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http://www.archive.org/details/manlanguageOOpica
MAN and
LANGUAGE
by
Max
Picard
Translated by
STANLEY GODMAN
A GATEWAY EDITION
HENRY REGNERY COMPANY
CHICAGO
States
of America.
CONTENTS
to
Man
12
18
24
31
36
The Meaning
41
of
Language
50
as a Totality in
55
Man
Human Form
65
72
82
85
88
92
106
112
116
122
137
143
Letter
The
Pre-given
World
of Poetry
127
146
to
it
has
all
been ready
man. In order
stitution of
to truly
understand one
must
man
reside in
whole and
as a
as a coherent
structure."
Language
given to man.
is
Without
gins to speak.
it
It exists
before
man beMan
him
actually
experience and
it
speaks.
is
The
outside
gift
is
man, yet
it
beyond
all
exists
for
repels
man and
world between
based on the
is
and
him.
Man
fro.
Time
Language
attracts
this to
given to
man
1
man.
in advance, but the mira-
it
and
and
he
cle is that
is
of freedom
passivity,
and compulsion
is
human
language,
in
This unity
level.
of language.
man
guage
he
is
is
silence
when
him
human
in silence.
The
it
is
up
stored
for
gift of
to be used
whenever
is
al-
man wills.
man would
on which words
has surprised
me
gift.
"Language," he
learns to speak.
self
that
is
teaches
itself
in gestures
man
and
a child expresses
like
says, "exists in
Language
is
Maurice
inevitably
before he
interprets
To
it-
begin with,
and sounds,
just
arrive
from a
different
level.
if
The language
of children
The
Gift of
Language
gift of
it
that
he
is
to
an
is
The
able to
that
is
given to
is
gift
men.
all
II
Because language
is
a gift, there
is
something that
use
is
who
it.
latent language
potency
is
what
I call
The
higher
Language, because
level.
The
gift
and man's
us like a
eternal yearning
is
Language contains more than man can use; therelanguage has a life of its own. Language has not
fore,
total
utilitarian
it.
purposes,
nothing;
its
own
not
is
Mauthner has
de-
If
it
it
But the
things.
It
have experienced, a
fined
ends.
sustains
fact that
it
it
all
to
other sinking
J
above the
and
The
It
leads to expectation.
fact that
it
depth.
being of language.
that
memory
continuity
due
to
its
divine origin.
The dynamic
of thought
it
if
is
it
were man-created, it
would be destroyed by the explosive power of thought.
Man is more sustained by language than language is
The
sustained by
man. There
man
language than
The
Gift of
Language
is
in
unrest in the
watches over
human
The
it.
thinking
effort to
is
human
world or into
language;
to
human
side.
its
O
O
O
we
Inapprehensible,
clutch thee.*
Ill
The
and
eternal
"The
Word
is
still
is
Word which
at
work
in
and
sus-
our
language.
hearts
The
living
and on our
original
to be realized
created
lips."
and
by man;
it is
and
to
expand within
it.
would perhaps be
The
* Francis
eternal
world
6
is
nowhere
him-
self is
as in language.
The
manently transcendent.
It is
guage that
make
Often
it
it is
able to
seems
the glory of
im-
is
human
lan-
as
it
comes. Sometimes
which
it
will only
come
it
to
be walking in
sometimes seems
its
sleep.
we
Some-
into the
itself
Then
again,
still
mouth
heavily on
rolls
it
world of language
as if the eternal
can
it
seems, how-
St.
is
slow
its
way,
solitary dwelling."
its
man
is
able
to
moment man
is
moment he
fears
he
is
The
enchanted,
may
fall
from
together in every
is
word
of
human
language. Language
inherent in language.
The
movement
is
human
is
The
Language
also the
like
Gift of
unaware of the
man
is still
eternal
lan-
guage.
IV
The world
and
original
in
eternal
being
its
we
world
this
is
con-
man
has
They
person
is
both
speaking to
"every thinking
first
being of language
Grimm,
are at cross-
is
eternal
is
It is
guage
is
a cloud
which everyone
sees as a different
is
is
it
is
it
than one
eternal, there
in the imagination of a
single
the eternal in
always more to
by that which
is
mutual understanding
them
eternal in language.
is
created. "It
is
are recon-
basis of
so diflScult to
in
The
eternal in language
encounters. It was to
that
the basis of
make human
all
human
the eternal
language
and
comes
to
that divide
the differences
all
characteristic
human
which
man
its
it
be the primary
their violence.
men and
wards to other
with a
new
basis
The
lost.
To
things.
move
out-
provide himself
from the
flight
subject
world from
is
he has
related to the
eternal world.
Language has
beyond utility
makes man truly
human since man begins where mere necessity ceases,
where mere necessity is drowned by an eternal world.
and
necessity,
The whole
its
and
this
is
structure of
man
that
conditioned by this
is
mere
utility
and
necessity.
That
is
These
artificial
languages
are
barely
man.
sufficient
for
human
life to
from the
human
They reduce
They represent a flight
world beyond necessity. They make things
bare necessities of
intercourse.
bare necessities.
The
as bare
and
Gift of
sterile as
Language
They are
come
language. They have
from the
no breadth, no room
for silence,
may
is
this
not notice
he
it,
and although
man
to nervous tension
for they reduce
man
to
an explicable machine. In
man. The
is
no place
languages
artificial
more than man has put into them himand inorganic, lacking in
real vitality. They are no more related to the eternal
world than is a motor car, and they are just as easy
contain no
self.
They
are mechanical
to take apart.
There
is
all
artificial
from the
man
loses
all
and reduces
only the
it
to the level of
artificial
rudimentary
signals.
all
it
Not
rela-
has
original language.
he thought that
all
matics
is
would be barren;
it
would not
language
create anything
new.
10
of
many whimsical
its
ornaments.
probably impossible to
It is
The
artificial
languages.
artificial
It is
utility.
tell
only possible to
make mere
related to
and truth
stated,
it
capable of being
is
lationship.
VI
Language
mere
in the
subjectivity.
modern world
Man
determined by
is
language;
experiences
for-
own
being.
When
sive.
It
pushes
tected
had
its
it
everything.
it
full
is
It is like
looked
from the
ever
it
true
its
life
its
draw
to
his
at
the
all
of
cracks
human
and pervious
face
which today
is
to
at
Today he merely
In language which
is
still
is
a healing
related
is
not to be
power
it.
eternal
for
man,
The
but today
it
Gift of
seems that
it is
Language
language
itself
11
that needs
healing.
Language
itself
lines.
moment
it
actual content.
* Heraclitus, Fr. 62.
The
their
man
to
him
in advance;
it
For
man
own
has validity.
He
ready
is
it.
subjective experience
from
man
now
sessed
given to men.
Man
believes
with the
belief
with which
to ac-
anew
in every
on
his
it is
more
own, than
else.
difficult to
to
have
But what
it
is
is
it
achieve faith
given to
more
him
difficult is
human structure to be
constandy making an effort. If man were always
because
it
is
contrary to the
awake, constant
man's
and
life
rest
is
effort
would be natural
to
him. But
and dreams
also
have
12
sleepers also
tribute
The
what
is
knowledge
capacity for
also given to
is
sum
therefore
man
think,
replied: Cogitor
think
man which
is
13
therefore
Man
to
man
mind
would not move on so many different tracks. Everything would be simpler, quicker, less circuitous, but
there would only be a human truth, as though there
shares in him.
Determined by
himself, the
it.
to
strive
all
individuals.
is
an attempt
the
to
But the
eternal
eternal
It is
moves downward
to the individual.
There
is
a pre-
ment
man
men
seek to
world than
original
is
man
and
Man would
own
nature
all
eternal.
More
if
total unity
be blown up by
there were not a
he can break.
all
forgiveness that
is
14
"Man
is
all
deeds.
through the
all
against
know."
himself.
*
We
more
are
is
protected
than
protected
man
advance. In
all
all
own
on
find evil
is
his
seem no longer
as if
it
is
Death
is
before.
have created
Today, how-
own,
emulates in his
Fall.
to arise
Formerly, a
in
a reflection of
is
Man
we
is
wicked he seems
to
evil himself.
human
a given fact of
own
life.
Man
does not
own
men from
is
given to
all
much more
violent;
gift,
it
dy-
would
is
it is
from
quality
and
human
their strength.
Max
Picard,
Their power
who
is
above
to create a
all
fathers.
Indestructible.
The
Man
to
15
man. There
a gift to
is
more motherUness
in the
is
world
all
Man
himself
is
man. There
a gift to
is
more of the
fear
and strange,
alien
The
He was
of love
that
it
At one moment
it
seems
loves
is
given to
him
in
joy.
which man
love with
advance.
and
at the
is
all
one in
love.
The paradox
made
to
man
at all.
"Love
is
gift,
the
bach. There
as
love
is
itself,
language.
When
The
Thou
of the
subject
word
"love."
all at
once.
and the
object
The word
is
Thou
is
expressed.
subject, object
and predicate
II
which
is
16
and
and
for faith
love.
have a meaning of
abiding validity, that of an objective validity v^^hich extends beyond the present cognitive subjectivity and
They have an
acts.
which
objective continuity
it
its
is avail-
or not." *
III
Something
in
man which
given. It
is
wrapped
things belong
more
The
in silence.
man;
to
God
inexplicable.)
Man
He
lacks
man
why man
is
what
is
is
really belongs
silence in
an unintelligible being.
fore
He
encounters within
man and
on
left
which what
is
still
inexplicable
and
silent will
their
own
words which
it is
man
to utter."
man
Creator.
is
the
ment
*
in
man
Edmund
responds to
Husserl,
all
The Things That Are Given
Man
to
17
man
is
What
is
silence of language.
that
is
it
has no
knowledge or experience of the things that are unspeakable and therefore no knowledge or sense of
things that have yet to be revealed in the future.
IV
All creatures and the whole of nature aspires to be
near
man
active.
whom
in
The
on the horizon
sea extends
it
denly, however,
a ship with a
from the
the
and the
far distance to be
is
to the begin-
man
sea.
passes
Sud-
quietly
is,
with
and the
trees
man.
is
burst open
human
together and
it is
to their voices in a
as
though the
new
quietness.
were listening
forest
The
forest
is
calmed
When man
space in
which they
The
fly is like
birds
is
fly
over
it
but the
as
its
walls.
it
God
spoke to
man
directly.
Man
to.
itself
air.
God with
the
air.
Space
Men
Words
Man
man abandoned
abandoned him.
Language
Human
fills
still
comes
to invade us.
is
is
to be
this
emptiness for-
since that
cause
it
When
the Logos
all
words within
if
newly created.
things were
still
itself
a unity,
in things
When
the unity
was
The Origin
of
Language
19
Everything
else
first to set
out to find
things again.
man
faced a
new
frontier.
And
came
came
to
its
man. But
a part of history;
is
it
Other
to exist."
were rent
apart.
The problem
."
wrote Jean
exist, it is
necessary
man
be-
history of
and language
had henceforth a
is,
and
Thou.
Perhaps there was a danger in the paradisian unity
of words and things.
from
Man was
He
and animals.
mingling
all
It
was
Yet
him
it is
clearly apart
possible,
things.
20
When
he succeeds in re-establishing
is lifted
and
side time
paradisian Beginning.
sometimes seems
It
as
an end. There
to
it
is
present in
and
silent.
He
Fall.
Sometimes
it
word
word
that describes
attached to
it;
have shattered
though
as
Without
it.
An
words
all
it
its
attendant word, a
it
over
man.
In some pieces of sculpture, for example, the ivory
figures of the 9th
sculpture,
words seem
to
The
underneath
There
which
silence.
the silence in
own
silence
If in
man,
silence responds to
and the
silence in
man.
man
speaks in the
it
is
a miracle
The Origin
that he
of
Language
possesses language at
still
He
all.
afraid.
21
is
rather
on
sufferance.
II
It is
wrong
to say that
lective activity of
which accompanies
if
were
that
so,
col-
of language
is
collective
ac-
tivities."
It
is
wrong
also
to
derive language
from
gesture.f
is
It is
caused;
them and
it
is
It
is
part of
on the
is
Language has in it more of the subwhole being than passion and desire. Language
is in fact such an uncommon being that it creates being
itself. Gesture, on the other hand, has no independent
store of being from which it can draw to give to other
phenomena. It scurries along with no independent existence of its own.
Man would never have been able to reach language
being in
itself.
stance of
something
through a
thing
*
free.
of
the
unredeemed
Language
is
clear
about
can
and
it
it,
and
only
free
and sovereign,
Origin of Language.
22
rising
above
itself
it
comes. Gesture, on
it
hand, is unfree, unredeemed, still commixed with the material it uses in its attempts
at self-representation. It is still inside the material and
bound up with it, not approaching the material freely
from outside as the spirit approaches the word. It is
other
the
pletely
is
all.
The
essential point
is
gesture
is
it,
and oblivious
The precedence
of
new
child
is
silence,
it
to
was created by a
man
not acquired by
single act. It
was
restored to sight,
all
now
could have existed genetically before language suddenly vanishes with the advent of a single word.
has also been suggested that language derived
It
The
is
body belongs
to
it.
is
not an
same way
as its
The animal
is
enclosed inside
itself
its
own
by means of
Silence.
The Origin
of
Language
23
Not
finding
it,
they go on tearing.
Cardinal Polignac
orangutan: "Speak
is
and
I will bless
thee"
a dictum
nearness
its
"Language
is
to
the
human language do
On
human language.
The lower creatures urgendy desire to reach the
human level of communication. Birds do not sing
sounds aspire towards the
level of
riphery of
brook
is
human
language.
a sign that
it
is
the pe-
at
The murmuring
of the
thunder,
silence
human
is
it
and
all at
once a
sends
its
human
song
voice
is
The
know
is
it."
its
Bohme
also
apply
the crea-
The
it
The
with sound.
wandering sound,
process,
sound
which expands
itself,
is
utterly
is
uses
spirit
its
opposed to
by
itself
brought back to
is
The outward
expansion of sound
is
this
Sound
defined in language.
is
it,
vaguely
antithesis,
spirit.
transformed into
a spiritual expansion.
comes
spirit
alive.
tamed. Sound
but
resists
is
spirit.
Sound
that
is
when
physical
listening to
The
spirit
seems to be trying to
When
it
does
sound and
spirit,
sorbed by the
for
the sound
is
completely ab-
spirit.
is
the suddenness of
more
spirit
24
all
spiritual
or less the
same
sovereign that
spirit is so
less
The
it is
mouth becomes
breath of the
25
the
same
materials.
"A
man
and
will
do
breath of air."
words, to
sound
spirit
itself
and
there
is
to the spirit,
it
is
and
man
it
rises
is
spirit, it is
to persist as
again as
pure
spirit
is
In the
pervious
spirit.
spirit.
Sound
In the van-
but the
spirit.
absorbed by the
allows
the
Physical sound
on a moving
attaches itself to
all
directions
The
ubiquity of
spirit, exists
to the spirit.
all
in language as
if it
belonged directly
man
himself;
it
is
a further
All sounds, even those into which the spirit has not
yet entered, are
spirit
in
all
the material
meated by the
spirit. Is
and a promise
26
that one day
all
and
spirit
By being transformed
sound
into spirit,
life
"w"
to the
in
in "breath"
makes
it rise;
of the spirit.
to the
The
and hardness
gives firmness
able to
is
word
word "hard"
itself.
meaning according
a different
to
word
whether
acquires
it is
spoken
intensify
"i,"
and natural
the physical
in
language.
It
is
as
Damon, we
reissest
du hin?
it still
The
pain
as
from
man
in the physical
sound of the
in fear or
to
sudden
drown himself
its
it.
man
27
is
restored
to wholeness.
makes of natural
sounds, language cannot have arisen from things
In spite of the use the
spirit
onomatopoeically.
is
mined
solely
If
words were
deter-
which
spirit
is
have
spirit
whole complex
The
would
spirit
it.
be
The
spirit.
the things of
nature in a demonic way, escaping from the sovereignty of the spirit and taking
of the
it
beside
its
power when
own. There
body more
and
and
man.
his
whole body
is
28
and
his
man
When
a child
is
beginning to speak
"civilized
seems
it
as
though other things besides those immediately pertaining to language are trying to fight their
words.
The
spirit is
like a ball
still
into the
it
merely
has an in-
its
and
dependent existence of
sound up
way
of the sound.
life spirit
and sound
as everything separates
life.
The
and
spirit is a
and
spirit.
At
disintegrates at the
end of
The
noise,
hardly
more than
purely
phonetic
phenomenon.
The
was understood
it
entirely
guage became
word was
so powerful
From
word
becomes wholly
and
was annulled.
spiritual,
language
falls
again and
again,
language
its fall,
which
up
it
now
is
once more
Thus language
the summit.
rising,
fall
But in the
physical.
depth of
again, only to
29
between
lives,
and
itself
soon as
as
it
rises
reaches
falling
and
As
reward for
in
if
spirit
more
its
likely that
is
music
is
in
is
Grimm, "than
said Jakob
itself;
that language
is
the pre-
cipitate of music."
When
language
however,
is
pushed
to
its
uttermost limits,
it
it
Mozart
might be
is
if
possible to divine
Mozart had
from Nestroy
filling
it
man, between
man
sings, the
is filled.
When
him
is
word may be
trying to
fill
30
it
asleep until
it is
awakened by the
original
word with
"Music
which. in dreaming, begins to sound." *
it.
Max
is
it
Picard,
The World
of Silence.
When
word
Language
spoken, the
is
word that
more light.
before the
there
is
anticipate words. It
runs ahead;
Words
vance.
"Loquere ut
with
light.
is
It
is,
is
it
air is filled
exists to
on
in ad-
own.
te
may
see you."
may
come
may
see you.
The
light of
exists before
after
Human
The
knowledge has
light of
exists
words.
its
It
raises
level
where language
pure
is
light.
II
Whereas
bright, to
to the
man
darkness, but
it
is
light.
opposition. Light
is
light as
31
clearness
is
Light
its
into
light.
true
is
opposed to
life
from
this
S2
darkness. There
is
other place
the light as in
language.
strives
the
light.
abandoned
towards
Without
language
to
itself
darkness
would
be
to
darkness.
Silence belongs to language
opposed to
Silence
light.
is
and therefore
not
it is
is
less light.
Their light
is
dark and
man
language.
birth
The
Through
and death
human
are
existence. Birth
which
and death
The
light in
from the
the subject.
origin.
subject.
It is
On
the contrary,
it
light;
its
it is
33
light.
self-creating
are one.
itself
angel
who
Language
is
everything
Here
to
made
is
merely a denser
all
one.
The
visible
and
express-
one
light.
for
in-
the light in
is
is
ible:
man
that he
is
the light
man
also holds
things together.
dug
darkness
is
still
dazzled by
In the
light,
the
New
even
dew
Today
its
is still
own
still
in the
it-
light.
Testament words
when
is
wholly turned in on
fall
down from
the
of light.
there
is
turn illuminated by
still
others.
The
light
is
indirect.
IV
Hegel
calls
to itself, nature
is,
which com-
34
sun)." But,
brightness
by the
into
man
light of
means
of
language that
it is
its
first
Language
light.
It
present,
man
is
when
it
is
beyond
When
and language.
is
was frightened
of light
inner
the
projects
and
(the
creation
finity of space
guage
own
home and
at
unafraid.
The
man grows
wards
their darkness.
Even
home
in a house
versation.
kindled by that
light.
first light
versation.
is
like the
first light.
beginning of a con-
conversation
The language
is
suddenly
is
light,
light.
He may
already
within the
at
to-
Returning
up-
home and
is
still
as
He
'What
is
'What
more
'Light,'
is
more
35
VI
There is hardly any real light in language today.
Language burrows under the true light, whither it
One
fire
in
sodden
its
way
r~
into another.
is
light
to
become
comes
light in language.
drift
and be
own
light.
that
Lan-
Language
light.
Do we
Language_is
Words
light.
light.
-of the
same nature
as light. It
is
self-
permeated with
light.
knowing
it,
is
Language
is
sum
of
total
the things
all
something that
eflFects. It is
all
it is
is,
which
on
exists
more than
the
mediates and
it
its
own, beyond
effect,
is
few
radiantly present in a
poem
lines of a
triilt
The world
be wholly
of pure being
filled
The
may
itself
it
can only
urges
be wholly
man
filled.
so great that
language
is
by Truth. Language
am"
there
in language.
which the
is
all,
set in relationship to
it is
that
is,
God
himself. "I
Language
is
what
it
is,
am
Being
pure being in
spirit lives.
expressed in Ian-
Pure Being
of
is
in
37
language
made
their will in
but
man
is
these stone
The
does not
God
to re-
Bible that
The
it
is
so great in the
as well as for
man.
bound
up with love, it would exceed itself and overwhelm
man: it would become a threat to his existence. The
If
man
him from
Man
guage.
himself
first
steady;
also the
The
existence of objects
saves
it
dynamism.
objects
lan-
whole
human
lan-
confirmed by lan-
is
formed.
The pure
being of language
is
Language
is
strengthened by
more
The sound
clearly as the
sound of
connection
man when
is re-
he
is
The silence
human silence when it
of
its
of language
is
There
is
38
guage: Language
tears that flow
is
when
it
is
warmed by
it
is
thoroughly
joy.
II
"We
is
still
'The sun
say,
rises,'
language.
It
rises,
man;
it
is
it
is
rise,
since
The
it
rises for
validity to
what appears
to
illusion.
and with
this
silence
language
The
is
language
is
only isolated
what
is
is
truly belongs to
is
not
when
to contain the
to say,
it.
cause
it
has lost
its
own
essential silence.
Pure Being
of
39
III
Language belongs
being that
to
it
much
so
world of absolute
to the
The
so intensive that
is
would
it
recreate itself
if it
only in man.
They
exist
and would
Language belongs
own
its
present
it
much
so
able to
is
life.
to
draw
word some-
"There
is
and
its
retain foreign
them, as
if
being, language
words
as
its
it is
is
the ab-
able to absorb
if it
Through
will never be
it.
impoverished
forever producing
from
its
own
eternally fruitful
it
off-
own roots is still bound to overshadow and stifle the foreign words which have germinated from seed sown by the wind."
has arisen from our
IV
Because
it
man and
things.
Man
is
unable
40
There
is
man and
is
in
the object.
them unchecked
which language
spires
him with
creates
to a purely
it.
The
man and
distance
things in-
between
When man
destroys language,
and
reverts
hard and
Human
language
man
is
woven
into the
whole pattern of
human
The world
would be
and
the world. If
trophe.
It
catas-
existence;
would be
world
and monsters.
idols
Man
too
would be changed: he
No
were of exorbitant
in these primeval
size.
There was a
solitariness
through the
solitariness.
them but an
It
was a world
in the
42
man would
guage
be
solving the
by
if
Whole
his conscious
mind."
up of the Whole
whole
half of the
With
Man
it
on
ture cease
be-
creation.
Na-
silence of things
is
When
language
for
it.
is
their
destroyed
words and
it is
relation-
his
own
man who
it
is
was natural
to
in the beginning
is
at the
their
beginning
Giovanni Vico.
What
imitated concretely at
the end.
On
man
is
the contrary:
The Meaning
the nature of Being
Language
of
is
man and
is
itself
up
so that
it
may
rebels against
43
it
itself.
II
Language
man
wise
is
nil.
word
had
its
own
cease to be language:
bols
and
all. If
number
situation.
But
this is
it is
not a special
is
would be
would
a collection of sym-
to be
any en-
counter between
merely be
there
is
According
to Ernst Cassirer,
language
is
a "form of
and
sitoriness." *
that. If
processes, into
Language
is
that,
permanence and
but
it is
tran-
more than
man would
also
have no future: he would only have memories: everything would be retrospective. Language
* Ernst Cassirer, Sprache
und Mythos.
is
more than
44
a
form of symbolism;
so,
immediate
it is
man
language that
words
gives
Language
their reality.
the reality by
which
would have
is
It
is
through
it
is
this that
more
confronted, since
it is
Christ
much
reality, so
shattered
When He
human
real
than
man came
became man,
language
if
lan-
was
real,
reality of
God came
into
guage
No
life.
means nothing
to
reality
life
him.
Ill
It is
God
our
own
speech understandable.
life
that
came
The superabundant
human language because God
into
tween
and passing on
participates
in
to others
the
superabundant
which
life
of
is
is
life
of
God; he
in this overflowing
a participation in the
God. Language
is
indeed what
memory
memory of
the memory
human
race,"
but
its
it
is
alone,
not the
it is
also
divine origin.
in the silence,
when man
has
The Meaning
already forgotten
there
know
can
Word
through the
is
by which
Human
man
known by God,
man was
created.
man
knowledge has
Man's
knowledge
pre-given.
is
45
knowledge
that
Him.
a reflection
is
Language
of
its
being on
own
un-
effort.
know
to
original status
and
stability to
if
from one
to
move on
presupposes
self-
man
language binds
to his fellow-
And
because
men,
man
tirely
cause he
is
"WhcTihtends
Man
The
other person
is
protected be-
mwards him. ^
He
me
Am
to
know
at all?
Knowing
is
an asserting and
where
art
thou?"
known by God
In the
Man
to
is
also
spoken there
God's question:
he
"Adam
may be
in truth.
modern world,
truth
is
mere statement,
state-
46
By using language
and foundation,
as its material
A new
it.
sci-
"Logos,"
new
principle.*
TV
moment of time man is able to reach out
own structure and his own past by means
In every
beyond
his
Man
is
always develop-
They
On dumb
animals
Human
"the world
makes
from animal
gestures. In ani-
in man they
Man
is
Silence
is
when he
is silent.
are
human
* Ernst
face
Cassirer,
faces of the
Madonnas
of
The Meaning
Language
of
47
would
Why
language.
became the
is
if
language, in pictures
Words
"We
are
more
it
is
Pictures are
language,
as
man?
specific expression of
not so clear
and
from
that language
it
silent
is
more
alive
and awake
in
in a state of repose.
need only
to
draw
sary:
it
prevents an
man and
things.
is
it
all
this
of themselves: that
is
why
is
it
not
does
curtain
at the
also helps
him
to
mercy of
to possess
them.
When
and
language
st ands
as a_barrierjbe tween
directly; their
medium
p enetrate
m an
man
so
of language.
Language
The
direct
and the
in language.
Man
48
existence
and
origin of
human
it
is
language.
VI
Language
emotion but
is
ner emotions.
The
not bound to do
it is
EngUshman
that the
may
expression
uses a verb of
indicating the
more
am
static
German
that the
so. It
German
of man's in-
correspond to the
expression
is
It is possible,
its stability.
to the- inner
Man
is
however,
Language may
may
be an
in this
way be an
aid
life.
also protected
by language since
it
does not
Much
terrible
men
feel
today comes
bounds
tact
itself
threatened.
is
to horror
and
tries to
its
The
remove
dictator
it
from
sets
all
no
con-
were done
to death.
The
The Meaning
Language
49
flogged
The
speechless fear.
was
of
still
present:
dictator's only
shriek.
answer
to atrocity
greater atrocities.
VII
Language
and
it
is
thanks to the
is clear,
clarity of the
Logos;
Logos. "Language
revelation
is
said
and mystery
Hamann. Language
one
at
is
mys-
terious
the object.
The
the object to
this light.
from language
super-clarity of language
is
light
The
light
to
and
in
is
reflects
the
mark of
name to what has always existed but has never been named before. But
genius not only gives a name to the hitherto unnamed;
it also creates new unnamed things and new things
that cannot yet be named. These new and not-to-benamed things are a manifestation of the immanentmystery of language. Nietzsche thought the
the genius was that he gives a
transcendent.
a weakness:
of that
Lack of
it
clarity is therefore
which must
still
be veiled.
not always
an intimation
Man
has to learn to
Man
truth wlien
God
language because
is
a despair in
ing, a
spoke in
God
it,
is
it.
There
no longer
in
is
it
a sadness in
Himself; there
a disillusionment, a rising
for
Him who
was
in the
and
fall-
lost.
Language
left
empty by God
however,
fill
the
of an invading army;
waiting
is
Word.
not,
with
for
space
filled
is filled
its
despair: the
is
any moment. Then, when poetry has gone, the yearning for the expected
Word
becomes
is
still
greater than
greater. Poetry
reminds
God.
There
is
coming of
in the
Christ.
ancient lan-
modern languages
He
Word.
is
in
forget
that
51
II
When
truth
directly that
is
is
it
in language as
though
it
develop for
own
its
in order to help
It
may
Truth
It
man
sake, but
man,
omnipotent sover-
its
and
lives in time,
itself
all
things to
itself.
with
it
is
it
drags
its^
own
leers at its
it; it
past;
on what
it
can attract to
self-subsistent being of
Truth
is
is
it
itself; it
its
insecure;
has no
The one
it
lives
self-sufficient,
own.
it is
all
which con-
objects whatso-
were
it
same with a
perfect
poem:
two
objects,
such a poem.
It
may
is
the
jects to itself.
When
an object
is
not only
why
the liar
is
afraid.
He
is
from the
Language
is
lie
which he has
created.
being expressed in
it.
If too
much
much
untruth
52
through
it
is
it,
language
is still
no longer able
to retain
manages
just
It
it.
no longer able
is
to give
to
the
it
it
any longer;
in language
it
again.
There
is
which does
guage comes
future;
it
new
through
this
movement
into the
"It
is
is
the
immediacy of
is
truth.
The
fact
that
is
in
this loss
by gaining the
The immediacy
of the physical
The
physical
itself
to a world,
new
fullness,
Language
is
which imposes
however, there
is
It
a sense of
is
only
is
it
belongs to
a limit.
what
lies
On
this
beyond
when language
it
is
has no limits.
Farben Lehre.
boundlessness
the
is
53
of
verbal noise.
There
is
a tree"
is
by
set
is
But
exists.
it
into
the tree
which he himself
truth forms an
draws
when
man
a difference between a
is
statements
itself.
mere statement
they
would
lie
them up
into itself
The outward
as
if
in
if
physical
around us
all
The
form of man
also
is
con-
cisive, delimited,
The
upright
the truth
own
It
if it
its
accord.
is
truth, or
merely to repeat
it.
It
it
to
man
The
surplus
the body.
shadow which
which
The
is
is
around the
in truth speaks in
truth has
become
truth.
and through
man and
begets the
truth.
known;
it
may
to be
spoken in order to be
be possible to get at
it
more
certainly
54
ward
signs,
from
all,
which
cor-
respond in the world of the spiritual to what atmospherical changes represent in the physical world," so
Human
truth.
its
society
Then
effort
on the
must be based on
on building a true
on
consumed by lavishing
all
itself.
from
it
and
Through language God made a decision for man before ever man was able to make a decision. Decision is
woven
Freedom is
makes it pos-
given to
man
sible for
him
in advance,
to
perform
and
this alone
own
his
act of freedom.
Man
Language
freedom
to
itself
brings
God
and
is
When man
make
is
silent
him language
through language
silence.
speaks he
He
is
good or
a decision, he
is
in
is
free
for evil.
man
rises
to a higher level.
of fear:
55
56
The
freedom gives
act of
it.
active therein,
attains
The
it.
fullness w^hich
about, that
is
Whatever
to decision.
is
in the
it
is
mind
of
man, belongs
It
wants
mind and
made
be
to
human
spirit.
II
Man
man
is
means
the person,
the
subject,
and
Man
is
created by
through decision.
When
he
is
silent
de-
is
connected.
Man
is
becoming a
subject.
The
subject
is
constituted in de-
cision.
it
as
is,
it
57
Man
becomes
from
decision,
silence in
free
his
the
all
the basis of
is
all
freedom.
Through
man becomes
decision
as
one
who
has just
speaks, speaks to
and
any
subject,
word and
eternity
Often when
man
through
I,
illness
rate, object
the
is
make
fails to
it,
own
word
itself,
any
moment
without noticing
of the
thing, I
For
discrepancy.
at
ab-
is
its
moment
of
attained.
a decision, he tries,
illnesses are
due
to loss
to lack of decision.
Through language that is spoken aloud man summons himself, brings himself to himself, but that
which was connected with him in the silence, is part
of the spoken word. It shares
Man
within
him and
to share in
decisions for
itself,
the silence
outside him.
make
and wants
The monologue
traordinary
nature
of
decision.
The
subject,
that
58
is
monologue,
the
in
alone in the
it
has
made
its
which has
language,
itself.
Ill
When
he
is
and
of time
man
silent
dispersed in a vagueness
is
and
space. Existence
make
to
time
stopped. If
is
he would
decisions,
when
a decision
cision
and becomes
man. Things
is
made.
It
is
is
opposed to chrono-
is
man
live in
to be unlimited
They
are
and
suffering, waiting to be
decision.
The
brought to
act of "freedom,
reality
through
Humboldt,
is
able to
of things.
The
selves again,
/^he
and
jump
over them-
fill
themselves again.
is
men and
things
to be decided in
it.
The
God made
his
decision for
59
words
always in
is
it.
IV
Through
being,
leased
ject
istic
its
which made
it
free.
The
own
accord.
Man
act itself.
is
himself
surplus
is
re-
it
acts creatively of
is
man and
It
self-identification,
Thus he
makes the
is
unnecessary for
new
of grace
is
experiences
is
the gift
act of decision. It
which
In this realm
The
man
is
freedom
fellowship. This
is
is
it
who
The
creates a
man.
What
act.
when the act of freedom is no longer performed? The human world declines; it becomes poorer, weaker, when it is deprived
surplus
is lost,
however,
It
becomes disordered,
60
man
since
that
is
in order of
set
is
its
own
which
is
The world
is
of
missing.
without
it.
man
is
This
when
inevitably impoverished
colder
it
and poorer
is
human
world.
In the
ment
moment
not only
it.
before a decision,
in the place
where the
when he
feels
is
fall
falls, it is like
first fall is
the
first fall,
repeated.
in the
which
speakers,
is
of
man,
arose.
where the
the
language
formulae there
is
mathematical
of
The language
past,
and
physical
guilt reaches
of mathematical for-
There
is
sometimes seems
naked
to
is
as
if
it
are lacking.
They
are yearning to
61
Language
itself
is
cision.
word
An
attains significance
word
itself
worn-out
insignificant or
rolls
on
to another; the
mass of
at all.
By
structure of language
structure;
man now
is
fetches
up words by
a special act.
word.
its
Words
are
flow;
Through
man
released
to the object
from
the
and
normal
Words become
to
one
of
object.
style is
formed.
clearer
is
The
freedom
is,
the
the style.
move from
the speaker
this barrier
62
The
poet
is
all
decision,
He
him.
to
is
in
Language
when man no
destroyed
is
decisions in
When man
like gelatin.
longer
it:
along wherever
it
wills.
The
words
of
no longer
sumes that
it
exists
Freedom
is
the light in
is
where
it
is
lowship of
one
as-
indicated.
human
him
rolls
exists, it is
guage
makes
to another
Freedom
is
the radiance
light.
VI
The
is
Thou
existence of the
ence of the
I,
to itself
is
through
not antithetical
Thou
in decision. This
creates the
Thou"
Thou, but
for
that the
is
created by
I.
entirely
Thou and
exist,
Thou and
the
I.
Lan-
I,
63
still
if
down
more
still
more compressed
material,
if
ance by language.
the
If
would be
danger of taking
in
and the
monument, not
their
and
itself
own, the
its
devotion
would then be
too seriously
act of decision
like a
of
is
to the
tected
from
this
istence; in every
Thou
the
of
next
moment
God and
the
and then
down in the
having the Thou and
again sinking
constantly
I;
I,
recovery of the
of
solitariness of
losing the I
and the
in the
Thou
and
loss
situations
were
The
God,
itself
and
The
would
Thou
of
so leave the
I
64
if
God
in his love
had not
left a
space be-
all
LANGUAGE AS A TOTALITY
IN
MAN
Language
man;
a totality in
is
which
a totality
man
is
Language
silent inside
him.
"It
is
to
made up
of
form a language. In
single
speech
reality
is
not
Whole.
to
Egypt
is
feathers
it
is
as
on
much
its
it
is
body
only where
always inside
is
so that
when
it
it
man
him
inside
Language
part
as a totality.
arrives in
is
man
as a totality
and permanently
and
is
the basis
intellectual continuity.
individual
word
is
the individual
*
Egypt
as a silent totality.
in
of man's spiritual
to
as the
so language
itself
like that of
human
humanity
being:
as a
whole
the totality of
all
66
words
is
man,
in
Language
Language
He
it.
Whole
man
to
maintain the
in general.
exists as a totality
and by means of
lence of language
he
whole
since those
mute
is
of the
who
dumb
keys
is
He
speak,
The
deaf
an unspoken word.
like
learning
is
language remembers
The
tains.
who
like a piano
Is this
one of those
is
si-
language
this silent
is
shares in language; he
all
just
exists
as a totality helps
category of the
man
whole of humanity
as the
object
is
remembers what
itself,
object,
it
con-
language.
II
When man
from the
silent
silent,
and
sets
them
in
new
context by
means of the
Logos.
Through
the
logical
interior
language
is
recreated in the
contain, apart
from many
To
Language
Man
as a Totality in
an
is
67
act of love.
Love and
Through
him,
man
is
vague and
is
him
It
is
definition.
silent
is
first
man
giveness
word which
language within
the spoken
The
for-
The
word which
spoken in the
is
first
up from the
spirit
has difi&culty in
abyss.
Ill
Confronted with a
tree
man
says
"That
As he
silent
thicket,
an individual
moment seems
to
tree,
"That
is
a tree!"
has
named
above the
have been
Word and
whether the
itself.
isolated, taken
a tree."
possible to say
is
tree has
it
is
im-
been named or
silent,
is
vegetative re-
68
In this
have been
which
this, in
the
intended to belong
power
this
to
it
moment when it
moment it yearned
to return to the
sad; for a
language in
silent
word seems
names
it
it is
of isolation the
just created,
word. With
first
was
moment
the
word
filled
detaches
continues to be heard.
and
it
itself
The
is
that
sit
seem
an envoy sent
like
The words
like birds
like
little
on behalf
over
it.
interior
the
is
with brightness.
of silence:
word
the
it
The more
the
its
sea
waves before
The word
is
backwards into
has come:
language on
that
on the
it
speaks
triumph
will be.
It is
interior
the poet
who
is
best able to
language audible.
The
make
the whole
is
Language
the spoken
of the
poem
is
drawn up
when he
69
The rhythm
light of
Man
as a Totality in
also
into the
comes
to
man
all
it
actually speaking.
The language
language.
totality of
When
spoken.
The whole
if
no word
at all
had been
its
The
is
child
is
silent
and
is
is
totality as in love in
and seems
which
in-
movement of the silent language, a movedream which awakens the lover and sets
the whole dream into the wholeness of the day. And
just as the dream and the awakening are a unity, so
is
like a
ment
in a
"When
more
lover.
that
and speech.
man
to the silence
'Be
may
*The World
of Silence.
70
IV
"However poor
may
it
be, every
language
is
able
though
longwindedness destroys
speaks and
him who
It
is
because the
him who
mind is
up
in every
pleasure
all
listens;
for
and
that
for-
totality
of language
is
the pro-
Nietzsche
accused
Socrates
to
and
his
disciples
byways by the
of
intro-
opposed
At
ideas
and universal
from
whole
ideas
interior
The
antithesis
between
and
intuitive, poetic
foundations.
Then
when
away from
its
The madman no
longer
possesses
the
whole of
as
it
were
to re-
Language
cover for
he
him
is silent
in
as a Totality in
Man
an unceasing
interior silence, as
71
Or
lost.
though
relationship with
know
that
it
are isolated
has lost
its
It
original wholeness.
Words
more
attenuated.
reach
down
The
They
are always
silent
on the
surface, one-dimensional.
which
The physiognomy
people,
talking. It
of you,
of
language
is
apparent
when
like a
to be
pushed
is
to
con-
first
it
way, as a heap of
most
like
an enemy, thrown
over by the
at
spirit,
which
is
al-
man
takes possession
waiting to be taken
spirit.
It is like
a physical con-
The
roaring of an animal
more
frightening.
is
The animal
is
The
Words
self
and
exist
heard one
do not
yet they
they
Language
Structure of
to
73
They
exist.
vanish
again.
them a con-
to give
spirit
are
tinuing presence.
II
In
not to
languages,
ancient
the
Testament, there
them
let
is
go.
strenuous
in
especially
eflfort to
The nouns
human
silence,
an im-
human
silence.
Block
they
accord
is
silence
collides
that
Old
mense
the
cling to words,
if
man
lost his
memory
of
their
of language.
own
Man
is
These blocks
still
latent
magic of
their
own.
is
brought
home
the verb
man
to
"Man" and
man:
the
noun
is
humanized. With
to be strange
man and
is
is
74
The
come
trinity of subject,
an end and a
to
subject,
way
silence,
of the
from subject
of a sentence
an
is
to predicate
is
and on
to
an element of search-
is
an
also
seems
It
ment.
In the writings of Jean Paul
an
in
it
sometimes
is
airship,
raised
as
high
it
silver airship.
Dammerung
Schon
Doch
ist
alle
zuerst
Nahe
fern;
emporgehoben
Alles
other. Everything
is
all
fol-
together,
The
of the
poem
world.
It
is
Structure of Language
down on all
down but it stays
sinks
sinks
75
The
above.
distant
nearness
is
always
at journey's end.
Ill
The
longer
substantive
today; man no
noun as such; it is
very outset, drawn into the mo-
is
the
reveres
down
leveled
individual
The
it.
longer
is
by
it:
the
appended
moment;
conditioned
conditions
It
verb
it
is
no
and no longer
subject
and
object are
together.
all
That
why
is
sentence
is
shriveled
words
as
up
Nato
words which
on,
so
all
refer to no
memory. The
IV
In long sentences
lasso,
man
catches things as
where
if
with a
and
is
a wonderful unity of
conciseness, distance
else are
words so
at
home,
so close to
one an-
communication.
What
it
is
furthest
has to communicate
is
com-
76
Man
municated incidentally.
himself
possessed
less
is
by expediency; he confronts things more independently thanks to the sovereignty of language. In the
is
which
in the time
there
is
object
came
again.
The age
less
into being:
in
which the
it
all
over
jerky
and
is
breadth and
sentences
and undefined
Today language
and
definition.
is
there at once
is
no time
and
though by accident.
as
leads to
the
ject
its
is
finished.
Today
in
else.
there are
language;
And
although
is
it
is
everywhere
The
old
God
said:
spoken by
first
"Do
man
this,
there
commandment
to
is
man;
there
is
always a slight
command
in
The
Structure of
Language
77
which
It
moment in
commandment
the
is
dim
because
reflection,
comes
it
memory.
The imperative is almost a sacred form of language. Just because of that it is the form that has
been most drastically secularized. Today the imperaup from the deepest
tive
depths'^^Df the
who
of the
trace
mandment
memory
of the
permits
execution.
its
com-
divine
first
VI
In Chinese or Egyptian picture-writing
it
is
diffi-
to
the next since each successive picture holds the attention of the eye
The eye
ter. The
slips
picture,
since
picture.
The
zontal.
more
away from
easily
the spoken
vertical
special act
is
needed
Humboldt thought
word
stressed
is
is
the abstract
is
also
tied
the
to
hori-
to the next.
that picture-writing
let-
held up by the
is
was a hin-
is
activity of language.
which
it is
When
it
the
involun-
intended to represent,
78
opposed
to
make
not need to
image of the
is
right:
it
to
object to
which they
possible
to create the
Humboldt
refer.
fast
It is
now:
fastens
by sound." That
is
is
still
named
waiting to be
image of the
which
object,
is
in sound.
duced by the
picture,
phabetic writing
words on
man
be
se-
al-
picture-writing tempts
their dangers:
their
own, unrelated
to
to
maneuver with
to objects.
VII
"The man
is
When
great deal
the action
propriate.
only
is
is
fol-
"The man
again."
The
expressed as
tribe:
went back
way
spear"
is
is
in
which
quite ap-
is
"spear":
abstract.
"man"
men
think what he
is
there
is
man
to
The
is
Structure of
Language
man and
man
79
and Europeans
is
are
thrown
him he
at
due
used to approaching
is
When
is
overwhelmed by
find his
The
details of a
its
is
also subject to
is
fundaspirit
change in
continuity.
Language changes of
its
from time
active in a
way
mentally
boldt.
that
clearly evident
this angle
"Language
is
though funda-
wrote
inexplicable,"
"Seen from
activity
is
it
is
not a product of
spirit."
man
fails
to follow
The
suit.
discrepancy between
change
may
and
its ability
80
change occurs,
by a
articulate cry or
suit.
closely
the
shows
wholeness and
history at all
all else,
And may
language.
in
in-
spirit.
to a state of original
first story,
place before
mere
humility of lan-
tempt to return
a great spiritual
The
silence.
how
When
often expressed by a
is
it
in
the
Whole which
strive,
lies
beyond
of a mutation
its
itself,
own
to attain
remember
bounds, and
it
by means
.f^
IX
"Who
is
able
to
trace
Grimm. Words
German
are divorced
no longer
from
live
fire,
bird, ani-
from
their roots.
They
Heidegger attempts
mean-
means the
words
down
to the
The
Structure of
Language
81
what
is
word
seems
it
is
merely
solidity
by belonging above
word and
all
to the object.
When
present.
to discover
is, its
There
its
is
past.
etymology,
no need
to
is
drag
contained within
it
up by
its
roots
The
was so tremendous
created
Man
whole
single
language
of
all
it.
One
"The sum
multiplicity of languages.
knowable
them
original
is
able to contain
sole
of
that
lies
between
all
what
is
truth,
total of
all
knowledge of the
is
step."
Truth
is
Unity and
its
fullness
languages. Truth
is
is
shared by
so rich that
itself,
it
is
all
needs
but the
a primary
the various
At
the
was right
in
(circa 500
A.D.)
than a punishment.
It
may seem
to be,
but
it is
82
The
is
Multiplicity of
Languages
83
word
is
vidual
related
it is
total
a part. It
is
its
The single
The indi-
being.
the
of
aspect
through the
to
object
truth
acquires
this
and
in
it
contains
itself:
Heidegger
varar,
(Latin versus)
is
Truth
to the
Greek
aletheia
Old
related to the
is
the goddess of
vara,
meaning
loy-
not
the unhidden.
us any
tell
The Greek
more about
Truth does
for
the nature of
Truth than
Norse.
The
and on
its
When
to
one
to
that
which
is
full
of a language gives
it is
lacking in
itself
own.
remember
possible
word
The whole
is
it
is
difficult
all.
It
is
speaking at the
moment seems
it
is
who
84
bers according to
spirits,
animals, or trees.
The
oneself
But thanks
to
abstractly
its
in
It
this
The
is
object
is
more
impossible to ex-
kind
of
language.
it
is
the
straction.
are by
ab-
Hi gh German
and
cepts
is
relationships. Dialect
is
up
much
so
space in
its
man
and
on
It is
when
it
is
good and
true.
between
s on
It
dialect
who comes
world of
to
dialect
succumbs much
les^s
to
its
standard-
who have
per-
the homely
else.
always
For those
who come to High German from dialect, High German is always different and distinct and they themselves acquire new strength by engaging with it.
Today
It
is
dialect
is
in a cellar
on
its
own.
And
language. Dialect
is
hemmed
85
it
were
out of con-
S6
tact
air of the
is
lic
Today
the general
mere
relics
of the
Often when
Shakespeare
result
is
translate
it
into
mannic poems
man
above the
all
the general
level of the
is
merely
two or
and
solid.
One
and
solidity are
due
to
They
is
no
little
world on their
explicit reference
to the
low himself
to
al-
to use dialect in
first
things. In dialect.
87
Dialect
would
this lofty
Two
speaker
it,
or
tell-
High
including language
it-
happens when
man
is still
intact,
say
what the
object
so that
is,
He
it
embraces
may
it
something
Man
em-
mind may
express the
with his
soul,
mind nor
spirit
is
mere verbal
lasting
objects,
no
no true encounter
it
noise.
mumble which
special
at all.
event
Neither
is
Language becomes an
exists
before
man
ever-
begins to
One
longer
come from
dissolved in a universal
Language
ceases
to the silence in
silence. Silence
to
man, which
sleep,
in
his
death.
share
in
the
silent
Language
is
is
no longer able
nature of man,
because
it
to
no
There
is
no
silence in the
88
The
Man
is
space but
all
fill
Destruction of Language
spirit.
man
level.
Man
come
come
is
mere
acoustic
Language
things.
no longer the
yet always
to
which
different
is
be-
men and
added
is
to
on the same
movement
typical
Language has
accompaniment
is
utterly
and
mind and
it
touches
It
silent.
89
of the mindless
It
Everything
is
mixed up
it
and
creates a deceptive
illusory
There
noise
tween
is
no
anticonversational.
is
and Thou.
When
it
is
tries
The
I is
abolished.
man
The
certainty
inclines to
human
existence are
of self-identification
which
formerly received from his free embrace of lanreplaced by the merely external duration of
guage,
is
verbal
noise.
The
inner,
spiritual
continuity
on the radio
tifiable
is
be-
to extricate itself
noise. Verbal
no separation
to
make
certain that he
is
is
re-
Man
switches
still
an iden-
mechanized.
The language
thing.
than
"The
all
of verbal noise
earth gives
is
pervious to every-
man more
it
self-knowledge
offers resistance to
him
90
and
it
that
man
is
finds the
way
force. It
Man
is
no longer a
is
resisting
Negro
is
Antoine
to himself," writes
sculpture and
Man
spiritual
continuity.
He
no
no longer committed by
is
anything that comes to him. Everything merely appears and disappears in the verbal noise.
It
is
it
was
it
that
is
easier
to
understand
No,
more pervious to
we
are
a sign
frontier
symbolical frontier.
lost that
It is
The
no gain
have
to
on him
indirectly
and unbeknown
it
is
him.
if
it
ought to be
own modern
age.
language
to
it
power of
secular
verbal noise
to
them
The
Destruction of Language
91
seems
capable
assimilating
of
anything,
for
even
it
the
its
man
ferent, the
It
would be wrong
infect
real
resources
still
available
language.
plete
destruction
more
of
particular language
and
sometimes seems,
still exists
unsullied,
is
guage
evident in one
others. It
that
dif-
different.
too, as
warning
to
though language
silence
exists in a
menacing
silence
and above
it is
Nicht vermogen
Die Himmlischen alles. Namlich es reichen
Die Sterblichen eh' in den Abgrund. Also wondet
Mit diesen. Lang ist
Die Zeit, es ereignet sich aber
Das Wahre.*
*Johann C.
F. Holderlin.
es sich
make some
all.
By
answer
at
man must
calling
language
the
flitting past:
is
all.
Human
to the Creator.
it.
That
language
Language
to the
is
why man
is
above
has
all
an
the inventory of
is
Creation.
He
not only
on the wings of
to
things.
The
true
rhythm of
sending
it
winging back
poem
man and
the
at
consists
in
same time
to the Creator.
There
is
it is.
what
is
This surplus in
is
It
a transcendent
of the object.
92
Words and
93
Objects
II
In order that a
object there
definite
must take
man and
to the
is
on
their
moment
Man
he scarcely touches
is
it
object. Objects
all.
The word
is
When
medium
of
the
language
for
the
language
time,
first
ex-
the
Having
lost the
object;
original
The
Fiji
islanders
use a different
is
two
the
coco-
Number
The change
in the
number
affects the
nature of
94
word
from man
islander looks
is
used.
The
Fiji
from
is,
that
is,
Ewe
In the
is
differ-
The
word
for ten
different
The world
and
Each
different variation of
significant
possible.
The
in
not at
all
itself
walking
many
situ-
so valid
is
that
kind of language
sit-
is
is
undeveloped in that
essential nature is
undeveloped.
is
or a superior. "If
am
how he
is,
my
servant
'lag.'
" *
hand
The
body
call his
'cu
call
zu' but
the body
me
'ciag' but to
is
if I
'cu.'
his
am only
To the
hand
is
is
felt
to
were given a
special form,
Dual number. In
a special
form
is
There
is
felt to
be something peculiarly
meeting of
six or
sig-
seven people or
word
is
95
meeting.
is
The immediate
so powerful that
it is
im-
as hav-
On
the
other
"blooming nonsense"
is
possible only
such as
static
condition of primi-
tive languages. I
come
at
all.
The encounter with the object should be more powerful than the dynamism of language which tends to
ignore the object altogether. The dynamism should
not be all-important.
It
poem by Georg
Trakl:
Ver\ldrter Herbst
Und
Da
sind des
sagt der
Einsamen Gefahrten.
Landmann: Es
und
ist
gut.
leise
Man and Language
96
ist
autumn
of all
is
in
autumns sojourns
in this
directions, the
all
existed be-
It
therefore beautiful.
Whenever
and
has lost
The
and
The yearning
sad.
is
word and
is
is
free
from
and
word
succeeds in ex-
man
is
both happy
Wholeness that
man
same time
it is
at the source
from which
it
present in language.
object
at the
for the
released
is
St.
Mark's in
all
there as
if
beginning in
first
Words and
97
Objects
beginning and
what
happened once
Ill
It is
The
it
language that
first
object
competition
crowd in on
man, clamoring
be
to
by man.
objects.
Words
be taken away
easily
another
to
by
whole of language
language even
exists
when
it
and
is
man
object.
objects.
The
in possession of
is
The
the objects.
so directly that
mere
protective cloaks
away by
naked.
is
as
The words
are often
the winds of
It
and
God and we
The words
and
object
still
had only
just
taken place.
to
endure
and nowhere
is
are
They
98
menacing
senses the
solitari-
not
In the beginning
man was
He
move
away from the object into abstraction. There are words
in the Old Testament which are like things transformed into words, which are waiting to become mere
things again, just as the stone birds on cathedral
mediate object.
and
fly
The more
air.
directly
moment
language
from
arises
more
silence, the
silence,
possible
it
is
is
of
word and
object.
As soon
as
man
and
object
tries,
however,
filled
by the
spirit of
truth.
made
the
it,
is
so that love
may
merely a part
is
a unity, love does not need only to come and heal the
it
comes
word and
object towards
object free to
move.
as love entire.
way
to a future unity of
leaves the
Words and
99
Objects
IV
Someone wrote
to
me
were
would burn
"fire"
is
brightly,
but
Nowhen
feel it
word
burning
no power
it
shines
to destroy.
fire
guage
the
fire
it
The
one's tongue.
first
of language,
it
fire.
guage,
is
who
fire is
tamed,
it
glows in the
fire is
of fire
effect
on the
By means
of the
it
spreads out in a
final "re"
word
"fire" the
it
falls
back a
burning of the
Words
and a poem
it;
the object
may
is still
be presumed to
it is
a space in
exist:
which
a subterranean
100
The
external
The
just as
It
man when
man would
so,
If this
he himself has
were not
flits
words
without things.
it
When
the object
is
swiftly by.
When
back on
the object
itself
is
and becomes
as
it falls
it
as man intends it to be. The objects which have become divorced from human language, now speak
through themselves, and grow increasingly since they
are no longer held in check by the word and its controlling and restraining power.
The
reason
why
is
that
they
room but
which lead
like the
to
ends of
seems to be beyond
ment man
stones,
tries to
and he sometimes
tries
to
lacks the
words
to de-
Words and
scribe the nature of these
101
Objects
two
colossi
and that
why
is
They
speak
the
in
There
is
language
of
expansion.
quantitative
their expansion;
the
Tremendum
colos-
sal.
This
is
menacing
the
is
revolt not of
VI
Words embrace
by
objects.
Man
looked
self
at
Language
man
his answer,
embraced
ceases to be
man
is
at
him
him-
is
be-
first,
man's response
When
to
he answers
things.
"Asking questions
is
Heidegger. Questioning
and answering
is
is
also
the piety of
no longer responds
it
to the questioning
gaze of things;
^n
on His
is
a re-
this
man
behalf.
is
102
helps
in
his
as the logos
with
him.
is
it
which he has
thinks
object
VII
Man
he embraces
it,
he names
Bohme it was
who was a learned
Jacob
is
it;
and
Bohme, had
al-
spiritual clairvoyance to
things,
However one
the
that
tries to
names of things
are
related
error.
it
is
certain
much more
The
word
The
sound, the
They
whom
Cratylus,
nature,
and
that
you
on
the spelling of a
name of
a name is
its
*G. H.
of the
That
letters
is
own
call
voice
a kind of inherent
correctness in names,
103
is
all
men
when he
therefore
because something of
What
is
which
of a universal reduction
today. It
draining
They
sive
are
of
all
is
only a
symptom
human phenomena
all
as
is
oflf
is
is
it
frightening
is
is
man
speaks
succumbing
all
to the
human phenomena.
impoverishment.
VIII
The way
which an object
in
The
language.
when
the
is
named
the "heart
calls
is
is
created,
is
moment
when the
The
and
it
is
will
to be
it
born
inner
language of a people
first
determined
is
and soul" of
remain such so
determined by that
is
prehend.
^o
Though
it is
it is
nearer
month
The
mensis.
is
description
is
moon
is
that
which meas-
104
ures
not
Roman
shines.
"maen": the
expressive than
less
"Luna"
spirit
is
of the
moon
this quality of
that the
moon
shares
on everything under
is,
also has
knowledge of
that
it,
it
measures.
No word
is
moonbeams and
is
which
is
de-
The
all
word may
retain
true nature.
If
is
merge
The word
the "vagina"
corrupted,
when
and
will
"interior"
anything vague,
front of
sees a
rock towering up in
above
it,
but
it
him, as
will to the
to
Words and
rock and not
let his
105
Objects
mind wander
to extraneous as-
sociations.
It
may share in this brightThe dark strata aspire to the bright stratum of
own accord. But psychoanalysis makes the dark
their
lower strata
artificially
strata.
When
when
there
was
Holy
Spirit. It
God
was
as
and
as
though
it
Spirit has
its
being,
to be there.
The word
that
is
still
itself
its
action.
there
which
a fullness
is
The
tarian tokens.
and
creative
action
is
it
coming from;
it
moves
It
always
hesitantly,
it
related to
utili-
is
more
is
knows where
is
it
it
has arisen
The
action
is
is
it.
and protected by
it.
act,
their
as
in
man. Action
is
an integral part of
is
is
not augmented or
no more and no
butterfly
flies
even
when
it
is
its
The
is
II
Just as there
there
is
is
knowledge before
an action before
all
106
all
language, so
language: to be attacked
to
107
Man
primary unity.
all
contained in a
is
guage,
man
is
instinctive actions
is
no discrepancy
They
exist
There
life.
is
in
man
and
actions.
A man
in
whom
instinctive actions
have
do not coincide
state in
actions
are a
is
present as
is
it
were merely by
but because
it
takes place as
it
at
bottom Egypt
is
fly
to
already in-
108
They
as
out on their
set
it
divided unity.
fly
in-
all
stinctive actions
is
are already in
journey.
The
memory
of
Paradise.
Ill
"surplus"
If the
is
lacking, a
The
which
symbols
is
and mechanical.
sterile
than
it
action
initiated
is
man
intends to do
intends
itself. It
It
it
do but more
itself
since
it
it.
It
is
The
ness of technics.
rives
is
what
duced
to
on the
discipline of language,"
tween the
behind
it
and which
is
action
and unilinear
be-
entirely functional.
re-
The way
directly to the
technics.
Words no
109
part of
it,
it,
start.
action,
without a medium,
place
and
made
on
this
the extreme
tained
human
when man
tries to see
spectator of himself.")
have here
we have
at-
de-
comment
non-human
The
"We
nature,
sur-
it
that
is
a pseudo-surprising
contained in language,
quality,
arising
it
is
from the
of technics.
dered by them.
tions,
He
is
or-
is
guage,
Man who
now
Action
is
is
man
is
determined by
no longer determined by
lan-
110
actions.
Language
is
action. Consequently,
itself
man
is
losing the
human
struc-
ture.
Language
is
today;
static
at rest, is
lence
and
is
It
has
The
passive
it
The
its
si-
quiet,
undynamic words
play with,
IV
When man no
simple.
Bombing
raids,
cities
ablaze,
to
pure and
thousands of
factories
as
there
is
earth
come
Revolutions to
though no word
seem
to be the
is
is
all
is
111
tive
fall
crea-
It
language that
is
man
gives
fi rst
the
from past
transition
stant
Language
creates such
actuality. Before
indefinite, a con-
present
to
and
future.
the present seems ever to have existed; past and future are as
it
ent.
Language
was
itself
veiled until
Language comes
the present.
revelation
the veiling
veiled:
and
sentence runs
its
it
to
is
is
it
spoken in and
moment,
in a single
it
inde-
to
run
course.
"A
great barge
says Goethe:
The
is
you can
happen
in this
slow-moving journey.
life
and then,
has
made
all
in front of you.
promise of future
course in time,
exists
it
in
actuality.
its
was revealed
it
of a sudden,
As
it
stands
horizon where
sky meets the sea; the distant place where sky and
112
in
Language
113
will dis-
on
own
its
own
all
divided unity
in language,
which
is
paradise
work
it.
restored.
is
In undivided time the spirit does not need to reconstruct itself from
possesses
as
itself
it
itself
fulfilment.
to
he
it:
is
hand
like the
Undivided time
opposite
is
of
is
time.
up and measures
of time
is
it,
Today
wanted
Love
as
one
who
the
is
time
waits.
man
divides
it
The measuring
lovers
is
it
Chronological
fulfilled.
it
chronological
its
exists outside
if
end.
is
why
is
more
Words which
language marks
demarcates,
th^
infinitipQ
nf
114
And
sgace.
is
just as there
is
spiritual space,
far
and near
in
ment and
is
The poem
at the
Verbal
spirit,
space and
it
language
noise,
no longer
is
grows
it
that
has no desire to do
in all directions by
language
so. It is
everywhere:
in
exists
abandoned the
has
spirit.
Verbal
noise
is
spirit
muddle. Time
differentiated
is
is
where space
Time
is
really
excluded
exists,
with verbal
should be.
and love
no longer
filled
which
come
time
it still
has
to itself
is
to give
its
being.
and belong
it
no
Only then
To
give an object
to itself.
Where
there
is
no
Time
will
is
Language
no longer be reminded o
no longer has
love,
from language.
itself
in
love; or rather,
and therefore he
is
115
man
man
expelling time
is
creating for
Unlike
human
face
no mere
is
from below,
finally
reaching
destination
its
come
on top
only
new
beginning.
of the
above.
Just as the
human
face
expectedly, surprisingly
moment
man
for
face
is
sudden surprise
as a
the
one immediately
is
it
comes un-
that the
hu-
on top of the
human
comes
only possibility
face.
The
reaction of
man's reaction
the
direct
to a phe-
of
act
the
Creator.
human
face
clearly articulated.
human
Compared with
arose, the
whole
were
as
human
face,
Human Form
117
The
human
body
is
themselves,
more
every part
is
lated, in
more wrapped up
self-embracing; in the
free,
the archi-
more
architecture of the
tecture of
belonging to
and yet
re-
The more
un-
itself,
articulated
articulated
sounds.
the
on the
Birdsong,
in
human body
animal's
other
un-
hand,
song,
is
everywhere in the
air.
II
Language
only intact
is
when
mean
that the
is
law of language
a particular part of
intact; this does
not
determined by
this
is
did not
exist,
though
and
that
this
is
thing urges
man
it
of great importance.
is
of the
life
The
But
language which
to participate in
center
is
raises
is
intended to be a firm
one.
The
on the
seal,
showing that
here, in
to-
118
gether.
Language
is
the
human
is
is
destroyed.
When
that
happens a
man
still
be
them
will relate
which
to things to
language
disintegrated.
is
all
the activities of
the mental
and
And
itself.
which
and
is
it
is
naturally.
its
related, the
nevertheless
that
it
protected
of itself
absolute sovereignty.
Ill
Man
is
upright
the solitary
vertical
form.
ated
in
is
in
to
line
stand erect
of the
this vertical
is
human
was
cre-
right figure.
The
decisiveness
with
which
language
human form
breaks
vertical in
Man
keeps
Human Form
means
to the vertical by
man
truth draws
vertical
is
the
to
Logos:
it
man
can give
the
circumscribed
The
cumscribed
of
act
form of the
of
up-
the
is
to himself,
word
of language, the
upwards,
119
cir-
decision
Animal sounds
The equine
bodies
human
faces
man, who
When
language ceases
spirit in
him
to
be of the
man
still
is
still
him and
in
spoken.
and
spirit
stands
erect
be-
not
it
Language
bal noise
and the
human form
mere
as
it
ver-
rushes
The
noise of the
No word
only
a signal or a whistle.
is
motor
capable
and motor-
120
man from
called
the
however.
holds
it
the horizontal
hovers over
It
Man
in position.
Word
is
that hovers
its
sound.
IV
silent
man
its
him
did not
he had spoken:
who
has a
beyond the
man
dignity.
man would
exist,
silence,
be
restless until
is
Words
that are
take themselves
in the
no longer
also take
and
here
is
another reason
something of that
first
moment
first
to release the
word. There
every silence:
it
is
in
exists
still
it
reaches
Human Form
121
like a
afar.
it
like
would move
Language makes
human form autonomous, self-directing. The animals who lack language seem like beings controlled
by the earth or stars; and the man who forgoes the
the
spirit
also
monic powers.
silent
man
the speaking
man;
silence
The
from
silence that
it
it
con-
tains language.
When man
speaks, his
He
besur-
in his
form becomes a
reality.
Where
language,
live in.
human form is
man remains. There
the
firmly
air the
established
to
human form
is
on
its
one another.
human form
own
by
he builds a house to
is
again and
like air
in the house
now
the
The sound
where
ble
is
man
and
is
man
its
beginning long
seems to continue
it
after
he
gone.
this
particular
its
voice,
it
Human
Face")
It is easier to
by
The
his face.
voice
During
less subject to
a lifetime
may
"When
ity
is
never changed.
and he
the influence
less
is
it is
finally
in his petition
A
and
tell
person
it
is
immediately recognizable by
a person's character
from
more
his face.
is
his voice
difficult to
The
voice
is
The
same
voice
personal:
is
time, hovi^ever,
up with the
it
it
objective since
is
due
is
and
single
human
When
beyond
enduring
is
At the
bound
immutable
it
The unchange-
123
something
is
the
span
of
life.
to
and the
mutable.
The timbre
something im-
words.
The
voice comes
places, but
from
words gives
which
far
language of which
The
to the voice
man was
torn
The timbre
truth
away
The
to distant
is
it
at his beginning;
when
the words
it
thereutters
voice rejoices.
of the voice
behind words,
lies
lies
beyond the
By reason
eternal
of
its
is
in the world.
objective
and the
The
voice
subjective.
is
The
it is
it
came and
the vehicle,
compound
eternal
of the
and the
124
m an's
reveals a
and
basic nature
capacity; the
words
One cannot
one can
also
it
face
his
The voice^can be
face. The face be-
an d
On
to
silence.
its
on
man becomes
own.
their
On
"Whenever
my grandmother spoke to me I followed what she
said in the open score of her face in which the eyes
took up much space but I heard her voice on the
telephone for the first time today and the voice
seemed different and all on its own. It came divorced
from the features of her face and I discovered how
the telephone
mere
voice.
exceedingly gentle
it
was." *
not given to
is
The
real voice?
face,
man on
lation to the
it
real voice
its
separated,
is
own
but in
The
re-
voice on
abstracted
the
is
word,
it
forms a part.
II
conflict
of the voice
as
may
and the
subjectivity of the
expressed in language.
result
* Marcel Proust,
The Duchess
of
human mind
shrieking voice
The
s hrieking
Guermantes
is
the
v oice
is
softly
lies
it
The
represent s.
from which
comes.
it
The more
The
Language
voices of prostitutes
is
though
prostitutes
language
itself as
and
madmen do
and
if
the
The
Fall
is
voice
discrepancy between
is
from which
destroy
it
world only by a
Man
not seem
seems as
It
means
to bear
well as the
The
also created
lies.
sound
lies
is
eternal
life,
to
speaks
liar
objective world
man
125
is
related to that
the discrepancy by
which there
is
no
difference
Words have
difficulty in
It
pear at any
moment and
eternal
of children.
may
disap-
its
home.
126
ground which
seem
to
its
is
They seem
they come.
to
know
selves.
In
God
God
On
the voice
Word
the
is
Word
also the
is
of
itself.
The Voice
is
on the
more
hardly anything
of
God.
is
still
radio, but
it
is
We
from
eternity to
man.
We
vehicle
which
pulls
the words
the
radio
only
the
along.
set
to
the
mechanical
That
is
why
words heard on the radio never make the same impact as the words spoken by a person
who
is
actually
present.
Is
all
voices
sounds of
sound of the
first
human
human
to
him.
The
language.
the
it
It
picture,
becomes an active
made uneasy by
is
jects,
uneasy in
lence
is
silence
silence.
and
circumscribed:
is
silence.
its
silence
and language. In
circumscribed
object
between
is
si-
man
is
on language. In front
words
silent;
are, as
it
were, ab-
"And
so
one day
all
be destroyed by eternity
language
is
itself," says
destroyed by pictures.
in front of a picture,
it
as
picture.
The
guage.
It
It
though
it
it
had
silent picture
Thus
stands
moment
Jean Paul.
When man
imparts
escaped
from the
silence to lan-
its
vent
man from
hidden.
silence
The
is
silence of pictures
is
is
legitimately
There
is
an urge in
127
man
to
re-
contemplate
128
memory
silent pictures, in
Man's
earliest
to excite
it
Once when
is
today and
more
picture-like than
human
buildings,
gestures
it
and
less
seemed
to
all
them.
man
at
it
The
painted
was an autono-
were everywhere,
sleep, pictures
man more
went before
than he looked at
man, and
to be silent.
tures.
Pictures
by pictures
how
The
life.
Above
to
all,
speak in
special act
he learned
this silent
was needed
to speak, for
world of
to fetch
pic-
words out
silence.
Words were
deeply
129
significant
because
mere
falling into
Ill
was
full of pictures.
It
The
is static.
man
to
and bringing
it.
to
it
that
so that
room
make
for them.
among things
The power of
to
be
made
clear
The language
of Christ
was not
poetic
By naming
and concrete
things Christ
The
explains
its
is
full
of images
and
from the
this
silent
130
from the
words and
to
drop defiantly
dangerous realm of
to
him
the
into
danger zone.
The word
that
is
in the poet's
Original
Word which
Original
If
the
so
Picture,
word
the
is
back
its
comes.
it
silently to the
to
the
one.
is
all
too vague.
The images
will flow
(Compare
which
Giono
not
Jean
IV
Pictures
would not
exist
dren only begin to draw when they are already capable of expressing themselves in words.*
through language
that
pictures
learn
It
only
is
there
is
an
on
own
their
all
world
know
its
is,
own
is
man
becomes an image of
it
man,
for
beginning.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
* K. Biihler,
The
is
Intellectual
wrong when he
says that
131
Language
of expression.
when language
ing, for
and
It
is
mous.
When
comes
abstract,
way
is
language
is
Pictures
man more
mere sounds.
to
are
According
when
autono-
that
arts
effect
his noticing
to
it
it
change
man
choice,
no capacity
for
are ready to
good or
evil if
of
which
is
nicht,
Dich
des
Marmors
nicht!
Dem
Abstract words
move more
freely
than concrete
and
They speak
to
men
into a
without frontiers
who
are
no
132
longer
men
at all. If abstract
to the
and
sterility,
this fullness.
VI
Chinese written characters are things without words,
the images of things, silently speaking to one another.
symbol pertaining
veys the
word
is
to
the words.
The symbol
con-
The Chinese
it
refers
is
are thereby
it
onward rush of words. Modern China, which is turning to the dynamism of the West, is abandoning picture-writing and trying to introduce phonetic writing.
more dependent
for their
The
to
be uncovered.
close
again
when man leaves them, opening anew when he returns. Our medieval writing was more decorative than
modern
round the
object, enclosing
and protecting
it.
drawn
Today
133
VII
There was
originally a frontier
of painting and
the
all
as
They
pictures.
man
if
try
to
interprets the
into
front of pictures;
silence in
is
it
On
no
the con-
trary,
words.
In the paintings of Grunewald,
the
is
human
face
and
tear,
it
seems
as
though
out, the
as if
through the
sound made in
tear-
They
are a unity.
on
seem
to be
pany
at a feast to
It
own, enjoying
their
man
which
their
own com-
light
left
things,
instead
of
pictures.
The
pictures
of
seem
to
There
is
which the images of things are gathered; they are absorbed into this light.
134
VIII
When
man
he dreams,
Dreams and
own. One dream is
things.
their
lives
related to another.
Image speaks
to
up and down
of their
movement
The
and con-
pictures in
dreams
There
is
They seem
no language
the images
in
of dreams.
language. There
is
Are not
tures of dreams.
realm of
movements
pic-
of pictures
words?
after a
When
dream
battle against
is
it
the
first
seems
word comes
though
it
in the
morning
The images
as
after a
Man
dream.
guage of everyday
life.
It
true
is
that
in
dreams,
independence they
day.
The images
of the
They seem
to
lie less
heavily
on the ground.
man
but to another,
revealed as
is
in
all
language
is
fact that
135
IX
The images
The
It
only seems to
an image,
if
it
the dream-image,
late
its
down
leveled
is
pregnancy, tempts
to the
it is
true that
man
to trans-
the
be allowed to
drown
which
the image,
pens in psychoanalysis.
It
must
is
what hap-
im-
age as an image.
The
person
the
shattered
image corresponding
to the shattered
word.
The
interest in
dream-images today
is
due
to
man's
make-up. The
an
human
man
hungry
tries
The
for
keep
to
dis-
it.
longer picture-like.
The
picture
is
human
face
is
no
136
sorbs the
thing
man
is
many
himself.
himself;
it
The
says
discreet. In his
face
hunger
and they
is
more than
real life.
come
things that
from
intends to say:
it
for pictures
man
it
man
is
in-
goes to the
pseudo-pictures, not
real life
and give no
in order to disappear,
due
which
is
increasing
lack
of
out, always
is
pictures.
is
spirit
awake.
the healing
The
power
which
Poetry
a world of
is
its
his experience.
The
poet does
The higher
reality.
The
and
jusiva sui)
The
He
world of
reality
it
waits to be
between the
The
is
left
in
its
turn,
Then
perfect
new poem
alone, living
his loneliness.
dij-
is
poem
arrives, to disappear
is
alone,
until
the
poem.
leaves
poem
ence of a
poem
is
poem
in the world.
so powerful that
it
effect:
The
pres-
shuts out
all
it is
something."
138
poems continue
All other
mediate poem
A
a
to exist
present,
is
to
be the center of
silently until
King Henry
111
grouped
all
they shall be
is,
as
it
were,
They
all plays.
men and
The
poem
perfection of a
man; language
well as to
from
lovers of
whom
the
listen.
belongs to language as
the objective in lan-
itself,
But
in perfection.
is
it
There
joy,
is
when
it
perfect.
is
man:
rejoices to be perfect in
ful,
by
its
own
it
makes
that
it
itself beauti-
effort.
II
The
from antiquity
to
our
all
creates a
own
day.
our
it
own
time.
moves on
ness of
It
sheds
to us in
movement.
its
It
its
light
own
is
still
on ages yet
light,
to
come;
with no conscious-
in antiquity as well as
which
past,
When
on through time,
own
their
future,
139
have to penetrate
they
room enough
through
them
for
in
life
guage makes
man
not
is
life,
Lan-
to live in death.
immortal.
Ill
The
must
ity" or they
at
in
only
if it
must
present.
sustains. Poetry
is
it
itself
it
needs
when
Goethe's
are
own
on
when
artisan
they
may
reality
it
will only
is
divorced
to
explain
were
closer
it.
to
In
the
isolated
its
Today
things:
the
he
can only
it
words needed
exist
which
from poetry
reality
poem can
is
exist in "real-
is
live
perfect
poet has
and thrive
poem
is
if it is
things
lin,
real
to.
In a
poem
The poem
which
of Holder-
is
also
be
represent-
ative
140
poetry not only for the solitude that one lacks in this
turbulent age, but also for the radiance and brightness
of the world of poetry, as though there were
no
bright-
...
walk
little
all
around
empty.
went
for
The
perfect
it,
for
from becoming an
it
when
poem
mitigates
it
abyss.
has
The
it
and
the
pre-
emptiness arises
left
and
human
to
to the place
world
of poetry.
to
this
up
into
itself.
In poetry things
Poetry
is
their
own
of heaven,
heavenly constella-
is
far,
yet
and
coming
is
in this
life
all
Be-
which seems
to
never-changing consistency.
be eternal, this
life
of
141
IV
In ordinary everyday language a special act seems
needed to bring
to be
into being at
it
all,
whereas in
own accord.
man, whereas man him-
poetry, language
its
with
The language
itself.
else.
It is
dissatisfied
of poetry
the grace
guage,
things
man
in
down
man from
to
above.
dew
fall
it
dynamic onward
is
lives
poem
What comes
however;
poem
that
the
first
the overflow
it is
it
is
poem
line
its
own.
With
is
is
the
poem
first line
already present.
not superfluous,
therefore a gift.
is
more
in
is
thing poetically
itself.
the whole
after
necessary and
it
unfolds
it
is
this
poem.
The language
dynamic purpose-
of poetry
is
when
life.
different.
it is
It
The language
the poet uses
exerts a powerful
142
The
But
world by making
nical
it
poem
in his
solitude of
all
all
movement
of the
shadow
that falls
round the
hairbell in a
The
granted.
He
again from
has as
its
it
original
were
grace.
fetch
to
home; he
again and
it
therefore nearer
is
and that
is
the poet's
the
may
rhythm
allow
itself to
of nature
and
be swayed too
is
is
also
that
much by
may
in particular that he
identify
is
He
is
nearer the
own
he
is
fearful
and
soars
to sleep.
The
poet's
temptation
it
is
may drown
it
A LETTER
to say that
when you
are
as
it is
Dammerung
Schon
Doch
ist alle
zuerst
Holden
Nahe
fern;
emporgehoben
schwankt
ins Ungewisse,
Nebel schleichen in die Hoh';
Alles
Schwarzvertiefte Hindernisse
That
is
the poet
just
is
says.
He
believes
To my mind
that
is
a false interpretation of
experience
is
Through
is
it:
it.
drawn
it
was
The
categories of "emotion"
143
144
They only
own
in our
is
so
moved
to the depths as
poetry as now.
poetry
The primary
little
would be
his patients
poets.
come
not the
first,
to translate experience
him
prive
is
of
That would
into poetry.
all originality.
Needless to say, a
de-
poem
counter
only
is
fully
realized
in
poem by means of which it becomes a perfect encounter. The poem is superior to the encounter that
precedes it. It is also superior to time. The magic of
poetry
is
that
it
and
existence of things
to
mediacy of emotion,
as
is,
Hegel
surpassed.
is
im-
said, only a
It
is
to
the shape
tion.
I
believe
truth, above
that
all
things.
poem
does
is
its
A
gory worthy of poetry.
to the Original
which
145
Letter
The
truth of a
its
is
poem
aspires
way
to the Original
Truth.
Your M.P.
It
that,
like
him
given to
is
made
in advance.
to
dream summit
which lead
"We
to sit
on the etheral
to the
on the
rising steps
Jean Paul.
The
him
given to
existence of
man
before
in
its
own. There
is
is
an objective
Man
re-
pregiven
this
The
poet
objective
is
and
more
the
in dialogue with
eternal
When
knew
of
read
Stifter's
that poetry
was
world
human
first
of
beings.
time
man.
The
without
is
and
that
is
it is
the poetry
The
World
Pre-given
147
of Poetry
man
himself and
woven
into
and
own
his
its
measure
therein.
The
nevertheless
essentially,
the
provides
Because
have
to
for
basis
objective,
is
some-
it
every
objective
it is
It
relationship.
it is
him
does not
relation-
ence.
The
not
identical
what
with
jective poetry."
It
is
is
world of poetry
sometimes
called
is
"ob-
human
in
life,
phenomena
relationships
into
number of
The
and
society."
basic types, of
man,
already received
The
poet
who
occupy
He
self
it
in the
way
it
jump behind
by surprise, to
else.
it
He
148
want anyone
is
no
love.
is
One can
its
w^ay into
the object.
The
image,
perfect
how^ever,
which the
object
dreams about
the perfect
image
is
make
to
is
like
itself.
dream
the
The
effect
of
more
The
world of poetry
on which the
the basis
poem together.
In a poem one can
it
is
holds
the
feel
gift of poetry:
is
the relief he
cepted: there
has
is
when
felt
the
gift
has been
ac-
rhythm.
When
the poet
and
objective
no longer
in
world of poetry, he
will find
it
difficult
seem
is
eternal
to be
on the point of
dissolution.
And
this
is
poet
act
is
is
poem.
the
in such
danger of losing
needed
to
He
poem
his
poem:
if
the poet
is
were
and the
to describe
poem of this
make a constant
If a
it
would
The
World
Pre-given
of Poetry
149
in
Our time
it.
into
it,
supremely one of
is
and
effort
exertion.
of difficulty
laws of
statics,
own on
their
apparent in architecture.
own, no power
their
is
to
no power
to
themselves.
II
a freedom of
we
will not
have
us on
."
life
Because
into
it,
made
come
will
"Dammerung
senkte
comes
it
it
it:
it
of
its
is
more
has a
sich
it is
von
towards
a being
it is
more than
own, yet
contains
to us:
it.
floating
its
with a
to
poem
Goethe's
oben
it
its
life
of
its
own
life
due
to the
defects,
human
struc-
empty passages
in
150
seem
man
It
is
poem
tained in a true
that
within
it
A poem
that contains
bound up
with Creation
itself.
Once
poem
as easy to analyze
it is
poem
perfect
same but
the
relation-
all
and explain
machine.
as a
The same
changing forms. The
poem remains
has lost
come,
con-
life
impossible fully to
is
it
drought
as natural as a
it
like
is
the
same
changed:
is
Poems
away by the
Dehmel
though no
pendent
world, a
had attacked
critic
life
that
poem
it.
Through
the inde-
is
beyond
it
scribes.
contains
more than
it
actually
itself;
it
itself so
names or
de-
The
World
Pre-given
of Poetry
151
Such poetry
moment
of time,
it
carries itself
itself.
The
horrors of the
first
poem
power of pointing
must be taken
the future.
It
poem
to
into
In a
already
prophetic
power of
may
be pro-
he
When,
is
When
poem
world,
eternal
quality. In
it
who
is
come.
to
the independent
lacks
the
lacks
also
life
of the
specifically
poetic
they express
down
acquires
its
to a purely
exclusive
is
thereby
its
is
uncertain of
but
itself,
is
because
it
is
not
specifi-
is
not specifically
poems
it
it
altogether.
The
would con-
152
own
dictator's decree.
The poems
that have
all related,
eternal
essentially diflferent
They form
different
single
perishes
efforts to
produces
in
make
It
or
were in a horizontal
eternal
person
farcical
line,
re-
whereas
makes
itself visible.
from the
The
creatures.
agglomeration,
itself as it
the poetry
above.
unicellular
like
this
first to
poem seems
to be
among men.
come from this original and etersame person can underpoets as Li-Tai-Pe and Ronsard and
Ill
That which
is
anterior to the
poem
is
that
des fleurs."
The poem
which precedes
justified
it.
important,
la
promes-
is
it
exists
the
poet
is
power of the
it,
unimportant.
"anterior,"
the poem,
The more
The
of poetry, the
when
more
of Poetry
153
recedes.
Greek poets
of the
World
Pre-given
they do
is
remember themselves,
it
and even
merely as
is
no modern
Minerva, as an old
man
on the
where
is
it is
lacking.
their
modern
shield of his
throwing a stone."
is
almost wholly
is
an emptiness
There
poetry.
lacking.
poems become
him
is
he refused
objective substance.
to
have
it.
He
wanted
He was
the poet
who
deliberately
He was
It
is
generous, unselfish.
abyss,
wooed,
to
felt to
be
Is
full of
charm, since
it
has given
rise
Medieval
around an
poets,
Dante,
for
example,
poetry around
but
it
made
also
sang
beautiful
it
its
that
is
in
154
The
in their poetry.
it
it
it
was
did not
was that
who wanted
he,
to
true
live
life,
which beauty he
poetry, in
his
which he
lost his
The
was
also lost.
The
star that is
"below."
sometimes seems
It
as
though
this
kind of
forever
disappear
industrialized
school,
tine.
by
the
therein.
literature
of
and
Sartre
is
his
it
This
is
IV
How
how
can
human
relationships,
it
return?
It
original phe-
human
structure,
human
The
to
its
World
Pre-given
of Poetry
155
man must
it.
It
is
what
so intensive that
is
That which
is
The
man
missing
is
is
reality of
what
bound
to pull
is
so
missing
is
up
tremendous that
it
which
eye
is
is
missing confronts
bound
But
if
to rest
on
it,
sucked
in.
If
objective
man
takes
which what
substance
what
is
will
and
is
be
missing,
almost
lacking completely
puts
That
pregiven,
here.
it.
constantly embraces
the
man
but
so,
is
is
making him
its
40
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