
At

'A6dva arrorpoTraiq

2a"r"pa

Athens

Asea

aat

C. I. A.

fdvnv rds

6vaias

re

/$.

Cf. 325, 326, 469. 21.


riy'A0r)va
777 Soora'pa.
6 Trarfjp
GvyarepaKavrj^oprjcracrav

Kin

Cf. inscription
on
ave6r]K.av.

17

'ATToXXaw'ai/

1387

KOI

/. y4. 3. 281.

theatre,C.

Hell.

Corr.

de

inscription
containingtemple-accounts,

1882,

22,

nXegavri ets
o-recpdvovs

TOVS

ro"

SwTeipa
2cor^ptyA.6rjva

Ovcriav 'ATroXAcoi/i'Apre/ziSt
A?/roi Ait

SCOTCH

r""

/eat

Bull,

Au

T"

Au
O-COT^/JI 'A^/yi/a
o-a"Teipa
p-fjrrjp

of Attic

Delos

2a"rftpa in

Athena

seat

5939.

vide 17e.

305

2.

C. 1. Gr.

oraculo

ex

(secondC6n-

tury B.C.).
15

Athena

Sums

lepov
(rovTlovTivov]

re

Cult-titlesand
116

Athena

SvXXav/as

"a

tepov

SvXAcw'a

at

Sparta:

eVi

Kopvcpfjrov

Athena

with
'A-norpoTraia

(1

Athena

\JLQVO..

Plut.

Lye.

6 Ai6? 2vAXuWou

Kal'AQrjvZs

Sparta: Paus.
Zeus

e'o-n

3. n,

/cu

at Erythrae1I3.
'ATroT/^oTralof

AeV/3ou,e'v
^copi'oy
'YnfpSegiov.
: Sieph.Byz.S.V.
'YTrepSf^ia
'YTrcpSe^/a.
'YTrepfte^ios'Afljjva

Zfi"s

KOI

ZeUS

and
2a"TJ7/3

Zeus

and
Krfja-ios

Zeus

In

1:"b.
'Adrjva
Scbrfipa,

ndrpiosand
the Peiraeeus

earl
iA0rjvas

1882, p.

avdpfvs

TOV

343

Athena

65.
Kr^o-t'a,

Athena

Uarpia at Anaphe, 40.

Paus.

Atos- refievos'

KCK

Delos

At

Zeus

and

Athena
.

KvvBia)

Au

Zevs

a^iovTWV

KwGia

o-cor^pa
IiTo\(p.aiov

(Vfpyerrjv

'AdrjvaAivdia and

I, 3 feas de

ei"

KOI

UfipaifludXtara

dyaX/inra,
e^ei

^aX/coi}
p.ev a/M0oVepara

Kvv6ms

Bao-iXe'a

eavrov

I.

Zeus
Zcvs

and
^rjfjLios

Athena

and
'O/xoXcoi'os

'A\"^'ApdosIlToXf/Jiaiov

'AOyvqKvvffiq.

Uo\i"vs, vide

45

; Athena

Polias with Zeus

81.
"r)p.ia,

Athena

'OpoXwisin Boeotia,42.

Ritual.
ll7

Diod. Sic. 5. 56 (paalTOVS

"Vf-yK(1v
TTvp

(TTidelvai TO.

pfv

e
'HXtaSas fita rrjv "nrov?)T)V

TOV
BvfjLura,

6e 6

Bull, de Corr. Hell.

Amorgos, 88g; at los,38h.


1

opovs

I8pvardp."vov.

36, 8

2.

with Zeus.

cults shared

S"^/a at

Paus.

en

Athena

Satridos epe'mia
'Adr/vcis

at

Lerna

near

de

Tore

ftcKTiXfvovTara"v

'

REFERENCES
"ri
KeVpoTra

Trvpbs0v"rai

roO

Worship of

6"/.7. 48.

CHAPTERS

T^V 0eov
18d

Athena

X-XIL

413

dionfp(pacri
6\ap."W ^Xpi

vvrtpov.

"idioveV rfj'Po6"" /cat

TTJV 6vviav

Kara

FOR

Alea,

eV avr^

rov

vvv

TO

Kadtdpvadat.Cf. Find.

ndvdpovos and the epp^d"ot) 26;


28;Panathenaic ritual,
27; UpoXapl(rTfjpia,
3Gn,o? z
Scirophoria,
priestof
;

Athena

Honoris

38

Tegea,
of Athena
priest
at

Reg. p. 421 ;
priestof Athena

; of

"

Athena

Lindia

Phaselis,
38";

at

Carpathos,
Geogr.

at

Amyclae, 38b;boy-

at

Elatea,58. Sacrificialanimals,Iliad 11.728

Kpavaia at

/3oC^ayfXet^i/.
Ovid, jl/f/.4. 754 Mactatur
yXawca"7ri8i
Airap 'A^i/ai'jy
Sow

Minervae.
//.

^Xea

547

2.

8e

Arch.
relief,
.""/;.

votive

on

rrj'A^m

Bvovatv

Male

6eu.

^uetp

ou

Varro, De

24

on

the

Bvvai

r"y

Xeytratrfj
2.

e'^oy ^
'Afyi/Sy

vide Zeus-ritual,
Acropolis,

caprinigenerisnihil

etiam Athenis

nomine

KOI

Se h

Tbv

10

ri]vtipctav
8e, (pan, n"

2, 19 ut Minervae

i.

27,

i.

sacrifice at Ilium, C. /. Gr.

in

non

arcem

sacrificium.

ad necessarium

semel

inigipraeterquam

Kal

hoc

propter oleam

immolarent

the

in

Schol.

9.

cf. Eust" //. p. 283. 34.

eXdaai
dicpciroXiv

rrjv

of goats

Rust.

re

fs

victims

dp.vf)v. Sacrifice

100.

p.

female

and

EllSt. //. p. 1752.

889.

p.

Orjaevs

vartpov

ravpov

1886, ntV.

Tavpopfaos: Paus.

Suidas, s.v.
Bull-sacrifice,
Uapa6"vi

cf. 35^

3^1

vacca

Cult-monuments.
Nat.

Ad
Tertullian,
Pallas Attica

i.

Raria

et Ceres

a
distinguitur
rudi palo et
effigie

quanto

12

sine

quae

crucis

stipite
informi ligno

prostant.
9

120

At

Anth.

Pal.

1G

Tritogeneiaby Hypatodorus,

Athena

Aliphera:

576

9.

ri

dopv

KO\

UpKfl TO)

Cf. !'sc.

TpiroyeVeta,

crbv

f.

TTJV

Kvrrpiv apri

ecrriv' (/JLOV fie

(TCIKOS

KflvOS 6
p.T]\U)

TO

p.e

7Vp\V7TO\fp,OS.

Seated Athena.
At Ilium

Strabo,60

epfpaivct
Oprjpos $e Ka6rjp.fi/ov
.

Kaor)p.tva
b

dctKVvrai,
Kaddnep

ev

Paus.

i.

26,

TT/S

II). 7.

5?

8e

ru"v

4"a)^ni'aMaa'O'aXia

4, at Athens

*E"m

6e

TroXXa

"6avovvvv

TO

on

KaXXtas
uyaX/Lta,
tTTiypafifjM*x.()V *"s
c

'A^^mf

fv

the

%tipu"v

elvai. Cf.

Koi
"\fi,

enl rrjs

Acropolis,
de

"

TroirjO'ftf
p."t" nvadeirj

'Epvdpms

TloKidftos
*A.6r]vas

KOI

Christ.

C.

14

TO

vabs

/cat

fjXaKUTrjV eKarepa
ev

'Ei/Soi'ouT(xvr)v

TOUTO
770X0^,
KcfpaXrjs

Athenag.Leg.pro

oparat,

rrjs
dp^at'coj/
'PaipyXi'a)aXXaty

eVt dpdvov KOL


re
ayaX/ia"uXou p.(yc0"i
/^eya K.a6r)p."vov
T"V

p.ev fCTTTjKos

p.(v yap

lv

fTfKp.aipop.f6a

'E^fVo)rrjs'Ap-

GREEK

4H
Koi

TTjs'Afyvas

TO

Koi

RELIGION.
"Ev"oios etpyaVaro
Kadrjutvrjv

Tr)V

AatSaXov.
d

Seated

Minervae
122

Minerva

in Rome:

Suet.

gremio imposuit,alendamque

Athena

Polias'

Schol.

image

at Athens

Androt.

DemOSth.

exaXflro IloXtttSoy'AQrjvas
8ia

Arist. Av.

826

"V

rpia

p,ev

26,

i.

Drusillam

commendavit.
6

vide 35.

dyaXuaTa

yap

r\v

rfi

ev

f" dpx^js
e" eXaids,
yfv6fJL"VOV

avrrjsflvai rf}VrroXiv.

TO

ris 8a\ 6cos

EY.
v

HE.

T'L 5*

EY.

Kal

ra"

avovj,ev

TOV

IloXtdSa

av

yivoiT

en

'

TroXts,

CVTCIKTOS

av

Qfbs yvvr] yfyovvlaTravonXiav


de Kepnida
f\ovaa EXeLcrdevrjs
;

eo-TrjK

Elec.
P'urip.

ernt

'A.0r]vaiav
eoo/iei"

OVK

Trios

OTTOV

1254:

'EX$coi" 8

Seivols

IIaXX(iSo9
'A^j^i/ar,

8paKov(ni")
uxne

crov

Alciphl".
Ep.

3. 5^5 4

crcfjivov /Spe'ra?

pr)

yopyaxp vrrfpT"ivov(Td
e

Paus.
R

p. 597

luliam

instituendam

et

rrjs AOrjvas"V Stacpopots


aKpoTToXei
TOTTOIS,
onep

Cah'g. 25

tpolyevoiTO,

KVK\OV.

Kapa

'

Trpop-a^f

Kal TroXiov^e
$.(FT"OS
A.drjva.

Kal (BiovdnoXiTTflv.
'A6f]vr](n ^fjcrai
KOI

123

Palladia:

Schol. //. 6. 88

$*
rj^ffjiecrdai.!
f'xflv

arep/xara

Kal

cpaal

TO

eV
^XaKar^y,

dvSpos(Fmyoj)
8opav
Kal
r^ K"(pa\yrroXiv (?rroXovj

StoTrcrey
Se

^opu.
Ttj8f^taXflP*1

cv

Apollod.3.

12,

TJV Se

(TO StOTreresnaXXaSiof

/zeye^fi
rpiTT^u,

TW

icat
e'xov,
-VjU^e/Sr/Kos,
r^ /ueVSf"ia 8opu diripufvov
rll

Kai

TpcocovKaTotKias

KOI
'PtofJ-y

fv

KaTap.vo~ai

Kal
AaovtvLcp

Amphissa

PaUS.

of

'iXi'onKal dvai
e

nalis

Adv.

Arnob.

iKfTtdv
TU"V
dT7oa"rrwp.evu)V
fj,v6fvovcriv

ev

AovKfpiqKal

38, 5

IO.

esse

Xacpvpvv rwv
Nat.

"K

TO"I/

eV

2ipm8i

Kal yap

'

'iXias "6r]vaKaXeirai

eV de TJJaKponoXd

'

vaos

Qoavros

o-fptcriv

(j)ao~iv

Tpot'a?.

4. 16 Nonne

speciesMinervarum

cunctis dari.

Heraclea, -njs

Tijs'A.dr]vas
I8pvTTJS 'iXtriSo?"6avoi"

de virb
/co^iicr^i/ai
ayaXaa opObv ^aX/Koi)
TTfTroirjfjL"vov}

Kal

e"

At

TO

T"Kfjir]piOV TTOLOvvrai

fjifvov avTodi,onep

Iv

erepa

arpaKrov.

Strabo, 264, speaking of Troike, the port

$*

et

vides

in

omnibus
Capitoliis

innuptarum his formas

virgi-

ab artificibus

FOR

REFERENCES
f

Acham.

Schol. Ar.

ayaXpara
!4

CHAPTERS

eV T"TS 7rpa"palf

IlaXXaSm

546

'Ayopaiaat Byzantium

Chthoniata,
pp. 738-739

o-r^X^eV

eVrof eVi

TO

TroS^p^ 8i ^

MtVpa S' "Apeosr^

^ aroX^'

dxe 8e
lTfpu"r"f"iyyfv.

Karri rols arepvots

"v
a^tVa)!/
0^171;

wpAffro

"at

IKW"S
?^v duiXrjQvla
.

avr^v
6 fieye

ai/areii/d/iej/off
""aXo!/eZff ^So^y
doXtxo'Seipo*
TW
"/)a)z.^
Trpoo-pe'i/ei
/zetXt^oi/

et

TTOWI
o"p#nXp.ouytpe'pa)

TOL/S-

rJ)ff
(pdpa,

m"8a"8" "Wi/8u/Li"

Niketas

'iroS"J
rpia/cafia

"

a"y

t"s
Xei\r)86"av Trnpel^ot/

Ta

Tpiijpaw

TO} Kwi/trrami/ei'w

6'p"OI/

T" ^X^W

pe*

TOW

///"/. ^.
Cor/.*SV;v"/.

a^atve
'A"Var tfyaX/ia'

r,v

415

"5X"/arqy 'Atfjji/

ni/a

Athena

Mapa

X-XIL

peo/ifi/oi/

iTrnovpis

erriKft-

ra

f"r0f)TOs
ai/fVreXXf,
drepa 8' eKreivop.^rrpos K\1p.aTO

iXf TTJV

Kf(pa\T]V
rjpepa

NUCJ;'A^i/a:
TJ;

pev

eV

8e^ia poor,

8e

Athena

aydXpaTa

(paaiv

Paus.
8e

TO

row

I.

8,

"Apeco?

eo-Tiv

eV^a
t'epoV,

T^
'AX/capeV^y,
"Apecoyfnoirjaev

AoKpos.

Minervam
Pliny,34. 77 Demetrius (fecit)
(libr.
myctica)appellatur;dracones in gorgone eius ad

Athena

musica?

Movo-"^:

citharae tinnitu

PaUS. 9. 40, 3 "o'arafv


Daedalus.
At

Cleonae

quae
ictus

resonant.

airrepov,

eVtparoTrap''Atirjvaiois,

'AyXancpuvraTTT^TJV tpyda-aaOatTTJV

of 5e

CIVTU"

Kpavos,

oai/oj;

*ai Tov"Epa)Ta
eirrcptbTJ)I/
Nt'/cr/i/

TO

'AfppoSirrjs
Kf'iTm,
8e

Nt^s 'ws

rreplaKporruXfcos.

at Athens:
(?'Apeta)

fiyo pei/

8e

ort

fva"vvpa"

vewTfptKov

'Afyvavavrjp Ildpios,ovopa
7

TV

7;.

ev

Arist. ^4z/. 573

"ApXcwoi"yap

!6

Harpocrat.J.
Trfpit]yr]Tr}S

Schol.
"r6aC

eVcel.
eyjcXei/o/zei/^i/

Trcoy

6
'HXto'Scopos-

Kfv

8e

"

vortov

PaUS.

2.

15,

K-prjrrj
.

work
'A0r)va
Trapa KVOHTIOLS,

TO
fepov'AOrjvas,

eW^

dc fivat AatSaXov
ical At7roii/ov,
80? re'^i/i;
p.(i6jjTas

o-^ay

de
.

of

ayaX/za2/cuXXi-

(eWXoucri).
'

19

Kpavos

At

e7riKeip."vr]vKCU

dual Mcdovros
180

J1

Athena

86pv

temple of

Hera:

Ktii dcnrida e^ouo-ai/

Paus.

5. 17,

rfc Ati^a*

Xeyovatvcpyov
AaKedaipoviov

peV Aoj/ra).
(leg.

by Endoeus, 18*".

Alea

Athena

by

ZStvuis

TTJSdfov
IpydvaTO
132

in the

Olympia

TO

Gallon:

Paus.

2.

32,

5, at

Troezen,

GVTO

8e

"6avov KciXXcoi/ AlytvrjTrjs.

"a\ ["o]^iu(g)
Lowy, Inschr. Griech. Bildhauer, 38 KaXXt'Jas
(Troirjo-dTrjv.
'Qddev. KptVtJos N^o-[t]a"T;;ff
dnapxr)V
^ 'A^Jf/i/ai'a
/tat

At

Samos

in the

temple of

Hera:

Strabo,637 rpiaMvpwos

epya

416

GREEK

enl pius ftdcretos


ifipu/zfVa

o.

Am

RELIGION.

rfjv'A$/paV Kai

'HpnicXtn.

TOV

tov

Be

6"oi/

es

....

Pheidias'
134

Athena

Pellene

at

in Achaea

3""i8iavSe etVat

xpvo~ov'

CU

re
uKpOTToXei

CLVTOV

7. 27,

r^

*ara

f\e(pavTos Se
eVi^coptou
i/ao's,

p-tv

KOL

TlXaraicus

cv

ro

e'rtr)ev

elpya.o~ij.evov
"pao~t Trporepov

roi"

A0ijvaia"v

rrj

Paus.

TroXti/ e'arii/*A0Tjvas
\i0ov

rr)v

TTJ

works.

rrjs'A^va?

Troir/trai

ra

dyaXuara.
!5

Plataea

At

de ol

em'^'pucroi/,
TTpocrutTrov

p.eyedos
p.ev

fitrt*

Se

130

Athens

At

drjTI

TTJV "K\

ot

"7Tfipyacrp."i"a

DeniOSth.

F ah.

rnyr^o"!
.

(TTfloV

vrapa

f]TToXtS

es

Mvi"'
.

Sovw'ou

tcrrus
7rpoa7T\eovo-iv

" 272"OX//?

p. 428,

ovo-^s-

fj.6vov
'Ad^i/ds)
(ayaXpa
onep

npop-d^ov*A0r)vds.Anthol.
els
TiTrre

rj

p. 597

oi

TO.

a?r6

ro

^aX"oi)

MapaOcovi e/caXeiro

ev

Graec. Planud.

'E\\t)V(i)V

TtoV

4. 157

Se

6fO7iXoi/ tA6rjvdv'
'Adfjvais

fv

TTJV

Soparoj

8("tds eo~Tr)Kev, f/vdpi-

Androt.

firoirjtrav viKr/aavTes

eVrtj/

aXAa

r^s-

"fpa?

8oVTO)V
(Bctp@dpOVS
7TO\6p.OV,

TOVS

TTpOS

4"e6Sioi"'

rrjs'Aflrjvas
r) TOV

Tavrrjs

28,

i.

Mapa^coi/a
aTro/Sairooi',
Tf%vr]

ra{)r'dvfGrjKCV.
Schol. DeniOSth.
Xpf)f.iaTa

ToCro

^eiSt'as
.

Paus.

Acropolis:

Ti^y^'aXicTji/
r?)fpfyaXrjv^AQqvavCK

TOU

IIei/reX^(7tou

KCU
ova
Kevravpovs (p.d^r)v\

rrpos

Kpdvovs OTTO

Leg.

the

on

ru"v
Mr]8u"i"

XeyovcriropfvaaL
TOV

TrdSe? Xi'$ou roi)

Kai

Tijsd(TTri$n$Aamdcoi'

"ai 6 \6fpos
ai'x/n))

S^ nyaX/za goavov ea-nv

juei/

rrjseV aKporroXei
^a\Kr)s

Athena

(iyaXp-a'Adnvas
xaXxovv dno
Knt

imodd

ro

TO
r^? ^Adrjvas
ayoX/xanoirjaas.

bronze

9. 4,

%f~ipes
axpai

/cat

TTU\V

ov

nXarntefo'ii' ^

/cat

85b;Paus.

vide

TpiTuytveia

/zeVcra)
;

acrrci

Kopvrrcrfai

et'^fIlocretSacov' (peidfo
KfKpOTTtrjs.
^
feat

Athena
xpvaov

Parthenos:
TTfTroirjTiii.

*ra$' fKaTfpov

de

p.ei"o^y

/ueaw

eV ^ITCOVL

e\e(pavToseVrtv

24, 5 atn-6

I.

Kpdvovsypvnes

TOV

^A6r)vas
op66veoTW
crr]S

PaUS.

eniKCirai

flatv

Kat

xai

ot

ol

ro
e'Xe'0avros
"yaAp.a

re

Kpdvei2(piyy6?

rw

fiKtav

eVfipyao-peVot
.

TroS^pct,

KOI
(p.Trenoirjfj.fvrj,

rfl(erepaj
^ftpt fiopue^et,

?K

oe

Trpos

ot

Kara

ro

NIKTJVovov
rot?

ro

crTepvov
re

Troo'ii'a^rTrif

5' di/
f'irj

Se

TTTJ-^WV^ iv Be

TrXfjcriov

KeZrat,fat

eVri
6 Spa*ca)i/'

TOV

Phidian

famam

clarissimum

nemo
intelligunt,

qui opera

eius

esse

per

gentes, quae

omnes

dubitat,sed

ut

laudari

ayaX/zar^s

OVTOS
dopaTosopaK"v ecrTiv'
'Ept^^oftos
^V.
(BdOpa*
dydX/juiTos
fVetpyao-peVr;
IlavScopa?
yei/eo-ty. Pliny,

TOV

f)K"pa\rjMeftov-

reo"o~apa)v
re

merito

lovis

Se

ZT.

ra"

36.

Olympii

sciant

videre

etiam

proferemus argumenta parva et ingenitanMinervae


turn.
utemur
non
Neque ad hoc lovis Olympii pulcritudine
Athenis factae amplitudine,
sit ea cubitorum
ebore
cum
viginti
sex,
haec et auro
sed in scuto eius Amazonum
constat
praeliumcaelavit
non

"

"

4i8

tva

RELIGION.

GREEK

avr\

virb

Kpdvovs
N.

Ross,

Paros,

rrjs

TOVTOV

Mus.

Rhein.

oi

fleov

7.

KaXXos

TO

521

p.

IlaXXas

NeiKf/p

xfP"L

@l

XP11"

ou

'

Dind.

8e,

ro"ro

556

p.

2,

137

Pliny,

Minervae

138

139

T(S

ev

#.

Athena

iipovaia

Athena,

6p6va"

by

KOI

Athena

Trapf

Thebes,

at

Praxiteles,

(TTcno-as

Kpavaia,

TOVTO

y',

8r]p,Lovpyu"

ei

8e

rois

jSouXet,

r^i/

e'Xe^ai/-

r^i/ Arjp.vi.av,
r]8ovfjs

Ofarais

intus

clipeum

qui

jLiev

pinxit

e\et'

Elide

Colotes.

edca(rdp.r]v.

vaov

Xeya)

i^j)Aia

Kai

rw

aXXiyy

es

^apira.

Panaenum

54

35.

fecerat

quam

Sfdrpto

140

TV.

aperr}?

p.ev

Trarpid'

OTTO

yA6fjvr](Tiv 'A"pa,

r?)i/ ^aXfc^,

7ai'??)

e"7r*

"

ep^op-evrj'

3"ei$iaKr]v

"y

/3oyX",

ei

Trdrprjs

dvedrjKG

TIa(f)Lois
Aristid.

KvTrpiv

ffpos

"

^f'""'

("

at
"

"O7rXa"i'

from

Inscription

KpvnTOiTO.

by

at

Scopas

Mantinea

fifol^crav 'AOrjvav
by

the

sons

8e

Upa^ireXjjs

of

Paus.

78a.

8.

ayaX/iara

ra

Kal

vide

"H^rjv

Polycles

TralSa

vide

9,

avTrjv

"Upas.
58.

*Hpas

*"u

T"

-rrpos

Ka6rjp.evr]V

GEOGRAPHICAL

REGISTER

ATHENA

Attica:
64

]18

b
c

121

72

71

C9

67

122

unde

vidos

At

simulacrum

fif

coelo

109

106

'lU

110

lo.

est.

ol

nepl

Lydus,

'

2.

De

nubibus

fuisse,

tantum
'

Mens.

Ifpa

166

3.

21

"/

egrjyrjral
KCU

27rep^6t'ou
Trora/zoOleparfveiv

TOV

JMiill.

Pherecydes,

^H.

Athenas

ndrpia

TO.

err\ TJJS yecpvpas

TO

Serv.

lapsum, quod

depositum, apud

dicta

Cf.

worship

Graec.

Hist.

Frag.

i.

trefivov

yap

of Athena

C.I.

HaXX^is:

Ipov.
naXX^i/i'cW 'AQrjvalijs

62

V.

de erepos

31, 4 Naos

I.

S.

A.

Eur.

At'as *A6dvas.

e*c7repcoi/ Trayoi/

Paus.

Phlye :

101.

i.

222,

Heracl.
Ib.

1031

273

224,

849

naXX??-

Stay

napoiOev

Hapdevov na\\rfvidos.
ex."l

Popovs

Atoy
.

KTT)(TIOV

'A.8r)vas.
Ttflpwvrjs

Kal
f

lOOb

y^vpiar^s ?

Ilapdtvovna\\T)vi8os. Cf. Hesych.


6

99

ni.

Pallene:
Herod,

08

Athena

ye(f"vpdioi
iravres

Oropus,
d

b.

yecpvpio-Tys

naXXadco).

T""

^ 2,^2*^27^2^ 34^s^ se^3;^ 43? "d


96

1S6

ponte

dia
tiiVOfMa^ovro

unum

in

et

TrdXai

TO

10D

alii

sane

et

89

127

126

93a,

advectum

85

1-4,

",w.

Acharnae,
dicunt

77

125

"a

Colonus,

74

CULTS.

"a

2, 4a-b?

Athens

OF

34.

Academia,
Sunium,

deposited

and

XaX/ti'Si

ev

C. I. A.

17

2.

Athens

between

Aegina:

A.

I.

C.

Chalcis:

13.

i.

528

tv

inscriptioncontaining treaty of alliance


Attic
in the second
Chalcis
confederacy,
T"U

opos

ifpa"

rrjs 'A-drjvaias.

Tf^vovs 'Afyvaias,dedicated

by

Athenian

cleruchs.

Boeotia, 107,32,16d.
Thebes, 42,60,78a, ^a.
Alalcomenae,

16e,83.

Coronea, al.
135.
Plataea, 85*",
At

Thespiae,

At

Teumessos,

Thisbe:

98g.

Roehl,

104.
Inscr.

dva, fifth century

Ant.

Graec.
B.C.

148.

C.

I. Gr.

'

1592

Potrebbero piacerti anche