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CE697R Fall 2012

Seismic Design of Steel Structures


Diaphragms

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

Floor and Roof Diaphragms

Primary Function
Support gravity loads
Transfer these loads to vertical elements
(columns and walls)

Lateral Loads
Distribution of wind and seismic forces to
lateral load-resisting system
The building is designed and detailed to
act as a single unit under the action of
seismic forces.
Floor and roof act as horizontal
diaphragms to resist and transfer
horizontal loads to SFRS

Floor and Roof Diaphragms

Floor or Roof = horizontal continuous


beam supported by the vertical
lateral load-resisting elements
Floor deck assumed to act as web of
continuous beam
Members at periphery assumed to
act as flanges of beam

Floor and Roof Diaphragms

Floor and Roof Diaphragms

Notes:
Accurate determination of in-plane
shears and bending moments requires
analysis that considers relative rigidity of
various elements
In general, simplifying assumptions made
regarding horizontal diaphragm rigidity
Behavior of certain floor systems difficult to
model analytically due to various attachments
i.e., plywood, metal deck, precast concrete

Testing may be required to establish strength


and stiffness properties of floor systems

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-05
Evaluation FEMA 356

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

Distribution of horizontal forces by the


horizontal diaphragm to the SLRS
elements depends on relative rigidity
of diaphragm and SLRS
Classified as rigid, flexible, and semirigid based on relative rigidity

Rigid Diaphragm

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

Can distribute horizontal forces to SFRS


elements in direct proportion to relative
stiffness
Diaphragm deflection insignificant
compared to that of SLRS elements

Flexible Diaphragm

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

Distribution of horizontal forces to SFRS


elements is independent of their relative
stiffness
Diaphragm deflection will be significantly
large compared to that of SFRS elements
Distributes lateral loads to SFRS elements
as a series of simple beams spanning
between these elements

Rigid vs. Flexible

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

No diaphragm is perfectly rigid or


perfectly flexible
However, reasonable assumptions can
be made to simplify the analysis

Semi-Rigid Diaphragm
Diaphragm deflection is the same order
of magnitude as that of the SFRS
elements
Analysis complex (i.e., continuous beam
on elastic supports)
In most cases, assumptions can be made to
bound the exact solution

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

Classification of
Diaphragm Behavior

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

Diaphragm Rigidity

Determination of diaphragm rigidity


Predict deflection of diaphragm
under lateral loads
Metal deck
Discrete units
Connected to supports at regular
intervals (e.g., puddle welds)
Units of deck connected at sidelaps by
button punching, screws, or seam
welding
Stiffness related to spacing and type of
connections

Thickness 16 to 22 gage (~0.064 to ~0.034)

Puddle welds

Button-punching deck

http://www.vercodeck.com/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=267&Itemid=875

Placing shear studs

Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

(and welded wire mesh)

General practice to consider metal


deck with concrete fill as rigid

Diaphragm Rigidity

Cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete


with concrete topping also considered to
be rigid
Precast without concrete topping, metal
deck without concrete fill, plywood
sheathing considered to be flexible

Valid for most cases, but errors can be


made if relative rigidity of diaphragm
and SFRS not considered
Metal-deck manufacturers have
established test programs
Provide strength and deflection
characteristics

Diaphragm Rigidity

Shear Capacity of Concrete Filled Diaphragms

Diaphragm Rigidity

Sn

BQf
l

kbdc f ' c

Qf = structural connector strength


l = panel length
k = test constant (shear strength for deep webs of
concrete beams)
b = unit width (12 inches)
dc = concrete cover depth
fc = compressive strength of concrete
B = parameter which depends upon purlin
spacing, metal thickness, edge fasteners, etc.

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

Diaphragm Behavior

In general, low-rise buildings and


buildings with very stiff vertical
elements (e.g., shear walls) are more
susceptible to floor-diaphragm
flexibility problems
Buildings with long and narrow plans
with seismic resistance from end walls
alone may exhibit bow action

Diaphragm Behavior

Arvin High School Administrative


Building
Kern County earthquake July 21, 1952
Lowest 2 natural frequencies were close
to fundamental frequencies of floor and
roof diaphragms (modeled as simply
supported beams)
2 diaphragm modes represented 74% of
sum of modal base shears in an
analytical model
Diaphragm deflections caused
separation between roof diaphragm and
(concrete shear) wall ends at 2nd story

Diaphragm Behavior

Abrupt/significant changes in wall


stiffness above and below diaphragm
level can cause:
high shear stresses in floor diaphragm
and/or redistribution of shear forces
among walls

Diaphragm Behavior

Lateral Force Direction


1

PLAN

WALL LINES 1 & 2

WALL LINE A

WALL LINE B

Diaphragm Behavior

PLAN

WALL LINES 1 & 2

WALL LINE A

WALL LINE B

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS


RIGID DIAPHRAGM ASSUMPTION

SHEAR ON WALL LINE A (Kips)

SHEAR ON WALL LINE B (Kips)

Diaphragm Behavior

Significant plan irregularities can lead


to stress concentrations

Diaphragm Behavior

Significant plan irregularities can lead


to stress concentrations
Fanlike deformations in the wings of
the diaphragm
Sometimes stress concentrations cannot
be accommodated with feasible
diaphragm thickness/reinforcement
Separation by seismic joints should be
provided in these cases

Diaphragm Behavior

Fanlike deformations in the wings of


the diaphragm
Damage in West Anchorage High
School Building, Alaskan earthquake
March 27, 1964

Floors with large openings

Diaphragm Behavior

Tall buildings resting on significantly


large low-rise bases
Significant in-plane shear deformations at
junctions of low-rise and high-rise portions

Sabelli et al., 2011

Diaphragm Behavior

Diaphragm Behavior
Sabelli et al., 2011

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

Diaphragm Design Tasks

Design

Determine lateral-force distribution on the


diaphragm; compute diaphragm shears
and moments at different locations
Provide adequate in-plane shear
capacity to transfer lateral forces to SFRS
elements
Provide suitable connections between
diaphragm and SFRS elements
Design boundary members or
reinforcement to develop chord forces
Compute diaphragm deflections, when
necessary (ensure diaphragm stiff enough
to support nonstructural elements such as
curtain walls without excessive
deformations)

Design

ASCE 7-10 Section12.3.1.2 Rigid


Diaphragm Condition. Diaphragms of
concrete slabs or concrete filled
metal deck with span-to-depth ratios
of 3 or less in structures that have no
horizontal irregularities are permitted
to be idealized as rigid.

ASCE 7-10 Table 12.3-1


Horizontal Structural Irregularities

Design

ASCE 7-10 Table 12.3-2


Vertical Structural Irregularities

Design

Design
Figure 4.2 Sabelli et al., 2011

Design

Figure 5.3 Sabelli et al., 2011

(a)ELF force distribution


(b) Diaphragm forces, Fpx
(c),(d),(e),(f) combinations of story forces and
diaphragm forces appropriate for evaluating
diaphragms at levels 1,2,3,4

(includes appropriate combination of transfer and


diaphragm internal forces; forces below diaphragm of
interest generally have no effect)

Design

Design
Collector elements shall be provided that are capable of
transferring the seismic forces
In structures assigned to Seismic Design Category C,D, E, or
F, collector elements (see Fig. 12.10-1), splices, and their
connections to resisting elements shall resist seismic load
effects including overstrength (see 12.10.2.1)

Unit shear in diaphragm

Collector Elements

Unit shear in shear walls

Net shear diagram

Collector force diagram

Example compare demand to capacity

Design
20.8 ft

Design
19.08 kips / 20.8 ft = 0.92 kips/ft

Design
Diaphragm shear value (q) = 1740 lbs/ft
1.74 k/ft > 0.92 k/ft
OK!

Example Chord Forces


Beams assumed
to resist chord
forces

Design

Moment at grid line


13 = 246 kip-ft

Chord force (perimeter)


= 246 kip-ft/ 57.58 ft
= 4.27 kips

Check metal-deckto-beam welds and


diaphragm shear
transfer

Design

Design

In some cases, may not be possible to


use composite deck / steel deck
diaphragm to transfer lateral loads
around large openings
Other cases additional
reinforcement, concrete or deck
thickness may not be practical
methods to increase diaphragm
capacity
Diagonal bracing within the plane of
diaphragm may be a practical
solution.

Design

Modeling Issues

Explicit modeling of diaphragm in 3-D


model may be advantageous
Where shear in the deck is large, it is
reasonable to include a factor to
represent moderate cracking in the
slab and other softening mechanisms.
This is especially advantageous in the
design of ground floor diaphragms
above basements and diaphragms
at the top of podium levels.
Typically used modification factor
between 0.15 and 0.50 (Moehle et al.
2010) Sabelli et al., 2011

Floor and Roof Diaphragms


Functions
Assumptions

Outline

Classification of Diaphragm Behavior


Determination of Diaphragm Rigidity
Metal Deck with Concrete Fill

Diaphragm Behavior
Design ASCE 7-10
Evaluation FEMA 356

FEMA 356

Evaluation

FEMA 356

Evaluation

FEMA 356

Evaluation

FEMA 356

Evaluation

FEMA 356 acceptance criteria

Evaluation

FEMA 356 acceptance criteria

Evaluation

FEMA 356

Evaluation

FEMA 356 acceptance criteria

Evaluation

References

Naeim, F. and Boppana, R., Seismic


Design of Floor Diaphragms, The Seismic
Design Handbook, Ed., F. Naeim,
Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, 1989,
pp. 210 237.
Lutrell, L., Diaphragm Design Manual, 3rd
Edition, Steel Deck Institute, Fox River
Grove, IL, September 2004.
Sabelli, R., Sabol, T.A., Easterling, W.S.,
Seismic Design of Composite Steel Deck
and Concrete-filled Diaphragms. A
Guide for Practicing Engineers. NEHRP
Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 5, NIST
GCR 11-917-10, August 2011.

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