1. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino!

SY2: 2008- 2009

PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY A. Origin of the Philippines 1. Legends The story of
the bird, the sky, and the sea 2. Theories i. Part of a lost continent It was
believed that the Philippines was a remnant of a vast continent in the pacific
which had sunk during pre- historic times like the fabled Atlantis lost
somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. This lost pacific continent was called
Lemuria or Mu. Its remnants aside from Philippines were Borneo,
Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and other islands of the pacific. ii. Volcanic Origin It
was proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis. According to this theory, Philippines was
born due to the eruptions of sea volcanoes in remote epochs. iii. Land Bridge
Theory This theory suggests that Philippines was once a landmass bridging
China and the Asian Mainland, to Borneo, Indonesia, New Guinea, and even
Australia. The present China Sea was an exposed dry land known as the
Sunda Shelf which covered an area of 1, 800, 000 square kilometers. During
the post glacial age, about 250, 000 years ago, the worlds ice melted,
causing the sea level to rise. Consequently, the lower land regions including
the land bridges linking Asia and the Philippines were submerged, thus,
Philippines archipelago was formed. This theory is supplied by the following
plausible reasons; a. Similarity of fauna and flora in Asia and the Philippines
b. Similarity of rock structure c. Existence of the shallow China Sea between
the Asia Mainland and the Philippines d. The presence of a fore deep at the
eastern margin of the Philippines indicating the archipelago was once the
edge of the Asia continental Platform B. Archipelagos Name 1. Filipinas The
name given to Philippines in 1543 by the ill- starred Spanish explorer, Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos, in honor of Prince Felipe of Austria who later became
Philip II, the greatest king of Spain. This name first appeared on a rare map
published at Venice in 1554 by Giovanni Battista Ramusio. 2. Philippine
Islands The anglicized name of Filipinas during the American colonial
regime. 3. Republic of the Philippines The name given to Philippines after
the decolonization in 1946. 4. Ma-yi/ ma-i Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing
Corpuz
2. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 The
name given to Philippines by the early Chinese traders such as Chau Ju Kua
and Wang Ta- Yuan. Same names such as Mintolang for Mindanao, Makilu
for Manila, and Pishoye for Visayas were also dubbed to Philippines by the
Chinese. Ma- i is generally accepted to refer to the island of Mindoro in
Luzon because of its gold and proximity in the Chinese mainland. 5. Rizaline
Republic The name proposed by the Katipunan General Artemio Ricarte in
honor of Dr. Jose Rizal. 6. Maharlika It was proposed by former President

Ferdinand Marcos after his dream of making the Philippines great again. 7.
Pearl of the Orient Seas The most romantic name of the Philippines. It
was originally given in 1751 by father Juan J. Delgado as a name of Manila
(Pearl of the Orient) and was also mentioned by Manuel De Azcarraga y
Palmero. It was also grunted by Dr. Jose P. Rizal in his published article in
the Hong Kong Telegraph. C. Geography and Resources 1. Location The
Philippine Archipelago sprawls a little above the equator in Southeast Asia
between latitude 4 degree 23 and 21 degree 25 north and longitude 116
degree and 127 degree east. Philippines has a very strategic location due
to the following; a. It serves as a bridge between the cultures of the East and
the West. b. It lies at the crossroad of international air and sea routes. c. It
looms as bastion of democracy in an area where dictators and communism
hold sway over Asian Nations. d. It is the citadel of Christianity between the
largely Christian west and largely non- Christian east. Hence, its role as
Christian Light of the World. 2. Area The Philippines is an archipelago of
7, 107 islands of which 2, 773 are named. It has a total land area of 115,
707 sq. miles or 299, 681 sq. km. Luzon has an area of 40, 814 sq. miles
while Mindanao has 36, 906 sq. miles. Y Ami Isle is the northernmost point
of the Philippines. 3. Shape Philippines is an inverted Y- shaped archipelago
of numerous islands, islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays,
mountains and valleys, cool plateaus, and scenic volcanoes. Christian
Scholars commented that Luzon is like a Helmet, Visayas and Mindanao is
the Arms and Legs, and Palawan is Spirit Sword. 4. Climate The Philippine
climate is tropical and monsoonal in character. The two distinct seasons are
dry season and wet season. The temperature varies from 21 degree Celsius
to 32 degree Celsius. Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
3. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 The
coldest month is January and the Hottest is May. 5. Regions Region 9Zamboanga Peninsula Region 1- Ilocos Region Region 10- Northern
Mindanao Region 2- Cagayan Valley Region 11- Davao Region Region 3Central Luzon Region 12- SOCCSKSARGEN Region 4A- Region 13CARAGA CALABARZON Region 4B- MIMAROPA CAR- Cordillera
Administrative Region Region 5- Bicol Region NCR- National Capital
Region Region 6- Western Visayas ARMM- Autonomous Region of Muslim
Region 7- Central Visayas Mindanao Region 8- Eastern Visayas 6. Natural
Resources Soil is the most important natural resources in the Philippines
primarily of most people earn a living from tiling the land. Filipinos are
fortunate of having a highly fertile land. The country has rich plant life.
Agricultural experts believed that 8,120 species of plants grow in the

country, that is, about 1,000 varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, and
3,000 species of trees. 850 species of birds are found in the Philippines.
Carabao is the most useful animal for it serves as farmers best friend. At
least 2,000 species of fish are found in the waters of the Philippine
archipelago. Philippine forest lands have a total area of 16,633,000
hectares which represents 55 percent of the total land area. The Philippines
rank third in forest reserves. Philippines is one of Asias great gold
producing regions. Energy in the Philippines is used to supply electricity
and fuel to run factories, light homes, and offices. 7. Beauty Spots The
Banaue Rice Terraces was built more than 2,000 years ago by hardy Ifugaos
using only their bare hands and crude stone tools. The Mount Mayon is the
Crowning Glory of the Philippine Natural Wonders. Manila Bay is one of the
Enchanting Wonders of the Country. Other beauty spots are being
rediscovered. 8. Historical Places Luneta Park- It was a beautiful setting
built in honor of the Philippines greatest hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It is used to be
called Bagumbayan Field where Rizal was executed by a Spanish military
firing squad at early dawn of December 30, 1896. Corregidor- It is a
national shrine nicknamed as The Rock. This was the vlast bastion to fall to
the invading Japanese in 1942. Such made it the symbol of the determined
resistance of its Filipino and American defenders. Paoay Church- It was built
in 1694 commissioned by the Augustinian friars led by Fr. Antonio Estavillo. It
was declared as one of the national treasures by former president Ferdinand
Marcos. Intramuros (Fort Santiago)- It was the old capital of Manila which
was built in 1571. It was used to be the seat of colonial powers of both Spain
and the United States of America. It was also a dreaded prison under the
Spanish regime and the scene of Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
4. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009
countless military police atrocities during the Japanese occupation. Here, too,
Dr. Jose Rizal spent his last hours before his execution at Bagumbayan.
Aguinaldo Shrine- It was here where Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine
independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. This was where the Philippine
flag first raised. Cavite Shrine- It was in this place where Emilio Aguinaldo
was declared the first president of the Philippine republic. The republic of
which the first in Asia. Barasoain Church- It was here where the constitution
of the republican government was drafted on September 15, 1898. this
constitution was also known as the Malolos Constitution because the church
is located in Malolos, Bulacan. Mount Samat- It is situated at Pilar, Bataan.
It is in this mountain that the gigantic cross named as Dambana ng
Kagitingan (Altar of Valor) was erected on April 1942. the cross symbolizes

the heroic and courageous defense made by fatigue, hungry, and sick Filipino
and American soldiers in regaing our freedom during world war II. THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE A. Origin of the Filipinos Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing
Corpuz
5. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 1. The
Religious Sources(Friar- Historians Ideas) The ancestors of the Filipinos
sprung out of the soil like wild plants. Filipinos were created by the sun.
Filipinos were produced from base metals by the magic act of the ancient
alchemist or termed as herbolarios. Filipinos descended from the Adam of
Asia; the other Adam being European Adam, for whom the Spaniards and the
Jews came from. Filipinos were descendants of Tarshish, one of Noahs
great grandsons, who settled in the Philippines after the great flood. 2.
Legends The first Filipino couple sprang out from bamboo nodules. They
were named Lalake and Babae or Malakas and Maganda. The second
legend claims a racial superiority in the brown complexion of the Filipinos
that is Filipinos were baked by God named Bathala. 3. Theories Migration
Theory- It was proposed by Professor H. Otley Beyer. Beyer believed that
Filipinos came from to the Philippines in different waves of migration. Such is
explained in the table: Dawn Man Negritos Indonesians A Indonesians B
Malays Date of 250,000 years 25,000- 30,000 3,000- 4,000 1,500- 500 BC 20
BC Migration ago years ago BC Thickly Black skin tall shorter
Characteristics medium 5 ft tall slender bulky body Haired height
Brawny dark kinky light dark slim but hair complexion complexion
well built round black thin lips thick lips brown skin high large
nose eyes black hair flat noses aquiline dark brown nose eyes He
lived They had permanent dwellings. Ways of Life Nomadic They by
means They lived They wore clothing and introduced of through
personal ornaments. iron metal, They knew agriculture, mining, gathering
hunting, smiting, wild fishing, and and copper tools. pottery plants, by
foraging for making, fishing, wild plants. cloth and They wore weaving,
hunting little and jewelry clothing. making. They have crudest religion.
They were among the worlds best archers and herbalists Critiques
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
6. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 a. Prof.
Beyer used the 19th century scientific methods of progressive evolution and
migratory diffusion as the basis for his hypotheses, which have now been
proven to be too simple and unreliable to explain such theory. b. The
empirical archaeological data for this theory was based on surface finds and
mere conjecture, which lot of imagination and unproven data included. c.

There are no evidences of the existence of the Dawn Man. So far, the oldest
human fossil in the Philippines is the skull cap of a stone aged Filipino about
22,000 years ago which was excavated by Dr. Robert B. Fox inside Tabon
Cave in Palawan on May 28, 1962. d. Undue credit is given to the Malays as
the original settlers of the lowland regions and the dominant cultural
transmitters. e. The migration theory does not agree with the real character
of Filipinos, who are adaptive and highly creative people because it suggests
that the Filipinos were only passive receptors of outside culture. Core
Population Theory- The early inhabitants of the Philippines are treated as a
unit, consisting of a core population to which were added accretions of
people who moved in from the region, but the movements were erratic
rather than sequential wave. The people of Southeast Asia belonged with the
same unit. This theory asserted that Filipinos were not merely passive
receptors of outside culture but adaptors and in some way initiators of
creative changes. It puts emphasis on the cultural integrity and adaptability
of the Filipinos which made this theory favored by modern scholars.
Critiques a. The core population theory is still evolutionist and assumes too
many facts as given where they are yet many gaps in the theory. b. It is
vague as opposed to the easily understood migration theory. B. Filipino Traits
1. Strengths of the Filipino Character Family Orientation- It refers to a
genuine and deep love for the family. For the Filipinos, the family, as the
basic social institution, includes not only the father, the mother, their
brothers and sisters, but also the grandparents, the aunts, the uncles, the
cousins, and even the ceremonial relatives. Concern for the family is
eloquently manifested in the honor and respect given to parents and the
elders, in the care given to children, the generosity extended to a kin in
need, and in the great sacrifices one endures for the welfare of the family.
Hard Work and Industry- It refers to ones willingness to risk taking jobs in a
foreign land with a different culture, not to mention the social cost.
Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity- Filipinos have the capacity to adjust
and to adapt to conditions and circumstances in a given environment, both
physical and social. They have the ability to improvise and make use of
whatever is on hand in order to create and produce new things out of
discarded scraps, for survival. Pakikipagkapwa- tao- It refers to a deep
sense of concern for ones dignity and respect. This is manifested in a basic
regard for justice and fairness to others. Pakikiramay, the sensitivity to
peoples feelings- pakikiramdam and pagtitiwala are bonds that promote
feelings of closeness to one another and become the foundation of unity.
Joy and Humor- It refers to propensity to cheer and laugh and have a fun
loving approach to the ups and downs of life. Laughing at themselves and

the mess they are in is an important coping mechanism. Prepared by: Mr.
Herbert Saquing Corpuz
7. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 Faith
and Religiosity- Filipinos have a deep faith in God. Their innate religiosity
enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept reality in the context of
Gods will and plan. Filipinos live very intimately with religion and prayers
have been important part of their lives. 2. Weaknesses of Filipino Character
Extreme Personalism- It refers to the extent to which one is able to relate
personally to things and people determines the recognition of their existence
and the value attached to them. This extreme personalism often leads to
graft and corruption and other malpractices in our government institutions.
Extreme Family Centeredness- The extreme excessiveness of family
centeredness becomes detrimental to the welfare of a larger community. The
use of ones office and power to promote the interest of ones family results
in the utter lack of concern for the common good. Lack of Discipline- This
results in the use of shortcuts or the palusot syndrome, nakaisa,
nakalamang, and nakadaya, in the Filipino vocabulary, words loaded with
implied values. In several instances, Filipinos are guilty of the ningascogon tendency. They start their projects with full enthusiasm and interest,
which abruptly die down, leaving things unfinished. What a waste! Lack of
National Consciousness- A proper understanding of ones history is a very
important factor in the development of national consciousness because it will
serve to demonstrate how the present is influence by the past. Colonial
Mentality- These conditions are attributed to two dimensions- lack of
patriotism and national integration and the strong preference for imported
goods, foreign ideas and ways. Passivity and Lack of Initiative- While it is
true that Filipinos can adjust to circumstances in a given environment and
posses some creative talents; they are generally passive and lacking in
initiative. One has to be told what has to be done. They can tolerate
inefficiency, poor service, and even violation of human rights. In many ways,
it can be said that Filipinos are too patient for long suffering (matiisin),
easily resigned to ones fate, even if they are oppressed or exploited.
Kanya- kanya Syndrome- It refers to a selfish and self- serving attitude that
generates a feeling of envy towards others, particularly when ones peer has
gained honor or prestige because of hard work. They demonstrate some
hostile attitudes and feelings by recoursing to unfounded and malicious
criticism tsismis and intriga to bring others down. This crab mentality
that characterizes many Filipinos is counter productive. One evident
manifestation of kanya- kanya syndrome is ones personal ambition and the

drive for power and status that is completely insensitive to the common
good. It often results in the non cooperation of members of the community.
Lack of Exhaustive Study and Self-analysis- The Filipinos have a tendency to
be superficial and sometimes even somewhat flighty. Confronted with serious
problems, both personal and social, there seems to be no deliberate and
intelligent alternative plan to solve the problem. In most cases, they joke and
laugh about serious problem affecting them. Anyway, these problems are not
mine alone. If there are strategies to solve these problems, they are only
panacea. They easily accept and are even satisfied with the superficial
explanations and hasty solutions to the problems. Another factor related to
this issue is that Filipinos give too much emphasis on form, maporma
rather than on the Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
8. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009
substance. In most cases, they have a tendency to be satisfied with rhetoric
and substitute this for reality. ASIAN HERITAGE A. INDIANIZATION OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA Indianization refers to the propagation of the Indian
Civilization. This propagation was a two-way process, that is, the
propagation of the Indian Civilization was effected not only by the Indian
Colonists and colonizers, but also by the Southeast Asians themselves. These
Southeast Asians, particularly the Malays, were bold navigators. Hence,
visiting the parts of India let them acquire Indian culture and brought them to
their native countries. Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
9. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 1. The
Sri Vijaya and Majapahit Empire Sri Vijaya Majapahit Other names Sin-fotsi(Chinese) Zabagin(Arabian) Nationality Malayan Culture Indianized Capital
Palembang Majapahit Capital Mahayana Buddhist Brahmanistic Hindu The
Philippines was never ruled by the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit Empire due to
ff: There are plenty of historical materials on Sri Vijaya as a maritime
power and its relation with China in the annals of Tang, Yuan, Sung, and Ming
Dynasty. Of those materials, there is no mentioned about Philippines being a
vassal state of the Sri Vijaya Empire. Chau-ju-kua in his chronicles, listed
fifteen vassal states of the Sri Vijaya and the Philippines is not one of them.
Contemporary authorities on the history of Southeast Asia never claimed
that Philippines was a vassal state of the Sri Vijaya Empire. The claim of
Prapanca in his eulogistic poem, Negarakertagama, that ninety- four vassal
states of Majapahit Empire includes Solot which he referred as Sulu of the
Philippines is not real. Most likely, Solots are the tiny island in the lesser
Sundas which still bears the name Solot and the northeastern part of Borneo.
2. Relations with the Orang Dampuans The Orang Dampuans or Men of

Champa are group of immigrants who came in the Philippines from Southern
Annam (Modern Vietnam) between 900- 1200 A.D. They established a
trading post in Sulu that resulted in a flourishing trade between Sulu and
Southern Annam. Their main interest is to have trade with Buranuns People
of Sulu). Their increasing prosperity aroused jealousy of the Buranuns who
in fit of anger, massacred some Orang Dampuans. Having superior
weapons, they took their bloody revenge on the Buranuns and having
leveled the enemys village to the ground, sailed to their homeland. 3.
Relations with Bandjarmasin The Orang Bandjar (Men of Bandjarmasin)
were immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo settled in Sulu and engaged
actively in the rich pearl trade. They introduced the Indian influences in
Sulu in which made Buranuns possessing Hindu customs and worshipping
vedic gods. Evidences: An evidence of the Philippine intercourse with the
Indianized countries of southeast Asian nations is found in the manuscript
entitled, Suma Oriental, which was written by Tome Pires. According to this
Pire Codex, the Lucoes (People of Luzon) annually Prepared by: Mr. Herbert
Saquing Corpuz
10. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 sent
trading vessels to Borneo and Malacca and the Bornean traders used to sail
to Luzon to buy gold or food stuffs. Relics Place Year Specifics Gold Image of
Wawa River near 1917 Tara (Beyer) Agusan Esperanza, Agusan Province
Bronze Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Hindu God Siva (Beyer) Mactan
Lokesvara (Francisco) Copper Image of Mactan, Cebu 1843 Elephant God of
Hindus Ganesha Clay Medallion Calatagan, Batangas 1958 Buddho- Siamese
Art of Calatagan (Francisco) Gd Garuda Brookes Point, 1961 Mythical bird
which served as Pendant of Palawan a vehicle of Hindu god Vishnu Palawan
Ceramics from Rizal province, Cambodia, Batangas, Laguna, Annam, and
Siam Mindoro, Sorsogon and palawan 4. Indian Influences in the Philippines
Religious Beliefs Bathala- Chief God of the Tagalogs who was derived from
Bhattara- great lord. Creator of the Universe Protector of Men Destroyer of
Men Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
11. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 Also
of Hindu origin was the belief of the ancient Filipinos that the universe is
alive with devas and hantus, good spirits and evil spirits or demons, through
whom all good and evil are done in this world. Mythology and Folk
Literature Bantugan, the mythological hero of the Maranaos and Lumawig,
the legendary savior of the Bontoc are identified with Indra of Hindu
mythology. The Darangan of Lanao, the Lam-ang of Ilokandia, and the
Ibalon of Bicolandia and the Ilim and the Hudhud of the Muontain Province

were inspired by the Mahabharata and other Hindu epics. Fables The
Tagalog story of the monkey and the turtle, the tale of the race between the
deer and the snail, and the Visayan anecdote of the hawk and the hen.
The hilarious adventures of Juan Tamad reveal traces of Hindu influences.
Customs and Traditions Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck
of the visitor upon his arrival or departure, symbolic of hospitality and
friendship. Before marriage, a groom gives dowry to brides parents and
renders personal services in the house of his future parents- in- law. After
the wedding ceremony, the guests throw rice upon the bride and the groom.
The offering of a buyo (a mixture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and lime) to a
guest as an expression of hospitality. A childless couple goes on
pilgrimage to a holy shrine, whose deity is believed to have the power to
grant the virtue of fertility to those not blessed with children. Superstitious
Beliefs A maiden who sings merrily before a stove while cooking will marry
an old widower. A comet is a bad omen, for it is a harbinger of famine,
war, or some other calamity. A pregnant woman who eats twin bananas
will give birth twins. When a cat wipes off its face with paws, a visitor is
coming to the house. If a sleeping person dreams that one of his teeth
falls out, somebody close to him will die. Mode of Dressing Of Indian
origin were putong (turban) of the men and sarong (lower garment) of the
women in pre-Spanish Philippines. The Muslim men in Mindanao and Sulu
wear tight- fitting trousers which resemble the Indian putees and their
women use embroidered shawls which are suggestive of the Indian sari.
Industries Quicklime mining in Masbate Boat building Weaving of
cotton clothes Metal works Musical Instruments Kudyapi (Guitar)
Language Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
12. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 Filipino
Sanskrit English Ama Ama Father Asawa Atawa Spouse Raha Raha King Saksi
Saksi Witness Maharlika Mahardlika Noble B. EARLY CONTACT WITH CHINA
Sino- Philippine intercourse begun in 10th century A.D. during the Sung
Dynasty. The earliest known authentic data of the Sino- Philippine in 982 A.
D. was recorded by a Chinese chronicler, Ma- Tuan- Lin in his monumental
work entitled, Wen Shiann Tung Kao (General Investigation on the Chinese
Cultural Sources) The following are the Chinese influences in the
Philippines: Manufacturing/ occupations/ games Gunpowder The
method of placer gold mining The art of metallurgy The use of
porcelain, gold, silver, tin and other metals Blacksmithing Goldsmithing
Kite flying Gambling- jueteng, kuwaho, pangginggi Manner of
Dressing The sleeved jackets (kangan) of the pre-Spanish Filipino males,

the loose trousers of the Muslim and the dresses of women of Sulu and
Minadanao. The use of slippers, bakya(wooden Shoes), fans and
umbrellas. Of Chinese introduction was the yellow garb of native nobility,
the blue dress of the commoners, and the wearing of white clothes for
mourning. Culinary Art and Diet Roasting of pigs for a delicious meat
Brewing of tea for drinking Cooking of such dishes as lumpiya, pansit,
mami, tsapsoy, and ukoy Appetizers such as tahuri, heko, toyo Edible
vegetables including bataw, petsay, and upo Social Customs Fixed
marriage Hiring of go-between in marital negotiations Employment of
professional mourners during the funeral and the veneration of departed
ancestor. The filial respect accorded by children to their older brothers
and sisters, parents and elders. The explosion of firecrackers on the
advent of new year and other festivals The collection of tong (percentage
fee) by the owner of a gambling joint. The haggling between the merchant
and customer to arrive at the final fix price of commodity Prepared by: Mr.
Herbert Saquing Corpuz
13. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 The
beating of gongs to celebrate a feast among pagan Filipinos of northern
Luzon, the Muslim Filipinos of Sulu and Mindanao. Language Filipino
Chinese English Bakya Bak- kiah Wooden Shoes Bantay Bang- tai Sentinel
Gunting Kan- ting Pair of scissors Pinto Pin- to Door Susi So- si Key C. EARLY
RELATIONS WITH JAPAN The regions settled by the Japanese during the preSpanish times were the delta of Cagayan River, the Lingayen Gulf Region,
and Manila. The town of Agoo in Lingayen Gulf was busy center of trade
with Japan which was later called by the Spaniards as Puerto de Japon. The
following are the Japanese influences: Industries Manufacture of arms
and tools The tanning of deer skins Artificial breeding of ducks and
fishes which is Japans greatest legacy to our ancestors. EARLY FILIPINO
ANCESTORS A. THE BARANGAYS Well organized independent villages. It
originated from balangay, a Malayan word meaning sailboat. It is a selfsustaining community ruled by a datu. It consisted of from 30- 100 families
while some having a population of more than 2,000. Prepared by: Mr. Herbert
Saquing Corpuz
14. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 B.
HOUSES AND DWELLINGS Bahay kubo (nipa hut)- houses which were made
of wood and bamboo, roofed by nipa palm leaves. It had a bamboo ladder
that could be drawn up at night or when the family was out. It had a gallery
called batalan where big water jars were kept for bathing and washing
purposes. Under the house were kept the rice, firewood, and animals.

Some lived in tree houses which were built on the top of trees for better
protection against the enemy. The badjaos (sea gypsies) of Sulu Sea still
live in boat houses. C. FOOD AND DRINKS Rice- staple food Earthen Jars/
bamboo tubes (Ilocano/Itawes- Banga) - where food are being placed for
cooking. Banana Leaves (don bahat- Itawes)- serves as plates Coconut
Shells (tahuk- Itawes)- used as drinking cups Makkammat(Itawes)/
Agkammet(Ilocano)- eating with the use of fingers Fire was used to cook
food. Such were produced by rubbing two pieces of dry woods (hulu- Itawes,
bulu- Ilocano, Boho- Tagalog) which, when heated, produced a tiny flame.
Angang (Itawes)/ Burnay (Ilocano)/ huge bamboo tubes- used to store
drinking waters Wines were also drank by early Filipinos such are the
following: Tuba- wine taken from coconut sports Basi- an Ilocano wine
brewed from sugarcane Pangasi- Visayan wine made from rice
Lambanog- Tagalog wine taken from coconut palm Tapuy- Igorot wine
taken from rice D. MODE OF DRESSING Men Women Upper Garment Kangan
Baro Lower Garment Bahag Patadyong Head Dress Putong Ipit (Itawes),
punggos (Ilocano) Accessories Kolombigas (gold armlets) Samul- Ilocano,
Balitok- Itawes (gold Samul- Ilocano, Balitok- Itawes between teeth), aritutItawes (gold between teeth) (earrings), dusaru- Itawes (necklace), purselasItawes (bracelet) Footwear Barefooted E. TATTOES It serve two purposes a.
To enhance their bodily beauty b. To show their war record Men were more
tattooed than women. Children were not tattooed at all. The Visayans are
the most tattooed Filipinos. They were called pintados or painted people. F.
NATURAL COURTESY AND POLITENESS Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing
Corpuz
15. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009
When two persons of equal rank met on the road, they removed their putong
as a sign of courtesy. When a person addressed his superior, he took off his
putong, put it over his left shoulder like a towel, and bowed low. He
addressed his superior with the word po, which is equivalent to sir.
When a man and a woman walked together, the man was always behind the
woman. It was considered impolite for a man to walk ahead of his woman
companion. Whenever the entire family went out, the mothers and daughters
walk ahead, while fathers and sons walk behind. G. CLEANLINESS AND
NEATNESS They bathed daily. Their favorite hour for bathing in the river
was at sunset when they had finished their daily toil. They washed their
hair regularly with gugo and water. They anointed it with coconut oil (denuItawes, Lana- Ilocano) and other lotions. They washed their mouths
(makkulumummug- Itawes) and cleaned their teeth (ginat- Itawes: sand-

English was used to clean their teeth) upon waking up in the morning. They
filed their teeth to make it even. They chewed buyo which made their teeth
colored but strong. They kept a vessel full of water at the door of every
house, and every person, whether belonging to the house or not, upon
entering, take water from this vessel and wash his feet, especially during
rainy season. H. FAMILY LIFE It is the basis of the society, hence, family ties,
as they are today, was close and strong. The children were given
considerable attention, affection and discipline by their parents. They were
trained to be loyal to the ancestral god, to respect the elders, to love their
parents and to obey the datu and barangay rules. The father was the head
of the family, thus, his words were law to children. The mother was the
housekeeper. She enjoyed the sole privilege of naming the children. I.
SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CLASSES The pre- Spanish society was divided into
three social classes: a. Maharlikas- nobles- they constituted the barangay
aristocracy, the highest social class. This class was composed of the affluent
slave- owning families, including the datu, his family and relatives and the
rich people. b. Timawas- freemen- they constituted the middle class in the
barangays. They were free- born persons and emancipated slaves. They
formed the majority among the inhabitants of every barangay. c. Alipinslaves- they belonged to the lowest social classes. The causes of slavery
were the following: Birth Captivity in war Purchase Failure to pay
debts Penalty for crimes committed Kinds of Slaves 1) Aliping
Namamahay- they lived in their houses. They owned their property. They
could marry without their masters consent. They could not be sold. Prepared
by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
16. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 2)
Aliping Saguiguilid- they owned no property. They lived in their masters
house. They could not marry without their masters consent. They could be
sold anytime. Slaves could emancipate themselves and become a freeman in
various ways of emancipation as follows: 1) Marriage 2) Purchase 3)
Voluntary action of the master Hence, a slave woman who married a freeman
or a noble automatically becomes free. A slave man could become free by
paying his master a certain sum of gold. A slave- owner, according to
customary laws, might emancipate his slave for saving his life in the war or
for having served his family faithfully for many years. There was no caste
system unlike in India. Hence, a noble could become slave, a freeman could
rise to nobility, and a slave could become a freeman. J. WOMENS POSITION
Tribal Laws and Customs recognized them as equal to men. They could own
and inherent property. They could engage in trade and industry. If they

were daughters of datus who had no sons, they could inherit the chieftaincy
and rule barangays. They had the exclusive privilege of naming their
children. Many women were famous in songs and stories as follows:
Sibabae- the legendary first woman in the world Lubluban- the legendary
lawgiver of the Visayans Lalahon- the Visayan goddess of fire and
volcanoes Kalangitan- the sultana of the Pasig and Lakandulas
grandmother K. AMUSEMENTS They held banquets to celebrate a good
harvest, a wedding, a religious sacrifice and a victory in war. Such are
celebrated with much eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Though they
drink too much, this does not mean losing their senses rather, they will only
become talkative and livelier. They had games such as carabao races,
wrestling, fencing, boat races and stone-throwing contests. L. MUSIC They
were lovers of music. They had various musical instruments as follows: 1)
Kudyapi- Tagalog guitar 4) Tultogan- Visayan bamboo drum 2) KalalengTinggian nose- flute 5) Silbay- Ilocano reed flute 3) Kulintamg- Muslim
xylophone 6) Suracan- Subanun cymbal They had plenty of folk dances
such as: 1) Kumintang- Tagalog love dance 3) Dandansoy- Visayan tuba
dance 2) Mahinhin- Tagalog courtship dance 4) Kinnoton- Ilocano ants dance
Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
17. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 5)
Panjalay- Muslim wedding dance 6) Tadek- Tinggian love dance Their songs
expressed all aspects of life. Among these are the following: 1) TagumpayTagalog song of victory 5) Dal-lot- Ilocano ballad song 2) Dallu- Negrito
religious song 6) Kuilay- kuilay- Tinggian wine song 3) Ayeg- klu- Igorot
serenade song 7) Tudob- Agusan harvest song 4) Bactal- Tagbanua death
song M. MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to
the family of the bride (bigaykaya). It consisted of gold, land, slaves or
anything else of value. The groom had to work in the house of his bride for a
certain period of time to do the following: Carrying water and firewood to
the house Assisting the brides father in plowing the field Assisting in
the planting and harvesting of rice Other dowries were in the form of the
following: Panghimuyat: the amount of money given to the brides parent,
the mother for the nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
Bigay- suso- the payment given to the girl wet- nurse who fed the bride
during infancy with milk from her breast. Humaraw- the amount given to
the brides parents as reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the
bride during infancy. Sambon- the amount given to the brides relatives.
The state of courtship immediately before marriage is called Pamumulungan
or Pamamalae. For Muslims (Mindanao): Panalanguni- betrothal or

engagement Pedsungud- settlement of dowry Pegkawing- marriage

ceremony They also practiced divorce with the aforementioned grounds: 1)
Adultery on the part of the wife 4) Cruelty 2) Desertion on the part of the
husband 5) Insanity 3) Loss of affection 6) Childlessness N. BARANGAY
GOVERNMENT Barangays were virtually independent village- kingdoms.
Each barangay was ruled by a chieftain called Datu. The rulers of bigger
barangay kingdoms assumed the title of raha, hari or lakan. Datu- he was
the chief, executive, legislator, and judge of the barangay and in time of war,
he was the commander of the barangay warriors. He obtained his position by
inheritance, being a son or daughter of a datu. In case the datu died without
any legitimate son or daughter, the people of barangay choose their new
datu who should be the strongest, richest, or wisest man in the barangay.
Despite his great powers, he was not an absolute ruler. The datu should
consult the barangay elders in their approval of the following matters:
Declaration of war with the enemy barangay The marriage of the
barangay lakan (prince) or lakambini (princess) The negotiation of a
political alliance with another barangay. Making new laws for the
barangay. Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
18. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 The
barangay elders also took part in judicial trials of persons accused of certain
crimes and the datus decision could not be binding without their approval.
There were also confederations of barangays. The causes of these
emergence were the following: For better protection against enemies
The marriage of a lakan of a barangay with the lakambini of another
barangay O. BARANGANIC RELATIONS Barangays concluded treaties of
alliance and friendship with each other, sealed by a traditional ceremony of
the blood compact called sandugo (one blood). Sometimes wars broke up
between barangays. Such according to Captain Miguel Loarca were caused
by the following: When one goes to another village and was put to death
without any reason When ones wives were stolen from them When one
went to any village and he was badly treated or aggrieved P. LAWS The
early Filipinos had both oral and written laws. The oral laws were their
customs (ugali) which had been handed down orally from generation to
generation. According to legend, the lawgiver of the pre- Spanish
Philippines was a woman named Lubluban, the great granddaughter of the
first man and the first woman of the world. The written laws were
promulgated by datus with the help of the barangay elders and announced
to the people by a barangay crier known as umalohokan. Take note that the
much known Kalantiaw Code of the Philippines has been proven to be

suspect of origin and contents. Hence, it should be believed in. Q. RELIGION

The early Filipinos were pagans except that of Moros in Minadanao and
Sulu. The following were their gods and goddesses: Bathala- supreme
god and the creator of heaven and earth Idianale- Tagalog goddess of
agriculture Lakampati- Tagalog god of harvest Sidapa- Visayan god of
death Apolaki- Pangasinan war god Kidul- Kalinga god of thunder
Dallang- Ilocano goddess of beauty Malyari- Zambal god of power and
strength Poko- Tagbanua god of sea Kolyog- Ifugao god of earthquakes
They worshipped ancestral spirits called anitos (Tagalog) or diwatas
(Visayan). To these anitos the sacrifices called, maganito, were offered. The
ritual was performed by a priest or priestess called katalona or babaylan.
They also worshipped nature in the belief that such natural objects were the
habitats of the spirits. They also believed in life after death. The good soul
would go to heaven, called kaluwalhatian (Tagalog) or Ologan (Visayan),
while the bad soul would go to hell called, kasamaan (Tagalog) or Solad
(Visayan). Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
19. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 R.
BURIAL AND MOURNING CUSTOMS The corpse was embalmed and was
buried near his home, in a cave or on headlands overlooking the sea.
Clothes, foods, weapons and, sometimes slaves were buried with the dead.
The relatives of the dead wore rattan bands around their neck, arms, and
legs; used white garments; and abstained from eating meat and drinking
wine during the period of mourning. Mourning for a dead man is called
maglahe, for a dead woman it was termed morotal; and for a datu, larao.
When a datu died, a herald announced the event and the larao were then
observed. No colored clothes were worn by the grieving people. All wars and
quarrels were suspended. Singing in boats returning from sea was prohibited.
All warriors carried their spears with points downward and their daggers with
hilts reversed. S. SUPERSTITIONS Early Filipinos believed in witches as
follows; Asuang- assumed the form of a dog, a bird, or any animal and
devoured human flesh Mangkukulam- caused people to die or be sick by
pricking a toy with his magic pin Tianak- sucked the babys entrails by
means of his elongated proboscis Tigbalang- appeared in a form of a dog,
a horse or an old man to deceive his victims. They believed in the magical
power of amulets and charms such as; Anting- anting- believed to make its
possessors invulnerable Gayuma- a love potion which can arouse an
adamant womans affection Odom- Bicol magic herb which makes its
possessor invisible to the human eye Uiga- Visayan charm which enables
any man to cross a river without getting wet They also had superstitious

beliefs which until now are surviving as follows: The appearance of a

comet is an ill omen, for it is harbinger of war, pestilence or calamity. If a
pregnant woman cuts her hair, she will give birth to a hairless child. A
pregnant woman should not eat twin bananas, otherwise she will give birth
to twins. A girl who sings before the stove while cooking will marry an old
widower. When a cat wipes its face with its paws, a visitor is coming to
house. T. LANGUAGES The early Filipinos had different languages and
dialects which were originated from a common linguistic form, the MalayoPolynesian language. Tagalog was regarded by the early Spanish writers as
the best. U. WRITING The ancient Filipinos had their own writing system
following their alphabet called baybayin which was originated from the
asokan alphabet of India. A sharp- pointed iron instrument called sipol was
used as pen. They engraved words in a bamboo tubes, wooden boards, or
leaves of plants which were used as paper. The ancient writing is still
preserved by the Mangyans of Mindoro and the Tagbanuas of Palawan. V.
LITERATURE Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz
20. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 Early
Filipino literature consisted of bugtong (riddles), awit (songs), salawikain
(proverbs), myths, legends and poetry. The following folk epic have been
preserved: Ifugao Alim and Hudhud Ilocano Lam-ang Bicol Handiong
Kalinga Ullalim Maranao Bantigan Maguinadanao Indarapatra and
Sulayman Illanon Agyu Taosug Parang Sabil W. EDUCATION Early
Filipino education was both academic and vocational. The father trained his
sons to be warriors, hunters, fishermen, miners, lumbermen, and
shipbuilders. The mother, on the other hand, trained her daughters in
cooking, gardening, sewing, and other household chores. There was an
ancient barangay school in Panay termed as Bothoan under the charge of a
teacher, usually an old man. 3Rs were taught in this school- arithmetic,
reading, and writing X. ARTS Architecture was expressed in the bahaykubo style of dwelling. They early painting was that of tattoo. Sculpture
was manifested in their anitos. Y. SCIENCES Filipinos had knowledge of
medicine since they knew the curative power of many medicinal plants.
There were herbalists. There was some crude knowledge of astronomy
such as: Tala (morning star) by the Tagalog Poyo poyo (Pleiades) by the
Bagobos Monbunkol (Dipper) by the Ifugaos Mamacta (astrologer) by
the Ilokanos They also knew Mathematics They had native terms for
numericals; Isa- one Puo- ten Daan- hundred Libo- thousand
Yuta- one hundred thousand Angao- one million Kati- ten million

Bahala- one hundred million Z. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Prepared by: Mr.
Herbert Saquing Corpuz
21. PHILIPPINE HISTORY Be proud of being a Filipino! SY2: 2008- 2009 Early
Filipinos had their own weights and measures. They used talaro a kind of
balance with scales. Their measure of capacities were the ff; Kaban- 25
gantas Salop- one ganta Kaguitna- one half ganta Gating- one chupa
Their measures for length were the ff; Dipa- the length of the
outstretched arms Tumuro- the length between the tip of the thumb and
that of the forefinger when extended. Sandamak- the width of the hand
with the five fingers pressed together Sandali- the width of one finger
AA.CALENDARS BB. Prepared by: Mr. Herbert Saquing Corpuz