Noise Project1

STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION
DURING HAJJ SEASON 1427 H
Senior Project Report
Submitted to
Umm Al-Qura University
College of Engineering & Islamic Architecture
In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For
Bachelor Degree Of Mechanical Engineering
Supervised By:
Dr. Muhammed Al-Hazmi
Dr. Hamza Ghulman
Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Seroji
Prepared By:
Abdulaziz Al-Zahrani 42302596
Hazim Al-Hazimi 42302547
Rami Menkabo 42303806
Meshal Al-Malki 42303454
Muhammed Al-Mutairi 42302645
Mutaz Qutob 42205233
Submitted at
Sha’aban 1428 H
August 2007 D
APPROVED BY:
Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Seroji.
Dr. Muhammed Al-Hazmi.
Dr. Hamza Ghulman.
Dr. Talal Mandourah.

ABSTRACT
This study is a result of cooperation work between mechanical
engineering department and the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Institute of Hajj Research to evaluate the noise level in a holy Mina valley
and Arafat area during hajj season in 1427 H. This is being carried out as
a part of the Saudi Arabia government future plan to develop the holy lands.
It has been created for the purpose of providing information on the level of
noise across the Mina valley and Arafat area. Sound level meters were
used to measure noise level in the selected places at a certain period of time
by using broadband mode (time and location of measurements were
selected according to hajj rites) . The obtained data was manipulated in
scientific manner and then compared with world health organization
standard. Results showed that noise annoyance is acceptable in all
measured areas except noise around Jamarat, because the level of noise in
that area exceeds normal standard and it may affect people there .
I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to think and present their gratitude to the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, Institute of Hajj Research, university
of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah for their financial support in this study. We
would also like to thank Dr. Abdulaziz Seroji , a director of department of
Environmental and Health Research at the institute for his encouragement
and personal interest in this project. Indeed it would not have been possible
to complete the project without his help and from time to time guidance.
Thanks are also due to all those working in The Custodian of the Two Holy
Mosques, Institute of Hajj Research who helped the authors in many ways
at various occasions. Our great acknowledgments for Dr. Muhammed Al-
Hazmi and Dr. Hamza Ghulman for helping us in the project . Finally,
many thanks for all those help us in order to take the measurements during
Hajj season 1428H .
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic Page
Abstract…………………………………………………………… I
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………. II
Table of Contents …………………………………………………. III
List of illustrations………………………………………...… .... VII
List of Tables ………………………………………………..….. X
List of symble and technical tearms……………………………... XI
Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................... 1
1 Introduction ................................................................................... 2
1.1 Background ............................................................................ 2
1.2 The Importance of Study ....................................................... 4
1.3 Objectives of Study ................................................................ 7
1.4 The outlines of the study ........................................................ 8
Chapter 2 Physics of Sound and Human Ear ..................................... 11
2 Human Ear and Physics of Sound .............................................. 12
2.1 The Human Ear .................................................................... 12
2.2 Frequency Response Curves ................................................ 16
2.3 Physics of sound................................................................... 17
2.3.1 Sound ............................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Noise .............................................................................. 18
2.3.3 Speed of Sound .............................................................. 19
2.3.4 Sound Characteristics .................................................... 20
Chapter 3 Literature Review .............................................................. 26
3 Literature Review........................................................................ 27
3.1 The Studies ........................................................................... 27
3.2 Effict of noise ....................................................................... 31
Chapter 4 Instrumentation ................................................................. 35
4 Instrumentation ........................................................................... 36
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 36
4.2 Specifications ...................................................................... 36
4.3 Measurement Functions ....................................................... 37
4.3.1 BroadBand Measurement Mode .................................... 37
4.3.2 Octave Band Measurement ............................................ 38
4.4 Sound Level Meter Calipration ........................................... 38
4.5 The mesurement duration .................................................... 39
4.6 The Measurement Auto-Repeat ........................................... 40
4.7 The measurement Auto- Synchronise .................................. 40
III
4.8 Measurement Range............................................................. 41
4.9 Windshield ........................................................................ 42
4.10 The Batteries ..................................................................... 44
4.11 Configuring the Sound Level Meter ................................ 45
4.12 Menu System .................................................................... 47
4.13 Viewing and downloading the measurement .................. 47
4.15 Maintenance and Care...................................................... 51
Chapter 5 Scope of Work .................................................................. 53
5 Scope of Work ............................................................................ 54
5.1 Mina Valley ......................................................................... 54
5.1.1 King Fahad street .......................................................... 54
5.1.2 King Abdulaziz Street ................................................... 55
5.1.3 Jamarat Bridge................................................................ 55
5.1.4 King Abdulaziz Bridge ................................................. 57
5.1.5 Al-Kheef Mosque .......................................................... 58
5.2 Arafat Area .......................................................................... 59
5.2.1 Namirah Hospital .......................................................... 59
5.2.2 Namerah Mosque .......................................................... 59
5.2.3 Al-Rahmah Mountain .................................................... 60
5.2.4 Al-Rahmah Hospital ...................................................... 60
5.2.5 Pedestrian Way .............................................................. 61
5.2.6 Road NO. 4 .................................................................... 61
5.2.7 Road NO. 8 ..................................................................... 62
5.2.8 Taradodiah ..................................................................... 62
Chapter 6 Results and Discussion ..................................................... 63
6 Results and Discussion ............................................................... 64
6.1 Som Hajj Rites ..................................................................... 64
The 8th of Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day) ................................. 64
The 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat) ................................ 64
The 10th of Dulhijja (day of al-Nahr) ............................ 65
The 11th of Dulhijja (The First day of Tashriq days)…. 65
The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days) .....
........................................................................................ 65
The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days)…. 65
6.2 Calculation ......................................................................... 66
6.3 Mina Valley ......................................................................... 66
6.3.1 King fahad Street ............................................................ 66
The 8th of Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006) ............ 66
IV
6.3.2 King Abdulaziz Street .................................................... 67
The 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006) ........... 69
The 11th of Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)
( 31/12/2006) ......................................... 70
th
The 12 of Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )
( 01/01/2007) .................................................. 71
th
The 13 of Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)
( 02.01/2007): ............................................. 72
Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Street
........................................................................................ 73
6.3.3 King Abdulaziz Bridge .................................................. 74
( 30/12/2006) ................................................... 76
th
The 11 of Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )
( 31/01/2007) ................................................. 77
th
The 12 of Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)
( 01.01/2007): ............................................ 78
Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Bridge
........................................................................................ 79
6.3.4 Jamarat Bridge, Ground floor ........................................ 79
The 10th of Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba ) ..
........................................................................................ 80
in (31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) .............................. 81
The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days)
in (01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ): .............................. 82
The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days)
in (02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ): .................................... 83
Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Ground Bridge
........................................................................................ 84
6.3.5 Jamarat Bridge , First Floor ........................................... 85
The 10th of Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba )
........................................................................................ 85
in (31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) .............................. 86
V
The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days)
in (01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ) ................................ 87
The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days)
in (02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ) ..................................... 88
Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Bridge,First Floor
........................................................................................ 89
6.3.6 Alkhaif Mosque : ................................................................. 90
( 30/12/2006) .................................................. 92
Over View of Level Noise in Alkhaif Mosque .............. 93
6.4 Arafat Area : (The 9th of Dulhijja (Arafah Day)
( 29/12/2006). ........................................................ 94
6.4.1 AL-Rahmah Hospital ..................................................... 94
6.4.2 AL-Rahmah Mountain ................................................... 95
6.4.3 Namerah Hospital ........................................................... 96
6.4.4 Namerah Mosque ........................................................... 97
6.4.5 Road No.4....................................................................... 98
6.4.6 Pedestrian ....................................................................... 99
6.4.7 Road No. 8.................................................................... 100
6.4.8 Tradodiah...................................................................... 101
6.4.9 Over View of Level Noise in Arafat ............................ 102
6.5 The Main Source of Noise in The Hajj Season ................. 104
6.5.1 Motorcycle ................................................................... 104
6.5.2 Civil Defense ................................................................ 105
Civil Defense car Alarm ( 1 ) ...................................... 105
Civil Defense car Alarm ( 2 ) ...................................... 106
6.5.3 Fans of Tunnel .............................................................. 107
6.5.4 Cars............................................................................... 108
6.5.5 Buses ............................................................................ 109
6.5.6 Ambulance ................................................................... 110
6.5.7 Truck of water .............................................................. 111
6.5.8 Over View of Level Noise ........................................... 112
Chapter 7 Conclusion And Recommendations................................ 114
7 Conclusion And Recommendations ......................................... 115
Refrences ........................................................................................ 116
Appendices....................................................................................... 118
VI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Figure 2-1 :The Human Ear………………………………………... 13
Figure 2-2 :Frequency Response Curve …………………………... 17
Figure 2-3 : Spatial pressure distribution in a plane wave at one
instant of time………………………………………… 22
Figure 4 -1 : Noise The status of the different functions………….. 39
Figure 4 -2 : The Run Duration of the measurement defined……. 41
Figure 4 -3 :The Windshield Foam………………………………… 43
Figure 4 -4 : The positions of the Batteries………………………... 44
Figure 4 -5 : The Keypad of the instrument. ……………………… 45
Figure 4 -6 : The Deaf Defier3 software…………………………… 48
Figure 4 -7 : The space of the different measurements of the
instrument. ………………………………………….. 49
Figure 4 -8 : The space of the different measurements of the
50
Instrument……………………………………………..
Figure 5-1 :Mena Valley (1).……………………………………….. 56
Figure 5-2 :Mena Valley (2).……………………………………….. 57
Figure 5-3 :Mena Valley (3)………………………………………... 58
Figure 5-4 :Arafat Area (1).………………………………………… 60
Figure 5-5 :Arafat Valley (2) ………………………………………. 61
Figure 5-6 : Arafat Area (3)………………………………………… 62
Figure 6 -1 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in
67
Mina ( 13th of Dulhijja )………………………………
68
Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) ………………………………
69
Figure 6 -4 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in
70
Figure 6 -5 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in
71
Mina ( 12th of Dulhijja ) . ……………………………
72
Mina ( 13th of Dulhijja )………………………………
Figure 6 -7 : The maximum noise measured at various times at King
73
Abdulaziz Street in Mina. ……………………………
Figure 6 -8 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in
74
VII
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS(cont.) page
Figure 6 -9 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in
75
Mina ( 9th of Dulhijja ) ……………………………….
Figure 6 -10 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge
76
in Mina ( 10th of Dulhijja ) ………………………….
77
in Mina ( 11th of Dulhijja ) …………………………
78
in Mina ( 12th of Dulhijja ) ……………………………………
Figure 6 -13 :The maximum noise measured at various times at King
79
Abdulaziz Bridge in Mina. ………………………………………
Figure 6 -14 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge
80
in Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba)………………………
81
in Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta)……………………..
82
in Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra )…………………….
83
in Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba)……………………………
Figure 6 -18 : The maximum Noise measured at various times at
84
Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina . …………………………….
Figure 6 -19 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First
85
Floor (Jamrat Al-aqaba)…………………………….
86
Floor (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta)……………………….
87
Floor (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra )……………………...
88
Floor (Jamrah Al-Aqaba )…………………………..
89
Jamarat Bridge , First Floor in Mina . ………………………
Figure 6 -24 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina
90
( 8th of Dulhijja ) …………………………………….
91
( 9th of Dulhijja ) …………………………………….
92
( 10th of Dulhijja ) …………………………………...
VIII
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS(cont.) page
93
Alkhaif Mosque in Mina …………………………….
Figure 6 -27 : The measured Noise level at AL-Rahmah Hospital in
94
Arafah ( 9th of Dulhijja )…………………………….
Figure 6 -28 : The measured Noise level at AL-Rafah Mountain in 95
Arafah( 9thof Dulhijja ) ……………………………..
Figure 6 -29 : measured The Noise level at Namerah Hospital in
96
Arafah ( 9th of Dulhijja )…………………………….
Figure 6 -30 : The measured Noise level at Namerah Mosque in
97
Arafah( 9th of Dulhijja )……………………………..
Figure 6 -31 :The measured Noise level at Road 4 (9th of Dulhijja) 98
Figure 6 -32 : The measured Noise level at pedstrain
99
( 9th of Dulhijja )…………………………………….
Figure 6 -33 : The measured Noise level at Road No 8
100
( 9th of Dulhijja)...........................................................
Figure 6 -34 : The measured Noise level at Taradodiah
101
(9th of Dulhijja)………………………………………
Figure 6 -35 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time
102
in Arafat Area1………………………………………...
Figure 6 -36 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time
103
in Arafat Area2……………………………………….
Figure 6 -37 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for
104
Motorcycle …………………………………………..
Figure 6 -39 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil
105
Defense car alarm (1) …………………………………
Figure 6 -40 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil
106
Defense car alarm (2) ………………………………..
Figure 6 -41 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Fan
107
of tunnel…………………………………………….. .
Figure 6 -42 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Car. 108
Figure 6 -43 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Bus. 109
110
Ambulance ………………………………………………………..………
111
Truck of Water………………………………………..
Figure 6 -46 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for all
112
Sources……………………………………………….
IX
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 4- 1: The maximum time over which measurements can be made. 49
X
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND TECHNICAL TEARMS
Broadband : Noise Measurements using parameters which include all

the audible noise, such as dB (A) and dB (C).
Decibel (dB) : The units of sound level and noise exposure
measurement.
Leq : Equivalent continuous sound pressure level. A measure
of the average sound pressure level during a period of
time, t in dB.
Peak : The maximum value reached by the Sound pressure at
any instant during a measurement period in dB usually
with C frequency weighting.
SEL : Sound Exposure Level, displayed as LAE, LCE or LZE .
SPL : Sound Pressure Level, the basic measure of noise
loudness, expressed in decibel.
XI
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The word "noise" is derived from the Latin word "nausea" meaning
seasickness. Noise, defined as unwanted or excessive sound, is an
undesirable by-product of our modern way of life. We experience noise in a
number of ways. On some occasions, we can be both the cause and the
victim of noise, such as when we are operating noisy appliances or
equipment. There are also instances when we experience noise generated by
others just as people experience second-hand smoke. While in both
instances, noises are equally damaging. Second-hand noise is more
troubling because it has negative impacts on us but is put into the
environment by others, without our consent. The air into which second-
hand noise is emitted and on which it travels is commons, for all people . It
belongs to no one person or group, but to everyone. People, businesses, and
organizations, therefore, do not have unlimited rights to broadcast noise as
they please, as if the effects of noise were limited only to their private
property. On the contrary, they have an obligation to use the commons in
ways that are compatible with or do not detract from other uses. People,
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businesses, and organizations that disregard the obligation to not interfere
with others' use and enjoyment of the commons by producing noise
pollution are, in many ways, acting like a bully in a school yard.
There are two types of noise:
(1) Steady: Continuous noise of sudden or gradual onset and long
duration (more than 1 second). Examples: aircraft power plant noise,
propeller noise, and pressurization system noise. According to the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)[1], the maximum
permissible continuous exposure level to steady noise in a working
environment is 90 dB for 8 hours.
(2) Impulse/blast: Noise pulses of sudden onset and brief duration
(less than 1 second) that usually exceed an intensity of 140 dB . Examples:
firing a handgun, detonating a firecracker, backfiring of a piston engine,
high-volume squelching of radio equipment, and a sonic boom caused by
breaking the sound barrier. The eardrum may be ruptured by intense levels
(140dB) of impulse/blast noise. It is not a global problem because sound
energy is not accumulated and the area, which suffers from noise, is limited
to that around the noise source. In contrast, to many other environmental
-3-
problems, noise pollution continues to grow. This growth is unsustainable
because it involves direct, as well as cumulative adverse health effects.
In World Health Organization (WHO)[2] statements, "large city
noise is considered to be the third most hazardous pollution". Researches
study noise problems in cities and try to find a solution for these problem .
At the time air pollution incurs a large bill to pay when it comes to stop the
escalation of global warming, urban noise pollution is in fact another
complex issue for which the academic community does not see possible
short term plans to save the situation. It is only long term strategic planning
that might realize some recovery to the current increasing levels of noise.
However, transportation works is seen to be expanded and accelerated in
terms of amount and variety (Berglund et aI., 2000; Kihlman, 2001); it is
impractical to hinder traffic in main arterials or decrease traffic flow but it
might be possible to detour traffic or to construct new roads, or other forms
of end-of-pipe solutions. Noise will be a larger and serious social problem
in the future if effective precautions are not taken accordingly.
1.2 The Importance of Study
The first sanctuary appointed for mankind was that in Makkah , a
blessed place , a guidance to the peoples , wherein are plain memorials ( of

-4-
Allah ' s guidance ) , the place where Abraham stood up to pray , and
whosoever entered it is safe . A pilgrimage to the Holy Mosque in Makkah
is a duty of Allah on all Muslim . At this Holy Sanctuary, Abraham have
settled some of his posterity and called upon Mighty Cod :- ( Our Lord ! I
have settle some of my posterity in an uncultivated valley(the valley of
Makkah) near unto The Holy House, our Lord ! that they may establish
proper worship ; so incline some hearts of men that they may yearn toward
them , and provide Thou them with fruits in order that they may be thankful
" The one God " Allah , the Beneficent , the Merciful ' granted Abraham's
request : " And (remember) when We prepared for Abraham the place of
the (holy) House , saying : Ascribe thou no thing as partner unto Me , and
purify My House for those who make the round (thereof) and those who
stand and those who bow and make prostration, proclaim unto mankind the
pilgrimage, they will come unto thee on foot and on every lean camel ; they
will come from every deep revine . That they may witness things that are of
benefit to them , and mention the name of Allah on appointed days over the
beast of cattle that He hath bestowed upon them. Then eat thereof and feed
therewith the poor unfortunate. Then let them make an end of their
unkemptness and their vows and go around the ancient House). The
-5-
pilgrimage is therefore an ancient pre- islamic rite , believed to be
associated with man's first steps on earth . It takes place atArafat ,
Muzdalifah , Mina valley and Makkah; and only once a year on the month
of the lunar Dhul-hijjah , the twelfth month of the Muslim calendar
.However aretian paganism has completely refrained the Hajj from its
monotheistic message and spiritual objectives until the time of
'Muhammad" the last Messenger of Allah and a Prophet of Islam " Allah
peace and pleasing be upon him ". It is then when the Hajj was restored to
its original form and became the fifth and final ethical principle or pillar of
Islam as commanded by the Lord of the Worlds : " Now fulfill ye the Hajj
and Umra to Allah " Moreover , the Prophet " Allah peace and pleasing be
upon him " stated : " Those who perform the Hajj in the right manner and
with full spiritual and emotional involvement shell come down from Arafat
pure-as the day his mother gave birth to him". As such , the Hajj -to every
Muslim- is therefore a declaration of Belief ,a process of renovation and
expression of inspiration , motivation and devotion .No wonder , then , that
Muslims from everywhere in the world dream of performing the Hajj at
least once in their lifetime . It has recently become a well known fact that
the number of pilgrims is increasing every year . This is due to the
-6-
increasing number of Muslims , particularly of Mo'omens (believers) who
could afford the expenses and bear the efforts in volved in Hajj , and also
because of the recent fast-mean facilities of transportation. The influx of
these guests of Allah " the All-Merciful " imposes enormous responsibilities
on the hosting country, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Such responsibilities
include the provision of the basic living needs and services for these
heterogeneous guests and , above all , of the spiritual environment required
for properly worshipping the all – mighty God . The Saudi Arabian
authorities , and in particular The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,
Institute of Hajj Research are not withholding any possible effort necessary
to preserve the spiritual environment and the fundamental principles of the
Hajj. It deals with the quality of the atmospheric environment at Mina
during the Hajj period , where pilgrims have to stay for at least three
consecutive days. If not adequately conserved , such vital environmental
factor could. badly affect their well-being and spiritual enjoyment of
adoration and deep religious experience.
1.3 Objectives of Study
Nowadays, the concern about the acoustic pollution is acquiring
considerable importance. Studies about acoustic levels must be carried out

-7-
and unnecessary noise emissions are assigning to determine the noise map.
Unlike other kinds of pollution the characteristics of noise contamination
are not the same all over the world. These depend on such factors as the
degree of development, the kind of activities involved, the population
density, increasing number of vehicles, and even local habits and culture,
etc. The noise pollution is importance as a stressing and possibly even
dangerous affecting human life. Therefore this study aims to measure the
noise levels at same site within the Holy Places during hajj period. The
purpose is to provide information on the level of noise in order to identify
sources of noise pollution.
1.4 The outlines of the study
This study was subdivided to seven chapters those cover the whole
project here .
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Physics of sound
This chapter talks about human ear and how humans hear is a
complex subject involving the fields of physiology, psychology and
acoustics. It also discuss the Frequency Response Curves and basic Physics
of sound .
-8-
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Literature review
There are several previous studies in the same topic and different
countries of the world . We have mention some in this part.
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Instrumentation
Noise measurements were performed using an integrated Average
Sound Level Meter , model NO. CR812B, that developed by the Lirrus
research PLC, in UK . After Hajj season, The Custodian of The Tow Holy
Mosque Institute has obtained a developed high performance device
carrying model NO. CR832B from the same company .
1.4.4 Chapter 5: Scope of work
In this part the approach and style of the research have been
illustrated from the beginning to the end .The chosen locations of
measurements in Mina and Arafat regions have also been marked out.
1.4.5 Chapter 6: Result and discussion
In this part of study some calculations on the data have made . Then,
they were drawn in graphs and discussed for all regions of measurement .
-9-
1.4.6 Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations
In this part the research is summarized and the deducted results are
written in addition to some proposed recommendations .
- 10 -
Chapter 2
Physics of Sound
and Human Ear
- 11 -
2 Physics of Sound and Human Ear
2.1 The Human Ear :
Understanding how humans hear is a complex subject involving the
fields of physiology, psychology and acoustics. We will attempt to
understand how the human ear serves as an astounding transducer,
converting sound energy to mechanical energy to a nerve impulse which is
transmitted to the brain . The ear's ability to do this allows us to perceive
the pitch of sounds by detection of the wave's frequencies, the loudness of
sound by detection of the wave's amplitude and the timbre of the sound by
the detection of the various frequencies which make up a complex sound
wave.
The ear consists of three basic parts ( see Figure 2-1 ) , the outer ear,
the middle ear, and the inner ear. Each part of the ear serves a specific
purpose in the task of detecting and interpreting sound. The outer ear serves
to collect and channel sound to the middle ear. The middle ear serves to
transform the energy of a sound wave into the internal vibrations of the
bone structure of the middle ear and ultimately transform these vibrations
into a compressional wave in the inner ear. The inner ear serves to
- 12 -
transform the energy of a compressional wave within the inner ear fluid into
nerve impulses which can be transmitted to the brain. The three parts of the
ear are shown in ( Figure 2-1 ).
Figure 2-1 :The Human Ear. ( Source : Thomasom 2003 – Brooks/ cole. Fig. 14.27- page 452 )
The outer ear consists of an ear flap and an approximately 2-cm long
ear canal. The ear flap provides protection for the middle ear in order to
prevent damage to the eardrum. The outer ear also channels sound waves,
which reach the ear through the ear canal to the eardrum of the middle ear.
Because of the length of the ear canal, it is capable of amplifying sounds
- 13 -
with frequencies of approximately 3000 Hz. As sound travels through the
outer ear, the sound is still in the form of a pressure wave, with an
alternating pattern of high and low pressure regions. It is not until the sound
reaches the eardrum at the interface of the outer and the middle ear that the
energy of the mechanical wave becomes converted into vibrations of the
inner bone structure of the ear.
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity which consists of an eardrum
and three tiny, interconnected bones - the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. The
eardrum is a very durable and tightly stretched membrane which vibrates as
the incoming pressure waves reach it. As shown at the right, a compression
forces the eardrum inward and a rarefaction forces the eardrum outward,
thus vibrating the eardrum at the same frequency of the sound wave. Being
connected to the hammer, the movements of the eardrum will set the
hammer, anvil, and stirrup into motion at the same frequency of the sound
wave. The stirrup is connected to the inner ear; and thus the vibrations of
the stirrup are transmitted to the fluid of the middle ear and create a
compression wave within the fluid. The three tiny bones of the middle ear
act as levers to amplify the vibrations of the sound wave. Due to a
mechanical advantage, the displacements of the stirrup are greater than that
- 14 -
of the hammer. Furthermore, since the pressure wave striking the large area
of the eardrum is concentrated into the smaller area of the stirrup, the force
of the vibrating stirrup is nearly 15 times larger than that of the eardrum.
This feature enhances our ability of hear the faintest of sounds. The middle
ear is an air-filled cavity which is connected by the Eustachian tube to the
mouth. This connection allows for the equalization of pressure within the
air-filled cavities of the ear. When this tube becomes clogged during a cold,
the ear cavity is unable to equalize its pressure ; this will often lead to
earaches and other pains.
The inner ear consists of a cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the
auditory nerve. The cochlea and the semicircular canals are filled with a
water-like fluid. The fluid and nerve cells of the semicircular canals provide
no roll in the task of hearing; they merely serve as accelerometers for
detecting accelerated movements and assisting in the task of maintaining
balance. The cochlea is a snail-shaped organ which would stretch to
approximately 3 cm. In addition to being filled with fluid, the inner surface
of the cochlea is lined with over 20 000 hair-like nerve cells which perform
one of the most critical roles in our ability to hear. These nerve cells have a
differ in length by minuscule amounts. They also have different degrees of
- 15 -
resiliency to the fluid which passes over them. As a compressional wave
moves from the interface between the hammer of the middle ear and the
oval window of the inner ear through the cochlea, the small hair-like nerve
cells will be set in motion. Each hair cell has a natural sensitivity to a
particular frequency of vibration. When the frequency of the compressional
wave matches the natural frequency of the nerve cell, that nerve cell will
resonate with a larger amplitude of vibration. This increased vibrational
amplitude induces the cell to release an electrical impulse which passes
along the auditory nerve towards the brain. In a process which is not clearly
understood, the brain is capable of interpreting the qualities of the sound
upon reception of these electric nerve impulses.
2.2 Frequency Response Curves :
Frequency Response Curves are shown in Figures (2-2). Bottom
curve is the threshold of hearing .Threshold of hearing is strongly
dependent on frequency, Easiest frequency to hear is about 3000 Hz . When
the sound is loud (top curve, threshold of pain) all frequencies can be heard
equally .
- 16 -
Figure 2-2 :Frequency Response Curve. ( Source : Fletcher and Munson,j.Acoust. Soc .Am., 1933 )
2.3 Physics of sound :
2.3.1 Sound :
Sound is a vibratory disturbance created by a moving or vibrating
source, in the pressure and density of a gaseous, liquid medium or in the
elastic strain of a solid which is capable of being detected by the hearing
organs. Sound may be thought of as mechanical energy of a vibrating object
- 17 -
transmitted by pressure waves through a medium to human (or animal) ears.
The medium of main concern is air.
2.3.2 Noise :
Noise is defined sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected or
undesired, and may therefore be classified as a more specific group of
sounds. Perceptions of sound and noise are highly subjective: one person's
music is another's headache. The two terms are often used synonymously,
although few would call the sound that emanates from a highway anything
but noise. Sound (and noise) is actually a process that consists of three
components:
1) The sound source.
2) The sound path.
3) The sound receiver.
All three components must be present for sound to exist. Without a
source to produce sound, there obviously is no sound. Likewise, without a
medium to transmit sound pressure waves there is also no sound. Finally,
sound must be received, i.e. a hearing organ, sensor, or object must be
present to perceive, register, or be affected by sound or noise. In most
situations, there are many different sound sources, paths, and receivers,
- 18 -
instead of just one of each. Acoustics is the field of science that deals with
the production, propagation, reception, effects, and control of sound. The
field is very broad, and transportation related noise and its abatement covers
just a small, specialized part of acoustics.
2.3.3 Speed of Sound :
When the surface of an object vibrates in air, it compresses a layer of
air as the surface moves outward, and produces a rarefied zone as the
surface moves inward. This results in a series of high and low air pressures
waves (relative to the steady ambient atmospheric pressure) alternating in
sympathy with the vibrations. These pressure waves - not the air itself -
move away from the source at the speed of sound, or approximately 343
m/s (1126 ft/sec) in air of 20° C. The speed of sound can be calculated from
the following formula:
P
C  1.401 equ 1

where :
c = Speed of Sound at a given temperature, in meters per second (m/s).
P = Air pressure in Newton per Square Meter (N/m2) or Pascal’s (Pa).
ρ= Air density in kilograms of mass per cubic meter (Kg/m3).
- 19 -
1.401 = the ratio of the specific heat of air under constant pressure to
that of air in a constant volume.
For a given air temperature and relative humidity, the ratio P/ρ tends
to remain constant in the atmosphere, because the density of air will reduce
or increase proportionally with changes in pressure. Thus the speed of
sound in our atmosphere is independent of air pressure. However, when air
temperature changes, only ρ changes, while P does not. The speed of sound
is therefore temperature dependent, and also somewhat humidity dependent
since humidity affects the density of air. The effects of the latter with
regards to the speed of sound, however, can be ignored for our purposes.
The fact that speed of sound changes with altitude, has nothing to do with
the change in air pressure, and is only caused by the change in temperature.
2.3.4 Sound Characteristics :
In its most basic form, a continuous sound can be described by its
frequency or wavelength (pitch) and its amplitude (loudness).
 Frequency, Wavelength, Hertz :
Wavelength() : The distance between crests of both curves of the
sound.
- 20 -
Frequency (f) : The number of times per second that the wave passes
from a period of compression through a period of
rarefaction and starts another period of compression,
it is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
Hertz (Hz): equals one cycle per second .
High frequencies are sometimes more conveniently expressed in
units of Kilo Hertz(KHz) or thousands of Hertz. The extreme range of
frequencies that can be heard by the healthiest human ears spans from 16 to
20 Hz on the low end to about 20000 Hz (or 20KHz) on the high end.
Frequencies are heard as the pitch or tone of sound. High pitched sounds
produce high frequencies, low pitched sounds produce low frequencies.
Very-low frequency airborne sound of sufficient amplitude may be felt
before it can be heard, and is often confused with earthborn vibrations.
Sound below 16 Hz is referred to as infrasound, while high frequency sound
above 20000 Hz is called ultrasound. Both infra- and ultrasound are not
audible to humans.
- 21 -
Figure ‎2-3 : Spatial pressure distribution in a plane wave at one instant of time.
The distance traveled by a sound pressure wave through one
complete cycle is referred to as the wavelength. The duration of one cycle is
called the period. The period is the inverse of the frequency. The frequency
of sound pressure waves increases, as their wavelength shortens, and vice
versa. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is linked by the
speed of sound, as shown in the following equations :
C equ. # 2
F
FC equ. # 3

C  F equ. # 4
Where :
= Wavelength (nm or Ao ).
While nm= 10-9 m and Ao =10-10 m .
c = Speed of Sound (343.3 m/s, or 1126.5 ft/sec at 20o C, or 68o F).
- 22 -
f = Frequency (Hertz).
Although the speed of sound is usually thought of as a constant, we
have already seen that it actually varies with temperature. The above
mathematical relationships hold true for any value of the speed of sound.
Frequency is normally generated by mechanical processes at the source, and
is therefore not affected by air temperature. As a result, wavelength usually
varies directly speed of sound as the latter varies with temperature. The
relationships between frequency, wavelength and speed of sound can easily
be visualized by using the analogy of a train traveling at a given constant
speed.
 Sound Pressure Levels (SPL), Decibels (dB):
The pressures of sound waves continuously changes with time or
distance, and within certain ranges. The ranges of these pressure
fluctuations (actually deviations from the ambient air pressure) are called
the amplitude of the pressure waves. Whereas the frequency of the sound
waves is responsible for the pitch or tone of a sound, the amplitude
determines the loudness of the sound. Loudness of sound increases and
decreases with the amplitude.
- 23 -
Sound pressures can be measured in units of micro Newton’s per
square meter (µN/m2) called micro Pascal’s (µPa). 1 µPa is approximately
one-hundred billionth of the normal atmospheric pressure. The pressure of a
very loud sound may be 200,000,000 µPa, or 10,000,000 times the pressure
of the weakest audible sound (20 µPa). Expressing sound levels in terms of
µPa would be very cumbersome, because of this wide range. For this
reason, sound pressure levels (SPL) are described in logarithmic units of
ratios of actual sound pressures to a reference pressure squared.
In its simplest form, sound pressure level in decibels is expressed by
the term:
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) = 10 Log10 ( P1 )2 dB equ. 5

P0
Where:
P1 is sound pressure.
P0 is a reference pressure, standardized as 20 µPa.
 Noise Measurement
The equivalent sound level Leq is the A-Weighted sound pressure
level averaged over a suitable time period T . The averaging time T can be
chosen to be a number of minutes , hours or days , as desired.
- 24 -
Leq  10 log [(1 / T )  P 2dt / P 2 ]dB equ. 6

10 A ref
where PA is the instantaneous sound pressure measured using an A-
weighting frequency filter . The Leq is also sometimes known as the average
sound level LAT.
 Leq calculation :
The Leq descriptor is a special sort of average noise level. Instead of
averaging decibel levels, the energy levels are averaged. The Leq is also
called an energy-mean noise level. The instant noise levels over a certain
time period are energy-averaged by first converting all dB A values to
relative energy values , these values are added up and the total is divided by
the number of values. The result is average (relative) energy. The final step
then is to convert the average energy value back to a decibel level. The
below equation showed the method of adding the energy values. This
equation can be expanded to yield an Leq:
Leq=10log10[(10SPL(1)/10 +10SPL(2)/10 +……10SPL(n)/10)/N] equ.7
Where :
N = number of noise level samples .
- 25 -
Chapter 3
Literature Review
- 26 -
3 Literature Review
This section include some of the scientific researches occurred in
different places and countries around the world that related to our studying
in the noise pollution.
3.1 The Studies :
3.1.1 Abu Dhabi, UAE : 1998 AD
The name of this study is NOISE MODELLING STUDY
TAWEELAH B EXTENSION PROJECT[3]
This research was done by Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd (PB) to make a
noise modelling study of the Al-Taweelah power and desalination plants
near Abu Dhabi, UAE July 1998.
This assessment aims to model existing noise sources and to predict
boundary noise levels before and after the proposed extension to verify
compliance with the limits, and to provide the operator with a noise contour
map of the site and adjoining land area.
- 27 -
3.1.2 Isfahan urban areas: 2003 AD
The name of this study is Evaluation of noise pollution in Isfahanz
urban areas[4] :
The sound levels have been sampled in fall and winter in2003. The
samples were taken from most crowded areas.
Methods: This research is based on the results of outdoor sound level
measurements carried out in a total of 18 different urban locations in
Isfahan city. The indices include values such as main percentiles (L1, L10,
L50, L90), SEL, Leq and NPL.
Results: The results showed that Max Leq was 74.4 dB(A). The level
of SEL varied from 96.4 to 107.4 dB(A). The level of SEL was over 104
dB(A) at some of the stations. It was also found that level of TNI varied
from 60.6 to Max of 77.2 dB(A). This research done by : Suhela
Murtathay,Bezen Bena and Nedam Adenn.
3.1.3 Makkah : 2003 AD
The name of study is Determination noising levels in the small
Market Tunnel[5].
- 28 -
This study was conducted to determine noising levels in the ‘small
Market Tunnel’ in MAKKAH
DR-SHAHATAH Scored a lot of goals in his study by measuring the noise
level in the tunnel, establishing an electronic map describing the noising
levels, established a map of different activities inside the tunnel
(distribution of people and their location). He indicated the subjected levels
inside the tunnels by making a comparison between the two established
maps. Finally he compared his results with the international and local
standards. The readings were recorded during the 24,25,26 of Ramadan at
an average of 1:30 hour for each day and the noise founded there is higher
than the acceptable level.
3.1.4 London : 2004 AD
The name of study is The London Road Traffic Noise Map[6] :
Done by Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. This
report describes how the London Road Traffic Noise Map was created. The
noise calculations covered an area of over 1,600 km2, the map contains
about 16,575,000 calculation points. The method used in this report is the
Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN). The project achieved its goal
of producing a strategic road traffic noise map for the Greater London area.
- 29 -
The level of noise recorded in this study varies between acceptable and
unacceptable noise.
3.1.5 Jordan : 2005 AD
The name of study is Attitudes of Jordanian Population Towards
Road Traffic Noise[7].
This study was done by Ayman N. Al-Dakhlallaha* and Khair S.
Jadaan in August 25, 2005 The purpose of this study is to quantify the
levels of noise which are generated from road traffic and compare these
measured levels against appropriate standards for noise of this type.
Measurements of traffic noise were performed using a noise level meter
type 4426.
Measurement sites were located in Amman, and were chosen so as to
provide as far as possible a comprehensive coverage over the urban area.
The statistical analyzer used produced the result by hourly measures during
the study period ( 6:00 to 12:00 midnight ).
The study established that residential areas adjacent to the sites where
traffic noise was measured are subjected to noise levels of up to 78 dB(A).
- 30 -
3.1.6 England : 2007 AD
Traffic Noise in England, was done by Deepak Prasher .Professor of
Audiology in Ear Institute in the University College London[8]. This report
describes the noise levels in 41 towns and cities in England measured
during October and November 2006. A Bruel and Kjaer 2260 investigator
system was used to record noise levels in streets around the towns and city
centres. Some surprising results in the survey were identified. Some small
towns showed higher levels of noise than expected such as Darlington,
Doncaster and Gillingham appearing in the top 10 noisy places. The Tyne
Bridge in Newcastle–upon-Tyne was the number one noise spot exceeding
the first action level of the noise at work regulations with levels exceeding
80dB LAeq. Torquay was the quietest of the 41 places surveyed with a level
of just over 60dB
3.2 Effect of noise :
The perception of sounds in day-to-day life is a major importance for
human well being. Communication through speech, sounds from playing
children, music, and natural sounds in parklands, parks and gardens are all
examples of sounds essential for satisfaction in every day life. According to
- 31 -
the International Program on Chemical Safety (WHO 1994)[1], an adverse
effect of noise is defined as a change in the morphology and physiology of
an organism that results in impairment of functional capacity, or an
impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress, or increases the
susceptibility of an organism to the harmful effects of other environmental
influences. This definition includes any temporary or long-term lowering of
the physical, psychological or social functioning of humans or human
organs. The health significance of noise pollution are: noise-induced
hearing impairment; interference with speech communication; disturbance
of rest and sleep; psycho physiological, mental-health and performance
effects; effects on residential behavior and annoyance; as well as
interference with intended activities [9]
The specific effects of noise on individual human health are difficult
to establish, mainly because individuals' sensitivity to noise is highly
variable. However, recent studies[9-21] show that noise is a major source of
stress, with physiological reactions including accelerated heart rhythm,
increased amounts of hormones produced and dilation of the pupils. Noise
also increases the stress already present from difficult social, familial or
- 32 -
professional relationships as well as the health problems and can intensify
the development of mental disorder.
Other general impacts of noise include:
 Hearing impairment can occur at noise level of 85 dB (A) ( so
this is not the most important effect) [10, 11];
 Intelligibility of speech [12];
 Physiological effects, such as tiredness (from muscle
contraction) and hypertension (from contraction of blood
vessels) [13, 14].
 Sleep disturbance [15];
 Performance in cognitive tasks (from lack of concentration and
precision in actions) [16, 17].
 Decrease of children's ability to comprehend, concentrate and
assimilate. Young children in the process of acquiring
language and reading skills are particularly at risk [18].
 Mental health problems [19].
Noise from numerous sources will typically have some combination
of effects; such as interfering with speech in the day and disturbing sleep at
night. It is important to note that the effects of noise are often more severe
- 33 -
on vulnerable subgroups; such as the elderly, young children, blind people
and people in hospitals or rehabilitating at home.
The noise effects are very dependent on specific factors, such as the
time duration, noise source level, and the distance from the source . The
duration of a noise event, and its tone, can influence perceived annoyance.
For example, an aircraft's tone is perceived as threatening (it integrates
notions of fear) and is therefore typically more annoying than the same
level (intensity and frequency) of train noise. Some types of tone are even
considered relaxing (wave noise, bird song) and therefore cannot be treated
as noise.
Another specificity to take into account is what is called the
emergence of a noise (the size of fluctuation from the background noise
level). This characteristic is very important when considering night-time
noise, as emergence is one of the most important causes of sleep disruption.
This is in turn responsible for a series of severe health effects, which were
acknowledged by the European Commission [20].
- 34 -
Chapter 4
Instrumentation
- 35 -
4 Instrumentation
4.1 Sound Level Meter CR 812B :
Noise measurements were performed using an integrated Average
Sound Level Meter , model NO. CR812B, that developed by the Cirrus
research PLC, in UK . After the Hajj season is over the Custodian Of The
Tow Holy Mosque Institute has obtained a developed high performance
device carrying model NO. CR832B from the same company .
4.2 Specifications :
The weight of the instrument is : 450 gms
Batteries : 2 X 1.5 v Alkaline LR6 / AA
Dimensions : 340 mm X 75 mm X 25 mm
Environmental :
1 ) Temperature : Operating - 10 C to + 50 C
Storage - 20 C to + 60 C
2 ) Humidity : up to 95 % RH Non condensing .
- 36 -
4.3 Measurement Functions:
The Measurement functions depend upon the options that have been
fitted. The instrument can be fitted with either Broad Band or the Octave
Band modes. If the Auto Repeat function is used, it can be made to repeat
the broad Band measurement up to 999 times. The instrument can also be
configured to synchronise the measurement start time with the instrument
clock.
4.3.1 BroadBand Measurement Mode:
In BroadBand Mode, the instrument store the overall values such as
LAeq LAFmax and Ln’s as well as storing a noise profile, or Time History,
during each measurement.
The instrument can store up to 1300 BroadBand Measurements
which can be of any length, up to a maximum of 99 hours per measurement.
With each measurement is stored, a noise profile which consists of 1 second
Leq samples, with up to a maximum of 11 days of noise profile being
available.
- 37 -
4.3.2 Octave Band Measurement:
The Instrument provide a sequential sweep through the filter bands
over the measurement duration and provide a measurement of the overall
LAeq, LCeq and LZeq functions , when the instrument is set either to 1:1 or 1:3
Octave Band Mode, the Run Duration is divided between the frequency
bands. For example, if the instrument duration is set to 15 minute the
equipment will take a total of 15 minutes to complete the sweep through the
frequency band.
4.4 Sound Level Meter Calibration:
IF the Sound Level Meter need to be used for measurement, the
instrument must be calibrated against the Acoustic calibratior.
Durring calibration connect the Acoustic Calibrator to the Sound
Level Meter and select the 94 dB setting on the Acoustic Calibrator. Press
the menu key to select the calibrate option and press OK to start the
calibration procedure ( see figure 4-1).
- 38 -
Figure 4-1 : Noise the status of the different functions.
The configuration of the Run Duration, the Auto-Repeat and the
Auto-Synchronise function are all connected and affect each other and must
be set before measurement.
4.5 The measurement duration:
The measurement duration is set to the specific time interval and the
instrument will run continuously until the stop key is pressed. In our study
the measurement duration was 15 minutes until reach to the next point.
- 39 -
4.6 The Measurement Auto-Repeat:
The Auto- Repeat function is used to set the instrument to make a
series of continuous measurement. If the measurement duration was set to
15 minutes and the Auto – Repeat disabled, after the first 15 minute
measurement the instrument will stop and store the measurement
information at the memory. With the Auto Repeat function enabled, the
instrument will make further 15 minute measurements, one after the next
until the total number of measurement has been made. This allows the user
to set the instrument, for example, to take 96 individual 15 minute
measurement over a 24 hour period.
4.7 The measurement Auto- Synchronise:
This function allows the start of the measurement to be started in
time with the clock of the instrument.
The diagram below shows how the measurement runs from when the
start key is pressed for the duration defined by the Run Duration (see figure
4-2).
- 40 -
Figure 4-2 : The Run Duration of the measurement defined.
This method of starting and stopping the measurements is used in
many applications such as Environmental Noise measurements, it is
important to start the measurements at a predetermined time. For example,
when making environmental noise measurements that are for 10 minutes,
the equipment can start the measurements on 10 minute boundaries.
4.8 Measurement Range:
One of the most important features of a Sound Level Meter is the
measurement range. If the measurements rang is set too high, the instrument
may not be able to record low level. If the measurement range is set too
low, high noise levels will overload the instrument and make the
measurement invalid. Therefore it is vital that the correct measurement rang
is chosen for the noise to be recorded.
- 41 -
The measurement range in our study is (50 dB to 120 dB), if the
noise level is below 50 dB, the instrument will indicate under- Rang. If the
noise level is above 120 dB, the instrument will indicate Overload.
The bar graph at the top of the screen can be used to select the
appropriate measurement rang. As the user moves between the different
measurements ranges, the bar graph changes the top and bottom to match
the measurement range. The noise level being measured is shown in the bar
graph.
4.9 Windshield:
The equipment used with UA: 237 90mm Foam Windshield which
will reduce the noise levels generated by air turbulence over the
microphone capsule (see figure 4-3). The windshield can also be protecting
the microphone capsule of the Sound Level Meter from dust and fluids
which may affect the performance of the instrument. The UA: 237
windshields must be removed before the Sound Level Meter can be
calibrated.
- 42 -
Figure 4 -3 :The Windshield Foam.
- 43 -
4.10 The Batteries:
The batteries of the instrument are located behind the cover on the
bottom of the instrument. It is use two AA type batteries, also known as
LR6 ( see figure 4-4 ).
Figure 4 -4 : The positions of the Batteries.
1. Batteries.
2. RS232 Communications Socket
3. External power.
Stopping and recalling the measurement:
When the measurement is stopped, the data is automatically stored in
the memory and the instrument enters the measurement review mode.
- 44 -
To view stored measurements, ensure that the instrument is not
running and move the arrow up or down in the review mode to see the first
and the last measurement.
4.11 Sound Level Meter Configuration :
The Keypad is shown in Figure 4-5 :
Figure 4 -5 : The Keypad of the instrument.
1. Move through the measurement parameters when running a
measurement, move through the stored measurement
parameters in memory recall mode, select a higher frequency
band Octave Band Filter mode and set up through menu
option.
- 45 -
2. Chang the measurement range and display the current
measurement range.
3. Enter the memory Recall mode and step through the memory
locations.
4. Move through the measurement parameters when running the
measurement, move through the stored measurement
parameters in memory recall mode, select a lower frequency
band in Octave Band mode and step down through menu
options.
5. Resets the current measurement when running.
6. Power On and Off.
7. Stops the current measurement when running.
8. Start and pause a measurement.
9. Switch on and off the display backlight.
10.Exit menu option. Cancel data entry.
11.Select menu option. Accept data entry.
12.Enter memory Recall Mode and step through the memory
locations.
13.Select the menu mode and view the menu options.
- 46 -
4.12 Menu System:
The instruments use a menu system to allow the user to change the
operation of the Sound Level Meter.
This menu system is described below along with the procedure to
change the different measurement functions and operational parameters.
4.13 Viewing and downloading the measurement :
 Configuring the instrument from the software :
Different configurations can be saved and loaded into the instrument
to suit different measurement applications. The following parameters can be
set from within the Deaf Defier3 software:
 Measurement mode.
 Run Duration.
 Time Weighting.
 Frequency Weighting.
 Measurement Rang.
 User Metric.
 Measurement Auto Synchronisation.
- 47 -
 Measurement Auto Repeat.
 Ln values.
Figure 4 -6 : The Deaf Defier3 software .
 Understanding how the measurements are stored :
The memory of the instrument can store up to 1300 measurements.
Each measurement is known as an Event and can be either BroadBand, 1:1
Octave Band or 1: 3 Octave Band. The duration of each measurement does
not affect the size that it takes, but the different measurements types take up
different amounts of space in the instrument memory.
- 48 -
The diagram below shows how the different measurements take up
different amounts of memory space ( figure 4-7 ).
Figure 4 -7 : The space of the different measurements of the instrument.
The maximum time over which BroadBand measurements can be
stored depends upon the duration of the measurements.
Table 1: The maximum time over which measurements can be made.
Maximum Length
Measurement Duration
Measurement
1 minute 21.5 hours
5 minutes 4.5 days
15 minutes 13.5 days
30 minutes 27 days
1 hour 54 days
- 49 -
When each BroadBand measurement is stored a Time History
measurement, this information is stored in a separated memory from the
Events and does not take up any of the 1300 Event memories However, the
time history memory is limited to a size of 1008000 samples at 1 second
samples, which is just over 11 days storage. If the Time History Store is full
before the Event Memory Store, the Event measurements will continue but
will not have Time History
data. The diagram shows an example of this, in (figure 4-8 ).
Figure 4-8 : The space of the different measurements of the instrument.
- 50 -
4.14 Maintenance and Care
The instrument is precision measurement and should be treated with

care:
1. The instrument should not be exposed to substances which
may cause damage to the components of the unit.
2. If the instrument is to be used in an environment where
particles such as dust may come into contact with the
instrument, always use a windshield to protect the microphone
capsule.
3. The instrument is not waterproof and should not be used in
situations where will form or condense on the microphone
capsule or the instrument body.
4. If using the CR: 812B outdoor, use a suitable outdoor
measurement kit which has been specifically designed to
protect the instrument.
5. If the CR: 812B becomes dusty, wipe it down with a cloth that
is lightly dampened with water or a mild detergent.
6. The aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, or methanol-
based fluids should not be using when wiping down the meter.
- 51 -
7. The microphone capsule should not be cleaned and the
microphone grill should not be removed as this can cause
severe damage to the membrane.
- 52 -
Chapter 5
Scope of Work
- 53 -
5 Scope of Work
 The project is thoroughly studied to know its importance and benefit .
 Making the necessary equipment to make the study available and
training those who are taking part in measurement how to use the
device .
 Choosing measurement locations : This should be according to the
places where pilgrims are concentrated at a specific time. Also
according to vital places such as hospitals and intersections of main
roads .
The places were chosen as follows :
5.1 Mina Valley :
5.1.1 King Fahad street :
One of the main roads in Mina .The measurement point was chosen
near King Fahad Tunnel as shown in Figure (4-1), point No ( 1 ) at
longitude and latitude ( 21° 25' 29.50" N , 39° 52' 14.22" E).
- 54 -
5.1.2 King Abdulaziz Street :
King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in Mina valley. The selected
points of measurement in front of the Civil Defense building on the
opposite side of road as shown in Figure (5-1), point No ( 2 ) at longitude
and latitude ( 21° 25' 11.85" N , 39° 52' 11.56" E).
5.1.3 Al-Jamarat Bridge :
The measurement location was chosen next to Al- Jamarat where the
measurement was taken at a distance of 35 meters away from Al- Jamarat
basin as shown in Figure (5-1).
 The first day is Eid Al-Adha (10/12/1427) ( 30/12/2006) : Jamrat Al-
Aqaba point No ( 3 ) at longitude and latitude( 21° 25' 18.79" N ,
39° 52' 15.25" E).
 First day of Tashreeq (11/12/1427) ( 31/12/2006) : Al-jamrah Al-
sughra , point No ( 4 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21° 25' 16.02" N ,
39° 52' 21.00" E).
- 55 -
 Second day of Tashreeq : (12/12/1427) ( 1/1/2007) : Al- Jamrah Al-
Wasta point No ( 5 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21° 25' 12.66" N , 39°
52' 26.77" E).
 Third day of Tshreeq : (10/12/1427)( 30/12/2007): Jamrat Al-Aqaba.
Figure 5-1 :Mina Valley (1).
- 56 -
5.1.4 King Abdulaziz Bridge :
The measurement point was chosen at the intersection of King Abdul
Aziz Road and King Abdullah Road near Mina Bridge Hospital as shown in
Figure (5-2), point No ( 6 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21° 24' 21.35" N , 39°
53' 20.84" E).
- 57 -
5.1.5 Al-Kheef Mosque :
In front of the mosque there is a large plaza considered as a main
pedestrian way connecting Al-Jamarat with the rest of Mina 3 locations for
measurement were chosen in front of the mosque at one houre as shown in
Figure (5-3).
- 58 -
 Point ( 7 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21° 24' 57.54" N , 39° 52'
43.14" E).
40.55" E).
39.47" E).
5.2 Arafat Area :
5.2.1 Namirah Hospital :
The point was chosen as shown in Figure (5-4), point No ( 1 ) at
longitude and latitude ( 21° 21' 11.48" N , 39° 58' 23.13" E).
5.2.2 Namerah Mosque :
A main landmark in Arafat . Pilgrims pray Noon (Zuhr) and
Afternoon (Assr) prayers shortened and combined. The measurement point
was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point number ( 2 ) at longitude and
latitude ( 21° 21' 10.47" N , 39° 58' 22.29" E).
- 59 -
5.2.3 Al-Rahmah Mountain :
A main landmark in Arafat . Masses of pilgrims stand on it. The
measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point
number ( 3 ) at longitude and latitude ( 21° 21' 14.00" N , 39° 59' 02.30" E).
5.2.4 Al-Rahmah Hospital :
Al-Rahmah hospital is located anear Al-Rahmah mountain. The
measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-4), point number (4)
at longitude and latitude ( 21° 21' 11.74" N , 39° 58' 58.6" E).
Figure 5-4 :Arafat Area (1).
- 60 -
5.2.5 Pedestrian Way :
The location was chosen at the end of Arafat from the side of
Muzdalifa as shown in Figurer (5-5), point number ( 5 ) at longitude and
latitude ( 21° 21' 19.91" N , 39° 57' 55.17" E).
5.2.6 Road NO. 4 :
The measurement point was chosen as shown in Figurer (5-5), point
Figure 5-5 :Arafat Valley (2).
- 61 -
5.2.7 Road NO. 8 :
5.2.8 Taradodiah :
Figure 5-6 : Arafat Area (3) .
- 62 -
Chapter 6
Results and
Discussion
- 63 -
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Some Hajj Rites :
We are going to mention here some Hajj rites performed by pilgrims
in order to know the places where they concentrate in those days ( at the
time of the study ).
 The 8th of Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day) :
The Hajj rites start in this day where the most of pilgrims move to
their camps in Mina before afternoon. In Mina, the pilgrims pray Dhuhr,
Asr, Maghrib and Ishaa of the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah and Fajr of the 9th of Dhul-
Hijja (Arafat Day). The most essential hajj rites start in the early morning of
the 9th day of the month of Dulhijja, when pilgrims descend to the Arafat
area.
 The 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat) :
In the 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat) pilgrims accumulate in
AL-Rahmah Mountain and Namrah Mosque . The pilgrims descend after
sunset to mzdalefh .
- 64 -
 The 10th of Dulhijja (day of al-Nahr) :
In this great day all the pilgrims throw only the biggest jamrah (al-
kabah) after the sunrise until the sunset (Zawal time), scarifying the cheep
and cut their hair.
 The 11th of Dulhijja (The First day of Tashriq days) :
In this day the pilgrims must stay most of the night in Mina .Then
after the zawal time (Zuhur prayer time) of the first Tashriq day, the
pilgrims go to throw seven (7) pebbles at each of the three (3) jamrah
stations.
 The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days ) :
On the second day of the Tashriq days, the pilgrims again throw
pebbles at the three jamrahrat, as the previous day. If they stay in Mina until
the sun sets on the second day, it becomes an obligation upon them to stay
the last night of Tashreeq days and throw the pebbles at the jamarat on the
third Tashreeq day.
 The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days) :
After the zawal time of the third Tashriq day, the pilgrims go to
throw seven (7) pebbles at each of the three (3) jamarat stations.
- 65 -
6.2 Calculation :
The measurement was reported in 15 min and we convert it in 1
hour by using the equation :
Leq = 10 × log 10 {[ 10 (SPL/10) (1) +…+10 (SPL/10) (n) /n]} equ. 8
The WHO, 1999, was reported that if the measurements were greater
than Leq = 85 db per hour will causes hearing impairment.
6.3 Mina Valley :
6.3.1 King fahad Street:
King Fahad Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected
point of measurement is after King fahad tunnel . The selected location is
shown in Figure (5-1) at point number ( 1 ).
 The 8th of Dulhijja (Tarwiah Day)( 28/12/2006):
The variation level of noise are shown in Figure (6-1). Readings were taken
between 02:00 and 22:00.
- 66 -
Equivalent Continuos Sound Level (dB)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -1 :The Measured Noise level at King fahad Street in Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 76.54dB per hour) at 11:00.
The Leq = 76.54 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for
human hearing.
6.3.2 King Abdulaziz Street:
King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected
points of measurement in front of the Civil Defense building on the
- 67 -
opposite side of road. The selected location is shown in Figure (5-1) at
point number ( 2 ).
The variation level of noise are shown in Figures (6-2). Readings
were taken between 02:00 and 22:00.

Equivalent Continuos Sound Level ( dB )
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -2 : The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 75 dB) at 20:00. The Leq =
75 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for human
hearing.
- 68 -
 The 9th of Dulhijja (day of Arafat)( 29/12/2006):
The variation levels of noise are shown in Figure (6-3). Readings
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78.34 dB) at 07:00.
human hearing.
- 69 -
 The 11th of Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days)
( 31/12/2006):
Figure 6 -4 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 11th of Dulhijja ) .
The Leq = 85.04 dB is approximately equal to Leq = 85 dB, so that, this
area is still within the recommended noise value by WHO 1999.
- 70 -
 The 12th of Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )
( 01/01/2007) :
were taken between 10:00 and 21:00 .
Figure 6 -5 :The measured Noise level at King Abdul Aziz Street in Mina ( 12th of Dulhijja ) .
human hearing.
- 71 -
 The 13th of Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)
( 02.01/2007):
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78.26 ) dB at 16:00 .
human hearing.
- 72 -
 Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Street:
The variation level of noise at various time are shown in
Figure (6-7).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak

110
100
90
80
70
8th of 9th of 11th of 12th of 13th of
Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja
Time ( Day )
Figure 6 -7 : The maximum noise measured at various times at King Abdulaziz Street in Mina.
It can be noted from the figure that noise level in most time is
acceptable . The 11th day has the highest level of noise in this location .The
maximum meured was = 80 dB in The 11th of Dulhijja see the figure
above.
- 73 -
6.3.3 King Abdulaziz Bridge :
King Abdulaziz Street is the main street in mina valley . The selected
points of measurement at the intersection of King Abdulaziz Road and King
Abdullah Road near Mina Bridge Hospital The selected location is shown
in Figure (5-2) at point number ( 6 ).

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -8 :The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) .
- 74 -
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 75.00dB) at 20:00.
human hearing.

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
7 8 9 10
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -9 : The measured Noise level at King Abdulaziz Bridge in Mina ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 82.97 dB) at 08:00. The Leq = 82.97
dB is less than Leq = 85 dB , so that, this area is suitable for human hearing.
- 75 -
( 30/12/2006):

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
The Leq = 80.30 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB , so that, this area is suitable
for human hearing.
- 76 -
 The 11th of Dulhijja (The second of Tashriq days )
( 31/01/2007) :

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (Hour )
human hearing.
- 77 -
 The 12th of Dulhijja (The third of Tashriq days)
( 01.01/2007):

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78.30 dB) at 21:00 .
human hearing.
- 78 -
 Over View of Level Noise in King Abdul Aziz Bridge:
The variation level of noise at various time are shown in Figure (6-13).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak

110
100
90
80
70
8th of 9th of 10th of 11th of 12th of
Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja
Time ( Day )
Figure 6 -13 :The maximum noise measured at various times at King Abdulaziz Bridge in Mina.
The maximum measured Leq was 86.2 dB in The 11th of Dulhijja.
6.3.4 Jamarat Ground Floor :
Jamarat Bridge is the main landmark in Mina valley . The
measurement location was chosen next to Al-Jamarat where the
measurement was taken at a distance of 35 meters away from the
Jamarat basin. The selected locations are shown in Figure (5-1).
- 79 -
 The 10th of Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba ):
The selected location is shown in Figure (5-1), Point ( 3 ) . The
variation levels of noise are shown in Figure (6-14). Readings were taken
between 08:00 and 23:00 .
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -14 :The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba).
The maximum level of noise is (Leq= 96.31 dB) at 12:00.
The Leq= 96.31 dB which is greater than Leq= 85 dB so that, this area may
cause problem in human hearing, and as a result affecting their behavior.
- 80 -
 The 11th of Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days) in
(31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) :
The selected location is shown in Figure (5-1). Point ( 4 ) . The

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -15 :The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta).
The maximum level of noise is (Leq= 87.40) at 13:00.
The Leq= 87.40 dB which is greater than Leq= 85 dB so that, this area
could somewhat cause a problem in human hearing.
- 81 -
 The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days) in
(01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ):

Equivalent Continuos Sound Level (
100
95
90
85
dB )
80
75
70
65
60
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -16 :The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra ).
somewhat cause a problem in human hearing.
- 82 -
 The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days) in
(02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ):

Equivalent Continuos Sound Level (
100
95
90
85
dB )
80
75
70
65
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -17 :The measured Noise level at Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina (Jamrat Al-aqaba).
cause a problem in human hearing.
- 83 -
 Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Ground Bridge:
The variation level of noise at various time are shown in Figure
(6-18).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak

110
100
90
80
70
10th of 11th of 12th of 13th of
Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja
Time ( Day )
Figure 6 -18 : The maximum Noise measured at various times at Jamarat Ground Bridge in Mina
It can be noted from the Figure that the noise level in most time is
not acceptable because the Leq in all days is greater than Leq = 85 db The
maximum of Leq max = 96.31 dB in The 10th of Dulhijja.
- 84 -
6.3.5 Jamarat Bridge , First Floor :
Jamarat Bridge is the main landmark in mina valley . The
measurement location was chosen next to Al-Jamarat where the
measurement was taken at a distance of 35 meters away from the
Jamarat basin , The selected locations are shown in Figure (5-1).
 The 10th of Dulhijja in (30/12/2006)( Jamrat Al-Aqaba ):

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -19 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First Floor (Jamrat Al-aqaba).
- 85 -
The Leq= 89.42dB which is greater than Leq= 85 dB so that, this area
could cause a problem in human hearing.
 The 11th of Dulhijja (The first day of Tashriq days) in
(31/12/2006) (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta ) :

Equivalent Continuos Sound Level ( dB
90
85
80
75
)
70
65
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -20 :The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First Floor (Al- Jamrah Al-Wasta).
- 86 -
human hearing.
 The 12th of Dulhijja (The second day of Tashriq days) in
(01/01/2007) (Al-jamrah Al-sughra ):

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -21 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First Floor (Al- Jamrah Al-sughra ).
- 87 -
The maximum level of noise is (Leq= 76.38) at 19:00.The Leq= 76.38 dB
which is less than Leq= 85 dB so that, this area does not cause any problem
in human hearing.
 The 13th of Dulhijja (The third day of Tashriq days) in
(02/02/2007) (Jamrat Al-Aqaba ):

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -22 : The measured Noise level at Jamarat Bridge, First Floor (Jamrah Al-Aqaba ).
- 88 -
The Leq = 84.43dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for
human hearing.
 Over View of Level Noise in Jamarat Bridge,First Floor:
(6-23).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak

110
100
90
80
70
10th of 11th of 12th of 13th of
Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja Dulhijja
Time ( Day )
Figure 6 -23 : The maximum Noise measured at various times at Jamarat Bridge , First Floor in Mina .
The maximum of Leq max = 89.42 dB in The 10th of Dulhijja.
- 89 -
6.3.5 Alkhaif Mosque :
In front of the mosque there is a large plaza considered as a main
pedestrian way connecting Al-Jamarat with the rest of Mina, 3 locations for
measurement were chosen in front of the mosque at one houre as shown in
Figure (5-3) at point number ( 7,8 & 9 ).

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -24 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina ( 8th of Dulhijja ) .
Therefore, at 15:00 (Leq = 83.96 dB) is suitable area for human hearing.
- 90 -
were taken between 07:00 and 10: 00 .

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
7 8 9 10
Time (Hour )
Figure 6 -25 :The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
human hearing.
- 91 -
( 30/12/2006):
Figure 6 -26 : The measured Noise level at Alkhaif mosque in Mina ( 10th of Dulhijja ) .
The Leq = 85.04 db which is similar to Leq = 85 db so that, this area does
not cause problem of human hearing.
- 92 -
 Over View of Level Noise in Alkhaif Mosque:
(6-23).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak
110
100
90
80
70
8th of Dulhijja 9th of Dulhijja 10th of Dulhijja
Time ( Day )
Figure 6 -23 : The maximum Noise measured at various times at Alkhaif Mosque in Mina
It can be noted from the Figure that the noise level in this area is acceptable
maximum of Leq max = 85 dB in The 8th of Dulhijja.
- 93 -
6.4 Arafat Area : (The 9th of Dulhijja (Arafah Day)( 29/12/2006).
6.4.1 AL-Rahmah Hospital:
AL-Rahmah Hospital is Located in Arafat Near Al-Rahmah
Mountain . The selected location is shown in Figure (5-4) at point
number ( 4 ) . The variation levels of noise are shown in Figures (6-27).
Readings were taken From 14.00 to 16.00.
Figure 6 -27 : The measured Noise level at AL-Rahmah Hospital in Arafah ( 9th of Dulhijja ).
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 81.6 dB) from 14:00 .
human hearing.
- 94 -
6.4.2 AL-Rahmah Mountain:
AL-Rahmah Mountain is Located in Arafat Near Namerah Mosqual.
The selected location is shown in Figure (5-4) at point number ( 3 ) . The
variation level of noise are shown in Figures (6-28). Readings were taken
from 14:00 to 16:00.
Figure 6 -28 :The measured Noise level at AL-Rafah Mountain in Arafah( 9thof Dulhijja )
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 77.5dB) at 15.00 .
The Leq = 77. 5 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for
human hearing.
- 95 -
6.4.3 Namerah Hospital:
Namerah Hospital is Location in Arafat Near Namerah Mosqual. The
selected location is shown in Figure (5-4) at point number ( 1 ) . The
variation level of noise are shown in Figures (6-29). Readings were taken
from 14:00 to 16:00.
Figure 6 -29 :The measured Noise level at Namerah Hospital in Arafah ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 81dB) at 15:00 .
The Leq = 81 dB is less than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for
human hearing.
- 96 -
6.4.4 Namerah Mosque:
Namerah Hospital is Located in Arafat. The selected location is
shown in Figure (5-4) at point number ( 2 ) . The variation level of noise are
shown in Figure (6-30). Readings were taken from 14:00 to 16:00.
Figure 6 -30 :The measured Noise level at Namerah Mosque in Arafah( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 82 dB) at 16:00 .
human hearing.
- 97 -
6.4.5 Road 4:
It is located in Arafat area. The selected location is shown in Figure
(5-5) at point number ( 6 ) . The variation level of noise are shown in Figure
(6-31). Reading were taken from 18:00 to 21:00 .
Figure 6 -31 :The measured Noise level at Road 4 ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 85.3 dB) at 18.00 .
The Leq = 85.3 dB is similar to Leq = 85 dB so that, this area does not
cause problem of human hearing.
- 98 -
6.4.6 Pedestrian :
Pedstrain is located in Arafat area . The selected location is shown
in Figure (5-5) at point number ( 5 ) .The variation level of noise are shown
in Figure (6-32). Readings were taken from 18:00 to 21:00 .
Figure 6 -32 :The measured Noise level at pedstrain ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq = 78dB) at 18.00 .
human hearing.
- 99 -
6.4.7 Road 8 :
Road 8 is located in Arafat. The selected location is shown in
Figure (5-6) at point number ( 7 ). The variation level of noise are shown in
Figure (6-33). Readings were taken from 18:00 to 21:00 .
Figure 6 -33 :The measured Noise level at Road 8( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq =78dB) at 18.00 and 19:00 .
. The Leq = 78 dB is large than Leq = 85 dB so that, this area is suitable for
human hearing.
- 100 -
6.4.8 Tradodiah :
Taradodiah is located in Arafat. The selected locations are shown in
Figure (5-6) at point number ( 8 ) . The variation level of noise is shown in
Figures (6-34). Readings were taken from 20:00 to 21:00.
Figure 6 -34 :The measured Noise level at Taradodiah ( 9th of Dulhijja ) .
The maximum level of noise is (Leq =81dB) at 20:00 .
The Leq = 81 dB is large than Leq = 85dB so that this area is suitable for
human hearing.
- 101 -
6.4.9 Over View of Level Noise in Arafat:
The variation level of noise between 14:00 to 16:00 are shown in
Figure (6-35).
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak

110
100
90
80
70
Alrahma Alrahmah Namerah Namerah
Hospital Mountain Hospital Mosque
Location
Figure 6 -35 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time in Arafat Area.
The maximum mean of is Leq = 82 dB in Alrahmah Hospital.
The variation level of noise between 18:00 to 21:00 are shown in
Figure (6-36).
- 102 -
140
Highest of Leq
130
Highest LMax
Sound Level ( dB )
120 Highest Peak
110
100
90
80
70
Pedstrain Road NO.4 Road NO.8 Taradodiah
Location
Figure 6 -36 : The maximum Noise at various location in same time in Arafat Area.
It can be noted from the figure that noise level in most time is acceptable
because the maximum Leq in all areas is within Leq = 86 dB as it detected
in Road No: 4.
- 103 -
6.6 The Main Source of Noise in The Hajj Season :

After the Hajj season is in 1428 H, 2007 the Custodian of The Two
Holy Mosque Hajj Institute has obtained a developed high performance
device instrument . The instrument measure the frequency with degree of
noise . We used this instrument to measure the frequencies of some noise
sources in the Hajj season .
6.5.1 Motorcycle :
The variation level of noise according to frequency are shown in
Figure (6-37).
Level of noise ( dB )
100
80
60
40
20
20
31
50
80
3. k
k
12 k
k
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
12
20
31
50
80
20
2
5
8
25
15
.5
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -37 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Motorcycle .
The noise levels greater than Leq = 85 dB are found at frequency points as
follow :
- 104 -
- at 125 Hz the noise level is 86.20 dB.
The most of frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 60 dB .
6.5.2 Civil Defense :
 Civil Defense car Alarm ( 1 ) :
Figure (6-39).
120
level of noise ( dB )
100
80
60
40
20
20
31
50
80
k
12 k
k
3. k
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
2
12
20
31
50
80
20
5
8
25
15
.5
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -39 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil Defense car alarm
The noise levels greater than(1)Leq

.
= 85 dB are found at frequency
points as follow :

- 105 -
- at 1 kHz the noise level is 95.60 dB.
- at 1.25 kHz the noise level is 102.30 dB.
- at 1.6 kHz the noise level is 102.6 dB.
All frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 60 dB .
 Civil Defense car Alarm ( 2 ) :
Figure (6-40).
120
100
80
60
40
20
20
31
50
80
3. k
k
12 k
k
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
12
20
31
50
80
20
2
5
8
25
15
.5
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -40 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Civil Defense car alarm
The noise levels greater than Leq =(2)85. dB are found at frequency points as
follow :

- 106 -
- at 171Hz the noise level is 87.9 dB.
- at 167 Hz the noise level is 106 dB.
The most of frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 60 dB.
6.5.3 Fans of Tunnel :
Figure (6-41). Where the fan is located at 5m above the ground.
100
90
80
70
60 ‫متسلسلة‬
50 1
40
30
20
0
5
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
20
25
31
40
50
63
80
10
12
16
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -41 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Fan of tunnel .
- 107 -
The noise levels greater than Leq = 85 dB are found at frequency
points as follow :
- at 250 Hz the noise level is 86.30 dB
All of frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 50 dB .
There are no points found exceed than Leq = 85 dB .
The most of frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 50 dB.
6.5.4 Cars :
Figure (6-42).
100
80
60
40
20
k
k
5
0
5
0
1. 0
3. k
k
12 k
k
20
31
50
80
12
20
31
50
80
25
15
.5
2
5
8
20
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -42 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Car.
- 108 -
There are no points found exceed than Leq = 85 dB
6.5.5 Buses :
Figure (6-43).
100
Level of noise ( dB )
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
20
31
50
80
3. k
k
k
k
k
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
12
20
31
50
80
11
13
2
5
8
25
15
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -43 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Bus.
points as follow :
All of frequencies have noise levels greater than Leq = 50 dB .

- 109 -
6.5.6 Ambulance :
Figure (6-44).
120
100
80
60
40
20
3. k
k
12 k
k
20
31
50
80
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
12
20
31
50
80
20
2
5
8
25
15
.5frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -44 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Ambulance .
points as follow :
- at 1 kHz the noise level is 104.1 dB
- at 1.25 kHz the noise level is 95.2 dB
- at 1.60 kHz the noise level is 102.9 dB
- 110 -
- at 2 kHz the noise level is 90.9 dB.
- at 3.15 kHz the noise level is 91 dB.
6.5.7 Truck of water :
Figure (6-45).
100
80
60
40
20
3. k
k
12 k
k
20
31
50
80
5
0
5
0
1. 0
k
k
12
20
31
50
80
20
2
5
8
25
15
.5
frequency ( Hz )
Figure 6 -45 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for Truck of Water.
There are no points found exceed than Leq = 85 dB
- 111 -
6.5.8 Over View of Level Noise :
The variation of level of noise according to frequency for all sources
are shown in Figure (6-46).
Motorcycle
Truck of
water
120
Fan of Tunnel
100
The Bus
80
The Car
60
Ambulance
Alarm
40
High way
20
20 31 50 80 125 200 315 500 800 1.25 2k 3.15 5 k 8 k 12.5 20 k Civil Defense
k k k Car Alarm(1)
frequency ( Hz ) Civil Defense

Car Alarm(2)
Figure 6 -46 : Noise levels at different hearing frequencies for all sources.
The noise levels greater than Leq = 85 dB are found in
1. Civil Defense (1).
2. Civil Defense (2).
3. Ambulance Alarm .
- 112 -
The noise levels greater than Leq = 100 dB are found in
1. Bus.
2. Fan Tunnel.
3. Motorcycle.
- 113 -
- 114 -
Chapter 7
Conclusion And
Recommendation
- 115 -
7 Conclusion And Recommendations
The aim of our study research was testing the specific places of the
holy land to see if it is suitable for the human hearing or causes hearing
impairment and problem in hearing.
The results were various between acceptance in the noise level sound
or not areas such as Jamarat Ground Bridge is totally rejection areas, King
Abdul-Aziz Bridge in eighth and ninth days are not suitable , Jamarat first
floor is suitable for hearing except in ten and twelve days, Al khaif mosque
also in eighth and tenth days are not suitable and Arafat areas are mostly
appropriate for human hearing except in ninth day at Road number four.
General recommendation to reducing the noise pollution in these
areas are:
 Prevent using of the alarm ambulance car except in the
necessary time.
 Present pillars upon the main street in Mina and Arafat.
 Put the insulations around the air-conditions system in the
jamarat Ground Floor.
- 116 -
References
1. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
WWW.OSHA.GOV.
2. World Health Organization (WHO), WWW.WHO.INF .
3. Abu Dabi water and Electricity Authority, 1999.
4. Behadashet Magazine, 2003.
5. Defra, www.defra.gov.uk/noise.index.htm.
6. Ahmed Shhatah,2003
7. Ayman N. Al-Dakhlallah, 2005.
8. University college London, 2006.
9. Carter N L and Hunyor S N 1991. A field study of traffic noise
and cardiac arrhythmia during sleep. In: Technical Papers: 4 th
Western Pacific Regional Acoustics Conference, pp. 165-172,
Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage,
Brisbane, Australia.
10.Brookhouser P E, Worthington D W and Kelly W J 1992.
Noise-induced hearing loss in children. Laryngoscope; 102:
645-655
11.The European Union online publication website
http://leuropa.eu.int/comm./research/growth/gcc/projects
12.Bradley J S 1986. Speech intelligibility studies in classrooms.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80: 846-854.
13.IEH 1997. The Non-Auditory Effects of Noise. IEH ReporT
R10. Institute for Environment and Health, Leicester , UK.
- 117 -
14.Ising H, Babisch Wand Kruppa B 1998. Acute and chronic

noise stress as cardiovascular risk factors .Federal
Environmental Agency, Berlin, Germany.
15.Cohen S, Evans GW, Stokols D and Krantz DS 1986.
Behavior, Health and Environmental Stress. Plenum Press,
New York.
16.DeKoning HW 1987. Setting Environmental Standards:
Guidelines for Decision-Making. World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland.
17.Evans G W and L epore S J 1993. Non-auditory effects of
noise on children: A critical review. Children's Environments
10:31-51.
18.Pedersen O J 1989. Noise and people. Noise Control Eng . J.
32(2), 73-77.
19.CEC 1992. Towards Sustainability: A European Community
program of policy and action in relation to the environment
and sustainable development. COM 23 Final Vol. II. Office for
official publications of the European Communities,
Lexembourg.
20.Rudy Hendrisks , A Technical Supplement to the Traffic Noise
Analysis Protocol, October 1998 California, Department of
Transportation Environmental program ,Environmental
Engineering Noise , Air Quality , and Hazardous , Waste
management office.
- 118 -
Appendices
- 119 -
8 Appendix 1: The Glossary
Statement The Interpretations
1:1 Octave Band A division of the frequency range into

Filters : bands, the upper frequency limit of
each band being twice the lower
frequency limit.
1:3 Octave Band Signal 1:1 Octave Bands divided into
Filters : three parts.
A Weighting : A standard weighting of the audible
frequencies designed to reflect the
response of the human ear to noise.
Acoustic Calibrator : An instrument that provides a reference
noise source that is used to calibrate
and check the performance of a Sound
Level Meter.
BroadBand : Noise Measurements using parameters
which include all the audible noise,
such as dB (A) and dB (C).
C Weighting : A standard weighting of the audible
frequencies used for the measurement
of peak Sound Pressure level.
dB( A) : Decibel A weighted
dB( B) : Decibel C weighted
dB( C) : Decibel Z weighted
Decibel (dB) : The units of sound level and noise
exposure measurement.
Energy over a measurement period and
Sound Level Meter :
calculates an average.
The Frequency Weighting of the

Frequency Weighting:
instrument can be set either A, C or Z.
Fast Time Weighting : A standard time weighting applied by
the Sound Level Meter.
LAE : Sound Exposure Level (SEL) with ‘A’
frequency.
- 120 -
LAeq,t : Equivalent contiguous sound pressure

level, A measure of the average sound
pressure level during of time, t, in dB
with ‘A’ weighting.
LAFmax : The maximum Sound level with ‘A’
frequency weighting and fast time
weighting.
Lceq,t : Equivalent contiguous sound pressure
level. A measure of the average sound
pressure level during a period of time,
t, in dB with ‘C’ weighting
LCpeak : Peak Sound pressure level with ‘C’
frequency weighting.
LCSmax : The maximum Sound level with ‘C’
Frequency weighting and Slow Time
weighting.
LEP,d : Daily personal noise exposure.
Leq : Equivalent continuous sound pressure
pressure level during a period of time, t
in dB.
Ln : Statistical analysis of noise levels. The
n denotes the percentage exceedence.
LZeq,t : Equivalent continuous sound pressure
pressure level during a period of time, t
in dB with ‘Z’ weighting.
Overload : The input to the Sound Level Meter is
too high for the current measurement
range. Change the range.
Peak : The maximum value reached by the
Sound pressure at any instant during a
measurement period in dB usually with
C frequency weighting.
SEL : Sound Exposure Level, displayed as
LAE, LCE or LZE .
Slow Time Weighting : A standard time weighting apply by the
sound level meter.
- 121 -
SPL : Sound Pressure Level, the basic

measure of noise loudness, expressed in
decibel.
Statistical Analysis : A calculation performed by a Sound
Level Meter on the noise levels
measured during the measurement
period to decibel the statistical spread
of the noise.
Time History : A sample of noise levels taken every 1
second throughout the measurement
period.
Under Rang : The input to the Sound Level Meter is
too low for the current measurement
rang. Change the range.
Z Weighting : Z weighting is a flat frequency
response of 8HZ – 20KHZ ±1.5 DB
excluding microphone response.
- 122 -
‫دراضت انتهىث انضىضائٍ‬
‫خالل يىضى حج عاو ‪1427‬هـ‬
‫تقرَر يشروع انتخرج‬
‫يقذو إنً‪:‬‬
‫جايعت أو انقري‬
‫كهُت انهنذضت وانعًارة اإلضاليُت‬
‫إلكًال يتطهباث درجت انبكانىرَىش فٍ انهنذضت انًُكانُكُت‬
‫إشراف‪:‬‬
‫د‪.‬عبذ انعسَس ضروجٍ‬ ‫د‪.‬حًسة غهًاٌ‬ ‫د‪.‬يحًذ انحازيٍ‬
‫إعذاد‪:‬‬
‫عبذ انعسَس انسهرانٍ‬ ‫يحًذ انًطُرٌ‬
‫يشعم انًانكٍ‬ ‫حازو انحازيٍ‬
‫رايٍ ينكابى‬ ‫يعتس قطب‬
‫تارَخ انتقذَى‪:‬‬
‫شعباٌ ‪ 1428‬هــ‬
‫أغططص ‪2007‬و‬
‫انخالصت‬
‫هزه اىذساست نخاج عَو حعاوني بين قسٌ اىهنذست اىَينانينيت وٍعهذ خادً‬
‫اىحشٍين اىششيفين ألبحاد اىحح ىخقييٌ ٍسخىي اىضىضاء في اىَشاعش اىَقذست في‬
‫‪ 1427‬هــ ويعخبش خضء ٍن خطت حنىٍت‬ ‫ٍنطقخي ٍنً وعشفاث في ٍىسٌ حح‬
‫اىََينت اىعشبيت اىسعىديت اىَسخقبييت ىخطىيش األساضي اىَقذست ‪ .‬وقذ اسخخذً في هزه‬
‫اىذساست أخهضة حذيثت ىقياط ٍسخىي اىضىضاء في األٍامن اىَخخاسة في أوقاث‬
‫ٍعينت باسخعَاه نَظ ‪ .Brodenband‬حذد وقج وٍىقع أخز اىبياناث طبقا ىسيىك‬
‫اىحداج و أٍامن حشمضهٌ ‪ .‬و قذ ُعىىدج اىبياناث بعذ رىل بأسيىب عيَي وقىسنج‬
‫بَعياس ٍنظَت اىصحت اىعاىَيت ‪ .‬اىنخائح مانج ٍقبىىت في مو ٍن ٍنً وعشفاث‬
‫عَىٍا ٍاعذا ٍنطقت اىدَشاث و بعض ٍناطق عشفاث ‪ ,‬فقذ حداوصث اىضىضاء‬
‫قبو ٍنظَت‬ ‫اىَعياس اىطبيعي اىَقذس ب ـ ‪ 85‬ديسيبو و هى اىَسخىي اىَعخَذ ٍن‬
‫اىصحت اىعاىَيت‪.‬‬

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STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION

DURING HAJJ SEASON 1427 H

Senior Project Report

Dr. Muhammed Al-Hazmi.

Dr. Hamza Ghulman.

Dr. Talal Mandourah.

This study is a result of cooperation work between mechanical

engineering department and the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

by using broadband mode (time and location of measurements were

selected according to hajj rites) . The obtained data was manipulated in

scientific manner and then compared with world health organization

standard. Results showed that noise annoyance is acceptable in all

Authors would like to think and present their gratitude to the

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, Institute of Hajj Research, university

of Umm Al-Qura, Makkah for their financial support in this study. We

would also like to thank Dr. Abdulaziz Seroji , a director of department of

Environmental and Health Research at the institute for his encouragement

at various occasions. Our great acknowledgments for Dr. Muhammed Al-

Hajj season 1428H .

Broadband : Noise Measurements using parameters which include all

seasickness. Noise, defined as unwanted or excessive sound, is an

undesirable by-product of our modern way of life. We experience noise in a

victim of noise, such as when we are operating noisy appliances or

equipment. There are also instances when we experience noise generated by

others just as people experience second-hand smoke. While in both

instances, noises are equally damaging. Second-hand noise is more

troubling because it has negative impacts on us but is put into the

belongs to no one person or group, but to everyone. People, businesses, and

organizations, therefore, do not have unlimited rights to broadcast noise as

property. On the contrary, they have an obligation to use the commons in

businesses, and organizations that disregard the obligation to not interfere

with others' use and enjoyment of the commons by producing noise

pollution are, in many ways, acting like a bully in a school yard.

There are two types of noise:

(1) Steady: Continuous noise of sudden or gradual onset and long

duration (more than 1 second). Examples: aircraft power plant noise,

propeller noise, and pressurization system noise. According to the

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)[1], the maximum

permissible continuous exposure level to steady noise in a working

environment is 90 dB for 8 hours.

(2) Impulse/blast: Noise pulses of sudden onset and brief duration

(less than 1 second) that usually exceed an intensity of 140 dB . Examples:

firing a handgun, detonating a firecracker, backfiring of a piston engine,

high-volume squelching of radio equipment, and a sonic boom caused by

(140dB) of impulse/blast noise. It is not a global problem because sound

to that around the noise source. In contrast, to many other environmental

problems, noise pollution continues to grow. This growth is unsustainable

because it involves direct, as well as cumulative adverse health effects.

In World Health Organization (WHO)[2] statements, "large city

noise is considered to be the third most hazardous pollution". Researches

escalation of global warming, urban noise pollution is in fact another

However, transportation works is seen to be expanded and accelerated in

terms of amount and variety (Berglund et aI., 2000; Kihlman, 2001); it is

impractical to hinder traffic in main arterials or decrease traffic flow but it

might be possible to detour traffic or to construct new roads, or other forms

of end-of-pipe solutions. Noise will be a larger and serious social problem

in the future if effective precautions are not taken accordingly.

1.2 The Importance of Study

The first sanctuary appointed for mankind was that in Makkah , a

blessed place , a guidance to the peoples , wherein are plain memorials ( of

whosoever entered it is safe . A pilgrimage to the Holy Mosque in Makkah

is a duty of Allah on all Muslim . At this Holy Sanctuary, Abraham have

have settle some of my posterity in an uncultivated valley(the valley of

pilgrimage is therefore an ancient pre- islamic rite , believed to be