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A.J. Wilkinson
andrew.wilkinson@uct.ac.za
http://www.ee.uct.ac.za
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Cape Town
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM DSB-LC
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM (t ) f (t ) A cos c t
such that
f (t ) A 0
Amin { f t }
AM (t ) f (t ) cos c t A cos c t
which is equivalent to adding a carrier component to a DSB-SC signal,
hence the name DSB-LC (large carrier).
DSB-LC is sometimes referred to as AM as in AM radio.
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM (t ) f (t ) A cos c t
we get:
1
1
AM = F c F c A c A c
2
2
Note that the
carrier is present
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM
1) EITHER
Add DC offset to f(t)
prior to mixing
2) OR
Create DSB-SC and
add carrier
f (t )
f (t )
cos c t
cos c t
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM (t )
AM (t )
AM DSB-LC
f t A
A
DC offset A
added to f(t)
2A weight
t
{ A cos c t }
cos c t
t
carrier
1
2
{ f ( t )cos c t + A cos c t }
envelope
DSB-LC
f t cos c t A cos c t
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
1
F c
2
f t
W 0 W
1
F(0)
2
c
2W
2W
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
{ f (t )cos c t }
f (t ) cos c t
DSB-SC
F (0 )
AM DSB-LC
2) cont
{ A cos c t }
A cos c t
ADD
Carrier
Carrier
Envelope
{ f (t )cos c t + A cos c t }
DSB-LC
f (t ) cos c t A cos c t
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Demodulation of DSB-LC AM
DSB-LC signals are very easy to demodulate using a simple envelope
detector.
DSB-LC is suited to audio applications e.g. speech or music,
which do not contain a DC component.
An envelope detector recovers f (t) + A.
If f (t) contains no DC component, then passing f (t) + A through a BPF
eliminates A, recovering f (t).
The simplest AM receivers receiver the signal from an antenna, pass it
through a BPF, amplify and then into an envelope detector, followed by
a bandpass filter.
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Envelope
detector
BPF
tunable
bandpass
filter
BPF
Audio
output
amplifier
AM DSB-LC
AM (t )
Bandpass filter
v0 (t )
ve (t )
ve ( t ) f ( t ) A
Envelope
v0 (t ) f (t )
AM (t )
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
RC about right
RC too small
AM (t )
ve (t )
ve (t )
T = 2/c
The RC time constant T is the time it takes for voltage to
drop to 1/e ~ 0.37 of its charged value. Clearly, the time constant should
be greater than the period of the carrier, but less than the period of the
highest frequency component in the modulating signal.
i.e. T' < RC < Tmod
where T' = 2/c and Tmod = 1/B
A value of RC somewhere in this range would give a smooth result.
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Modulation Index m
In DSB-LC AM, the signal f(t) causes the amplitude of the
carrier to fluctuate. The modulation index is a number that
quantifies the degree of amplitude modulation of the
carriers amplitude.
Considering
f max f t f max
AM
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Modulation index m
AM t = A cos c t f t cos c t =[ A f t ]cos c t
Envelope
mA
AM DSB-LC
Modulation index m
Modulation index:
m=
Note
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
m<1
Okay
m=1
(most power
efficient)
t
cant recover f(t)
from envelope
Over-modulated
m>1
AM DSB-LC
AM
f t =k cos m t
( t )= f (t )cos c t + A cos c t
=k cos m t cos c t + A cos c t
OR
k=mA
% Modulation=m100%
AM DSB-LC
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM
Block Diagrams:
f (t )
f (t )
AM (t )
cos c t
cos c t
AM (t )
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
i t =a1 e t a 2 e2 t
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM (t )
BPF
@ c
Chop rate
F f (t ) A
Chop
3c
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
3c
0
EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 23 April 14, 2014
AM DSB-LC
f (t ) ~
K cos c t ~
BPF
@ c
V 0 t
AM DSB-LC
1
V R ()= { f ( t )+k cos c t } P T ( )
2
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
c
PT ( )
3c
VR ( ) 3
c
F ( )
0
c
c
V0 ( )
(Output )
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
1
2
3c
3c
After BPF
c
c
AM DSB-LC
V R (t )=i(t) R
Non-linear
Diode
characteristic
1.0mA
0.6V
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
vd
AM DSB-LC
f (t )+ K cos c t0.66 V
Non-linear
Diode
characteristic
1.0mA
0.6V
(operating range)
vd
AM DSB-LC
V R v (t )
DSB-SC term
carrier term
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
2
a
K
1
2
a 2 K 2 cos 2 c t=a2 K 2 +
cos 2 c t
2
2
f (t )
gives a DC term
and a 2c term
1
F ( ) F ( )
2
2c
2c
AM DSB-LC
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Let
AM
( t )= f (t )cos c t + A cos c t
1
= A2
2
1
f 2 ( t )
2
Power In
side bands
Carrier
Power
Pt
Pc
0
Since f ( t )=0
Ps
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Note:
1
1
f t f t cos 2c t
2
2
1
1
= f t f t cos 2 c t
2
2
=0
f t cos c t =
f(t) has no
DC component
Similarly
2
1 2
1 2
f t f t cos 2c t
2
2
1
1
= f 2 t f 2 t cos 2c t
2
2
1 2
= f t
2
AM DSB-LC
This is a
DSB-SC term
at 2c and
has no DC
component.
f t cos c t =
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
Note
Note: Here we have developed an expression for the total
signal power which is defined as the mean square value:
2
P t = ( t )
P t (dissipated )= ( t )/ R
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
AM ( )= { f ( t )cos c t + A cos c t }
1
1
=A ( +c )+ F ( +c )+A (c )+ F (c )
2
2
A
1
F c
2
c
A 1
F c
2
c
AM DSB-LC
A /2
1
S c
4 f
A / 2
1
S c
4 f
S f ( )d
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Note
The 1 F ( +c ) in the Fourier transform becomes
2
1
S ( + c ) in the PSD.
4 f
1
2
1
2
S g ()=|H ()| S f ( + c )= S f ( +c )
4
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
1
P c = S c ( )d= [ A2 + A2 ]= A2
2
2 2
2
2
Sideband Power
1
1
1
1
P s = S s ( )d= f 2 ( t )+ f 2 (t )= f 2 (t )
2
4
4
2
Total Power
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
1
P t = [ S c ( )+ S s ( )]d
2
1 2 1 2
P t =P c + P s = A + f ( t )
2
2
EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 39 April 14, 2014
AM DSB-LC
Transmission Efficiency
Substituting,
1 2
f (t )
2
f (t )
2
=
= 2 2
1 2 1 2
A + f (t ) A + f ( t )
2
2
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Let
f (t )=mA cos m t
AM
Carrier power:
Sideband power:
Pc=
1 2
A
2
P s=
Transmission Efficiency 1
Ps
Ps
1 2
11
1
f ( t )=
( mA )2 = m 2 A2
2
2 2
4
2
m A
m2
=
=
=
=
P t P c + P s 1 2 1 2 2 2+ m 2
A + m A
2
4
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
Note:
1
P s = m2 P c
2
EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 41 April 14, 2014
AM DSB-LC
Ps
Ps
m2
0 . 707 2
=
=
=
=
=0 . 20
2
2
P t P c + P s 2+ m
2 +0 . 707
(Comment:
DSB-LC is
inefficient!)
c) Calculate the peak voltage if driving into a 50 load (being the input
impedance of a radiating antenna)
If driving a 50 load, the carrier power is
2
1 A
Pc=
2 R
A= 2 RP c= 25040000=2000 volts
AM
AM DSB-LC
Z in =50 ohms
Antenna
Envelope
3414 V
2000 V
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
End of handout
A.J.Wilkinson, UCT
AM DSB-LC