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Composition
C
3.3
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.6
3.5
Application
Si
1.9
2.25
1.75
1.25
1.75
2.75
Mn
.65
.65
.5
.5
.5
.5
S
.08
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
P
.15
.15
.35
.35
.8
.9
2.5%
.8%
.4%
.08%
.1%
Si
Mn
2.1
0.8
2.1
0.7
S
0.05
0.05
P
0.17
0.1
Ni
/
1.75
Cr
0.32
0.1
Other
/
0.8 Mo,
0.15 Cu
13.
2.1
/
1
/
0.05
/
0.1
21
15
2
2
/
6.0 Cu
Silal
2.5
Group
Low-Carbon Steel
Medium-Carbon Steel
High-Carbon Steel
Carbon
0.1
Manganese
0.4
0.2
0.2
1.5
As Rolled
0.4
0.8
0.55
0.7
1.0
Properties
Typically low ductility and moderate strength
High thermal conductivity and excellent vibration damping
properties.
Maintain mechanical properties up to 500C but drop quickly
afterwards.
Si and P give high fluidity but poor strength
Good machinability
Hardened by chilling
Wear/abrasion resistance comparable to that of non-heat
treated medium carbon steels
Harder, tougher and stronger than black heart cast iron
Stronger and more ductile than conventional flake irons
Mechanical properties compete with those of steel.
These grades surface harden
No elongation
Tensile strength: 250-450 MPa
Hardness 400HB
UTS (MPa)
275
450
HB
230
300
/
215
60
130
215
Y.S (MPa)
/
UTS (MPa)
300
Elongation
28
240
450
25
350
525
20
Toughened by quenching
from 850 C, temper 600C
500
700
20
0.7
550
750
14
0.35
Hardness (HB)
0.35
780
800
at 150 to 300C as
appropriate
1.2
0.35
Boron steels
Maraging steels
High-Strength Low
Alloy Steels
Name
High-strength low-alloy
structural steel
High-strength low-alloy
niobium-vanadium steels
of structural quality
High strength low-alloy
structural steel with 345
MPa minimum yield point
100 mm in thickness
High-strength low-alloy
steels
AISI
C
Mn
Si
W1
0.6-1.4
/
/
Tool
Steels
Water
Hardened
Tool Steels
Shock
resistant
Alloying Elements
Cr, Cu, N, Ni, Si, Ti, V, Zr
V, Nb
Nb, V, N
Cr
/
V
/
W
/
Mo
/
Co
/
Ni
/
S2
0.5
1.00
0.5
Cold-work
steels
O1
A2
D2
0.9
1
1.5
1.00
/
/
/
/
/
0.5
5.0
12.0
/
/
1.00
0.5
/
/
/
1.00
1.00
/
/
/
/
/
/
Mold Steel
P2
0.07
2.0
0.2
0.5
820
High yield strength and toughness.
Low Hardenability
Cheap
Not very tough
Designed for high toughness and fracture resistance together
with high strength and wear resistance under impact loading.
Accomplished using moderate carbon content and fine
carbide dispersion. High Si content
High resistance to wear and cracking under cold working
conditions
Oil-hardening and air-hardening
High hardness
D type extremely high abrasion resistance
Machining and grinding for production of molds is difficult
Low Carbon content permits machining of cavities for
plastic moulding or metal die casting
Carburising and hardening is then required for high hardness
and wear resistance
Polishability and good surface finish required
Corrosion resistance is required is martensitic stainless steels
are used.
Hot
working
steels
High Speed
Steels
Machinable Steels
H12
H21
H42
T4
M30
0.35
0.35
0.6
0.75
0.8
5.00
3.5
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.4
/
2.00
1.00
1.25
1.5
9.0
6.00
18.00
2.00
1.5
/
5.00
/
8.00
/
/
/
5.00
5.00
/
/
/
/
/
0.20-0.30%C
0.40-0.60%C
0.60-1.00%C
Stainless Steel
/
/
/
/
/
0.06-0.20%C
0.30-0.40%C
/
/
/
/
/
Aluminium Alloys
Duplex
Precipitation Hardened
Turbine blades
Gears
Components which require machining and high strength
Non-heat treatable
4xxx series Al-Si Alloys
Non-Ferrous Materials
Chemical equipment, reflectors, heat exchangers, electrical
conductors and capacitors, packaging foil, architectural
applications, decorative trim
Sand Casting
Heat-treatable Alloys
4-5% Cu
7-8% Cu
9-11% Cu
Heat treatable
Require solution heat treatment to obtain
optimum properties
In heat treated condition, mechanical properties
can exceed those of low-carbon steel
Aging increases mechanical properties
Treatment increases yield strength but decreases
ductility and not so effective on tensile strength
Corrosion resistance is not good (cladding
required), subject to intergranular corrosion
High strength-to-weight ratio
Limited weldability but superior machinability
Good fatigue resistance and fracture toughness
Heat treatable
Medium strength
Good weldability
Good corrosion resistance
Immune to stress corrosion cracking
Good formability and machinability
Can be strengthened by precipitation heat treatment
Heat treatable to achieve high strength-to-weight ratio
Very high strength
Reduced resistance to stress corrosion cracking
Often utilized in slightly over-aged temper to provide
better combinations of strength, corrosion resistance,
and fracture toughness.
Good fatigue resistance, fracture toughness and
compressive strength
Limited weldability and inferior corrosion resistance
compared to 6xxx and 5xxx series)
Heat treatable
Can reach high strengths and ductility
Single-phase alloys
Mn can beaded to combine with Fe and reduce
embrittlement effect
Poor castability
High insensitivity to impurities
Low strength
Fair castability
High temperature strength and wear resistance
Copper contributes to strength
Silicon improves castability and reduces hot shortness
Alloys with more than 3-4% Cu are heat treatable. Mg
enhances response to heat treatment
Higher Si alloys have low thermal expansion.
When Si content >12-13% primary Si crystals are
present and impart excellent wear resistance
High fluidity
Good castability
Good corrosion resistance
Welded assemblies
Marine environments
Wrought
coppers
Oxygen-free
Copper
Purity
99.95%
-
Oxygen
content
-
Cast bearings
Bearing applications: load-carrying capacity, fatigue
strength, resistance to corrosion by internal-combustion
lubricating oil)
Connecting rods and crankbase bearings for diesel
engines
Sand cast bearings and rolling mill bearings
Condition
Annealed
UTS (MPa)
Electric conductors and heat exchangers
Hard
Electrolytic
tough pitch
high
conductivity Cu
99.90% min
Fire-refined
tough pitch
high
conductivity Cu
99.85% min
Phosphorus
deoxidised
copper
Arsenical
Copper
99.85%
99.20%
0.05%
0.05%
O2 nil
P 0.0130.5
O2 0.05%
As 0.30.5
Elongation (%)
220
50
Hardness (HB)
45
400
115
220
50
45
Hard
400
115
Annealed
215
60
45
Hard
340
115
210
60
45
Hard
320
115
Annealed
220
50
45
Hard
400
115
Annealed
Annealed
Silver Copper
Cadmium Copper
Chromium Copper
Switch contacts, resistance welding electrodes, electrode holder jaws, electric and thermal
conductors requiring strength
Tellurium Copper
Beryllium Copper
Instrumental springs, flexible bellows and bourdon tubes for pressure gauges, hand tools,
pliers
Brass Alloys
Gilding metal
P
0.10.25
0.10.5
Sn
3.93.75
5.9-5.5
Pb
/
<5%Zn
Very soft
More ductile but harder than gilding metal
Decorative metalware, costume jewellery, badges, buttons
Can be severely CW to harden it so that it can be used for springs where good elastic, corrosion, fatigue properties and conductivity are required
Used in work hardened condition for turned components requiring strength and corrosion resistance
0.030.25
10
Cast into rods and tubes for bearing brushes and worm wheels.
Excellent anti-friction properties
Commercial Bronze
Jewellery Bronze
Red Brass
Low Brass
Cartridge Brass
Yellow/Standard Brass
Basis Brass
Muntz Metal
Tin-Bronze
Low-Tin
Bronze
Drawn
phosphor
bronze
Cast
phosphor
bronze
Cu
93
Zn
/
94
Bal
Admiralty 88
Gunmetal
Leaded
85
Gunmetal
Leaded
74
bronze
Aluminium Copper
Al
Fe
5
10
Sand casting for fine grained, pressure tight componenet such as pump and valve bodies.
Used as Admiralty gunmetal. Less strong but improved pressure tightness and machining properties.
24
Cu
Other
Condition
Bal
Mn or Ni
up to 4%
Annealed
Ni 5%
Hot
Forged
As cast
10
80
12
Bal
Fe, Mn,
Ni 5-8%
Copper Silicon alloys (Silicon bronzes)
Hard
0.1% PS
UTS (MPa)
112
350
532
700
Elongation
(%)
70
4
Hardness
(HD)
80
200
420
658
20
215
A hard rigid alloy containing the phase. Used where compressive loads are involved.
434
504
250
Aluminium Brasses
Phosphor Bronzes
Tin Bronzes
Pumps valves, gears and bushings. High strength wire applications (e.g. wire rope)
Copper Nickel