Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ING TRANSFORMER
presented for
Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering
in the
University of
Christchurch, New Zealand.
RGM* DUKE
B Sc., BGE. (
1979
), M.E.
ent~ring
into another
ii
TABLE OF
List of Illustrations
List
Glossary
Abstract
Acknowledgements
ii
xv
xvi
xxiv
xxv
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:
2.1
Operation of the
Voltage Booster
Operation
the
Voltage Bucker
2.2
11
2.3
26
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
CHAPTER 3
3.1
26
27
Use
a Three-Phase
Three-Winding
THE
27
UNIT
29
Gate
3 1 1
led Thyristors
3 1.2
3.1.2.1
3 1.2.2
30
31
Booster
Operation
33
3 1 2.3
36
3 2
CHAPTER 4
4.1
48
Component Representation
49
4.1.1
49
4.1.2
Thyristors
50
4.1.3
Transformers
52
4.1.4
Transmission
54
4.2
Method
4.3
56
4.3.1
Node Segregation
57
4.3.2
Branch Equations
58
4.4
Analysis
4.3.2.1
Resistive Branches
4.3.2.2
Inductive Branches
59
4.3.4
State-Space Formulation
61
62
4.4.2
Implicit Integration of
the State Vector
62
63
4 5
5. 1
58
4.3.3
4.4.1
CHAPTER 5:
55
THE COMPUTER
Disconti
63
PROG&~MME
65
Network
Data Input
Equations
5.1 1
67
Input
5.1 1.1
67
Data
5 1.1 2
Control Data
5 1.1.3
In
68
68
Data
69
5 1.2
5.1 2.1
70
Renurnbering
70
Network
72
Determination of Variables
for Thyristor Model
72
5.1.2.2
5.2
Modification
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
Determination of
Thyristor Currents
74
5.2.1.2
75
5.2.1.3
Thyristor Turn ON
77
5.2.2
79
Topological Changes
5.3
Determination
5.4
Solution
5.5
Output
86
89
6.1
Initial Conditions
91
6.2
97
6.3
101
CHAPTER 6:
6.3.1
6.3.2
Integration Step-Length
101
Dynamic Simulation
B 25 kVA Trans
'103
6.3.2.1
'10 I!,
6.3.2.2
107
6 3.3
7.1
86
Measurement
Transformer Parameters
Connection
6.3.2.3
CHAPTER 7:
83
ion
107
112;
VOLTAGE REGULATION
of Existing Tap-Changing
'114
7 2
Fixed-Tap
Changer
'j
7.2 1
118
7.2.1.1
Load
120
7.2.1.2
Harmonic Content
121
7.2.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
Voltage Bucking
'128
7.2.2.1
131
7.2.2.2
Harmonic Content
133
Computer Simulation
A
c Alternative
to the Transformer On-Load Tap-Changer
137
Discussion
139
7.4.1
CHAPTER 8:
16
143
144
8.1.2
147
8.1.2.1
Harmonic Content
151
8.1.2.2
155
156
8.1.3
8 1.3.1
Harmonic Content
9.1.3.2
Fundamental
16
8.1.4
Trans
8 2
'164
1
168
8.3
CHAPTER 9:
ion
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT
9.1
9.2
173
173
lizing
Quadrature Vol
'177
9.2 1
179
9 3
18
9 3" 1
ity
Two
90301 1
Trans
Improvement
9.301.2
9.4
CHAPTER 10:
18
183
184
Conclusions
186
CONCLUSIONS
187
REFERENCES
192
APPENDICES
1:
195
2:
196
3:
'199
4:
200
5:
TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS
201
AS.1
8 25 kVA Transformer
201
AS.2
Series Transformer
202
6:
A6.1
Network Relationships
20
A602
Node Segregation
204
205
A6 3
20
CUrrent
A6 5
State~
A6 6
Solut
.601
20B
211
of Network Equations
Implic
the
211
.6.2
214
.6 3
Change
State
215
7:
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
216
8:
FOURIER
218
9:
219
Harmonic Frequency
219
A9.1
.2
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
Error
Transformation Accuracy
Waveform
a Compo
224
226
231
237
THYRISTOR-CONTROLLED QUADRATURE
BOOSTING
238
244
ii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Thyristor~Control
1.1
Simple
2.1
Basic
2.2
Theoretical Waveforms
2.3
Theoretical Waveforms -
2 4
11
2.5
13
2.6
14
2.7
15
2.8
16
2.9
17
2.10
18
2. 11
19
2.12
20
2.13
22
23
2.15
28
2.16
Quadrature
2.14
Voltage Booster
~
Voltage Boost
In-Phase Voltage Buck
Booster
10
28
3.1
30
3 2
32
3.3
Booster
Logic
34
3 4
37
3.5
3 6
35
IIMicrone li
e Transformer Output
38
3~7(a)
The Thyri
Voltage Regulator - Front View
40
The Thyristor-Controlled
Voltage Regulator
Rear View
41
3.8
43
3.9
Firing Ang
44
4. 1
50
4,2
50
4.3
Three-Wind
52
4.4
Per
55
4.5
Resist
Branch
58
4.6
Inductive Branch
59
5.1
66
5.2
73
5.3
74
5.4
Determination of
istor Currents
76
5.5
Determination
78
5.6
84
5.7
85
5.8
87
6 1
91
6.2
Case (a)
93
6.3
6.4
In~Phase
6 5
96
6.6
Test Waveform
98
3.7(b)
6.7
6 8
Transformer
Initial Condit
Voltage Booster
Test Waveform
94
95
100
100
6 9
Two-Winding Trans
101
6.10
105
6. 11
106
6.12
Star/Delta/Star Voltages
108
6.13
Star/Delta/Star Currents
109
6.14
Node
110
Winding
6.15
Star/Delta/Delta Voltages
111
7. 1
116
119
119
7.4
120
7.5
12 'I
7.2
7.3
(a)
(b)
Phase Shift
Fundamental
(degrees)
7.6
122
7.7
122
7.8
'122
7.9
123
7.10
Voltage Across
Winding of
(V )
T
7. 11
(4 0 V/cm)
'12
Winding
(0.4 A/cm)
"123
Content at Supply
124
7.12
Maximum
7.13
125
7.14
126
7 15"
Supply Vol
126
7.16
(0 1 A/cm)
7 17
127
Typical Supply
129
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7 22
Oscillograms
and Current
Typical
129
Oscillograms
Typical Voltage VT
and Transformer Currents
Oscillograrns of Typical
Load Voltages
130
Three~Phase
131
132
(a)
(b)
133
7.23
133
7.24
7.25
134
7.26
134
7.27
135
7.28
134
135
7.29
136
7.30
136
7 31
Maximum
Content
Load Currents
Supply
'I
7.32
Comb
7.33
142
8. 1
145
Boosting
8.2
8 3
Bucking Unit
140
146
8 4
148
8 5
Voltage and
149
150
8.6
8.7
Oscillograms
Typical Three-Phase
Booster Busbar Voltages
150
8.8
151
8.9
Supply
152
8.10
15
152
8.12
153
8.13
153
8.14
8.15
154
8.16
154
8.17
155
8.18
156
8. 19
Oscillograms of Typical
and Line Current
157
8 11
8.20
Vol
Volt
Oscillograms of Typical
Voltage
Currents
Booster
B. 1
15
158
Va
'15
8.22
"'5
8.23
8.24
8 25
8.26"
Supply Voltage (V )
M
(I )
Supply
M
(0.0 V/cm)
160
(0 04 A/cm)
160
(V )
L
sion Line Current (I )
L
(0.016 A/em)
Booster
(2.0 V/em)
160
161
ii
8 27
(VG)
8 28
Current (I )
G
{O 2 V/cm}
161
(0 016 A/cm)
162
Maximum Harmonic
at Supply
162
8 30
Maximum
at Booster Busbar
162
8.31
163
8.32
Booster
163
8.33
Phase Angle Di
8.34
8.35
Mode (i
8.36
16 Lj,
(9) Variation
165
Variation
Variation
166
167
(b)
8.37
171
9.1
174
9.2
176
9.3
178
179
181
9.4
9.5
9.6
Swing Curves
10. 1
Four Quadrant
19 '1
ing Trans
'19
of Start
185
ses
Start
.2
198
control
.3
197
205
A7.1
216
Rat
.2
Error Test
Error Test C
Full
Current
220
222
Page
A9.3
.4
Error Test
A905
50%
1 Load Current
222
223
Full
Current
223
(a)
225
(b)
Compos
Current Waveform
225
225
A1001
Typic
227
A10.2
Typical 4
227
A10.3
227
A10.4
228
A10.5
Typical
228
A10.6
228
A10.7
228
A10.8
Typical 11
Variation
229
A10.9
229
A10.10
229
A10.11
229
A906
.7
Harmonic Vol
xv
LIST
Table
Quadrature Voltage
Operational Modes
25
5. 1
Connection Matrix
71
5.2
Composite Connection
79
5.3
80
5.4
81
5.5
81
2 1
5.6
7 and 9 ON
82
5.7
KYI - 7 ON
82
6.1
99
6.2
104
6.3
107
6.4
Star/Delta/Delta
110
8. 1
172
184
201
9.1
A5.1
A5.2
A10.1
rIDS
Terminal Voltages
20
230
, the
abbreviations
this
given belowe
A
ampere
a.c.
alternating current
ampere
centimetre
audio frequency
auxiliary inductance matrix
Fourier
icient
Aal
auxil
bn
discrete Four
aa
alpha node
inductance
coefficient
number of capacitive
capacitance
Ccc
Cn
cos
component
cosine
cos 1
Caa,
in a network
cosine
auxiliary
matr
nodes
of
a thyristor
prior
d co
d/dt
rate
source of
vector
change with re
to time
ectromotive force
e.m.f
sources
e m.f
f(
logical
tion of
pules to a
g( }
G.E.C.R.
functional notation
General Electric Company
Recti
Division
G
integration step-length
HC
a.r
res
tance matrix
during commutation
HR
maximum integration
HV
h.v.d.c.
Hz
hertz
current
IAK
length
anode-cathode current
:
I.E.E.
I.E.E.E.
of
Engineers
and
currents
vector
currents
vector
res
vector
thyristor currents
j2
= -1
(10 3 hertz)
km
ki
(10 3 metre)
ii
of
and inductive
kV
(10;) volt)
kVA
(10 3
lovo
kWs/kVA
number
induc
branches in a network
inductance
branch inductance matrix
auxiliary inductance matrix of gamma nodes
over-relaxation factor
rnA
mm
matrix
ms
MVA
megavolt-ampere (10 6 vo
MVAr
ampere)
MW
,n
istance matrix
ns
p
of
a thyristor
power
ent state
P f.
p.u.
unit
Q
Q
vector
r
number of
resistance
stive
a network
minute
second
sin
sine
time
transformer
tan -1
inverse tangent
Th
thyristor
TIL
TR
ion line
transistor
istor
TTL
u
v
volt or voltage
VA
of
anode-cathode vo
tor
xx
VAr
V/cm
volt
vo
vector
a thyr
vo
tor
across inductive
vector of node vo
vector
\l'latt
reactance
vol
s across resistive
cc
impedance
tone
nodes connected to at
capacitive branch
to at
rotor
of a thyristor
to synchronous
rotating
between
time
microsecond (1
3 1416
by
quadrature booster/bucker
algebraic sum
monostable output pulse ,length
inductor fluxes
angular frequency
ohm
square root
o
degree
cent
approximately
< )
to
y
y
NOT F
symbols
source
ammeter
resistor
capacitor
inductor
earth
diode
thyristor
Zener diode
npn transistor
current trans
connection
two-winding
three-winding transformer
voltage comparator
non=inverting buffer
inverter
ABSTRACT
on the
ating
the
1
ef
is proposed.
control
digital computer
Consideration is
so given to
of
xxv
I am
to my supervisor,
J. Arril
enthus
and
their financial as
granting of study
The Christchurch
so thanked
of the many il
in
The cooperation
Recti
icity
s thesis.
Mr J.
the
1, D
in the provision
various
of hardware is
ly
acknowledged.
During
building
in
wish therefore to
expertise
invaluable help
to
stine.
mother to Leanne
Timothy
a wi
been
ity
Her
her
imable.
wish to
as a
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
achievements.
ting in
ity, this
made it possib
thyristors
to increase
These
in the
iority over
s have
ined in the
ion
Thyristors were
s
thyr
to
in
to many other
s of
of
are
use
in a network
(1971), Sundberg (1976)
(1978) are but
Schwei
of
terns
voltage
back-to-back thyristors
connected in
and
1.1)
By varying
to
zero crossings
the
s)
varied,
the load voltage (V ) can
L
, from zero to full load
depending on the load power
supply voltage (V
voltage VS.
vol
control is
stortion of
t
" 1 1
The
overcome
istor~Control
of harmonic
ign
stortion is
a thyristor
(Marshall 1974) wh
uses
to
tappings.
primary connected to
Vo
supply
thyristor switches
The trans
has a ser
th
of
with or bypas
in ser
by
the
to
output vol
a non-
voltage
is
by
The provision of a
th a
I trans
voltage control
voltage boosting.
on the principle
two phase-
, providing fast
and current
led
, as
by
(1976) ,
s
both
the use of a phase displaced
regulation,
voltage to
e and
From
the
are
control
This
was
to
ity of
Complementing
of
the
a
assessment of
made
so been written.
the
state~space
presented in Chapter 4.
the proposed
ented in Chapter 7.
voltage regulation is
as
the
is exploited in
voltage is
the proposed c
Finally a
ion
ts
during
are
10.
CHAPTER 2
a full description
and an
and
21
PROPOSED
The schematic diagram of Fig. 2.1 shows one
Q and VR
in-phase voltage (V )
S
to
the
winding
I
in
to
51 is
sing
current, causing
winding.
Reversing the sense
ser
trans
of Fig. 2 1 into an
converts
the
Th1
Fig. 2.1
Bas
Th4
2. 1 1
with r
to the
These waveforms
(~)
and if the
with it.
The
s 1
(meas
zero
S1 and S2
in
tor of
at any
Simi
tr
the range
thyristor
S1 can
~ < 1
< 180.
8 2 can be
~.
.J
I
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
1
Th2
i7T----'
Th3
Th4
2 2
se
Boost
Hence
the
ing can
both
the
manner.
At
forward-bias
provision
turn
T20
is
and
ly.
ed
pulse to thyristor 3
11
now equal
thyristor 3.
V8 positive,
now
to
pulse
3.
thyristor 3 is again
, reverse-
When Vs is
ive,
Hence the
to the
Ie
1 voltage
t, but with
st.or
t
one complete
are
2.2
102
As
when
can
of T2 is revers
The
2. 1
sens
of
voltage
a lagging power
to
2. 3
wave
The
switch 8
be triggered at any
can
within the
can be
triggered at any time within the range <p < 2 < 180.
Therefore the
+V fl
Firing
reverse~biasing
thyristor 2
The provision of a
pair
thyristor
switching s
ON are
and the
in Fig
2.3.
10
Th1
Th2
Ttl 3
Th4
2.3
Waveforms
In-Phase
2 2
one
booster
interconnecting two
voltages
by
Q and VR respectively.
is provided by
The
vo
each
the
shunt transformer T 1 ,
back~to-back
thyristor
represented by
Th4
Th2
2.4
Bas
Vol
The
Booster
same as
described in
voltage
Th3
can
2.1.1.
or lag the
f
The quadrature
em voltage V
Q
((jl) between
'12
components of V
Q
di
are
modes of
e.
voltage and
lying in the
the respective
~ ~
< 90 I
waveforms
"
"t
90 < ~~ < 180,. th e ClrCUl
of
in the range
0 f
trans
which lies
the range
tively.
modes
theoretical waveforms
(vi).
When
2.9
the
voltage
~
lagging and
ng are
The
i) are shown
Figs 2 11 and 2 12
wt
wt
. 2.5
Theoreti
Waveforms
(i)
.26
Waveforms
Mode (ii)
'15
.27
Waveforms
( iii)
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
2 8
Wave
- Mode
(iv)
.29
Waveforms
(v)
'18
wt
wt
wt
wt
wt
2.10
Mode (vi)
wt
wt
wt
wt
V
R
wt
I
I
I
i
s11
Fig~
2.11
s1
S1
I
Waveforms
Mode (vii)
20
wt
wt
wt
wt
Fig
2.12
Waveforms ~- Mode
ii)
21
Bes
s
is
vol
booster or
modes.
For
voltage
discussed in
of
the quadra-ture
sible to
rcuit
a number
used
than a leading
voltage
cannot conduct
transformer T 1 "
To
ing of 8 .
2
quadrature vol
mode (v)
ion the
resultant
mode (i).
is
:2
'--., wt
I ~"H----~--~----+-. wt
Fig. :2 13
Fig. 2014
24
Us
modes of
in
2.1 it
and summarised in
sible to phase
or
The fi
angle
Ie for
the
control
ng
is leading or
reduced to 0 or
If
over 180.
ther leading or lagging by 90,
should be
current waveform.
then depending on
to or
maximum phase
triggered
the fundamental of
thout del
When
Table 2.J.
Range of Firing
Angle for Switch
8
1
Circuit
Voltage
(i)
booster
leading
booster
leading
(iii)
booster
(v)
bucker
90
booster
(<P)
90
leading
lag
< $ < 90
lead
..2.
90
0
$ < 90
lag
<$'::' 180
lead
lag
+ (180
0
bucker
(vii)
bucker
(viii)
bucker
lead
,2. $ < 90
00 < E
0 < $ <90
of
for Switch
- ) < E1 ,2.180
0 _< El < 90
90 < ..::
lead
90 < $ ,2. 180
0
- <1
~2
C'
+ <p
< 90 0
90
- (180
90
<
-
<
0
_< El < 90 - (180
0 <
- 1::2 < 90
I
0
- (180
2-
- )< E < 18
2-
+ (180 -
< E2
..2. 180
26
2 3
THYRISTOR
For successful
c
(both
and
study must
provided for
ter or
the
) v
pulse must be
when a
thyristor and also the
provided.
These times,
provision or non-provision of
ascertained from
at which a.
the
pulses, can be
to a "booster c
Likewise v
con)crolling the
ing of the
phase~controlled
with
the
sting va
conduct over
positive 1
(V )
the applicat
current (I)
thyristor 1.
vol
Thyristor 3 must
Condit
of the
are again
of
negative voltage Vs
of
negative and
conduction
the 1
s for
current goes
Va
i ve.
'"
goes
'rlhe
27
but
of thyristor' 3"
2.3 2
For the
pulses
V8
to vol
thyristors
are
The
pulses
2.3~
2.9
Vs
itive 1
and
ing of thyristor 4.
current I
Vs
time
goes
conduction
2.4
those of thyristor 2.
USE OF A
TRANSFORMER
iary winding.
diagram of
a s
to neutral tert
vo
VQ and
vol
. 2.15
. 2.3 can
wi,th the
wave~
the sense
upon revers
an
where the
are
2.2,
of
required reduced
illus
in
or bucker).
In
Fig. 2.15
line~to~l
. 2.16
thyri
direct the
The product
This control
made.
3.1
rising edges.
(Section 2 .1 )
S1
2
S2 for
commercial pulse
is not
.2)
circuit.
cant
are
Any thyristor wh
controll
are
-thea
()
are
as
control
log
3. 1 1
Q
The
e control of a b
of thyristors
one
two high
each thyristor.
must be
These two
the re
A pulse train
the General
pules
This
~s
pulses with a r
of
ibed in Appendix 2.
firing
and calibration of
To
ec
thyristors, each
ly
ing circuit
1N4148
39R
,----Q
Thyristor
Gate
-------------------------------0
Thyristor
Cathode
Firing
Circui-t
Output
1N4148
Pulse
Transformer
Fig
3 1
it
31
3 L
Re
ing to
and
are
in the
contro
waveforms are
the c
istors.
All
by transformers,
across a
non~
It
During each
nct
In
defined by the
respectively.
'r
conduction
To
is
of length T.
identify
to
The logical
conduction
sion M30r
logical express
used to
iod of thyristor 3
fol:'
and
stor 4
M4 I
Vs
+ M3 I
Vs VT + M401
30
ion Logic
stors 3
are
by
and (3 2)
4
(3. 1)
logical
ly
(3. 1 )
VS0VT + M3"r
V
(3.2)
T + Mq, I
( 3 . 1) and ( 3 . 2 )
in Fig. 3.3.
thyristors
The outputs of
expres
3.1.2.2
Each thyristor
how the
To i1
'V T
From the
to
ing.
thyr
.
I
To de
2 are
Thyristors 1
a commutation from
time
tch 8 1
tch S2 will
2 OFF.
Each of these
shown
at
the second
iod
conduction
a monos
producing pulse
M,
length
T"
To
Thyristor
3
. 3.3
Booster
Logic
35
t11 I---"=--!:---+----"--
M1
M I
2
Vs I + M1"I
Fig
3.4
Operation Logic
36
The
used to
conduction
1.
conduction
In a simi
manner, the
thyristor 2
by
conduction
fined by
or
The circuits
+ M, I
(3.3)
VS'I + M20I
(3.4)
to
The
3.3
a thyristor,
known as
TR1
The
s on a
input
it
the thyristor
not af
the
se trans
II
as a pulse
is
connect the
pulse,
1 TTL
the
trans
(Appendix 3)
a
to
vS
o-----l1
V "I
S
- - -
V I+MI
To
tor
1
vS . I
I
To
istor
2
M"L. I
3* 5
Bucker Operation
+15 V
15R
1K
390R
0.001
100
ov
2K2
1---1-00
INPUT
TR1
PN3643
Non-Inverting
Buffer
Cathode
+ 0--+---1
"HICRONE"
,,3.., 6
OUTPUT
ov
C1
"Microne
Pulse Transformer
Transformer 1N4148
Gate
39R
~T~HE~~~~~~~~~~~V~O~L~T~A~G~E~~~~~
3.2
unit,
regulator shown in
built to control
switching
istor~controlled
two
The unit is
to
three~winding
series transformers
used
the unit
unit.
The thyristors in each back-to-back pair, 8 1 and
8 2 , are rated at 25 A rms and are type 10RC60A manufactured
by International Recti
back-to-back
, a s
of
heatsink and
all e
transr~rmg
cally i
s
mounted on ilVero ll
and are
f 1
THfR'STOR CONTIlOl.lO
VOl. IAGE flfGUl.ATOR
-_.
,-
.,
..
..
..
..
Fi g. 3. 7 (a)
+=
o
Fi g . 3.7 (b )
There
va
terminals for
a 38 V or 66 V
norma
used as
tor
e-angle
switch (Section 3.1.1)
38 V
or 66 V
input vo
are
terminals lab
control
which is
up to four logic
ng of the
VT and
mode 1
are
ent
voltage booster
ion.
and
the mode
of
(see Figs
to two
(Fig. 3.6)
tch
. The
IIMicrone li output
length (T)
each
rnonos~cable
1 and
by a
the resistance
the
e timing c
Timing components
to
The
a two
and
switches 8 1
diagram showing
Fig. 3 8 is a
boost/buck switch,
connection shown is
both the positive and negat
...------0 To
To Th 40---------_8
Th '1
_-----oFrom "Microne"
Output 1
...- - - - - o T o Th 2
To Th
'1>=------0
To Th
20---------.
_ - - - - - o T o Th 3
"""'-----0
To Th 1
From "Microne"
Ou t put 2
0--------_.
From G"E"C"R"
Output 2
e---------QTo Tb 4
-,---------0
From G.E.C.R.
Output 1
I
BOOST: BUCK
.8
The d e l
phase~angle
adj
production
which
the
1 and 2) is
firing pulses
the f
ing angle
(in
Use
ang
Fig. 309
180
160
Firing
Angle
Delay
(degrees)
Helipot Reading
.39
Firing Angle
ly, cons
the operation
the
was
vol
booster.
thyristor
icularly
ng
the
alternate thyristor
ng in the tert
forward-bia
tors,
circuit.
Each snubber consists of a series
resistive~
consequent rapid
The addition
thyristor
across
thyristor
thereby
cleared by
open~
46
T1 and
winding of -the
es trans
T2 "
short~
Water
were used
of a thyr
lure occurred in
fast~acting
istor
Should a failure
ng
as a voltage
fault (Le"
,upon
the "blowing'!
the
fuse) . the
S2 must
the
not
3 1 2 2 ) and
it log
sca
L!
of
project).
ts
II
the thyristors
bot,h
sa
as soon as ,the
bucking operation,
"blows" the
switch
winding T1 is
open~circuited
short-circui
and
by the
iled thyristor.
Provision
was not considered
However a
type of protection.
transformer) .
48
CHAPTER 4
THE
is
tance, inductance
This is done to
sub~networks.
This
and non-l
a unified treatment
elements.
The
state
integration.
To
This
, to
to include
discus
in
5, has
these
ements.
4 1
can
other than
study.
COMPONENT
The
1.
so l:hat
conf
The
The a.c.
system~
3.
thyristor switching.
three~phase
transformer connections.
4.
"
4. 1 1
an a.e
Normally
accurately an a.c.
tern to
is of an inductive nature.
low-order harmonic
impedance Z
power
sing
Fig
4.1
However
over a range
is 0
ent a
to
frequencies.
g. 4.2 illustrates an
low~order
harmonics.
Fig
4.2
4. 1 2
L /2
s
A C,
lU
entation
stors
The thyristor
s a basic bistable
and
51
some
is known
lude
istor must
table
ed a
(1973) have
model which
th
and employs a
of every integration s
The value
"1
'0' for
holding current
than
AK
holding current.
ing state (D) immed
the thyristor
; at logic
to the
ON
the
'1
OFF.
of
logic level '1' and the
(G)
is indicated by
by logic level
0'0
The
given by the
lowing
thus
sion
4.1.3
dynamic
transformer connections
different impedances to
single~phase
can
three-winding
I1
12
R2
R1
L2
I
L1
R3
I3
V3
L3
Fig. 4 3
Three~Winding
Transformer
lowing
Since
Z11
Z12
Z13
Z21
Z23
Z31
Z32
Z33
trans
(l~
1)
s are not
o
d
(4.2)
ation.
former
established.
non~
a 1
core
scope of this
is assumed
throughout.
, three-phase three-winding transformers
In
can
by
There is however
concerning
not
1 9 x 9 impedance matrices.
cal di
such
Even when
, it was found to be
was ava
imposs
9
to model
as a full
9 impedance matrix.
This was
the
of
formulation
(see
inductance
coupled windings
transformers are
single-phase trans
coupling terms
This is an
accurate representation for transformer banks of singlephase units and reduces the equations to three independent
sets, one representing each phase.
To implement this coupled circuit model of the
transformer, accurate determination of the self and mutual
impedances
impedances
ly
4. 1 .4
Transmission
Although
equilaterally,
current
phases can be
The importance of
and
1
, the
stributed
with the
55
lly so
(stevenson 1962).
may be
di
, a
ssion
as
can
, as
the
vs
Fig. 4.4
Where V
and V
R + jwL.
the line
Therefore
4.2
+ IZ
IS
The most
approach
the solution of
elements
containing non-linear
1
treatment
non-l
circuit elements.
1977 )
both 1
This
56
Linear
currents are
variables
winding
s are assumed, so
which are
to winding
purely
. resistors
are non-state
and
voltages
asso
(winding
determine the
1.
are interconnected.
2.
Algebraic constraints;
fied
4.3
solution.
ELECTRIC
It is assumed that the network has n nodes
interconnecting r
branches.
res
3.
on the connection of
are no restr
inductive
to the
r resi tors.
or
2.
s:
and sources
m. f
Thyristor
s must
to the
point or to an
connected
ther di
57
4.
e.m.f
the direction
in
current
4 3.1
It
computationally
branch
to use
to the type
nodes
y nodes -
tive branch
thyristor switchings it
the 15 nodes,
convenient to def
y node.
A conducting thyristor
is
as
rn
node incidence
of
these
branches respectively.
s is
T
K..
1J
+1; if
if
~1;
:=
as
0; if
It is convenient to
anch i
end
not
the topolog
to node types as
58
KT
rn
[ KT
r(3
KT
ry ]
KT
In
[ KiB
KTly ]
KT
ry
4.3.2
4.3.2 1
Fig. 4.5
Resistive Branch
lowing
relationship applies:
==
V.
V.1.
:;
1.J
(LL 3)
is the vector
res
is
node
vector
currents, and
4.3.2 2
g. 4.6
Inductive Branch
lowing
relationship applies:
::::
=
When
equation can be
written~
(4.4) .
is the vector
e.rn.f. sources in
inductive branches,
the inductive branch resistance
vector
inductor currents.
4.3.3
of current sources, Kirchhoffis
In
current
gives:
(IL 5)
60
(4.5)
o
From which
K
In
vector of
to obtain an
(V
e),
( 4. 7)
partitioned form.
K
I
or
where
::::
Vs
( 4 8)
-R(:H3 KSI II
-1
-1 KT
RSS :::: KSr R rr ri3
for
Similarly, an
ianing
yl
11
Using
(4 7)
(i.e
noting
are cons
-1
Lyy
(lL
III)
:::::
VI as
T
El + Kll3 Vs
) v
-1 T
KYlLllKlY
unchanging with
T
KU~V8
-L, K
yy y
Vy
where
to
;;::::
(4.10)
Rll II
sed more simply as
-1
(4.'11)
-LyyKYlLllVl
4.3.4
Using the flux linkages
(~ll)
state variables
as
expres
as follows:
(L~.1
CUll
where U
KT L K
Iy yy yl
a unit matrix
(4 8) to
Using
d(~
[El +
iJ
SV B
l~
iminate Va
MIl [El
R~lIlJ
UI,~13)
where
MIl
Finally
equation (4.13) in
-1
4.4
SOLUTION OF
Because of the thyristor switchings v the topology
must
This
Ii
and are
The
s again.
4.4 1
state vector di
the
lowing
f(~)
at the
given by:
zoidal
=
(Darn 1972), the state
of an integration s
lJ!t+h
Wt +
"'"
h
'2 (f (Wt) + f(W t + h )
ituting
Wt + h
:=
(4.14)
h[-M R I
Wt + '2
1l l
1
lW t + h + Ml
Ml
lEt+~]
=
the following expression results
(4.15)
length h the
considered constant
4 5
-1
Xll(wlJ!ll)' where
DETECTION
WLll"
INUITIES
vol
the
in t.he
cause abrupt
The
to
in
and must
ate topological changes.
The thyri
control system
length can
In
is case
ing
fi
a s
The
ng instant
re
vol
by 1
, this
can be
for
any
in the
s
at
Sufficient
interpolation to
The turn OFF
1 the
65
CHAPTER 5
THE COMPUTER
Inclusion
the capacitive
application
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
. (v)
Output.
ses cons
deve~oped
and
lity to the
a number of
The subdivision
66
MODIFY NETWORK
EQUATIONS
SOLVE NETWORK
EQ1UA']~IONS
NO
PRODUCE OUTPUT
STOP
Fig. 5.1
Flow Diagram
67
The only
on
any
resist
(a)
use of
programrne
t involving
and thyristor
ements are:
The
the various
A6. 1)
There is
so provision for up
to three independent
input data.
5. 1
A dynamic simulation study of a power system
configuration, involving a.c. system busbars, three-phase
transformers, transmission 1
This
any
control the
and to output
simulation
also
length
Initi
input
5. 1 1
The
broad
lows:
into
68
list
individual
Control
used to
Initi
itions
from this
are
Branch
----------------each branch
A separate input
the network
The
the speci
ohms, inductance
A second set
ive branches
inductive branches
thyristor branches
mutual i
5.1.1.2
Data:
...;..,,;;.-'---------~
integration s
inc
considered to be
rst control
When thyristor
length is
the integration
length.
maximum permissible s
the programme
card
The
the
ty, under
'l'his
69
certain cond
length.
, to
sown
An over-
must also be
if
equations is
(i.e
simultaneous
if capacitor
are
included)
The next two control data
thyristors are
The
rst of
ring
for the
are us
to specify the
Up to
5.1.1.3
conditions data includes not only the capacitor node
voltages (Va) and inductor currents (II) but also the state
of
ON or OFF)
zero crossing
1 condi
log
f,
the
in
all
network.
control statement is
, which can then
to cause the
be us
data Va
ts
on the
il in
6.
sed
70
5. L 2
Immediately
has been
in, a subroutine
and
through
nodes.
and
tial
5.1.2.1
data
input to
in any order.
following order:
a nodes
B nodes
y nodes
nodes
reference nodes
This makes
ing
in
If thyristor
branch 1 s
from the
being reformed
When the
s
cus
switching
on the reformation
ed in
(a
et:. of y
5.1.2.2
cases
ity
can
no
obvious
the
It
es.
compacting
terms (e g.
Some
l'
ly
, which are
se, are
Since
1 ,
non~zero
icular row
When a
non~zero
-1
Number
5
6
Tab
5.1
connection
Th
connection
can
two vectors
5.2
MOD
Whenever thyristor
are included in a
out
four
processes as follows:
(a)
(b)
Determination
state of
(d)
Topological
ion
which
tors.
5.2.1
This
logical
four
ining the
stab
73
START
'II
ANY
TOPOLOGICAL
CHANGES?
NO
""
YES
\'
I
I
Fig
5.2
I
I
Thyristor
74
D,
r act
known
Be
st:or, i
state
computat
the
currents and
it must
tor can be
determined which thyri
have
calculated,
and V
can
AK
found (V
AK
OFF
the
zero for a
Two
5.2.1.1
back~to-back
us
in each
Th2
Th3
.53
Two
ThL~
Thyristor Switches
this
conf ig-uration,
istor
4.
stor 1 or 2
be calculated by applying
node 0
1
i.e.
1, 2
currents
ace,
Similarly, if no commutation
by applying
2"
x = 3, 4
When a commutation
1 or 2 are calculated
(x)
5.2 1.2
flowing
the
in e
(x=2)
"'" 0
for x
:=
3, 4
(5 3)
currents
(5.2)
holding current (S
tantaneous
51.12).
76
NO
CALCULATE Iy (I) OR
(2)
USING EQUATION (S.l)
NO
NO
STOP
Fig. 5.4
Thyristor Currents
77
at the
slowing
Suffi
is normal
a
turn OFF
by
occurs and
improving
The
the
shown by
flow
This
The
turn OFF or earliest turn OFF time (if more than one
thyristor has turned OFF)
then us
to interpolate
Thyristor turn ON is
predictable s
ded
step~
related
delay
of
e
the spec
determined and
At the beginning of
integration s
stors are
firing ang
iest
occurs
to
If this
the
to determine
cular f
ng
78
DETERMINE ANODE-CATHODE
CURRENTS OF THYRISTORS
HAS
MORE THAN
ONE THYRISTOR
YES
DETERMINE EARLIEST
THYRISTOR TURN OFF
TIME
DETERMINE THYRISTOR
TURN OFF TIME
Fig. 5.5
angle ()
is within some
rance of
the
istor model (
set at 11'
4. L 2) ,
s are produced if
20 (max
(max. s
length)
5.2.2
Any changes in topology, caused by thyristor
switching, affect only a portion of
ynode-induct
This
up
1
y nodes
0 nodes
Re
l
l
+1
+1
+1
1
"~
"lVI
~1
~'I
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
As
Thyris-cor
7
6
-1
5.2
es
Inductor Branches
4
2
3
5
5.2.
-1
dynamic simul
the programme
whi
are OFF.
80
with this
the
is ch
in
following manner.
stors
in the composite
So if it is
compo
For all
that
thyristors 7
connection matrix
Table 5 3.
Branch Numbers
I
1
+1
+1
-1
Node
Numbers
+1
-1
+1
Table 5.3
+1
+1
4
5
+1
-1
Th
tor
is pos
as a
a conducting
4.3.1)
-1
-1
For
modi
transformed into
matrix
and
matrix is
'l'able 5 4.
81
Numbers
+1
+1
~1
Node
Numbers
+1
-1
+1
~'l
+1
+1
Table 5.4
+1
+1
-1
Node
Numbers
-1
-1
+1
+1
-1
+1
Table 5.5
By
and
at
a
the
the 0
of the network
In
as
to a
conducting thyristor
lly
now trans
row 3 of
node.
82
row 3
5,6
KYl is as shown in
+1
+1
+1
3
~1
y nodes
2
7 and 9 ON
Table 5.6
Y nodes
+1
+1
-1
-1
+1
-1
-1
+1
Table 5.7
as
, the
switching
new K 1
Y
of the composite
and
e,
unchang!;3d.
stor
by the
<5
original
83
Any
to
stor
ly
formulation
in the
These
flow
of
are
to the
. 5.6.
5.3
only
Under
step~
that the
ing
thyristors occurs,
integration step-length.
e::
wt
actual angle
HR
maximum
length < HR
HV
HC
maximum commutation
A maximum commutation
ion times,
length
length (HC)
def
START
,~
'"
-1 T
KYI Ln Kl y
Mll
"'"
ull
T
K1y Lyy
l<Yl
-1
IN EQUATION .(A6,30)
RECALCULATE
MATRIX ill
CONSTANT
r1
STOP
Fig. 5.6
Changing KYl
START
YES
STEP-LENGTH
=:
HR
STEP-LENGTH
WHERE HV ;:
HV
wt.
srrEP~
LENGTH
STOP
Fig. 5.7
Determinat
He
86
The
He ""
number
a truer
5.4
5 Q v.lhich ensures
occur during
entat
the
tern
is
SOLUTION OF THE
Once the
have
been established,
length (h)
integration
calculated in the
The way in whi
) are
(V )
8
a conducting thyristor
short-circuit
5.,5
Vo
modelled as a
4.3.1).
OUTPUT
Only those
control
the
ed
by the
5 {.1.2) are
are automatically dis
is
START
,II
CALCUr~TE
STATE VARIABLES
==
1I
Xli (w1J!t+h)
,
V
a
-1
Xcc (wQt+h)
=:
+
Va
==
-R
aa
{K
e1
1
+ KS R- V )
r rr r
t
I
==
-1
T
Rrr (V r + Kr eVe)
t
T
T
VI ::: ~I + KlaVa +KIBV - Rll II
a
t
Vy
""
-1
-LyyKyl Lll vl
t
AND Va CALCULATED FROM
AND Vy RESPECTIVELY
,II
5.8
Solution
Network Equat
88
stor
occurs
then
of switching are
at
output.
wh
conducting,
thyristor
ang
a thyristor
This is a relatively
checking
and
So
discrete Fourier
and
r Trans
iteratively,
ing in considerab
ed out
savings in both
(n)
by the following re
are
ively:
Cn
, n
(S.Li)
"'"
tan 1 (
an
(5.5)
89
CHAPTER 6
DIGITAL
Burroughs
Canterbury
Computer Centre.
core.
shown
Experience
s than 167
length of
(1 kHz), a s
~s
(3
of
fundamental) is necessary.
Because
the
programme the
considerably
di
speci
thyristor swi
ing
v
an
length
in Section 7.3,
which
to il
th
on'~load
90
Th
so
some
of
of
time neces
The
inc
12
and 21 di
the maximum
as 0.12 ms
(2 16
fundamental) and
42 ms of real time.
simulation
Owing to the
length
ion
topological
maximum integration
proceeds with a
The
No doubt considerable
s and keeping
6.10
The
lity to
6 2
test waveform, of
The
ty
is harmonic analys
process.
, the
of trans
the mathemati
connect
trans
6.1
INITIAL
To
and
d
on 6 3.
are discussed
ini
condi
(inductor currents
computer studies
rst
rst assumed).
Two cases,
the secondary
g. 6.1,
and current IL v
power
Fig. 6.1
a series impedance
7.8 SI
0.9.
Sing
with
Case (b) -
main
trans
450 MVA,
is
are given in
and
14
is illustrated
9.1.
each simulation to
the steady
sconnected from
circuit.
1 branch
voltage generator
The instant the
main
The waveforms
ss than half
in
5 cycles of
It may therefore
necess
to
up to 20 cycles or so.
involving a
Wi
t,
s.
The cost
ively long
ion
6.2
Case (a)
Conditions
-~.
. 6.3
Once ste
state
have been e
can
Fig. 6.4
reintroduced
Fig. 6.4.
ions input
fied as
determine
each
the simulation.
be
In the
the
voltage is
and then
fir
delay.
conducting
This
s is illustrated
6.5, where
appropriate
Once one of
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) 1 - - - - - - - '
(e) 10------,
(f) 1 0 - - - - - - - - . ,
Fig
6.5
10
40
97
As each
programme outputs
which thyr
which
s are ON and
so prints the
firing angle of
distorted
The
each
Transform
s than 0.1%
the
fundamental.
Obtaining a set of realistic initial steady
state waveforms for circuits involving thyristors can
thus be every expensive in terms of computing time.
As far as can be ascertained, no formal study has been
made of the problem of obtaining initial conditions
data
ently
conditions
6.2
IS
To veri
mathematical
the validity of
the accuracy
numerical solution
of waveforms as discus ed
ver
ied by
50 Hz, as shown
. 6.6, was
as
test
Volts
,~
+100
..
o
0
20
10
Time (rns)
-100
Fig. 6.6
Test Waveform
only e
t
coord
are usual, an
are
, and the
produces 128
over a single cyc
ly time-spaced points
This "equal interval data" was then
99
the discrete
coeff
(C )
to ca
phase
each harmonic.
Time (ms)
Volts
0.0
0.0
O. 1
+100.0
9.9
+100.0
10.0
10. 1
-100.0
19.9
20.0
0.0
20.1
+100.0
Table 6.1
The rms
as a percentage of
fundamental rms
ser
expans
the
fundamental rms
terms because
contains only
is an
function and us
the
programme,
by
(90.014V)
The
4~0
(sin wt +
This Fourier
phase re
3wt +
s
ion
are
1
sin 5wt + , sin 7wt + .. )
a square wave.
by Kuo ( 1 966) .
with the
sed
Fig. 6.7
. 6.8
Amplitude Spectrum
WaVefOrIll
o
o
101
6.3
VALIDATION
The validity
transformer
the
the behaviour
var
when the
which correctly
the s
phys
transformer
connections
three-phase trans
model is necessary.
parameters is discussed
Using
Section 6.3.1.
the 8.25 kVA
impedance parameters
in this section.
Various
Discrepanc
in the
errors
6.3.1
. 6.9
as
in
6.9.
Two-Winding Transformer
'102
two~winding
Analyt
by the
can be
trans
(6 1)
(Section 4 1 3)
(6 1)
To
in
to
(6.1)
required
For this
reason short-circuit
trans
is negl
where
Z1
jwL
Z2
jWL
Z12
The
two~winding
as:
jWM 12
To determine Z 1 f
tage is
full
to winding 1
these
and winding 2
conditions
and L1 can
be
L2 i
similar- manner.
winding 1
increased
1 full rated
determined in a
ied to
flows
'103
winding 2.
Under
conditions:
(602)
reactance)
:::
determined
multi-winding
transformer, the
measurement is
open~circuit
winding and
each
the practical
of
fficult
These impedance
in various dynamic s
are ca
which are
the re
II
open
Transformer
6 3.2
Using
Table
programme discus
104
in
transTnrmiP
connections
are investigated
di
tri':tTIsformer
are
In each case
connected to a star
the
winding is
0.9 p f. load
8Q impedance
three sets
on the transformer.
6.3.2.1
Fig. 6.10
the laboratory
Measured
Calculated
ry terminal vol
230 V
230 V
7.69 A
7.66 A
115.5V
11S.7V
14.4 A
14.6 A
36.0 V
38,6 V
Table 6 2
The primary
lated
and Currents
rms Vo
winding currents, as
A Fourier analysis of
winding current is
formed by th e
two waveforms,
Fig. 6.11.
that
secondary
ing current by 3
Primary Terminal
Tertiary Terminal
Voltage
-160
o
(MI
Fig. 6.10
Star/Star/Star Volt
lSE:cor-os )
o
Current
Current
-10
- 5
-20
o
TIME
Fig, 6, 11
Currents
-107
se
and
pr
currents, was
out
measurement
on
e
ft
wi
the primary
shows
1 voltag'es is
6.12
shown by Fig
to
reduction
1/13,
son
to
by a
The rms
measured, are
early
Table 6.3.
230 V
230 V
2 61 A
2.69 A
terminal vol
67.6 V
67.5 V
8.30 A
8.59 A
4,58 A
4.90 A
terminal voltage
36.3 V
39.7 V
Primary terminal
age
Table 6.3
wi
Connection:
At the
ing current
shown
beg
6. 13 "
electr
s
In
of
ci
e node mus't
is
ent
Tertiary Termina
Voltage
60
-320
40
LLlSEC'O'OS)
F
. 6.12
Star/Delta/Star voltages
16
, ...._--- Secondary Load Current
12
~~____~-Secondary
Winding Current
o
-4
-8
--12
--16
20
Tlt'E (MILLJSCCX'iJS)
Fig.
6.13
Star/Delta/Star Currents
o
'-0
'j
node was
in
star point)
(i e.
circuit.
For
delta
winding a
so that
must be
voltages can
calculated
shed by
to
These
resistors,
This is
, have
voltages and
the
ly no ef
around
on the
delta winding.
~__~r--Reference node
6. 14
Node
Re
primary and
ta Winding
relationship of the
tertiary terminal vo
Secondary
6.4
6.4.
Calculated
Primary
in Section 6.3.2.2
230 V
Measured
230 V
67.6 V
67.
20.9 V
23.0 V
10
.-..
o
-00
20
)
. 6. 15
Voltages
6 3.3
Transformer
open and
, as calculated from
representation of the
investigation
measurements
the purpose
Phase
and magnitude of
this
terminal
by the various
three~
single~phase
11
CHAPTER 7
VOLTAGE REGULATION
maintained
on
requ
chemic
manufacturing
esc
tap-changing techniques is
section
section
this chapter.
es
The
the proposed
on-load
obtained
es,
the
The
voltage
this
'114
conjunction with
unit discussed
voltage.
results of a
the output
simulation p where
a 30 MVA di
transformer is
controlled by two
back~to-back
is discussed.
s chapter concludes
an evaluation of
7.1
sting on-load
found it neces
designer
the
changed.
voltage
the
Therefore a system
11 gave continuity of
lye
,t
switch and
in~roduction
of
115
the on-
was 'the
onTap-changing
a conventional type
contacts.
place.
11
Various
to a minimum,
on-
and
contamination must
mechanical
A number of
Examples
(1973a).
Musgrave
pollution has
the vacuum
the
thyristors
of
are still
of
The
swi
in
ternative
changing the
rat
is s
11 relatively slow
propos
on~
only
1 the
tor
tches
116
regulation
the
for multiple
no
intervals
thyr
The proposed
s.
on~load
variable volta
7.1.
by
is only limi
Transformer T1
an 8.25 kVA
agram of
three~phase
voltage V
and current
(i. e,
taking
Vs and IS represent
The vo
the
Fig. 7 1
On-Load
Voltage Changer
Variable
-, "I
All 1
measurements
using a"
A F. Power
des
ey 1977).
'7
The instrument
a s
To monitor current, a
1n res
tor is
in
on~load
fixed~
50 Hz fundament
power frequency, a
in Appendix 9
conc
distortion through
The
i
cr
these tests
to
no detectable waveform
with
"I "18
7 2.1
The
Fig
7.1.
is shown in
If
ent
1 and e: 2
firing of
re
, the
be
thyr
of
165
S, can
0.9 < 1
~ 165.
controlling
is fixed by the
15
::
(b)
(c) and (d) show the supply voltage (V ), the supply current
S
. 7.3(a),
current
wind
T1
terti
(IT) respectively.
The
not c
winding
the
the current in
the series
es
winding of the
across the
vol
show
1 the
waveform
inuities,
. 7.2(c)
Fig. 7.4
thyr
tor
(a)
(b)
(e)
(d)
Fig. 7.2
Oscillograms
Typical Supply
(a)
(b)
(e)
Fig. 7.3
1 0
Fig. 7.4
In particular
7.4
oscillograms 7.3(a)
the
Fig. 2.2
7.2.1.1
Although it
boosted by
6%.
81
in Fig
(while
7 5(a).
3%,
ing
lee
Point on wave control
a small
voltage at
and
terminals of trans
load
The
tion of the fi
1
boost has
in
ation
phase
T'I
ft, as a
Between
121
B
7 Sg
13
'1
by
the voltage
y 9%0
the major
occurs over a
This
vo
fto
16
_j~oP
o
(b)
-2
( a)
-4b-__
o
Fig. 7.5
__
20
40
__
__
__
~b-
_ _b -_ _~_ _~_ _~
60
80 100 120 140 160
Firing Angle (:'1 (degrees)
180
(b)
gs 7. 6 to 70 '11
7 :2 1 :2
current
ly.
each of these
content
when
thyristor
by 90 and 15 re
~['hese
ly
076
11
13
15
17
19
17
19
Supply Voltage (V )
S
Fig. 7.7
11
13
Volt
11
15
Supply Current (
7.8
13
(V )
L
15
17
19
11
Load Current (
Fig. 7.9
11
15
17
19
13
15
17
19
Fig. 7.10
Trans
7 11
13
Current
11
13
15
17
Tertiary Winding
19
'1'rans
of
fi
1
the
vol
vo
content
harmon
2"
the
load
and current
and current
in
are
and 7 13 respectively.
as a
s ']. '1
harmonic is
respective fundamental
of
(Appendix
.1).
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
3
Current
voltage
Fig. 7.12
voltage booster
point on wave
acts as a source
Fig. 7 13
that
levels
the
leve
harmon
predominant vo
5th and 7c,h are
current are 1
so signi
:LS
"
<C'
'"
as shown
'7. 130
'7 1
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
15
11
19
11
15
19
Current
Voltage
Fig. 7. 1 3
A comparison
7 7
7.9
harmonic current
The maximum harmon
winding current
of
content
the
sed as
7.14.
It can be seen
winding current (
waveform indicates
harmonic current
the oscil
of ter
ary
'1
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Fig. 7.14
III !J
11
Maximum Harmon
15
19
Content of
ary
Winding Current
at the
If the thyristors of
zero crossings
en all wave
ng fired at
Under these
7. 15
11
13
Supply voltage (V s )
15
17
19
(0.4 V/crn)
'127
Fig. 7.16
11
(0.1 l\jcm)
Supply Current (
A compar
The supply
voltage spectra, Figs 7.6 and 7 15, show that the operation
ly result in
individual harmonic.
in the level
an
ly large magnitude
When
s (
harmonic
majority of
table
A10.1)
harmonic magni
typ
1 and pea.k
can be seen
are Ie
ofT ab 1 e A1 0 . 1 ( L e . 5 th 17th
the
by
1 1t h
It can
that
supply
than the
lis
at
do no
thyristor
harmonics
1 8
7.2.2
To act as an
one winding on
be reversed.
, the sense
voltage
es trans
T2 (Fig
7.1) must
fect of
line-to-line
ly,
supply current
switch 8 1 can
Th e
0.9.
red at
switch S2 can be
w~t
lowing
The
s
10
thyristor
90
are
1 and 52
I asciI
re
7.17(a),
thi
(b)
the I
(0)
show the I
the current
supply current
winding of T1
are il
).
vol
(V S)
the
(V ) and current
L
1 9
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7.17
(a)
(b)
7. 18
1 0
7 1 9 (a),
vol
(b)
(c) are
across
winding
the current in
the s
secondary winding
winding of '1'1
respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7.19
In
of
2.
7 1 B (a)
os
, the
are
phase.
Currents
wave
ly by oscil
and 7 1 9 (a)
waveforms, c
"''rITlIO
ly showing
. 7 20 is an
load voltage
thyristor switching on each
131
Fig. 7.20
Oscillograms of Typical
Three~Phase
Load Voltages
7.2'.2.1
rcentage
The
regulation
fundamental component
voltage as a function of
the load
e firing angle 2
(while 1
transformer T1 and
buck.
on wave contra
shift, as a
can
between
of
the
plotted in Fig
_4.8
tion
As with
a small (1 )
A
to
(Section 7. 2 1 1 )
boost
seen
The
change,
regulation
132
20
40
60
80
100
120 140
160
180
(b)
-2
.... .... A
-4
B ",,"" '"
... (
,\,
I '"",,- _._-<ifJIII'
-6
Io
I
I.
I0
-8
,,pi>
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
(a)
-24
. 7.21
Vol
(a)
(b)
Shi
of Fundamental (
'133
7.2 2.2
current
and
c
are i
s 7.22 to 7,28
il
These harmonic
content for a
are delayed
90 respectively.
11
13
15
Line-to-Line Supp
Fig. 7.22
17
19
Voltage (V )
S
7.23
11
13
Supply Current (
15
17
19
(0.08 A/cm)
'I 4
Fig. 7.24
11
13
15
11
13
15
17
19
Fig. 7.25
. 7.26
19
17
11
13
15
17
19
(0.08 A/crn)
'j
Fig. 7.27
11
13
15
17
19
11
13
15
17
19
Fig. 7.28
vo
the
current
current:
7.29
are il
7.30
of -the
as a
harmonic
component, and
e ra
circuit.
The
current harmon
for
currents
at
the
~I
re
) are
Append
A5 ')
rated
current
2%
1%
Line-to~Line
11
15
19
voltage (V
4%
3%
2%
1%
15
Line Current (
Fig. 7.29
19
15
19
Delta Current (1 )
D
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
Voltage (V )
L
Fig. 7 30
Maximum
11
15
Current (I )
L
19
'36
'137
of
current
contents, Fig
of
supply current.
(Sect
1 tr
As with the
7.2.1.2),
va
7629,
harmonic content
current
than in
load current"
and 7.30.
vol
7.29
harmonic
the 3rd.
7.3
COMPUTER S
IVE TO
THE
a paper
On~Load
Summer Meeting
ons on
in
The bulk
the paper i
concerned with
discus
development
4
5 and a
proposed
computer simulation
var
e voltage
a 30 MVA
1.2 MVA
Typical voltage
simul
current
1, are
tap
on~
tribution
transformers,
computer
The maximum
and current
content
at the
and load
11), as
scus
are also
content of
waveforms are
they
in this
are now
current -to
conform with
7.2.2.2.
current
ts presented
The
and 1300 A
current is
respectively and
ly the
harmonics.
eliminating
6%
5%
4%
:-
3%
2%
1%
II
35791113
Supply Line
7. 3 1
35791113
Delta
Maximum
Load Currents
II
35791113
Load
of
7 4
DISCUSSION
The proposed
on~
vo
of
on-
continuous vol
control
which can
is
choice
the
transformer
delta connections.
Is of the
If the
11 scale unit
transformer
s.
7.4.1
For the on-load fixed-tap variable voltage
discussed in Section 7 2,
is necessa
trans
to reverse
windings to
accommodate both
If the
winding
transformer
to
voltages, with re
winding
a third
5e
se and
to the secondary
thyristor switch
to
connections.
vs
7.32
Comi':;!ined
Boo
and
o
The
switches are
tert
by 8 1 , S2 and S3 and
~VB
by +VB
S1
is identical with
switches S2 and S3
tertiary voltage -VB"
anti-phase
lows
A comparison
7.33.
There
stortion
to those normal
can
, at the
I
of some
provided by
"14
-v B
VL
wt
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fig
7 33
82
'14
CHAPTER
(I
ang~e
and
with
windings
to
of
of transformer
changed
the pI;'ovision
at considerable
, and
control (i.e.
/144
between two
, in the laboratory, by
operating the
Typical vol
c
e
current
as well as their
of a computer simulated
booster are discussed.
led quadrature
The
concludes with a
propo
quadrature booster/
8. 1
"8.1 shows a
0.2 + j33.0 ohms
three~phase
three-wind
AS.1),
of
of 200/230V
VG
Fig. 8.1
System
146
winding (i De. 66 V
ser
trans
the star
the power
T1
V , and IT
T
T2 i
voltages at -the
between
control
power flow,
to show that
L
and VG can be
The
tionships between
Since IL
vector diagram
lagging
8.2
'147
Case (b)
vol
angle
vo
and the
is
synchronous
by an
as an overexc
Fig. 8.3 il
tes the
e the
Fig. 8.3
power flow;
to
from V to V "
L
G
voltage, current,
) were
Analyser {
ang
and
A.F. Power
8. 1 2
ing to
The
iring de
ed thyristor of
90
and 2
tcll S1
+< 1 ~ 165
"148
angle
can
at
by 148 0
S2 are
(b) ,
(c)
(d)
fir
of thyristor
36 0 respectively.
(a)
(b)
(0)
8.4
e (V )
M
(b)
across
winding
owing
ser
one arm of the star connected
winding of transformer T ,
current
winding of the
vol
of
t.rans
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8.5
retical waveforms
8.5(a) with
Fig. 2.5
8.6 c
8.4(b) and ()
oscil
ly shows the
their val
scontinuities in the
se booster
busbar voltage,
vol
s are illus
ity.
in F
. 8.7.
the
50
Fig. 8.6
. 8.7
Osc
of Typical Three-Phase
Busbar Voltages
151
8 1.2.1
8.8 to 8.13
V , 1 , V ,
M
M
L
typical harmonic
VG
These
the
ts in a change in
s.
1G
when the f
wave
by 130
S2 are
ings
and 36
as a percentage of the
particular part of
system.
(1
and IG is
.88
Supply Vol
91113
17
19
1 2
Fig
11
13
15
17
19
8.9
Fig. 8. 10
11
13
15
17
19
3
Fig~
8 11
13
17
'15
11
13
15
17
19
Fig. 8.12
Fig. 8.13
13
17
3%
2%
1%
3
11
Voltage
Fig. 8 14
15
(V )
M
19
11
19
Current
154
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2% l1% i-
11
II
19
15
Voltage (V )
L
Fig. 8.15
15
7
11
Current (I )
L
3%
2%
1%
11
11
15
19
Voltage (V )
G
Fig. 8.16
A comparison
supply and
that the 1
tor side.
current inj
nator current
are
lly higher
This is caused by
T1~
155
peak
at -the supply
to signi
harmonic voltage 1
s a
The
8.1.2.2
165
to +2.6% at 1
2.6% at
120 .
+4%
+3%
+2%
+1%
0%
-1%
-2%
-.3%
100
Fig. 8.17
140
120
Firing angle 1
160
(degrees)
180
156
variat
the voltage
the
Ie dif
al"ternator
Fig. 8.18
is shown
3.5 0 has been achieved
angle change
using the
(e)
outlined in
38
phase angle
36
difference 34
(degrees)
32
30
140
100
Firing angle 1
Fig
Phase Ang
8.18
(degrees)
(8) Var
Di
e
ate
switch 8
thin the
at any
can be
lowing
strategy is
the
ting:
90
( 180 0
2
(i. e. 1 is var
wh
~)
15
e 2 is kept constant at
"1
'157
All typical
current
a
8
(V ) ,
M
ssion I
of thyristor
ively.
1 lt
voltage (V )
L
the
current
the
(b),
ternator
(c)
(d)
respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 8 19
across the
ing of
llograms
s trans
ser
s
di
shown
va
rmer (V )
T
winding
the vo
winding
T2
vol
The
are c
ly
8 22.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8.20
Oscillograms of Typical S
s Trans
. 8.21
Fig. 8.22
Harmonic Content:
to 8.28 respectively.
respectively.
The
are
supply,
illustrated in
, 8.30 and 8 31
and 15
maximum harmonic
at
of the same
Section 8.1.2 1.
tively
160
Fig. 8.23
Fig. 8.24
Fig
8 25
11
13
Supply Vol
11
13
15
17
19
Booster
11
13
15
17
19
16 ")
Fig. 8.26
11
13
15
17
19
. 8.27
11
13
15
17
'162
Fig. 8.28
11
13
15
2%
1%
7
11
15
Voltage (V )
19
7
11
15
Current ( I )
M
Fig. 8.29
19
7%
6%
5%
4% i'"
3%
2% lF
. 8.30
7
11
15.
Voltage (V )
L
II
19
1
3
-1
7
11
15
Current (I )
L
19
16
3%
2%
1%
Fig. 8 31
i5
19
15
11
19
Compar
at
11
supply
voltage
peak harmonic
values.
8.29
It can therefore
at the supply
8.1.3.2
fundamental component
-4%
100
Fig. 8 32
140
120
Firing angle 1 (degrees)
Booster
Magnitude Variation
of
164
The
on with the
mode (i)
to only 17L
a var
in
been
phase
us
33
di
( e)
of Section B.1.3.
48
46
phase angle
difference 44
(degrees)
42
100
Fig. 8.33
160
120
140
Firing angle E1 (degrees)
(6)
180
Variation
8.1.4
out at the
were
by V in Fig
L
fundamental
and
between V
with the
1977).
measurement
8 1)
cJ>
ter
cJ>
and
is
, is possible
II
From thes
are
measurements
165
The
inti>
==
flows
modes (i)
i)
(cases
phase
(a)
ly) are
(b)
ly.
. 8.34 shows
ion of 17%).
260
240
Active power
p
220
(W/phase)
200
100
Fig. 8.34
120
140
160
er
180
'166
-220
Active power
p
(W/phase)
-260
-280
-300
140
120
Firing angle E1
100
Fig. 8.35
160
(degrees)
180
Variation
ing
110 0
react
power
can
to
in the
in the following
manner.
Let
of reactive
VG to ,the
by (
1971)
(QGL) from
busbar V
be described
-40
Reactive power
Q
(VAr/phase)
-80
(a. )
-120
(b)
-160
100
120
140
Firing angle
Fig. 8.36
160
(degrees)
180
(b)
between
For
, as
'120, the
at
ter
5% (see F
magnitUde is
(see Fig
1
8 18) over
vo
to
by
increase in vol
17)
by a
e in cos8
same
iod, resulting
"
Thus
"reactive power
'168
Ie of
, both
(see
8.
(a)
magnitude of V
L
cosB
B 32 and 8.33) as E1
from 165
(8.1),
Re
ing to equat
re
an
over
g. 8.36 (b) .
Assuming a
to 110.
the
ence
8.2
33/6.6/2.4 kV
s transl"'""..-m,Q
thyris
, a computer simulation
ture booster
's abi
resu
between two
publ
ation in the
reproduced in
13.
A
description of
propo
rcuit's
'16
are
model developed in
1 and
The mathematical
so
of
computer
Two di
control
es
of thyristor
the
consequent
on
The results
is possible to
8.3
possible to achieve
control.
power trans
The
S2 gives
transformer (T 2 in
causing
proposed circuit
g. 8.1)
harmonic
8.1.3 show
c
The
the
in
to
the active
(V )
M
and alternator
8.1.4 that it is
flow in either
'170
by us
the
a combined
i .
quadrature
act
power flow to
of
or
power flow
ase the
(iii),
Table 8.1 1
the
If the
pI
8.37 (i.e. at
I
booster/bucker had
ssion
the
and (viii)
T 3 in
by trans
),
),
(vi)
8.37
Tab
8.1
Necessary to
the Comb
Quadrature
Booster/Bucker
Quadrature
Mode
Voltage
Thyristor
8witches
(i)
+VQ
81 ' 8 3
(ii)
+VQ
81 ' 83
~V
82, 8
3
-vQ
8 , 8
2
3
~V
82 , 8
3
(vi)
-VQ
8 , 8
2
3
(vii)
+VQ
s1'
(viii)
+VQ
S1 ' 8 3
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
17
CHAPTER 9
TRANS
The poss
by
shi
ly
implementation.
to
on
All
s
injection
VOLTAGE
9 . 1
The
of
vo
tern
a generator to
T/L 1 and
power
17Ll
stem are
power
by
primary and
voltages VG , VB
windings
the
(T 1)
windi
of
and
so that
are
Fig. 9. 1
two
s
(i)
lagging
use
quadrature
(i e.
between the
0 0 < '"
'I' < 90
.
.the
(eI
and (v)
ly)
use of
tor
to as quadrature
175
e, mode (v)
involves
2.2), which
use
s 82
together
simply
to as
bucking.
Using the dynamic computer programme
in
single~phase
150 MVA
Thyristor
with
further increased
1) to (90 + )
from (180
Quadrature buck
symmetrical
'180
-
3) an d wh en
2 is further increased
from {180
Figure 9.2 shows the percentage regulation
fundamental component plotted
the
'176
The
sign convention is
the
used
if the
frequency
component of VB is
positive.
obtai
line
for
ively.
AC and
shi
as
Be show the
ts
quadrature boosting
The percentage regulation
bucldng
VB 1
within
ft 10 o
Percentage Voltage
Regulation
+6%
-6%
-10
+10
Fig. 9.2
The
'inject
Quadrature Vol
stics
Inj
on wave
es
produces
1' 2 and 3' and
maximum leve
th
177
, which are
culated by
505), are
Fast Four
as a
fundamental
However,
is
the quadrature
of any power
component at
injection
When there
no
t, as it
is very
The controls
the thyristor
or
9.2
On average,
0
of the
tern frequency
INJECTION
ZING EFFECT OF
power=
By
shi
to
a.nd
any intermediate
the no-boosting and
Without
three
curve is
ting curves
boosting
e maximum power
between
178
the
By suitable control,
+ P,
by the quadrature
ft
booster/bucker unit.
is
9.3.
Thus
rst
power~
CONTROLLED
BOOSTING
Power
NO
BOOSTING E - - - I
FULL
BOOSTING
Maximum
Iswing,with
Boostlng
I,I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Power
Input
Fault
Removal
Maximum
swing
No Boosting
90
Angle (degrees)
Fig
9.3
st
179
(bucking).
inj
on
bucking
The
immediately the
is removed.
This improvement
CONTROLLED
FULL
BOOSTING
FULL <E<f.-----I
BUCKING
Power
Power
Input
90
. 9.4
e
(degrees)
Power~Angle
9.2 1
Once
further control
unit can be
180
In the
damping, and di
system would osci
ing point
the
the areas
Instead,
curves would be
rst
maximum angle
for
quadrature
s than 90 there
boosting.
It
In the scheme
boosting
implemented
are
'Damping Mode A
At maximum swing
vol
inj
is immediately modified so
than the input power
that
occur.
the power
This ensures
1 8 '1
Damping Mode B:
Full boosting
swing
At maximum
boosting can
immediately be changed to
bucking to
s is illustrated
Fig. 9.5.
Power
Power
1\
\ I
\ I \
\
1\
I \
I \
removal
~Fault
Input
\
\
\
\
\
Angle
(degrees)
90
e Curve
9 5
Method of
Damping
state operating point
(no voltage i
maximum
~2
/;3
1;4
ection)
minimum
maximum second
backswing angle
swing angle
182
For the
full
booster/bucker unit
the amount
the di
to
Because of
. 9.5).
To overcome th
9.3
COMPUTER
A multi-machine transient stability programme
chapter is to show
booster/bucker unit to
trans
in
sIng a
is
ely as an inves
purpose.
a
step-length
lity programme
25 ms, the
of the
immediate.
18
9.3.1
The
improvement
with a
injection
This
coupled
transmission lines to a
power system.
The
removal at 160 ms
a quadrature
an
component
not just
tude
curve's magnitude is
magnitude is
boost~r/bucker
so
to
ed
so.
while
The ef
sting
The
right or left
'184
Because of th
from bucking
change
boosting
90
the
best
It was
at
that 105
was a
Clearing Times
105 0
160 ms
injection
Boost only
165 ms
170 ms
9.3.1.2
Several of
quadrature voltage
stem damping,
shown
The amount of
time during which it
Fig. 9.6.
backswing by
to rema
amount, but it
for a long t
near maximum
In a
test case
two
could
provided
time
more pract
ion
, this
possibili
scounted.
On a
wi
lity.
fferent periods
Mode A
Mode B
Angle
(degrees)
---
,
\
\,
,
\
\
\/
"----'.
20
'(
/\
'.
i
-\'
\ ---~/~----~-=--~-~--~-~--=~~~~
\.
-_
\,
,I
\."-
-'"
I:
,_/'
r--r--------
. Quadrature------Booster/Bucker Unit
L_~________~I~.
Setting Angle
-20
2.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
Time (s)
9.6
Swing Curves
Booster/Bucker Setting
186
mode B
to
better
e more
swing maximum.
lows
than mode A to
was
It that th
me'thod of damping
st
swing maximum.
F'or comparative purposes, a third swing curve
corresponding to the same system but operating with an
uncontrolled transformer
shown in Fig
9.4
th
9.6.
Aswould
CONCLUSIONS
installing a quadrature voltage injection
maximum ang
a particular fault
can be reduced.
Also by extending the control strategy, extra
tern during
as well as backswing.
requiring
Damping
strategy i
swings
complex,
gnals and
on
ly
Short
lowing a
during
sturbance, but
state
will occur
harmonic inj
no harmonic injection
when there
no
1 quadrature voltage
187
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
the
It
various
inherent
transformer connections.
the
The branch
with
ility to
run
tate solution
mathema
il
1 76)
with the
ed thyristor-controlled
ng
188
trans
may
by the
Under
1 of
flow conditions
anced
the
content
can
trans
\\findings
higher
by
If the
fil
Ie, some
stor~controlled
regulating
on-load
some
shi
can
achieved.
sting
Inevitably there is
bucking.
transformer.
led
But by a su
and mode of
some
power
18
trans
can
maximum
a
to whi
e vo
faul't, by
injection at
of
connecting it to a large
system has
Various control s
line
transient period,
switches
the thyristor-controlled
e series trans
rmer
transformer need be
of the
and individual
lable.
In some industr
ations, such as
S,
tioh of
ed
Also
vo
the small phase 8h
as
component of
with any magnitude change would not be
There
on-load
as a
ther
ed c
190
of
both
labil
voltage
If a
winding
trans
four-windi
to
ant
and
arranged to provide
vol
then
to
quadrant
poss
Ie.
in~phase
and
with
ing
thyristor~controlled
To maintain
voltage
lity
tion
individual
control, it is necessary
secondary side of
the s
ture
secondary windi
to provide
n9' is
transformers.
back-to-back thyristor
T,
in Fig. 10.1.
-vB
series transformer.
transformer, and T2
represent
shown
are requi
in-phase and
ary vo
leading
6 represent the
switches 8"
8 2 and 8
operate as an
booster/bucker
thyristor
84
5 and
a s
voltage
6 operate
e voltage
th
a
ce of
operating
as that
o
through 360 .
in
. 10. 1 can be
Fig..
0~ 1
Four
Transformer
"192
ARNOLD C.P.
(1976):
Multi~Machine
"Solutions of the
Power
Great Britain.
ARRILLAGA J., BARRETT B. and VOVOS N.A.
(1976):
(1973):
pp. 1047-1052.
"Digital Modelling
pp.789-790
BOWLES J. P.
(1970):
I.E.E.E. Trans.,
pp.1603-1609.
(1976):
"Dynamic Modelling of
(1962):
Thesis,
COCHRAN W T
pp.1664~1674.
CONTE S.D
and DE BOOR C.
Analysis".
Company Inc.
2nd ed.
(1965):
IlElementary Numerical
chap. 3.
19
(1972):
"Numerical Methods
PPM
232~233.
An Introduction".
New York,
11 Book Company
chap. 3.
FOHRHALTZ H.A.
(1967):
Interrupters".
pp.
, John Wiley
"Electric Energy
(1971):
Inc.
New
422~428
(1971):
44, No.6.
(1966):
pp. 180-184.
(1974)
I.E.E. Conference
pp. 198-202.
(1975):
"The Development of
pp. 51- 54 .
MEDEARIS K.G.
(1974):
(1973a):
KMA Research,
pp. 122-124
"An Apprai
ASEA Journal,
and MUSGRAVE G.
Power
tem Transient
Insertion".
I.E.E.
pp. 112-117.
(,197 3b)
"Improvement of
ft
120, No
2.
"
Instruction Manual".
RAMSHAW R.
(19
"Power Electronics".
London,
Mechanical
On~Load
Publ
and The
SAY M.G.
(1969):
Appl
"A Thyristor
'rap Changer".
No
pt. 10
liThe
(1958)
I.E.E.
185~192.
Des
of
London,
3rd
p. 21.
Pitman Publishing.
(1978):
"The Static
pp. 585-589.
STEVENSON W.D.
2nd ed.
(1962):
(1973):
10th ed.
"The J & P
London,
chap. 12.
pp. 7
87.
"Electrical
p. 96.
Book'~.
chap. 5.
WRIGHT A.
(1968):
"Current Transformers:
p. 11.
Their Transient
195
P.PPENDIX
-I
The G.E.C R. f
~s
ing pulses
of two
Trigger unit
(b)
Output unit
Power Supply:
PCO~555
PCO~392
50 HZ, 28 V rms,
Reference Voltage:
Control Signal:
5 V de.
Pulse Ma'tch
196
APPENDIX 2
ing pulses
two
s to only
The manufacturers
tolerance 180 2.
During the formation of the high
trains, a "block ll pulse
beginning and
To cal
pulse
, this "block" pu
voltage (V
is used in conjunction w
(B)
REF
).
iding
pulses
the
The c
are shown
A2.1 and
A2.2.
ts used
the electronic
tart
are shown in
stop
to
t
positions
19
>-~~~~=---~VREF
pulses)
8v
B
OV
ses)
4.7 V
LAV47
Fig. A2,1
A20 2
Production
Pos
of Start
Pulses
198
the
of
50 Hz.
control
ts is shown
C.R. f
for the G
. A2
the
the
in
tart
COS
.
+1.0
+008
+0.6
+0.4
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
+2
+3
+4
Control
Signal
+5 (v doc.)
-0.2
-0.4
-006
-008
-LO
A2.
Circuit
Characteri
199
APPENDIX 3
CONVENTIONAL PULSE
Core:
Philips
toroid,
dimensions 36 x 23 x 15
Winding:
3E1,
~n.
200
APPENDIX 4
liMICRONE" PULSE
~So
for thyr
in
ly designed
time is always
3.6).
the
printed
board mounting.
Maximum
Input vol tage
Output voltage
17.5 V peak
10.5 V on open circuit
output
APPENDIX 5
PARAMETERS
In the
assessment of
an 8.25 kVA
three-winding transformer
trans
are used.
ratings
this appendix.
current
The voltage
, which are
these trans
ircuit tests
results of open
AS.1
8.25 kVA
The 8.25 kVA transformer
phase unit
th voltage
a
400/200/66 V
delta/star/star
winding current
secondary
per
Table AS.1.
Table
Parameters
8 25 kVA Trans
Secondary
185 + j353.8
j185.6
j18S.6
070 + j97 5
j57.76
j30 36
20
AS 2
Three
bui
trans
use as s
igned and
sting/bucking trans
conjunction with
For flexibility, the
imary s
of the trans
two 25 V
Ie to
primary
ranging from 13 V to 76 V,
The two
has
lable
to be compatible with
which are
voltages avai
from
66 V.
tran
16 A and 20 A
respectively.
The impedance parameters for one s
are given in Table
.2
Table A5.2
13 Volt
13 Volt
0.011
+j 1 .74
transformer
25 Volt
25 Volt
13 Volt
38 Volt
28
j3.30
j3.30
j L 7'1
j4.78
0.020
7
j6032
008
0.020
j3.30
j9008
j608
0 01'1
+j 1 .74
j4 78
j3.
0.027
1+ '13.3
25 Vo
j3 30
25 Volt
j3.30
j6.32
+j6 37
13 Volt
j 1 71
j3.30
j3.30
+j6
.30
38 Volt
j4.78
j9 08
J'9 08
j4.78
28 Volt
j3.56
j6.S3
j6.83
56
j9.89
j9.89
203
rvlATHEMATICAL MODEL
Be
the 1
-~
inductors Q
Sect
itors
that the
s are
charge.
INCLtTDINGCAPAC
assumedG
Resistors are
their
vo
state
means
to the
two state
were
flux
variab
sand
ob
from
ab
A6.1
Let the
c
itive, r resistive, I
branches.
The
stor
inductive
ions concerning
1.
to accommodate
or
2
poin-t
Purely res is
to
stor
itors.
or
ive
The
with
thyristor
in Section 4.3.
is
204
02
NODE
In
node
of S
to
(Sect
ni-tion
and
4.3.1)
ified.
to be
The
nodes
to at
but
y nodes
nodes
topologi
fected by
formulat
to
a convenient way
itly in the
of y nodes (a more
the treatment of 0
detailed explanation
is
in Section 4.3.1).
The topological matrices
K~nl K~n
and
K~n
are the
capacitive, res
It is convenient to
tion
e topological
according to
types as
r
KT
rn
[ KT
rei.
[ KT
la
20
From
ion
of var
A6
'I )
A6.3
The
both resist
ived
Sect
LI.
apply to
and inductive
,2 1 and 4 3. 2 2
Rewr
ing
equations~
(A6, 1 )
(A6 .2)
d(l./J1I)/dt
.1
Capaci
For
ip
(v .
.1
and n
When all c
the
on can
=
s are cons
wr
(K'r V )
en n
3)
206
t:he vec1:or
ctlrrent
!l
is
V
A6 4
vector of
VOLTAGE AND
In
ffls
current sources,
current law 9
r
To obtain
Vy )
(A6. 4 )
KnlIl
equation (A6. 3)
for K I
nc c
premult
then made
ied by K , a sUbstitution
nc
equation (A6o 4 )
::::
on
(A6 5)
- KnlIl
in
Kyc
Kyr
and
tioned
K C KT
ac cc c
0
K
ar
Va
d
VI3
r + KI3
Vy
KYlll
Defining
=
is
Q
aa
vector
+- KalIl
1
207
Then
d(Q
aa
)/dt
K81.'
and
(A6 .6)
Ill)
K81 I l
:=
III
r +
which
In
to
vector of S
(A6 08)
Ky 1 d (II ) / d t
an expression for
(V
s ) ,equation
(A6o')
st ltvritten
in partitioned form.
=
Premultiplying this
and us
equation (A6.7)
or
::::: 0
by KSr' noting
- 88
to the
(K
81"1
+ K
lowing
R 1KT V )
(A6 .9)
8r rr ra a
where
In a
imil
manner, an
can be
vector of y
Remembering
(A6o 2)
Y
ion re
~11
Ill' premult
itioning KT V
the
In n'
ng equa
110wing
208
~
'I
KYILll [Llld(I l )
.~
'1'
KYILll (E l + KlaVa +
the
tJ
(L 11 ) Id..
rr
f3V[3
-~
. KT V
1)
ly y
are cons
~~
to be unchanging with
-1
~r.yyKYILll(
Vy
RIII I )
(A6. 10)
where
~1
Lyy
" T
lK ly
K
Y
""
Vr and V as:
l
Vr
::::
KT V
ra a
VI
=:
T
EI + KTlaVa + KISVS
Equations (A6.1)
(A6 11 )
~
(A6, 12)
RIIII
Ir
A6.5
r + Kr(3VS}
(A6. '13)
V(3
~RS/3(KelIl + K(3
(A6. '14)
Vy
==
-L
K L- 1
yy yl 11 VI
(A6o 'I 5)
STATE=SPACE:
Us
(W ll ) as
state var
,the
(Qaa)
state
, the rate
ux
change
the
equation
209
rate
state
(equation (A6.2)
can now be
VI + K:r'ly Vy
substituting for VI
d($ll / dt =
'
Vy
[U 11 - K~yLyyKYIL~;J ~1
UII
a unit
Substituting
+ KiaVa + KiBVS
L
ning
r and V8 v
T
~1
KlyLyyKYILl1
UII
MIl
and rearranging
= MIl
d(1/JII)/dt
[El
T
(KlSRSSKr31 + RII)I I
+ KT V
10:. 0:.
T
KII3 RI3I3 KS
KTro:. Vex
(A6. 16)
Defining
I
RII
and
N1r
:::::
KII3 RSS KS
as
)v
By substituting
1 7)
0:.
rate of
(A6.6)
state
can now be
as
d(Q
aex
)/dt
I 1/J 11 +
'1 (V
KT V ) ]
rS f3
10
(~~6
'I 8)
T
KlSRSSKS
N
lr
then
NT
rl
sRseKSl
tten as:
(A6. 19)
Defining
~, 1
and substituting CaaQaa
va
expressed as:
d(Q
aa
)/dt
Since
Aal
then
AT
Us
""
la
-A a
1*
I(T C- 1 Q
ar ra aa aa
(A6 .20)
K N'Ii
ar rl
KT
(A6.21)
la
N KT
lr ra
(A6.21)
arid substituting
as:
C:~Qaa
for Va'
(1\6.22 )
.20)
(A6. 22)
(A6. 23)
A6.6
SOLUTION
network
starting.
1\6.6.1
f(1jJ Q)
d(Q
g(ljJfQ)
IjJ
and Q at the
a. a.
)/dt
(A6. 24)
21
(A6.25)
Using
t/l t +h in terms
obtained as
ion
state
lows:
t/l t +h
=
leads to the following
sion:
+ (
An
sian
(A6.26)
Qt+h in terms
(A6. 25)
+ t/lt+h)
"2
Uaa is a unit
of
()I,
to
U
+ h G KT C 1
aa
2
ar ra aa
following expression
(A6.27)
213
.26)
In
can
each integration
length h.
equations
more simply as:
(A6 28)
-1 h A L-1~,
+ f'
- Baa 2 al ll~t+h
2
(A6 29)
Defining
o
and rewriting equations (A6.28) and (A6.29) as a single
matrix equation
(A6
r2
where U
a unit matr
order (l + a) .
14
A6.6 2
The
can be
to
by successive
approximations.
the
The method
makes
For the
the
the
+ a1
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3
1x 1 +
2x 2 + a 3
c1
c2
c3
:=
- a
a more
these
(-
1
L:
k:=1
and
215
computer solution
If during a
'the various
solution, using
, can be
1
as:
::
(- c. +
.1
.1
ese
x.r+1
.1
:::::
x.r.1
m
- a.-:(-
given by:
.1.1
- we aa
Qaa is
216
APPENDIX 7
a smooth curve by a
, justi
of short
technique.
Then
17
Us
given
the
the fol
Once t
been
the
of all
lowing
equation, which is
general equation
a straight line:
2Hl
APPENDIX 8
FOURIER
Any periodic
a Fourier
as
f (t)
where
and T
:::
:::
an
::
bn
:::
~ J:
2
if
(milt) + b sin(nwt)
n
n:::1
(AS. 1)
f(t)dt
JT f(t)cos(nwt)dt
(AS.2)
2
if JT0 f(t)sin(nwt)dt
(AS. 3)
(~T)
of discrete samples.
in order to
can
""
.1T
3..
lowing
l:
f(q~T)~T
q
E
f(q~T)cos[nw(q~T)]~T
E
= 3..
T q
f(q~T)sin[nw(q~T)]~T
T q
19
APPENDIX 9
THE RESPONSE OF
TO
following nameplate
Ratio 100/50/25/10
Rating 7.5 VA
Class AL
Frequency 50 Hz
No. X-7110
The tests described
th
to be used
experiments associated
RATIO ERROR
A9.1
test
which the
A9 1
The
winding
the current
an
an
1020G)
is
To match
non-inductive resistive
no 50 Hz current
20 W
and
this
t is
t.
50 Hz
Current
Generator
25 A
Selective A.F.
Power Analyser
"Plessey"
Selective A.F.
Power Analyser
20 W Sanken
Amplifier
Marconi
Si9 na1
Generator
F'
A901
Current Trans
Error Test
221
Rather than
an ammeter, a
Power
II
Ii
harmonic current
to measure
The
50 Hz
ive A.F.
winding
the
(When the SO Hz
The
rst with
rnA
the
load 50 Hz
the harmonic
tests are
A9 2 to
in
5, where
measurement
within the
the
5%
zero error,
harmonic current,
can
concluded that
frequencies up to 2 kHz,
The amount
SO Hz
does
2 2
Secondary
current
(rnA)
10
OL---~--~
A9.2
__~__~__~~~__~__-4--~--~--__
6
1012
10 2 Hz
14
16
18
20
30
Secondary
current
20
..
.."...-...,.,,-------
(rnA)
10
.3
10
12
10 2 Hz
Error Test
14
50%
18
16
20
Current
22
60 .
40
Secondary
current
(mA)
20
10
10
Fig. A9.4
14
12
16
18
Hz
60
""""'"
-.-
-=>
"""""
40
Secondary
current
(mA)
20
__ __ __ __ __- L__
~
10
12
__- L__~__~__~~__
14
16
20
10 2 Hz
Fig
A9 5
10-1
Error Test
50% Full
Current
224
not significantly
of the
current trans
.2
TRANSFORMATION
Two more
are
current waveform
current waveform
superimposed on a 50 Hz sinusoidal
For
generator
an
load
resultant compos
current
these measurements,
fundamental (100 Hz) component,
A9.7.
There is no significant
in the ratios of
current
can
current
on to the
no
of
waveT~~mla
current trans
with
.................................
..
"
(a)
(b)
Primary Harmonics
1.0
~,.
Secondary Harmonics
0.8 rRatio 25 - 1
0.6 F
0.4 f0.2
I-
0.0
Il
11
13
15
17
19
10 2 Hz
1.0
0.8
I=-
Ratio 10 - 1
0.6
0.4
0.2 l0.0
1
I. I
11
z
10 Hz
. A9.7
I
13
15
17
19
226
APPENDIX 10
lev~ls.
227
i
,1,,
,::
r
1
Fig. A10.1
I.
-1--'-.1- .
,:1
Fig. A10.2
-+
-, r'
I
Fig. A10.3
i'
~.
22
. A10 4
. i'-
Figo A10.5
A10.6
"[
"
0.7
Variat
229
11
Fig. A10.8
Voltage Variation
.1
Fig. A10.9
Typical 1
Variation
..
!
Fig. A10.10
,.
11
2 0
0. 1
Leve
Harmonic
and
on
of
fundamental)
(%
Harmonic Voltage
400 V
Busbar
Peak Level
(%
nominal
fundamental)
0.70
1.70
0.26
0.52
0.61
0.65
0.17
0.30
0.35
0.37
0.09
0.17
0.04
0.07
11
0.09
0.10
13
0.04
0.07
17
0.17
0.22
19
0.09
0.13
2 1
11
J. Arrillaqa (Non-member)
University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.
Abstract - An alternative approach to the conventional on-load tap-change voltage control is described.
The proposed solution involves the use of in-phase booster transformers and phase-angle controlled thyristor
switching.
Any specified range of continuous voltage
variation can be achieved and the response is practically instantaneous. Computed and experimental results are
presented,illustrating typical voltage and current Waveforms as well as their harmonic content.
INTRODUCTION
There are many disadvantages in the use of on-load
tap-changing control, whereby the current is switched
from tap to tap by mechanical means. Among these are its
cost, the inertia of the moving parts which severely restrict the speed of response causing wide temporary voltage variations and the high level of maintenance caused
by the mechanical switching due to eontacts And oil deterioration.
It is not suprising. therefore, that various attempts are being made to try and introduce static switching eoft~o} as part of the transformer tap-changer system.(l
2
However there seem to be enormous technical
and economical problems in the integration of thyristor
switching with the conventional on-load tap-changer
principle.
Perhaps .the main difficulty encountered is
the ratings of the devices, which have to withstand full
fault current and surge VOltage conditions; another major
difficulty relates to the large number of thyristor
switches required to provide reasonably stepped voltage
controllability.
To OVercome the above problems, a new principle of
transformer voltage ratio control is described in this
paper, based on the
use of point on wave controlled switching. The switching prinCiple itself is widely
used in low power electronic
circ'..lits
voltage.
The phenomena is better explained with reference
to the "idealised w waveforms of Fiq~ 2 which use a power
factor of 0.9, not untypical of power distribution systems~
Fi9~
refer
to the positions indicated in Fig. 1. The angular intervals 0 and represent delays 1n the firing of thyristor switches $1 and 52 respectively.
The forward-biased thyristor of switch 51 can be
triggered at any time within the range <a<180o, where ~
is the pha~e angle difference between the voltage and
current waveforms. Similarly, the appropriate thyristor
of switch 52 can be triggered at any time within the
range 0<<,. Hence the voltage boosting can be controlled by the triggering of both switches 51 and 52 a3d the
0
effective boosting period can range from 0 to 180
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
reg-
Fig. 1.
boosting transformer~
Experimental verification of the theoretical waveforms described in the previous section was carried out
using an 8.25 kVA, 400/200/66 Volt, three-phase transformer, 'with its tertiary winding connected for in~phase
boosting to a 750VA (per phase), 38/25 volt series transformer~
connected
boost control.
Fig. 3 shows a set of typical voltage and current
waveforms for a particular case when the firings of the
boostinq (51) and short-circuiting (52) pairs were d~lay
ed by 80 and 10 dO'/rees respectivoly and the load power'
factor was 0.9. The oscillogram" 3(., (bl. (c) and (dl
show the supply voltage (V), the load voltage IV), the
voltago across the seconda~y windin9 of the serie~ trdn-
paper
IEEE Tr,"Ansfol:F.lel:S Cor:.mittee of !:he IEEE !'c'.'lCr
n~ir.g Society for presentation at !:he n:m PES SlJlTIIror
1Iceti1l'.J. VI.!.l1CO\.l\leC, Qritish Columbia, canada, July 1520, 19"19. Manuscript submitted September S, 1978; !!lade
available for printing April 26, 1979.
232
."
i e:
I"
I
I
,:~.l....
I
I
I
i
(b)
(C)
'.
.,
Fig. 3.
(d)
- inductance matrix
tt
T
'1'
and K and K
t
branch-
l depending on whether node n is at the sending or receiving end of the branch. Also, expressing Kirchhoff's
current law in terms of these incidence matrix yields.
(3)
Node segregation
It is computationally efficient to subdivide the
nodes accordinq to the type of branches connected to them
ioto:
since
the
topological
(oj
Fig. 2.
Theoretical waveforms.
using the branch formulation, the followifi9 matrix equations can be written for the resistive and inductive
branches ..
V
!l
(2)
1;9
~ 0
Rewritinq equation (l) in partitiQ~~d fom
(4 .. )
It
current vectors
Vn
(4b)
From which
(5)
(10)
Numerical solution
(K;II VB K!'l V )
'l
(6)
where
where!
Premultiplying equation (2) by K 'L~l, remembering that ~tl ~ Ltt It and partitioning'll!n ~n the following express~on results
-1
II ,,1
Ky! LU (LU
-1
Kyl
Lu u:!
Using equation
anging:
L
Vy
-4-
11 dt (LUI)
T
V
+ KiS VB + KT
ty y - Il. U It'
noting that
(5) ,
..!!.
(IoU)
0, and rearr-
dt
-1
Lu.
Ky!
(E
+ KJ!.B Va - lin 1 )
t
1
~t+h
-1
-1
\tLu
'2
-1
-1 h
MU RU LU) >lit + AU
2' MU (Et+Enh'
(12)
wh"re
L yy "
-1
AU (UI'.C
(7)
where,~t' E ~nd E +
are considered constant
within
t
t h
each ~ntegratlon s~ep. Finally, the flux linkages (~tt)
are small quantities in the system being modelled and
the numerical accuracy is greatly improved by using
(w'b ) as the state variables, Le.
11.'1'
ty
Experience with dynamic analysis in a.c./d.c. transmission systems(4) has shown the advantages of
usin9
the state space formulation.
Using the flux linkages
(~u)
,as the state variables and the node subdivision
described in the last section. the rate of change of the
state variables (equation (2)1 can now be expressed
as
follows.
Approximate
in~
(i~e.
open
(8)
ted.
.115
simulation under
conditions~
Oetection of discontinuities
is a unit matrix of order t
u~ing
equation
d
dt(~U)
(6)
to eliminate V/;l
1
., "Uh: ..-RU
(9)
whe .....
terval.
"u
and
1
RU
u -
itT
YY ItY1
11
'I'
234
to
+n
12
IIIJ
tan
-1
-b
( an)
n
WAVEFORMS
A computer programme, based on the dynamic analysis described in the previous sections WqS used to investigate the behaviour of a three-phase three-winding )0
!!VA distribution transformer and a series boosting tra'nsformer as shown in Fig. I, the relevant parameters for
the main and series transform""s are given in Append!x A.
Due to the frequent topological Changes caused by'
the multiple switching, the solution required long comp~
utinq times~
Most of the time was spent in obtaininq
realistic initial conditions, i.e. 90in9 from the sinus~
oidal waveforms initially assumed to the actual distorted waveforms. However, once a set of realistic initial
steady state waveforms had becn Obtained, these could be
uscd for all the subsequent dynamic cases on the same
system.
Some of the results of a three-phase symmetrical
study are plotted in Fig_ 4 and their similarity
with
the theoretical (Fig. 2) and experimental (Fig. 3) reSults is very apparent. These waveforms illustrate the
effect of a 750 delay'in the firIng of the boosting pair
sl and a 100 delay in the firing of the short-circuiting
periods are clearly seen in curve (V ) which represents
T
the tertiary side voltage across the ,series transforrner~
The fundamental component of the load side voltage
waveform (V ), although not immediately obvious from the
L
figure, has been boosted by G\, for these particular delay angles, with respect to the voltage at the secondary
terminals of the main transformer.
Small 'dips'
are
clearly visible in the load voltage waveform 89 a result
of the c~nutations between the loading and short-circuiting thyristor5.
The percentage regulation of the fundamental component of the 10lld voltage as iii function of the firing
angle a (while is kept constant at 10) is illustrated
in Fig. 5. The graph $hows a stepless voltage variation
between +11\ and -3.4\.
There is ~ small phase shift between the fundarnent~l components of the voltage at the secondary terminals
of the main transformer and the load voltage. The var1atio~ of phase-shift
with Q is also plotted in Fig. 5
and a maximum of +1.50 is observed.
Finally it should be noted that the eadiest firing
instant for the boosting pair corresponds to an angle
equal to the phase difference between the actual voltage
Cycles
Fig. 4.
Computed waveform
(b)
(a)
40
80
120
1>0
IBO
235
II, I
35791113
Voltage
Fig. 6.
35791113
Current
!!
.,
.,;c
The static alternative based on point on wave cQntrolled voltage boost has been shown to be technically
feasible. By appropriate choice of the boosting
transformer ratio any voltage range provided by on-load tapchangers can be achieved subject to some waveform distortion and phase-shift.
There is no need for mUltiple
taps, each phase requiring four thyristors,and the speed
of response is only limited hy the intervals between
thyristor switchinqs.
The results of this preliminary investigation are
sufficiently encouraging to justify the necessary reliability and economic studies prior to the design of a
full scale unit.
ACKNOWLEDGE:MJ::NTS
The authors are grateful to Mr. P. W. Blakeley,
General Manager of the New Zealand Electricity Department;
and to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Centre of the University of Canterbury for their
help.
REFERENCES
[1]
Roberts, M. E. and Ashman, W. G.,"A Thyristor Assisted Mechanical On-load Tap-Changer", I.E.E. Conference Publication No.5) on Power Thyristors
and
their applications, pp. 185-192, May 1969.
[2]
4
3
.,.c
[3]
(j
[4]
tl)
;I;
S 1 911 13
Voltage
Current
[5]
l"i9. 7.
DISCUSSlm~
~rran""
STUD~
480 MVA.
0.9
Main Transformer The main transformer consists of three 9ing16phase units connected in delta/star/star.
Ratings. 10 MVA
phase) 33/11/2.4 kV (phMe1;9
236
Prilll,,!:y
Secondary
Terth."y
Primary
60500
12900
2153
Secondary
12900
2760
587
215l
S97
125
Tertiary
Series transformers ~
Three independent transtormer$ were used (with
their primary windings in series with tho resp~ctlvu
phases of the loed).
Rating, 1.2 HVA. 0.76/1.39 kV
Winding reactances:
APPENDIX 12
The motorby
e & Co.
, Hebburn-on-Tyne, England,
following
data.
Amps 85
R P.M. 200/1800
29
3
R.P M. 1500
Amps 200
Periods 50
Volts 220
No.8
P F. 0.8
Amps 11
69
kVA
R P.M. 1500
520
3
Volts 220
50
P.F. 0 8
ld Amps 9.5
238
APPENDIX 13
led
Indexing Remu:
Abstract
Wi!h reference 10 the cOllveniional quadrature booster transfomlcr. this paper describes a way of achieving
continuous phase.mift control b,ued on point-onowave thyristor swiiching. TIu: proposed unit can provide
continuous and practically instantaneous power-transfer control in transmission circuits. The theoretical waveforms
are verified by experimental lests and computer sludies. Consider:uion is also given to the hamlOnic content
produced.
Introductioll
:2
3.
"I.
V,
Fh,.1
ThyriJJl@r'4:onlrolled qllfulrl1ll1Yi! booliell'
IIJIOI', llr:fJf ,,,.;...d 14lh NOVf:mbri:f
1!l1V
mi.
nntJ
fill. 2
VutoFietical waj'e{Q1I1U "'l'irh leading qUfJdroluff' .vIM,"
"1'
239
When
h positive, thyriUor 1 is forwlrd bias.ed. Therefore, I
puls.e applied to thyristor I will 111m II on, lind Y'if will become
posit ive. l!kcause, thyristor 3 Is IIOW uovene biagd. Ii wiJIlllrl! off.
When
il; negative, thyristor l b again forward biased. HI:II~.
dle firing
thyristor:3 will lum it on, and I commutation from
th)'ristor I 10 thyristor 3 will like pl8ce, thus turninglbyristof I off.
The Ilperluion during the s.econd hlllfcycle is similar to the fint,
but wilh all voltage polarities reversed lUId '''ilh the altelillite thyrislm
of nch backto-back pair conducting.
Thus, for operation in mode (i), with lagging power factor, Ole
efrective fange of the firing angle g ror S, is; 90" + 1/1 <!l < 180" ,lUId
the range of firing angle Ii for 8 1 is O < iii < 90" + 1$1. The firing angles
o lind f Ire both measured wilh respect 10 the zero crossings of VQ
If lagging quadrature boosting is us.ed (mode (ii). i.e. IfQ lags V",
by qO, the appropriate thyristor of switch Sa required to terminate
the boosting period, will be rcvcne biased until the uro crossing of
the line current and cannot conduct until that inuan!. But, even then.
the conducting thyristor of switch S. , being still forward biased, will
continue conduct' 19 lUId the ' ....itching of Sa will immediately short
drcuit the secondary ",inding of transformer T I. To overcome this
problem, II dday could be buill into the control syste,,' to allow S I to
switch off and rtco"cr fully before the firing ofSa. This delay.
however. would cause III temporary open circuit, with large overvoltages, across the iccondary winding of T 1, and Is not considered II
practical proposition. Operation under mode Oi) was thus discarded,
illnd the rest of the paper deals-with operation in mode (i).
If the transmissiQfl line connecting the two systems contains power
transformers III either end, Ihe ~hunl transformer of fig. I can be
dispensed wilh, and the requirta reduced vollage obtained from II
tClliary winding. Fig. 3 illustrates one phase or :iI transmission line
(between busbars V. and VII) with ~ 3-winding transformer at the
sending end. In the absence of tftvristor switches. the phas.e-to-neulral
lertiary voltages will be in quadrature with the line vohages of the
delta.(Oimecled windings. Thyristor control produces the waveforms
illustrated ill Fig. 2.
1l!~I\:
II
= cllrreni vecton
nodal volt age vecton
= e .m.f. vector ofinduclive branches
K!J,',
(l)
= - KfJJl,
K.,I/, ==
(4)
I)
and also
(5)
3.1
State-llp,,"" lInalVlfh
By using Ihe flux linkages !/Ill as the state variables and Ole
node subdivision described in Ole preceding Section, the rate of
change of the state variables (eqn. 2) can now be expressed liI!i folloWll:
d
;U(tJill) == ,
'II'
,.
+ K,jl"p-RII/, + K,yV.,
(6)
The voltage vectors Vii lind V'I' appearing on the righi-hand side of
eqn. 6 need 10 be expressed in terms of the current vectors l1li(\ their
values calculated at every step of the dynamic solution.
An expression for the voltage vector of IJ nodes J-pcan be defllled
as follows:
(0) premultiply eqn. tl T'by
(b) note that K'[., = 0
(c) substitute eqn. 3 in eqn. I
(7)
where
fill. 3
One-phase ,epr;w:ntor;on 0/ IJ trarumiu;on sysrem w/rh thyristor1I:0II"01/,,d quadrature boosf/fl/l
Mathematical model
node).
The introouction of I) nodes s.epllrales the nMes affected by continuOUs topological
Althoul!h IS nodes
1101 figure in the formulation, iJilry lire useful
10 idenaif), which nodes life affected by thyristor switching during the
dyn!lfllic llimulalion.
A conduct ins thyristor b heated ~ II shorl circuit, thus converting
two Ii nooes into II ., .!lode, IIIld a nonconducting thyristor Is treated
IS lin opllin circuit, converting two li nooeJ> into 11'10 '1nooes. Using Ole
31101l1l cla!l>ificlition, thl!) following mllhix Ilqu<ltioo$ C3n be written for
the Jesisliw <lnd ~du!:iJve !mmches III partitioned form;
(I)
(2)
K-"I;il[l.lI fUI)"l-/,
K.."Lil(l:', + KI~Vp
~(I'/I)] ""
+ K,;VT -Rill,)
Referring back
eliminilite Vl1
(EI
10
.!.(I,bll) ==
lit
+ Ki~YtJ -Rill,)
(a)
1I11d
40
finillly,
thllt II
[~(""I) ]'"
(i0)
i-MuRALiiil
fourier l!:omponenb
4.2
C.,
4.2.1
Fundamental voitlltp
Qse(fJ)
Fig. 4
Computed walleform,
e Primary vohaa./(C
b Vollase on the Hcondary I1de
tbe m::l.)n traodormef
e Voltast' 8t the undinl end of trensmb:aiolA liM
d i\eceivlnl-cn4 vottal_
or
4.2.2
Camp'uter results
4.1
Wav.forml
"J\l.
v.,
or
tfl!llilfOl:imllf.
Harmonic content
The sendiog.end voltage on the line side or the series 113nsformer shows considerable dislortion (Fig. 4c). The harmonic con lent
VlInes with the firing lI.IJgles 0 and t", and the maximum leveb
(expressed IS II percentage (Jllh" fundamental voltage). calculated by
the faSI fourier Iransrorm for Ihe lest eKample, art illustrated ill
Fig. 6 for the Iwo cases discussed in Section It2.1.
elise (b) shows considerable increase in harmonic content oVllr case
(/I). This is explained by the larger voltage jumps caused by the firing
delays of the short-circuitiog Ihyrulon.
The only sourcc I f triplen harmonics is the tertia!)'
(clearly illustrated by the voltage and current waveforms Lt. fig>.
and 4i). For the test exam!,I!:', the maximum levels of third and ninlh
harmonic currents in Iht tertiary windings are 310 mil I
respec;li"ely. (or 39?( and I J% of the nominal fllndamental-componell\
filling).
No triplen hamlOnics 1m: present in the unding. or
'In''..:f,(I
~yst"ms as II result of the delta...:onnccled transformer winding:;.
is. however. intern:!! circulalion of triplen harmonics in the deh;
winding;. The maximum levels for the ca~ under consideration 1111:
3'3% Md 1% of third- lind llinth.IJarmonic Cllrrents, respectively, in
the primary windings. The corresponding levels in the secoilduy
windings IIrt 48% and 1-6'J:.
Other imporunl maltimum harmonic currents ill the Iti1iuy
windinp :lIfe liS follows:
roT.nu. ,
.<<,. ..
241
4.3
PmAmv trml'lafllf
44
so
44'
40
.....'"
4 5
31\
0:
;[
Hi
.,
~
34
I.-I.
4- 2
<!)
:112
.",.
..
~-----Ji.
100
120
11.-0
] tI
0::1
140
160
36
1110
140
120
100
3
1110
(j
control angte
2
100
<IJ(.
leg
160
IU)
120
11)0
:0
>'"
""
II:
,.,
-1
;[
..
-10
-1'4
-2
-I-II
"
",. -2':
-3
OJ
-:;
100
120
t.J
160
control anglli! B<. deg
140
.."
11\0
-2-6
-]. 0
~~
I
I
01
fill.!lii
Powertrom/er
formers
Volts." ma.",'tud.
('Il)
Q.
tiKed
fl
= (I ROC! - Q)
= (900) ... 0)
lin~
C-'fj
SOD
emMB: line A.c o Ineresut' for variable a. vAriable =(190 -1J) line C .. O.
FUilher Increulll ror variable c b=vond poin. C == (90(l) ... @)
..
...
..
!i
II.
'Ie"
<l
<!)
@
g
I)
fl;.~
,,,,ed seri",
LII.
liBltd ((
irQ",
= ('
Csse 11: line A"(\ Incn:a.\>e fur v:ariahlt' 0:, v;tri:able tl == (160 - a) lind (>1,
Furlher incn:Dlc for v.riahl~ If heyomJ point C = (90~ i- 0).
D Reaclivc power (MVAN. Pie, phillie)
Co.n A: lin~ A8. Increast! for variahle 0, fixed (I = '!t
C\!I'Ulf' flJ: line A...c, Incrg,u4' for varliahle G. variBhle 4'':; (IHO!l'l
~ a) line (" .. D.
0
Fur.hlli' increase for variahle f heyond point c: = (90 -+ 0.)
4.4
I}
;f.
(jJ
~'ariorion
Discussi@!'O
242
AppendixGs
1).1
~eC,l)f
Becllus~ of the thyri5lor Iwilchinp. the topology Ii under~oing repeated ("h~ng"" IIml the network equillions must therefore be
lIolved by II ',inglestep method, which is sdrsUrting.
form:
f(w)
then, by using the trapezoidal rule,4 the lillie \lector
lin integration step of length h is given by
!/I
Fig.S
OSt:ilIog'l1ffla of typical voltage (mil CU'Ti""
..... velom"
Experimentalllerification
Conclusions
+ Milt', + Mult,." l
By rearranging, lind making
. Acknowledgments
The lIUlhOB are grateful to P.W. Blakeley, General Mmager
of New Zealand Electricity ~nd to the technical stafr of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Centre of the University
of OlJlterbul'}' (or their help.
i M"R,',Lil
!/I, + Ail
Mu(,
+ ,u)
(U)
,."
I, = xiNw\lll/)
The stability of the numerical soluHon depends on the accuracy or the
initial conditions. Approximate initial conditions for II particular
study can be obtained from the load-flow solution in the absence or
thyristor conlrol (i.e. with switch S, permanently open and switch !OJ
permanently closed). HowevfOr, the load-Ilow solution is expressed III
terms of pure sinewaves, whereas the actual waveforms are distorted.
As 1I result of the waveform mismatch, the dynamic simulation under
thyristor control requires a very long computer run to reach steady.
state conditions.
9.2
R.,ferenC!!i,
ARRIU.AGA. B.,
."dVOVOS, KA.: "Thy.I.lo,-oonl.ollcd
fel"!.'i,,, Ir.n.ro,,,,~, f"r
Qli.JIllI iIooJlins',lI'mf:. lEt:. 1916, fU,
(lO).pI'. '005 -1009
2 AIUliLLAGA. J., AI.KHASHAU.
J.G.:
'Go"",.1 form"liu;"n ro, Ily .... ",\<:
IlIslie
"" .."",tc....lbltl. ~911, U4,Ul).I'P.
II ('(l('IlI'tAN, VI.T.,
<!!I" <d
: 'Whot 10 the
_1"<><1.
Il'si~al
s=
The thyrilltor turn on is predictable because Ib firing instllJlU are
decided by the control 5yslem. In this case. the inlef!lation 5t~p length
elln be adjusted so that the firing instant coincides "'"ith the bfl!inninl!
liteI" The iirinlt inSl:!!nt is related to the zero croililing of me
referellC'll 'ifoILl!e, Ihis referen~ point :all be delermlned by linell1
inlerpolation without the need for lIny chan!!e in the intes.ation step
length.
.
An ~rate tum off clln only bI: predicted II the tllpenHl of
glowing' down the tOOlllpulltion. Sufficient alccur;u:y U nomlllliy
or
24
il):S
:n60
:!i5l
:lSi
The primary VI" Mel receiving end ".!it busban were both
considered to be I.:onnecled 10
l,Yiilems. The ph~se.'lmgle
difference 8 belween the l!endinR
receivinll"nd Vl\! bluban
"'115
12900
initiilly 32".
Ii
HriU
244
APPENDIX 14
TRANSIENT
PARAMETERS
Base MVA
450 MVA
Generator
transient reactance
0.2 p.u.
inertia constant
4.0 kWs/kVA
0.004 p.u.
0.05 p.u.
0.5 p.u.
reactance
Transformers:
The main
con
units connected
of three single-phase
I
with
following
characteristics.
Ratings - 150 MVA, 15/110/11 kV (phase-to-phase)
From the equivalent c
0.08 p.u.
0.02 p.u.
'-----0
15 kV
11 0 kV
11 kV
Assuming
1%
of 1
{in ohms
phase} were
24
Tertiary
0.015 + j150
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
j1100
j190
j1100
0.807 + j8067
j1396
j190
j1396
The three
primary windings in
transmission line), had the
Rating - 30 MVA, 15/11 kV
):
Pr
0.003 + j30
Primary
Secondary
j22
j22
0.002 + j16
as a
The quadrature and
current at
of the transformer.
of
The transformer
the
1.0 p.u.
(with
to
voltage Vs )
20.3
450 MW
11.67 MVAr lagging