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Muscle

Gluteus
maximus
Gluteus
medius

Gluteus
minimus

Table 10-1 Muscles of the Gluteal Region


Nerve
Nerve
Origin
Insertion
Supply
Rootsa
Outer surface of
Iliotibial tract Inferior
L5; S1,
ilium, sacrum,
and gluteal
gluteal
2
coccyx, sacrotuberous tuberosity of nerve
ligament
femur
Outer surface of iliumLateral surface Superior L5; S1
of greater
gluteal
trochanter of nerve
femur
Outer surface of iliumAnterior surface Superior
of greater
gluteal
trochanter of nerve
femur

Tensor
Iliac crest
fasciae
latae
Piriformis Anterior surface of
sacrum
Obturator
internus
Gemellus
superior
Gemellus
inferior
Quadratus
femoris

Iliotibial tract

Superior
gluteal
nerve
Upper border of First and
greater
second
trochanter of sacral
femur
nerves
Inner surface of
Upper border of Sacral
obturator membrane greater
plexus
trochanter of
femur
Spine of ischium
Upper border of Sacral
greater
plexus
trochanter of
femur
Ischial tuberosity
Upper border of Sacral
greater
plexus
trochanter of
femur
Lateral border of
Quadrate
Sacral
ischial tuberosity
tubercle of
plexus
femur

Action
Extends and laterally
rotates hip joint;
through iliotibial tract,
it extends knee joint
Abducts thigh at hip
joint; tilts pelvis when
walking to permit
opposite leg to clear
ground
L5; S1 Abducts thigh at hip
joint; tilts pelvis when
walking to permit
opposite leg to clear
ground
L4; 5 Assists gluteus
maximus in extending
the knee joint
L5; S1, Lateral rotator of thigh
2
at hip joint
L5; S1 Lateral rotator of thigh
at hip joint
L5; S1 Lateral rotator of thigh
at hip joint
L5; S1 Lateral rotator of thigh
at hip joint
L5; S1 Lateral rotator of thigh
at hip joint

Table 10-6 Muscles of the Lateral Fascial Compartment of the Leg


Origin
Insertion
Nerve
Nerve
Supply
Rootsa Action
Peroneus Lateral
Base of first
Superficial L5; S1, Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
longus
surface of metatarsal and peroneal
2
everts foot at subtalar and
shaft of
the medial
nerve
transverse tarsal joints; supports
fibula
cuneiform
lateral longitudinal and
transverse arches of foot
Peroneus Lateral
Base of fifth
Superficial L5; S1, Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
brevis shaft surface of metatarsal bone peroneal
2
everts foot at subtalar and
of fibula
nerve
transverse tarsal joint; supports
lateral longitudinal arch of foot
a
The predominant nerve root supply is indicated by boldface type.
Muscle

Table 10-2 Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh


Nerve Nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Supply Rootsa Action
Sartorius
Anterior superior iliac Upper medial
Femoral L2, 3 Flexes, abducts,
spine
surface of shaft of nerve
laterally rotates thigh
tibia
at hip joint; flexes
and medially rotates
leg at knee joint
Iliacus
Iliac fossa of hip bone With psoas into
Femoral L2, 3 Flexes thigh on
lesser trochanter of nerve
trunk; if thigh is
femur
fixed, it flexes the
trunk on the thigh as
in sitting up from
lying down
Psoas
Transverse processes, With iliacus into Lumbar L1, 2, 3 Flexes thigh on
bodies, and
lesser trochanter of plexus
trunk; if thigh is
intervertebral discs of femur
fixed, it flexes the
the 12th thoracic and
trunk on thigh as in
five lumbar vertebrae
sitting up from lying
down
Pectineus Superior ramus of
Upper end of linea Femoral L2, 3 Flexes and adducts
pubis
aspera of shaft of nerve
thigh at hip joint
femur
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus Straight head: anterior Quadriceps tendon Femoral L2, 3, 4 Extension of leg at
femoris
inferior iliac spine
into patella, then nerve
knee joint; flexes
Reflected head: ilium via ligamentum
thigh at hip joint
above acetabulum
patellae into
tubercle of tibia
Vastus
Upper end and shaft of Quadriceps tendon Femoral L2, 3, 4 Extension of leg at
lateralis
femur
into patella, then nerve
knee joint
via ligamentum
patellae into
tubercle of tibia
Vastus
Upper end and shaft of Quadriceps tendon Femoral L2, 3, 4 Extension of leg at
medialis
femur
into patella, then nerve
knee joint; stabilizes
via ligamentum
patella
patellae into
tubercle of tibia
Vastus
Anterior and lateral
Quadriceps tendon Femoral L2, 3, 4 Extension of leg at
intermedius surfaces of shaft of
into patella, then nerve
knee joint; articularis
femur
via ligamentum
genus retracts
patellae into
synovial membrane
tubercle of tibia

Muscle
Gracilis
Adductor
longus
Adductor
brevis
Adductor
magnus

Obturator
externus

Table 10-3 Muscles of the Medial Fascial Compartment of the Thigh


Nerve
Nerve
Origin
Insertion
Supply
Rootsa Action
Inferior ramus of Upper part of
Obturator
L2, 3 Adducts thigh at hip
pubis, ramus of shaft of tibia on nerve
joint; flexes leg at knee
ischium
medial surface
joint
Body of pubis,
Posterior surface Obturator
L2, 3, 4 Adducts thigh at hip
medial to pubic of shaft of femur nerve
joint and assists in
tubercle
(linea aspera)
lateral rotation
Inferior ramus of Posterior surface Obturator
L2, 3, 4 Adducts thigh at hip
pubis
of shaft of femur nerve
joint and assists in
(linea aspera)
lateral rotation
Inferior ramus of Posterior surface Adductor
L2, 3, 4 Adducts thigh at hip
pubis, ramus of of shaft of femur, portion:
joint and assists in
ischium, ischial adductor tubercle obturator
lateral rotation;
tuberosity
of femur
nerve
hamstring portion
Hamstring
extends thigh at hip
portion:
joint
sciatic nerve
Outer surface of Medial surface of Obturator
L3, 4 Laterally rotates thigh
obturator
greater trochanter nerve
at hip joint
membrane and
pubic and ischial
rami

Table 10-4 Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh


Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Nerve
Nerve
Supply
Rootsa Action
Biceps femoris
Long head: ischial Head of
Long head: L5; S1, Flexes and
tuberosity
fibula
tibial portion 2
laterally rotates
of sciatic
leg at knee joint;
nerve
long head also
extends thigh at
hip joint
Short head: linea
Short head:
aspera, lateral
common
supracondylar ridge
peroneal
of shaft of femur
portion of
sciatic nerve
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity Upper part of Tibial portion L5; S1, Flexes and
medial
of sciatic
2
medially rotates
surface of
nerve
leg at knee joint;
shaft of tibia
extends thigh at
hip joint
Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial
Tibial portion L5; S1, Flexes and
condyle of of sciatic
2
medially rotates
tibia
nerve
leg at knee joint;
extends thigh at
hip joint
Adductor magnus Ischial tuberosity Adductor
Tibial portion L2, 3, 4 Extends thigh at
(hamstring portion)
tubercle of of sciatic
hip joint
femur
nerve

Table 10-5 Muscles of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg


Nerve
Nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Supply Rootsa Action
Tibialis
Lateral surface of Medial cuneiform and Deep
L4, 5 Extendsb foot at ankle
anterior
shaft of tibia and base of first
peroneal
joint; inverts foot at
interosseous
metatarsal bone
nerve
subtalar and transverse
membrane
tarsal joints; holds up
medial longitudinall arch
of foot
Extensor Anterior surface Extensor expansion of Deep
L5; S1 Extends toes; extends
digitorum of shaft of fibula lateral four toes
peroneal
foot at ankle joint
longus
nerve
Peroneus Anterior surface Base of fifth
Deep
L5; S1 Extends foot at ankle
tertius
of shaft of fibula metatarsal bone
peroneal
joint; everts foot at
nerve
subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints
Extensor Anterior surface Base of distal phalanx Deep
L5; S1 Extends big toe; extends
hallucis
of shaft of fibula of great toe
peroneal
foot at ankle joint; inverts
longus
nerve
foot at subtalar and
transverse tarsal joints
Extensor Calcaneum
By four tendons into Deep
S1, 2 Extends toes
digitorum
the proximal phalanx peroneal
brevis
of big toe and long nerve
extensor tendons to
second, third, and
fourth toes
a
The predominant nerve root supply is indicated by boldface type.
b
Extension, or dorsiflexion, of the ankle is the movement of the foot away from the ground.

Table 10-7 Muscles of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg


Nerve Nerve
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Supply Rootsa Action
Superficial Group
Gastrocnemius Lateral head from Via tendo
Tibial S1, 2 Plantar flexes foot at
lateral condyle of
calcaneus into nerve
ankle joint; flexes knee
femur and medial
posterior
joint
head from above
surface of
medial condyle
calcaneum
Plantaris
Lateral
Posterior
Tibial S1, 2 Plantar flexes foot at
supracondylar ridge surface of
nerve
ankle joint; flexes knee
of femur
calcaneum
joint
Soleus
Shafts of tibia and Via tendo
Tibial S1, 2 Together with
fibula
calcaneus into nerve
gastrocnemius and
posterior
plantaris is powerful
surface of
plantar flexor of ankle
calcaneum
joint; provides main
propulsive force in
walking and running
Deep Group
Popliteus
Lateral surface of
Posterior
Tibial L4, 5; Flexes leg at knee joint;
lateral condyle of
surface of shaft nerve S1
unlocks knee joint by
femur
of tibia above
lateral rotation of femur
soleal line
on tibia and slackens
ligaments of joint
Flexor
Posterior surface of Bases of distal Tibial S2, 3 Flexes distal phalanges of
digitorum
shaft of tibia
phalanges of
nerve
lateral four toes; plantar
longus
lateral four toes
flexes foot at ankle joint;

Flexor hallucis Posterior surface of Base of distal Tibial S2, 3


longus
shaft of fibula
phalanx of big nerve
toe
Tibialis
posterior

Posterior surface of
shafts of tibia and
fibula and
interosseous
membrane

Tuberosity of Tibial L4, 5


navicular bone nerve
and other
neighboring
bones

supports medial and


lateral longitudinal arches
of foot
Flexes distal phalanx of
big toe; plantar flexes foot
at ankle joint; supports
medial longitudinal arch
of foot
Plantar flexes foot at
ankle joint; inverts foot at
subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints; supports
medial longitudinal arch
of foot

The predominant nerve root supply is indicated by boldface type.


Table 10-8 Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
Nerve
Nerve
Insertion
Supply
Rootsa Action

Muscle
Origin
First Layer
Abductor Medial
Base of proximal
Medial
S2, 3
hallucis
tuberosity of phalanx of big toe
plantar nerve
calcaneum and
flexor
retinaculum
Flexor
Medial tubercle Four tendons to four Medial
S2, 3
digitorum of calcaneum lateral toes inserted plantar nerve
brevis
into borders of middle
phalanx; tendons
perforated by those of
flexor digitorum longus
Abductor Medial and
Base of proximal
Lateral
S2, 3
digiti
lateral tubercles phalanx of fifth toe
plantar nerve
minimi
of calcaneum
Second Layer
Quadratus Medial and
Tendon of flexor
Lateral
S2, 3
plantae
lateral sides of digitorum longus
plantar nerve
calcaneum
Lumbricals Tendons of
Dorsal extensor
First
S2, 3
(4)
flexor
expansion; bases of
lumbrical:
digitorum
proximal phalanges of medial
longus
lateral four toes
plantar
nerve;
remainder:
lateral
plantar nerve
Flexor
See Table 10-7
digitorum
longus
tendon
Flexor
See Table 10-7
hallucis
longus
tendon
Third Layer
Flexor
Cuboid, lateral Medial tendon into
Medial
S2, 3
hallucis
cuneiform,
medial side of base of plantar nerve
brevis
tibialis
proximal phalanx of
posterior
big toe; lateral tendon
insertion
into lateral side of base

Flexes and abducts big


toe; braces medial
longitudinal arch
Flexes lateral four toes;
braces medial and
lateral longitudinal
arches
Flexes and abducts
fifth toe; braces lateral
longitudinal arch
Assists flexor
digitorum longus in
flexing lateral four toes
Extends toes at
interphalangeal joints

Flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe;
supports medial
longitudinal arch

Adductor
hallucis

of proximal phalanx of
big toe
Lateral side of base of Deep branch S2, 3
proximal phalanx of
lateral
big toe
plantar nerve

Oblique head
bases of
second, third,
and fourth
metatarsal
bones;
transverse head
from plantar
ligaments
Flexor digitiBase of fifth Lateral side of base of Lateral
S2, 3
minimi
metatarsal bone proximal phalanx of
plantar nerve
brevis
little toe
Fourth Layer
Interossei
Dorsal Adjacent sides Bases of proximal
Lateral
S2, 3
(4)
of metatarsal phalangesfirst:
plantar nerve
bones
medial side of second
toe; remainder: lateral
sides of second, third,
and fourth toesalso
dorsal extensor
expansion
Plantar Inferior
Medial side of bases of Lateral
S2, 3
(3)
surfaces of
proximal phalanges of plantar nerve
third, fourth, lateral three toes
and fifth
metatarsal
bones
Peroneus See Table 10-6
longus
tendon
Tibialis
See Table 10-7
posterior
tendon
a
The predominant nerve root supply is indicated by boldface type.

Flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe; holds
together metatarsal
bones

Flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joint of little toe
Abduction of toes;
flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joints and extends
interphalangeal joints

Adduction of toes;
flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joints and extends
interphalangeal joints

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