Calculus SG Impo

Calculus Study Guide
Table of Contents
Derivatives 2
Limits ........ 23
Riemann Sums....28
Integrals..32
2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 1 of 37
Page 1 of 37. Form 1 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf
Derivatives
The derivative of a function is the instantaneous rate of change, or the slope of that function at a
particular point. For example, the green line in the picture below is tangent to the curve
at
the point .75. The slope of the green line in this picture is the derivative of
at the
point 0.75.
Notations for the derivative include
,

,
, and .
Slope=

We can define the derivative in terms of limits.. Suppose we take two points on either side of a
point ,, and draw the line between them, called a secant line. The slope of the secant line is
approximately the slope of the function at the point .
Now move those points closer to ,, and draw another secant line. The slope of this line is much
closer to the slope of the function at . If we take the limit of the slope of the secant line as these
points move closer and closer together, we get the definition of the derivative at .
2008 Rose-Hulman
Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline
Page 2 of 37
Page 2 of 37. Form 1 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf
The Limit Definition

+

lim
The limit definition is the most basic formula for calculating the derivative of a function. In this
formula,
is the function to be differentiated, and represents a small change in , which
goes to zero.
Example:
Find the derivative of
= . Then calculate the slope of at = 4.

= lim
"
# $"

+

= lim
+ 2 +

Change
to .

= lim
FOIL the
+ .

= lim
The x terms cancel.
2 +

= lim 2 +

7
= 8
The 6 cancel.
goes to zero.
To find the slope of

at the point = 4, we plug in 4 to the derivative function.

= 2

4 = 2
4 = 8
The slope of the line that is tangent to

when = 4 is 8.
Sometimes, it is not possible to find the derivative of a function at a certain point because that
function is not continuous.

Page 3 of 37
Example: Find the derivative of || at = 0.

We can do this one using the limit definition (try it for practice!), or we can look at it
graphically:

= | |
1
P
1
=
csc P
9
sin
9
X6W\WXWQ WQ W@\L XFRW\?F6 \FW? WQ \FWQL@DS.
1
cot +
9
8
1 9

+
+
9

\kS\ .
FWQ@L@DWQ.
X6W\WXWQ ?@ cot X6\FL @Q Q@QFRQ W@\DFLSQ.
Integration Shortcuts:
Slope = 1
Slope = -1
3 cos P
9
sin
3 cos
Just like rules of differentiation, there are rules you can follow to quickly integrate most
functions. Here is a list of the rules you should familiarize yourself with. Let , , and F be
constants.
0 P =
The absolute value function has a derivative of 1, depending on the sign of .
P = +
1 ?@ > 0 C

= >
1 ?@ < 0
But what is the derivative at = 0?

When you studied limits, you probably learned that when the right-hand and left-hand limits at a
point dont agree, the limit at that point does not exist.
The derivative of || does not exist at = 0 because the function is not continuous there.
Rules for Finding Derivatives

P =

[
L
]P =
P L
P
E P =

E#G
n1
cos
P = sin
+
sin
P = cos
+
sec
P = tan
+
In many cases, the limit definition of the derivative can be bypassed. The following
differentiation rules show some of the shortcuts that can be taken.
sec
tan
P = sec
+
The Power Rule

The power rule is one of the methods of taking the derivative that you will use most often, so you
should make yourself familiar with it.
For any function D , the derivative can be found as:
E
csc
P = cot
+
csc
cot
P = csc
+
Hint: Check your understanding by taking the derivative of the right side. You should get the
integrand on the left.

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Page 37 of 37
D E = D F E$G
Examples:
Trigonometric Substitution:
To apply this rule, multiply the coefficient, D, by the

current exponent, F, and then decrease the exponent on
by 1.
Multiply by 2, then decrease the exponent to 1.
= 2
2 H = 10 I
Multiply by 5, then decrease the exponent to 4.
2 $ = 4 $J
Multiply by -2, then decrease the exponent to -3.
Recall the Pythagorean Theorem and the identities of right-angle trigonometry.
D + X
D X
D X
The Constant Rule
The derivative of any constant is zero.
Trigonometric substitution allows us to simplify radicals in the integrand of the forms

D X , D + X , and X D to trigonometric functions.
This can be observed graphically, because a line representing a constant function is horizontal,
with zero slope. This can also be shown in terms of the power rule, because a constant D can be
written as D .

Example:
Using the reference triangles above, radicals in the integrand may be replaced as follows:
D X = DR?6
D + X = D sec
X D = D tan
5 =
5 = 0
Derivative of a Sum
The derivative of a sum of terms is equal to the sum of the derivatives of the terms.
(positive if u > a and negative if u < -a)
Example:

` $ `
9
Solution:
= 3 sin
P = 3 cos P , = 9
sin
9 = 3 cos

+
Example:
@D WQ @Q Q@QFRQ W@\DFLSQ DFP \FP WQ YDSXQ ? D.

a\FP WQ YDSXQ ? \F WQ @Q Q@QFRQ W@\DFLSQ.
a\FP WQ YDSXQ6 ? P DFP .
a\FP WQ YDSXQ ? 9 @?k WQ W@\DFLSQ.
2 J + M =
L
.
2 J +
M = 6 + 7 O
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The derivatives of common trigonometric functions should be memorized.
P
sin
x = cos

P
cos
= sin
x
P

Page 36 of 37
This makes it easy to differentiate polynomials using the power rule.
Reference triangle
9 D = 3

+ L
=
Page 5 of 37
tan
= 6QR

P
sec
= sec
tan

P
Tips for choosing X and PY:
cot
= R6R

P
csc
= csc
cot

P
The function which is easiest to integrate, or which simplifies the most when integrated
should be chosen as PY.
The function chosen as X should simplify when differentiated, and should not be too
difficult to differentiate.
If the integration problem becomes more complicated when you apply integration by
parts, try picking X and PY another way.
The Constant Multiple Rule
Example:
If a function is multiplied by a constant coefficient, you may take the derivative of the function
alone, and then multiply by the constant.
ln P
Example:
P
D
= D

P
Solution:
ln is hard to integrate, but easy to differentiate, so
3 sin
= 3
sin
= 3 cos

Differentiation Rules of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

These commonly used derivatives should be memorized. Let D be a constant.
PY =
X = ln
J
Y = P =
3
PX =
1
P
J
J 1
ln r s P
3
3
Q = Q
P
J
1
ln P
3
3
+
D = D ln
D
P
P
1
ln
=
P
P
1
S?LT
=
P
ln
D
FWQL@DWQ W? \FP Y.
DFP PY =
\ Q@QFW\DWQ W? \FP PX.

SXL WQ6Q \FW? WQ ?@kXSD XY Y PX
\kS\ .
FWQL@DWQ DFP 6\kS\ .

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SQW X = ln ,
Page 35 of 37
Example:
8 +
The Product Rule

For two functions multiplied by one another, the product rule can be used:
Solution:
X = +1
XJ P
PX = 2 P
1
XJ 2 P
2
1
XJ PX
2
_+R
\R X DFP P\ Q@QFW\DWQ W? \FP PX.

X6W\WXWQ + 1 = X.
1
XSS ?XW D R?FW6WDFW ? W? LQW 2 P.
2
X6W\WXWQ PX = 2P.

L
=
To apply this rule, differentiate each function separately.

Multiply the first function by the derivative of the second,
and vice-versa. Then add the two terms together.

L
+
L

Example: Find the derivative of

= sin
.
VQW X = ,
Y = sin
.
ZQF X = 2,

= X Y + X Y = cos
+ 26\F
.
Y = R?6
.
ZDQ WQ \FWQL@DS ? XJ , X6\FL WQ ?Q@ @XSQ \F @QYQ@6Q. PP R.
XI
+R
6
\kS\ .
+ 1I
+R
6
The Quotient Rule

For two terms divided by one another, the quotient rule is a convenient shortcut.
X6W\WXWQ X = + 1. Z\6 \6 ?X@ DF6Q@.
"

]^
_ =
^
"
$"
^

^
`
Again, differentiate each function separately. Then

multiply the numerator function by the derivative of the
denominator and vice versa. Subtract the two terms, as
shown. Divide by the square of the denominator.
Integration by Parts:
When integrating the product of two functions,
L
, you may use integration by parts.
This is a reverse version of the product rule. Let X =
, and Y = L
.
X PY = XY Y PX
Often, it does matter which function you choose as X and which is PY. The goal of integration
by parts is to reduce the integral X PY to another integral, Y PX, which is simpler to evaluate.
We dont want to make things more complicated.
Example: Find the derivative of a

=
VQW = cos
,
a
=
L = 2.
L + L
L
ZQF = sin
,
2R?6
2sin

4
L = 2.
=
R?6
sin

.
2

Page 34 of 37
bcd

Page 7 of 37
Example: Find the area under the curve

= 3
For a composition of two functions,
and L
, use the chain rule.

L
=
L
L

To use this formula, first find the derivative of the inside

and outside functions separately. Apply the derivative of
the outside function to the inside function. Then multiply
by the derivative of the inside function.
Example: Find the derivative of

2x + 1J
Inside function: 2 + 1
Outside function: J
2 + 1J
P
3
2 + 1 2
QW X WQ \FWQL@DS.
3 P = J
6Q WQ @QYQ@6Q ?Q@ @XSQ W? \FP DF DFW\PQ@\YDW\YQ.
3 P =
2J
1J = 7
YDSXDWQ WQ PQ \F\WQ \FWQL@DS.
Methods for Integration
2 + 1 = 2
J = 3
3 P
G
The Chain Rule
from = 1 to = 2.
When taking the integral of a function, you must apply the rules of differentiation in reverse.
This can be tricky at first.
=
Example: Apply the reverse power rule to find the following indefinite integral:
6
2 + 1
2 J P
First, think of a derivative that has an J in it. I know that

Differentiation Rules of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

It can be useful to memorize these less common derivatives, especially in preparation for finding
integrals in the next semester of calculus. You should learn to recognize them.
P
1
6\F$G
=
P
1
2 J P =
We need to turn that 4 into a 2, so introduce a factor of .

G
Deduce that ] I _ = 2 J .
Write the anti-derivative, and add R.
I = 4 J .
1 I
+R
2
P
1
R?6 $G
=
P
1
U-substitution:
P
1
R?W $G
=
P
1+
First, make the substitution X = L

. Find = L
. Then PX = L
P Make sure your
integral has the form
X PX. Then take the anti-derivative.
You should recall the chain rule from differentiation. When the chain rule is applied to a
function
L
, the derivative has the form
L
L
.
P
1
WDF$G
=
P
1+
When integrating a function of the form

L
L
, we do the chain rule in reverse.


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Page 33 of 37
Definite and Indefinite Integrals

Integration is the opposite of differentiation. For this reason, the terms integral and antiderivative are sometimes interchanged. Integrals, like derivatives, can be calculated without
taking a limit.
An integral of the form T

P, with upper and lower bounds, is called a definite integral. It
represents the area under the curve
from D to , and it is equal to a number.
An integral of the form
P , without upper and lower bounds, is called an indefinite
integral. It represents all functions that have the derivative
, and is equal to a family of
curves.

P =
+ R
Since the derivative of a constant is zero, taking the anti-derivative of

produces a family
of curves,
+ R, where R can be any constant.
Example: What is 2 P?
We know the derivative of is 2. But the derivatives of + 1, + 7, and + 69 are also
all equal to 2. In fact, the derivative of plus any number is 2.
2 P = + R
Q@Q R \6 DF R?F6WDFW.
1
P
6QR $G
=
P
|| 1
P
1
6QR $G
=
P
|| 1
Basics of Differentiation Practice Problems:
1.) Find, using the limit definition, the derivative of + 2.
2.) Find the derivative of:
a.
b. 2 $H
`
c. 3 h
d. 2 I J + 5
e. 5 (Think of this as 5 .)
3.) Use the product rule to find the derivative of:
a. (x+3)(x+4)
b. J
+3x)
4.) Use the quotient rule to find the derivative of:
a.
b.
M #J
#
G
i`
5.) Use the chain rule to find the derivative of:

a.
7 + 1J
b. 3
J + 6 + 2
Practice Problem Solutions:
It is important to remember to add R when taking an indefinite integral.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Definite integrals can be calculated from indefinite integrals using The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus:

P = a
a
D
T
Where
= a
+ R. (Notice that the +R doesnt matter here, because when we
subtract
a
+ R
a
D + R, the Rs will cancel out.)

Page 32 of 37
Page 9 of 37
Finding the Equation of the Tangent Line

Now that we know how to find the slope of a function, we can find the equation of the tangent
line. Recall that to write the equation of a line we need the slope and a point on the line. We can
get the slope from taking the derivative of the function, and we can get a point by plugging it into
the function.
Example: Find the equation of the tangent line to the function
= J + 3 6 at the point
= 2.
=
1.5 16 +
1.5 19.75 +
1.5 19 +
1.5 13.75
= 24 + 29.625 + 28.5 + 20.625 = |8.
In this example, the right-hand sum is a lower approximation. The left-hand sum is an upper
approximation. We can conclude that the true area is between 84.75 and 102.75.
Finding the Exact Area through Integrals:

P
T
f(x)
First, find the derivative of the function.

=
J + 3 6
6

=
J +
3

6

= 3 + 3
In this integral, D and are the

upper and lower boundaries. The
function
is the integrand.
The P at the end tells us that we
are taking the integral with
respect to the variable .
When estimating the area under a curve using Riemann sums, we saw that using more rectangles
led to more accurate approximations. If we let the size of the rectangles get smaller and smaller,
and the number of rectangles get larger and larger, the sum of the rectangles approaches the true
area under the curve. Taking the limit of a Riemann approximation as F (the number of
rectangles) goes to infinity gives the exact area under the curve, also called a definite integral.
To find the slope at 2, plug = 2 into the derivative.

2 = 3
2 + 3

2 = 15
DRW @QD = T
P = limE ]
Plug = 2 into the function to get the yy-value of the point.

2 = 2J + 3
2 6 = 8
Now we have slope k = 15 at the point

2, 8.
We can use this information to the write the equation of the line in point-slope
slope form.
form
$T
E
_ EG
D +
$T
E
This integral is shown as the limit of a right-hand sum. A left-hand sum or midpoint sum would
have the same limit as n approaches infinity, and would give the same integral.
G = k
G
8 = 15
2
= 1522
We can now plot

and the tangent line = 15 22 on the same set of axes.
axes
2008 Rose-Hulman

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Page 31 of 37
Example:
Use four rectangles to find an upper and lower approximation of the area under
= 20
between = 2 and = 4
First find the width of each rectangle. To do this, divide the total width of the interval by the
number of rectangles you want.
(2,8)
D 4
2 6 3
=
= =
F
4
4 2
Next we need the heights of the rectangles. To find the right-hand sum we need to use the
heights at the right endpoints of each rectangle.
G
The right endpoints of the four rectangles are , 1, 2 , 4

The function is
= 20 .
Implicit Differentiation
Height of Rectangle 1 =
.5 = 20
.5 = 19.75
1 = 20
1 = 19
2.5 = 20
2.5 = 13.75
4 = 20
4 = 4
Sometimes it is necessary to find the derivative of a function which is not in the form =
.
For example:
3 = sin
Add up the areas of all the rectangles. = S
We cannot just take the derivative of this function because it is not solved for y. Therefore, we
will use implicit differentiation. Here are the rules for implicit differentiation:
=
1.5 19.75 +
1.5 19 +
1.5 13.75 +
1.5 4
= 29.625 + 28.5 + 20.625 + 6 = .
Note: Since all the rectangles are of equal width, you could sum the heights first, and then
multiply once by the width.
1. Take the derivative of both sides. Use all of the same differentiation rules as when taking
the derivative of an expression involvi
involving only x.
2. When you encounter y, take the derivative using all the same rules, but also multiply by

. (The reason for this lies in the chain rule. is a function of .)

3. Once you have taken all of the derivatives, solve for
To find the left-hand sum you will need to use the heights at the left endpoints of each rectangle
G
The left endpoints of the four rectangles are 2, , 1 , 2

The function is
= 20
nd the derivative of the function above.

Lets find
3 = sin

1 + 2 3 = cos

bcd $ #J
=

`
2 = 20
2 = 16
.5 = 20
0.5 = 19.75
1 = 20
1 = 19
2.5 = 20
2.5 = 13.75
On the left, we have used the product rule.

Solve for
Sum the area of all the rectangles = S
2008 Rose-Hulman
Page 30 of 37
Page 11 of 37
Practice: Try using implicit differentiation on the following functions:
How to Calculate Riemann Sums:
1. + = 25
2. sin
+ = cos
Solutions:
Step 1: Find the width of the rectangles:

\PW ? @QRWDFLSQ6 =
a = the starting point
b = the ending point
n = number of rectangles you want to approximate with.
1. + = 25
2 + 2

=0
Power Rule and Implicit Differentiation.

2. sin
+ =
Solve for .

cos
+ ]1 + _ = 2
cos
+ +

cos
+ = 2 cos

cos
+ 2
Q\LW ? @QRWDFLSQ6 =

Each rectangle spans a range of x-values. Which do we plug in to calculate the height?
Distribute cos
+ .
cos
= cos
+
Rearrange the terms.
P sin
cos
+
=
P R?6
+ 2 cos

Factor out
Solve for
P
.
P
Left Riemann Sum
Right Riemann Sum
Left-hand Estimation: Use the x-value at the left end of each rectangle to calculate height.
Right-hand Estimation: Use the x-value at the right of each rectangle to calculate height.
Midpoint Estimation: Use the x-value in the middle of each rectangle to calculate height.
Higher Order Derivatives

So far, we have only taken the first derivative. There are also second, third, fourth, and even
higher order derivatives. We already know that the first derivative gives us the slope of the
function. The second derivative describes the rate of change of the slope. We call this concavity.
Notations for the second derivative include
, , or
`
To find higher order derivatives, you take derivatives successively. For example, to find the
second derivative you would first take the first derivative of the function, and then take the
derivative again. Lets do an example.

= J + cos
Calculate
at each left, right or midpoint value to find the heights.
Note: For increasing functions, a left-hand sum will give an under-estimate, and a right-hand
sum will give an over-estimate. For decreasing functions, a left-hand sum will give an overestimate, and a right-hand sum will give an under-estimate.
Step 3: Find the areas of all the rectangles by multiplying width and height. Add these together
to estimate the area under the curve.

Page 12 of 37
Implicit Differentiation
R?6
+ 2 cos
=
sin
cos
+

Step 2: Find the heights of the rectangles:
$T
Page 29 of 37
Riemann Sums
Introduction to Riemann Sums:
Riemann sums is a method for approximating the total area underneath a curve on a graph, also
known as an integral.

=
J + cos

= 3 sin

=
3 sin

= 6 cos
This is a graph of the line =

Suppose we want to find the area under the curve for the
interval = 2 to = 8 (starting at 2, ending at 8 along the
x-axis)
Take first derivative

Power Rule
Take second derivative
Power and Trig Rule
Practice: Find the second and third derivatives of the following functions:
1. cos 2
2. ln
+ J
3. 2Q
We can split the graph into a finite number of rectangles, and use these to approximate the area.
As the rectangles
become smaller we
get a better estimation
of the area under the
curve. (The true area
in this example is
168.)
Area using 3 rectangles is 166.
Solutions:
1.
=
cos
2

= sin
2 2

= 2 sin 2

=
2 sin 2

= 2 cos
2 2

= 4 cos
2

=
4 cos
2

= 4
sin 2 2
Area using 6 rectangles is 167.5.

Chain Rule
Rewrite
Chain Rule
Simplify
Take third derivative
Chain Rule

= 8 sin 2
2.
=
ln
+ J

= + 3
G
Logarithmic and Power Rule

Page 28 of 37
Page 13 of 37

= ] + 3 _
G

=
$G
`
+ 6

= ]

=
$G
`
+6
+ 6_
3.
=
2Q

= 2Q

=
2Q

= 2Q

=
2Q

= 2Q
b. lim
$G
H
5. Find each limit at infinity using the lead terms of the polynomials.
Power Rule
a.
lim
b. lim
c. lim
Power Rule
J #H
# # ` #
J #H # I
` #O
J #G

Exponential Rule
Solutions to Practice Problems

Exponential Rule
Exponential Rule
Critical Points and the Derivative Test

Knowing the first and second derivatives can reveal valuable information about a function. Most
importantly, we can determine where the function is increasing, decreasing, concave up, and
concave down. Critical points are points where the function changes from increasing to
decreasing (this is called a maximum), decreasing to increasing (this is a minimum), or changes
in concavity (this is called a point of inflection).

Page 14 of 37
Page 27 of 37
If the degree of p is less than the degree of q, the limit is 0.

lim
Examples:
M h # ` #G
J h
$H `
=J
lim J #G =
lim
` #J
J
=0
Properties of Limits
Let and R be real numbers, and let F be a positive integer.
1. Scalar multiple:
lim v
lim v

First Derivative Test
lim v
L
lim v
lim v L

To find maximums and minimums, take the first derivative and set it equal to zero. Solve for x.
These are your first critical points.
2. Sum or difference:
3. Product:
lim v [
] = [lim v
]
4. Power:

= 3 J 4 3
Example:
lim v
L
lim v
lim v L

= 9 4
9 4 = 0
Practice Problems
1. Find each limit using direct substitution.
a. lim J + 3 + 1
b. lim 27
G
c. lim
The first two critical points are J and J. But we dont yet know whether these are minimums or
maximums. We need to examine the first derivative to figure that out. To do this, imagine or
sketch a number line with the critical points labeled as shown in the figure below.
2. Find a right-hand and left-hand limit as approaches 2 for the function

3 5
2
C

= >
2 + 4
>2
Then determine whether the limit lim
exists.
3.
Simplify each expression to find the limit.

$ M #
a. lim J $J
b. lim
4.
4
= n
9
2
=
3
J $O
` $I
Find each limit using LHopitals rule.

`
a. lim J #H

Page 26 of 37
Page 15 of 37
Next, choose a point for each of the three ranges. We want to see if the derivative is positive or
negative in each range. This will tell us if the function is increasing (positive slope) or decreasing
(negative slope).
When lim v#
lim v$
, we say that lim v
does not exist.
If lim v#
= lim v$
, then lim v
exists.
{
Limits that approach ,

|
|
|
, }~ .
The limit of a rational function where the numerator approaches some positive value and the
denominator approaches zero is infinity. If the numerator approaches a negative value, and the
denominator approaches zero, the limit is negative infinity.
Range 1
Range 2
Examples:
Range 3
From the above picture, you can see that -1, 0, and 1 will be good choices. Now, evaluate

for each of the values x = -1 , x = 0 , and x = 1.

1 = 9
1 4

1 = 9 4

1 = 5
Positive (+)
lim
Often you will be asked to take the limit of a rational function f(x) = p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and
q(x) both approach zero or infinity. Here are some tips for finding these limits:
Try to simplify the expression:

Example: lim

0 = 9
0 4

0 = 0 4

0 = 4
Negative (-)

lim
J $O
$I
J
$
= lim
= lim
Take the derivative of the top and bottom, and use LHospitals rule:
If p(x), q(x) = 0 or , then lim v
/
= lim v
/

Example: lim J ` = lim

1
= 9
1 4

1

= 94

1 = 5
Positive (+)
J `
= lim O =
Limits at Infinity
Often you will be asked to take the limit of a function as x approaches infinity.
When taking the limit at infinity of a rational function f(x) = p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are
polynomials:
lim
/

If the degree of p is greater than the degree of q, then the limit is positive or negative
infinity depending on the signs of the leading coefficients;
If the degree of p and q are equal, the limit is the leading coefficient of p divided by the
leading coefficient of q;

Page 16 of 37
Page 25 of 37
Evaluating
we see that the slope of the graph is positive, then negative, and then positive.
This tells us that the first critical point is a maximum, and the second critical point is a minimum.
Here is a picture of this function:
We can also obtain this result graphically.
Although the function is discontinuous at

= 1 , we can see that
approaches 3
when is close to 1.
maximum
increasing
increasing
decreasing
One-sided Limits
minimum
For discontinuous functions (such as some piecewise functions), the limit at a point may not
exist. Instead, you can use a right-hand or left-hand limit.
Example:

= >

1
?@ < 1C
?@ 1
Second Derivative Test

We can do the same things with the second derivative that we did with the first derivative. This
time the critical points will be points of inflection, and a positive second derivative will indicate
concave up and a negative second derivative will indicate cconcave down. Lets continue the
above problem by taking the second derivative and setting it equal to zero.

=
9 4

= 18
Here, the limit at 1 takes on two different

values, depending on whether you approach
= 1 from the left (smaller values) or
from the right (larger values).
18 = 0
=0
Our critical point is x=0. Lets set up a number line so we can choose a point in each important
range.
Right limit: lim G#

= 0
Left limit:
lim G$
= 1
Range 1
2008 Rose-Hulman
Page 24 of 37
Range 2
Page 17 of 37
Limits
We will use -1 for range 1, and 1 for range 2. Evaluate the second derivative at each of these
points.

= 18

1 = 18 1

1 = 18
Negative (-)
The limit of a function

at a value R is the value that
approaches as gets closer to R.
lim v

Notation
The limit as approaches R of

Formal Definition

= 18

1 = 18 1

1 = 18
Positive (+)
lim v
= V if and only if for every w > 0, there exists x such that 0 < | R| < x implies
|
V| < w.
Direct Substitution
Some limits can be evaluated by simply substituting R for in the function
.
Example: lim J = 3 = 9
This tells us that the function is concave down from to 0, and concave up from 0 to .
Looking at the graph of the function, we can see this is correct.
Direct substitution works anytime

is continuous and
R can be calculated. This applies to
constant functions, polynomial functions, and rational functions whenever R is not infinity or
zero.
However, limits are more often used when
is discontinuous or
R is undefined.
Approximating Limits
A limit can often be estimated by making a chart of values of
for values of which
approach R. If the values of
approach a number, it is a good guess for the limit.
Example: lim G
h $G
$G
x-values approaching 1 from the right.
x-values approaching 1 from the left.

.9
2.710
.99
2.970
f(x) approaches 3.
1.001
3.003
1.01
3.030
1.1
3.310
f(x) approaches 3.

Page 18 of 37
.999
2.997
Page 23 of 37
Negative (-)

p = cos
p

p = 1
Positive (+)
Concave
Down
This function is concave up on the interval ]
Jq
q q
, _, concave down on the interval ] , _

q Jq
and concave up on the interval ] ,
_.
Point of
Inflection
Concave
Up
Example:
Find the intervals of increasing, decreasing, concave up, and concave down for
On the interval
2p, 2p.

= cos
First lets find the critical points for the first derivative:
Check by graphing:
Now, set up a number line.
Range 1

=
cos

= sin

sin = 0
= 0, p, p
Range 2
We will evaluate the first derivative at x =
Range 3
$Jq $q q
, , and
Jq
Range 4
.

= sin


Page 22 of 37
Page 19 of 37
3p
3p
r
s = sin r
s
2
2
3p
r
s = 1
2
Negative (-)
p
p
_ = sin ] _
2
2
p

] _=1
2
Positive (+)
]
p
p
] _ = sin ] _
2
2
p

] _ = 1
2
Negative (-)
Now, lets do the second derivative test. To do this, evaluate the second derivative and set it equal
to zero to find the critical points.
3p
3p
r s = sin r s
2
2
3p

r s=1
2
Positive (+)

=
sin

= cos

cos
= 0
The critical points are x =
p is a minimum, 0 is a maximum, and p is a minimum

This function is increasing on the interval p, 0
p, 2p, and decreasing on the interval
2p, p
0, p.
Jq
q q Jq
, , ,
We will evaluate the second derivative at p, 0, and p.

= cos

p = cos
p

p = 1
Positive (+)

Check by graphing:

0 = cos
0

0 = 1

Page 20 of 37
Page 21 of 37

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Calculus Study Guide

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 1 of 37. Form 1 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Page 2 of 37. Form 1 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

The Limit Definition

The x terms cancel.

To find the slope of

The slope of the line that is tangent to

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 3 of 37. Form 2 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Example: Find the derivative of || at = 0.

X6W\WXWQ WQ W@\L XFRW\?F6 \FW? WQ \FWQL@DS.

X6W\WXWQ ?@ cot X6\FL @Q Q@QFRQ W@\DFLSQ.

The absolute value function has a derivative of 1, depending on the sign of .

But what is the derivative at = 0?

Rules for Finding Derivatives

The Power Rule

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 4 of 37. Form 2 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Page 37 of 37. Form 2 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

To apply this rule, multiply the coefficient, D, by the

Multiply by 5, then decrease the exponent to 4.

Multiply by -2, then decrease the exponent to -3.

Recall the Pythagorean Theorem and the identities of right-angle trigonometry.

The Constant Rule

The derivative of any constant is zero.

Trigonometric substitution allows us to simplify radicals in the integrand of the forms

(positive if u > a and negative if u < -a)

@D WQ @Q Q@QFRQ W@\DFLSQ DFP \FP WQ YDSXQ ? D.

a\FP WQ YDSXQ ? 9 @?k WQ W@\DFLSQ.

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 36 of 37. Form 3 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

This makes it easy to differentiate polynomials using the power rule.

Page 5 of 37. Form 3 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Tips for choosing X and PY:

The Constant Multiple Rule

Differentiation Rules of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

\ Q@QFW\DWQ W? \FP PX.

FWQL@DWQ DFP 6\kS\ .

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 6 of 37. Form 3 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Page 35 of 37. Form 3 of 10, Back. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

The Product Rule

\R X DFP P\ Q@QFW\DWQ W? \FP PX.

To apply this rule, differentiate each function separately.

Example: Find the derivative of

ZDQ WQ \FWQL@DS ? XJ , X6\FL WQ ?Q@ @XSQ \F @QYQ@6Q. PP R.

The Quotient Rule

X6W\WXWQ X = + 1. Z\6 \6 ?X@ DF6Q@.

Again, differentiate each function separately. Then

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Example: Find the derivative of a

2008 Rose-Hulman Institute of Technologys Homework Hotline

Page 34 of 37. Form 4 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Page 7 of 37. Form 4 of 10, Front. File:Calculus-SG.pdf

Example: Find the area under the curve

To use this formula, first find the derivative of the inside

Example: Find the derivative of

6Q WQ @QYQ@6Q ?Q@ @XSQ W? \FP DF DFW\PQ@\YDW\YQ.

FWQL@DWQ DFP 6\kS\ .

X6W\WXWQ X = + 1. Z\6 \6 ?X@ DF6Q@.

Q@Q R \6 DF R?F6WDFW.

This is a graph of the line =