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BASIN MANAGEMENT
Executed by:
WWF under the Global Water for Sustainability (GLOWS)
Program
Citation: Water Quality Baseline Assessment Report: Mara River Basin, KenyaTanzania. 2007. Global Water for Sustainability Program, Florida International
University. 61p.
Disclaimer: This report is made possible by the generous support of the American
people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
The contents are the responsibility of the Global Water for Sustainability Program
(GLOWS) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Government.
Cooperative Agreement No. EPP-A-00-04-00015-00.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables..................................................................................................ii
List of Figures ................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................iii
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................iii
List of Individuals and Institutions Consulted ........................................... iv
Acronyms .......................................................................................................v
Preface: About GLOWS................................................................................ vi
Executive Summary.......................................................................................1
1.0
Introduction .........................................................................................4
2.0
Background .........................................................................................5
2.1
2.2
3.0
3.1
4.0
4.1
National Frameworks.........................................................................9
4.1.1
Kenya .........................................................................................9
4.1.2
Tanzania.....................................................................................9
4.2
Current Status of Monitoring..............................................................9
4.2.1
Kenya .........................................................................................9
4.2.2
Tanzania...................................................................................14
5.0
5.1
6.0
6.1
Temperature ....................................................................................20
6.2
Alkalinity and pH..............................................................................20
6.3
Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Salinity .............21
6.4
Turbidity and Total Suspended Sediments ......................................23
6.5
Hardness .........................................................................................24
6.6
Dissolved Oxygen............................................................................25
6.7
Nutrients and Dissolved Organic Carbon.........................................26
6.8
Mercury and Aluminium ...................................................................31
6.9
Pesticides ........................................................................................33
6.10 Comparisons with Other Water Quality Data......................................33
7.0
9.0
Literature Cited..................................................................................40
Appendix A...................................................................................................43
Methodologies Employed in this Baseline Assessment..............................43
Appendix B ...................................................................................................48
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Appendix C ...................................................................................................50
Appendix D ...................................................................................................54
List of Tables
Table 1: Guidelines and standards for maximum allowable levels of the different variables as
set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the government of Kenya ................ 10
Table 2: Guidelines and standards for maximum allowable levels of the different variables as
set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the government of Tanzania............ 11
Table 3: Summary of Mara river basin water laboratory analyses and methodologies in
Kenya. ............................................................................................................................. 15
Table 4: Summary of Mara river basin water laboratory analyses and methodologies in
Tanzania. ........................................................................................................................ 16
Table 5. Summary of site names and descriptions sampled during the May, 2005, water
quality sampling campaign.............................................................................................. 18
Table 6: Summary of pesticide data in the Mara river basin during the May 2005 baseline
water quality campaign. Bold text indicates detectable levels of measured compounds
and highlighted text indicates pesticides that were detectable. All data are reported in
units of ppb (g/L). .......................................................................................................... 37
List of Figures
Figure 1. Map of the Mara River Basin ..............................................................................6
Figure 2: Sampling site locations during the May 2005 sampling campaign .......................17
Figure 3: Temperature (C) .............................................................................................20
Figure 4. Alkalinity (ppm) ................................................................................................21
Figure 5. pH ...................................................................................................................21
2
Figure 6. Conductivity (EC; S/cm ) ................................................................................22
Figure 7. Total dissolved solids (TDS; g/L).......................................................................22
Figure 8. Salinity (ppt) ....................................................................................................23
Figure 9: Turbidity (NTU) ................................................................................................24
Figure 10: Total suspended solids (TSS; g/L) ...................................................................24
Figure 11: Total hardness (ppm) ......................................................................................25
Figure 12: Dissolved oxygen (DO; %)...............................................................................26
Figure 13: Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN; mg/L) ..............................................................27
Figure 14: Total dissolved phosphorous (TDP; mg/L) .......................................................29
-3
Figure 15: Phosphate (PO4 , mg/L) ................................................................................29
Figure 16: N:P ratios (molar)...........................................................................................30
Figure 17: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC; mg/L) ...........................................................31
Figure 18: Total mercury (THg, ppt) and aluminium (Al, ppb) ............................................32
ii
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge all those individuals and institutions that helped to make this assessment a success. A list of
individuals and institutions with whom we consulted during the
assessment is found on page v of this document. Without the
participation, time, ideas and openness of these individuals,
this report would not have been possible.
All activities, especially on-the-ground activities, for the water
quality baseline assessment were greatly supported by the
Global Water for Sustainability (GLOWS) consortium partners
WWF East Africa Regional Program Office (WWF-EARPO)
and WWF-Tanzania Program Office (WWF-TPO). We thank
Musonda Mumba (WWF-EARPO), Fred Mngube (WWF-TPO)
Nina Bhola (WWF-EARPO), Doris Ombara (WWF-Mara),
Daniel Koros (WWF-EARPO), Adams Dikirr (WWF-EARPO)
and William Kasanga (WWF-TPO) for their time, guidance and
assistance.
This assessment was supported by the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors and their organizations.
iii
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Agency/Organization
Country Position
Adams Dikirr
Kenya
Doris Ombara
Geoffery
Hugo Wood
Tenwek Hospital
Mara Water User's Association
(MRWUA) and farmer.
Ministry of Water and IrrigationNarok District Water Office
Tenwek Hospital
Jeremiah Nyaga
Jonathon B.
John Karanja
Kones
Intern
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Pollution Officer
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Assistant Director of
Comm. Health and Dev.
Assistant Manager
Water Engineer
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Kenya
Town Clerk
Water Engineer
Patrick Ngerechi
Steven K. Mulai
Bernie Wardle
Kenya
Kenya
Tanzania
Egid Mubofu
Emmanuel Sumay
Grant Hopcraft
Dr. Mutakyahwa
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Mayor
CEO
PDT Environmental Superintendent
Lecturer in Chemistry
Pius Yanda
Tanzania
GIS/Database Coordinator
Professor in Sedimentology and Geochemistry
Professor
Tanzania
Tanzania
Tanzania
Principal Hydrologist
Director of Conservation
Program Coordinator
Tanzania
Daniel Koros
Ledama Olekina
Lucy Kirinyet
Marwa Mwita
Michael Otieno
Mtinda Ngei
Patrick Munyoki
Raymond Mngodo
Stephen Mariki
Washington Mutayoba
William Kasanga
iv
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Acronyms
APHA
BMP
DO
DOC
DON
FIU
GDP
GLOWS
IWRM
LVEMP
MCL
MMNR
N:P
NGO
PCB
PPB
PPT
SERC
SNP
TANAPA
TDN
TDP
TDS
TSS
TTS
UDSM
USAID
USEPA
WHO
WUA
WWF-EARPO
WWF-Mara
WWF-TPO
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
vi
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Executive Summary
The Global Water for Sustainability (GLOWS) Program is supporting the efforts of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation,
Kenya, and the Ministry of Water, Tanzania, to provide credible
scientific guidance to water management decisions in the
transboundary Mara River Basin. This water quality assessment examined the quality of surface water in the Kenyan and
Tanzanian sections of the basin during May-2005, May-2006,
and June-2007 with the goal of identifying present water quality issues and informing future monitoring and management
actions. This document also summarizes the current policy
framework for water quality monitoring and existing programs
in the Mara River basin.
The Mara River basin is a transboundary basin shared by
Kenya and Tanzania (approximately 65% and 35% of the basin, respectively). The Mara River and its tributaries flow
through diverse landscapes. Beginning in the Enupuiyapi
Swamp and Mau Forest complex of Kenya, the river flows
southwest through regions characterized by small- and largescale agriculture, two internationally renowned conservation
areas, savannah grasslands, and delta wetlands before discharging into Lake Victoria near Musoma Town, Tanzania.
The basin supports a wide array of ecosystem and human
needs. Stakeholders and sectors of the Mara River Basin include urban settlements and villages, subsistence and largescale agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, conservation areas and biodiversity, mining and industries. However, stakeholders in the Mara River Basin increasingly face water
shortages as well as problems with poor water quality and environmental degradation. Important threats include loss of native forest cover in the upper parts of the catchment and along
rivers, agricultural expansion and intensification (including irrigation), human population growth, resource-intensive tourist
facilities, and discharge of untreated wastewaters from settlements and tourist hotels.
Currently, there is little systematic monitoring of water quality
in the Mara River Basin. On the Kenyan side of the basin, the
Ministry of Water and Irrigation has established water quality
laboratories in the Narok and Bomet District Offices and a limited number of monitoring campaigns have been conducted.
On the Tanzanian side of the basin the Ministry of Water has
established a water quality laboratory in Musoma with support
from the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme, and this office conducts occasional water quality
campaigns into the lower Mara Basin.
In order to provide comprehensive baseline information to an
assortment of planned and ongoing activities in the Mara Basin, we conducted three surveys of water quality at 21 stations
across the river basin from its source on the Mau Escarpment
to its outlet at Lake Victoria. The objective of these surveys
was to evaluate the condition of the Basins water quality over
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
1.0
Introduction
An component to achieving the goals of GLOWS and its partners in the Mara River Basin is to understand the condition of
and potential threats to the water quality of the Mara River system. In May-2005, May-2006, and June-2007, GLOWS conducted water quality surveys throughout the entire length of the
Mara River Basin. The main purpose of these surveys was to
evaluate the condition of the Basins water quality and to identify potential threats. As up to date analytical procedures, functional laboratory equipment, proper methodologies and a
regular sampling program are integral to water quality management, GLOWS also met with water engineers and water
laboratories to gather information on the current sampling program within the Basin.
This document describes the results of the water quality surveys and describes the current sampling programs within the
basin. In section 2, background information on the Mara River
basin is described. The sectors and stakeholders of the basin
are also introduced, as are the potential threats to water quality
in the basin. Section 3 lists the standards established by the
World Health Organization (WHO), Kenya and Tanzania on
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
water quality. In section 4, we describe the national frameworks for water quality monitoring programs and policies for
the management of water in both Kenya and Tanzania. We
then describe the water laboratories within the Mara River basin. Information on sampling regimes, analytical procedures,
equipment, supplies and needs for the laboratories is also provided. Sections 5 and 6 relate to the baseline water quality
surveys. In section 5, sampling sites and the methodologies
are described. Section 6 provides the results of the studies in
relation to existing and potential pollution. Conclusions and
recommendations are presented in sections 7 and 8, respectively.
2.0
Background
2.1
The Mara River Basin flows though diverse landscapes supporting a wide array of ecosystem and human needs. Stakeholders and sectors of the Mara River include urban
settlements and villages, subsistence and large-scale agriculture, forestery, livestock, fisheries, tourism, conservation areas
and biodiversity, mining and other industries.
The Mara River Basin is dotted with urban settlements, villages, and missionary communities. On the Kenyan side of
the basin, urban settlements include the towns of Bomet and
Tenwek Missionary Hospital Community along the Nygangores
tributary, and Mulot trading center along the Amala tributary. In
Tanzania, urban settlements include Ngoreme and Buhemba
and a portion of Mugomo.
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Figure 1. Map of the Mara River Basin. The Masai-Mara National Reserve and Serengeti National Park shaded. Sub-catchments of existing gauging stations are outlined in red. Inset
shows position of the Mara Basin in Kenya and Tanzania.
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
2.2
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
3.0
3.1
National Standards
Countries and organizations ensure quality of freshwater systems through establishment of water quality guidelines. The
water quality guidelines most often followed by monitoring programs within Kenya and Tanzania are those established by the
World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. In
Kenya, effluent discharge standards have not been established, but generalized guidelines have been adopted from the
British Royal Commission Standards (NTEAP, 2005a). In
Tanzania, the Tanzania Temporary Standards (TTS) for quality
of domestic water have been established under the Water
Utilization (Control and Regulation) act No. 42 of 1974,
amendment No. 10 of 1981. Also established under this
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
4.0
4.1
National Frameworks
4.1.1 Kenya
The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI), formerly the Ministry of Water Resources and Development (MWR&D) has a
fundamental goal and purpose of conserving, managing and
protecting water resources for socio-economic development.
The Water Act No. 8 of 2002 provides an enabling institutional
and legal framework for the implementation and realization of
the objectives stated in the National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development. The Act provides for
the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), which
maintains the responsibility of ensuring the good management
of the countrys water resources. The WRMA has drafted a
Country Strategy Paper on Integrated Water Resources Management.
4.1.2 Tanzania
The Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of
1974 with its amendment in 1981 declares that all of the countrys water is vested to the state, sets conditions on the use of
water and authorizes the Principal Water Officer with authority
to be responsible for setting policy and allocation of water
rights at the national level. For designated water drainage basins with established Basin Water Offices, the responsibilities
are under the Basin Water Officer.
4.2
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 1: Guidelines and standards for maximum allowable levels of the different variables as set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
government of Kenya
1
2
WHO
Kenya
Drinking Domestic
Effluent Discharge Irrigation Recreational
3
Effluent Discharge into the Environment
into Public Sewers
Water
Water
Water
Waters
Variable
Units
20-35
Discharge of effluents shall not raise the temperature
Temperature
C
30
of the receiving water by more than 3 C
Total Dissolved
mg/L 1000
1200
1200
2000
1200
Solids
Total Suspended Solids
mg/L
Turbidity
NTU
30
5
<8.0
PH
Chlorine
mg/L
Ammoniacal
nitrogen
mg/L
Nitrate
Phosphorous
Aluminium
Mercury
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
250
50
6.5-8.5
50
0.2
0.001
6.5-8.5
6.0-9.0
5 (as Free)
20
100
20
30
0.005
0.05
0.5
100
10
6.5-8.5
6-9
5
0.001
10
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 2: Guidelines and standards for maximum allowable levels of the different variables as set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the government of Tanzania
1
WHO
Drinking
Water
Variable
Temperature
Units
Turbidity
Cat. 2 Cat. 3
1000
2000
mg/L
Discharge of effluents
shall not cause formation
of sludge or scum in the
receiving water.
NTU
Discharge of effluents
shall not cause formation
of sludge or scum in the
receiving water.
Domestic Water
Effluent Standards
5
Discharge of effluents
shall not raise the temperature of the receiving
water by more than 5C
Total Dissolved
mg/L
Solids
Tanzania
2000 No limit
Cat. 4
Cat. 5
3000
7500
No Limit
30
11
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 2: Continued
WHO1
Drinking
Water
Variable
Units
<8.0
pH
Tanzania2
6.5-8.5
Cat. 2
Effluent Standards
Cat. 3
6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0
Dissolved Oxymg/L
8
gen
Dissolved Oxy9
gen
80
60
40
Chlorine
%
mg/L
Cat. 4
Cat. 5
Domestic Water
7
6.5-8.5
6.5-9.2
5 (as Free)
600
Calcium Hardness
mg/L
----
Magnesium
Hardness
mg/L
300
Ammoniacal
nitrogen
mg/L
Nitrate
mg/L
50
50
50
100
10
No Limit
----
50
80
31/100
12
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Organic phosphorous
mg/L
Table 2: Continued
1
WHO
Drinking
Water
Tanzania
Receiving Water Standards
Units
Cat. 1
Phosphorous
Aluminium
Mercury
Total pesticides
Organochlorine
Pesticides
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Chlordane
Chlorphyrifos
DDT and metabolites
Methoxychlor
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
g/L
Variable
0.3
0.001
0.2
0.001
mg/L
0.0005
g/L
0.03
g/L
mg/L
0.2
0.03
g/L
g/L
20
Cat. 2
Variable
Cat. 3
Effluent Standards
5
Cat. 4
Cat. 5
Domestic Water
7
0.3
0.005
6
2
0.005
45
5
0.005
0.0005 0.001
0.005
0.005
0.3
0.001
----
13
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
5.0
5.1
Sampling Sites
14
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 3: Summary of Mara river basin water laboratory analyses and methodologies in Kenya.
Kenya
Analyses
Acidity
Color
Hardness
Bomet District1
Instrument
Methodology
Titration
Meter
Titration
Alkalinity
Titration
pH
Suspended
Solids
Phenol Red
Calcium
EDTA Titration
Chloride
Titration
Fluoride
SPADNS
Ammonium
Colorimetric/ Titration
Volumetric
Total Nitrogen
Narok District
Instrument
Methodology
Hanna HI9810
Meter
Hanna HI9810
Meter
Hanna HI9810
Meter
Hanna
pH
HI9810/Lovibond
Meter/Phenol Red
PC MultiDirect
Turbidity
Secchi Disk
Secchi Disk
Lovibond PC
Alkalinity
Acid/Indicator
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
Chlorine
DPD
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
Total Hardness
Metallphthalein
MultiDirect
Calcium Hard- Lovibond PC
Murexide
ness
MultiDirect
Analyses
Temperature
Conductivity
TDS
Magnesium
Hardness
-
Nitrate
Colour Brucine
Fluoride (Fl-)
Nitrite
Spectrophotometer
Nitrate (NO3 )
Dissolved
Oxygen
Modified Winkler
Method
Nitrite (NO2 )
Phosphate
Ascorbic Acid
Silica
Colour
Sulphate
Orthophosphate
(PO4-)
Sulphate
2(SO4 )
Sulfite
Titration
Bromine (Br)
COD
Titration
Iron (Fe)
Oil and
Grease
Funnel Extraction
Manganese
(Mn)
BOD
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Lovibond PC
MultiDirect
Respirometric
Oxitop Box
At time of visit (May 2005) there is no water engineer on-site. List of methods found at the laboratory included EPA 1979 Methodologies and other sheets with procedures. Methodologies listed on these sheets
are included above.
15
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 4: Summary of Mara river basin water laboratory analyses and methodologies in
Tanzania.
Tanzania
1
2
Placer Dome Gold Mines
Musoma District
Analyses Instrument Methodology
Analyses
Instrument Methodology
Temperature
Total Phosphorus
APHA
Conductivity
Orthophosphate
APHA
TDS
Silicate
APHA
pH
Biogenic Silicate
APHA
Alkalinity
Nitrite
APHA
Free Chlorine
Nitrate
APHA
Total Chlorine
Ammonium
APHA
Chloride
Total Nitrogen
APHA
Nitrate and
Nitrite (N+N)
BOD
APHA
Sulphate
(SO42-)
PH
APHA
Total Mercury
(THg)
Dissolved Oxygen
APHA
Total Cyanide PharmSpec
UV-1700
PharmSpec
Free Cyanide
UV-1700
Weak Acid
Dissociable PharmSpec
Cyanide
UV-1700
Placer Dome Gold Mines no longer operates Mara Mine. We have no information about the laboratory in
the mine today under the new operator, Barrick Gold Corporation.
2
Musoma Water Laboratories fall under the LVEMP program and have a well-stocked laboratory. Their
methodologies follow the APHA as listed in Table 3.
16
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Figure 2: Sampling site locations along the Mara River and its tributaries. The Mara river watershed is
outlined in grey and national parks/forest complexes are shaded green. Sampling sites are indicated by a
blue triangle.
17
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 5. Summary of site names and descriptions sampled during the May, 2005, water quality
sampling campaign.
Station
Number
Station Name
Tributary/
River
Enupuiyapi
Swamp
Amala
Matecha
Bridge
Amala
Kapkimolwa
Amala
Mulot Bridge
Amala
Silibwet Bridge
Nyangores
Tenwek Dam
Nyangores
Land-Use
Type/Major
Issue
Plantations
Tenwek
Treated
Wastewater
Tenwek
Downstream
Nyangores
Bomet Bridge
Nyangores
Emarti Bridge
Mara
11
Old Mara
Bridge
Mara
12
Talek Bridge
Talek
Hospital,
Dam, Waste
Management
Hospital,
Dam, Waste
Management
Waste Management, Agriculture
Large-scale
Agriculture
10
Tourism
Tourism
Station Description
Headwaters for the Mara River. Surrounding
area is used for Cypress and Eucalyptus
plantations.
Settlements, agriculture (tea).
18
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 5. Summary of site names and descriptions sampled during the May, 2005, water quality
sampling campaign.
Station
Number
13
Station Name
Tributary/
River
New Mara
Bridge
Mara
14
Tabora
Tabora
15
Tarime
Mara
16
Somonche
Somonche
17
Mara Mines
Mara
18
Tigite
Land-Use
Type/Major
Issue
Tourism
Waste Management, Agriculture
Mining, Waste
Management
Mining, Waste
Management
Mining, Waste
Management
Mining, Waste
Management
Tigite
19
Kwesawa
Mara
20
Kirumui Bridge
Mara
21
Lake Victoria
at Mara River
Mouth
Lake Victoria/
Mara
Station Description
Located in the Masai-Mara National Reserve
just above the Kenyan-Tanzanian border.
Tabora stream originates from Mugomo,
which is the main town in Serengeti District.
This stream feeds into the Mara upstream of
the Tarime/Serengeti bridge. Farming and
domestic activities are common.
Settlements, agriculture and other human
activities.
Settlements, agriculture, human activities and
mining.
Settlements, agriculture and human activity.
Tigite stream feeds into the Mara upstream of
Bisarwi. Common activities along this stream
include gold mining (Placer Dome), smallscale-gold mining, farming and domestic
uses. There are a number of settlements
within this region.
Small-scale farming and fishing are main activities within this area. This station is sampled quarterly by the Musoma Lab for the
LVEMP program concerning water hyacinths.
Anoxia is commonly noted in this area.
Small-scale farming, domestic activities and
fishing.
Activities in this area include fishing and
farming. There are noted problems with eutrophication and weed (papyrus and hyacinth)
overgrowth.
19
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
6.0
6.1
Temperature
Temperature C
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
6.2
2005
Alkalinity and pH
20
2006
2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Alkalinity (ppm)
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
2005
2006
8
7
pH
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
6.3
2005
Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Salinity are all measures of the mineral content of natural waters,
and results for these parameters followed similar patterns across
the Mara Basin. Lowest values were detected in the Enupuiyapi
Swamp (sta. 1) and highest values were detected in Talek Bridage
(sta. 18) and the stream at Tabora (sta. 14) (Figs. 6-8). In general,
values increased downstream. Increases may be related to mineral inputs as well as evaporation from the river channel. TDS levels are well under the maximum acceptable levels as defined by
the WHO, Kenya and Tanzania guidelines (Table 1). Conductiv-
21
2006
2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
ity, TDS and salinity levels along the Amala River increased from
the headwaters in the Enupuiyapi Swamp (sta. 1) to the point of
convergence with the Nyangores River to form the Mara River.
However, the Nygangores River maintained consistent levels of
conductivity (~50 S/cm2), TDS (~0.04 g/L) and salinity (~0.02
ppt) at all three sampling sites (Silibwet (sta. 5), Tenwek (sta. 6)
and Bomet (sta. 9)). Low conductivity and TDS are often characteristics of forested rivers (Chapman and Chapman, 2003; Ngoye
and Machiwa, 2004); however, from this study alone it is difficult to
ascertain whether differences between the two tributaries are a
natural occurrence or are the result of anthropogenic impacts.
800
700
600
EC S/cm
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
TDS (g/L)
Station Number
2005
2006
2007
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
2005
22
2006
2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Salinity (ppt)
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
2005
6.4
23
2006
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Turbidity (NTU)
1920
1840
400
320
240
160
80
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
3.00
TSS (g/L)
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
6.5
2005
Hardness
24
2006
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
80
Mg Hardness (ppm)
70
60
Ca Hardness (ppm)
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
6.6
Dissolved Oxygen
25
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Box 3: Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the result of excess inputs of nitrogen and phosphorous (nutrients) into
aquatic systems. Increased nutrient availability stimulates algae growth and leads to large
concentrations. Oxygen, which is produced during algal growth, off-gases to the atmosphere
and is consumed during the decomposition algal detritus. Consequently, oxygen levels in
eutrophic waters drop and hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions develop. Under such low-oxygen
conditions, fish and other aquatic organisms may suffocate, causing potentially massive dieoffs. The prevention of eutrophication requires minimizing excessive nutrient inputs.
Sources of these inputs include generally agricultural run-off, development and wastewater
effluent. It is important for the prevention of eutrophication to properly manage effluents.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
%DO Saturation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
2005
6.7
26
2006
2007
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
N+N (mg/L)
Ammonuim (mg/L)
DON (mg/L)
12
2005 TDN Concentration (mg/L)
10
8
6
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
27
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
22
21.5
21
20.5
20
N +N (mg /L)
A mm o niu m (m g /L )
D ON (mg /L)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
28
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Phosphorous (P) is often the limiting nutrient in freshwater systems, which means that aquatic primary production changes in
direct proportion to concentrations of P until another factor becomes the limiting factor. Natural inputs of phosphorous include
decay of organic matter, excretion by organisms and weathering
of P-containing rocks and sediments. Excessive inputs of phosphorous (as found in fertilizers, detergents and mining processes)
lead to eutrophication. As with N, the highest concentrations of
total dissolved phosphorous (TDP) and PO43- in the Mara Basin
were found in the tea-producing area of Silibwet Bridge (sta. 5)
(1.21 and 1.15 mg/L, respectively, Fig. 14-15) in 2005. Concertrations in 2006 were generally lower.
1.2
1.08
TDP (mg/L)
2005
2006
0.96
0.08
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 141516 1718 19 2021
Station Number
1.2
2005
2006
PO4- -P (mg/L)
1.1
1
0.05
0.025
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
29
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
800
700
N:P (molar) 2006
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
30
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
2005
2006
16
DOC (mg/L)
12
0
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
Neither the WHO, Kenya nor Tanzania have established standards for DOC, but the South African Water Quality Guidelines
(Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 1996) have defined an
ideal DOC range of 0-5 mg/L for domestic waters. Though quantitative links between DOC and potential human health effects have
not been established, it is important to note for drinking waters
that DOC may react with chlorine during the chlorination process
to form potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds called trihalomethanes (THMs) (Clesceri, 1998; Department of Water Affairs
and Forestry, 1996).
6.8
31
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
the New Mara bridge (sta. 13) site. Aluminium levels as found in
this study fall well below the guidelines for WHO drinking waters
and Tanzanian receiving waters (Table 1). It is of interest to note
that both THg and Al levels are higher within the Masai-Mara National Reserve and the Serengeti National Park relative to sites
upstream and downstream of the conservation areas (Fig. 18). It
would be expected to find increased THg levels near and/or
downstream of gold mining operations. However, given the nature
of THg to bind to sediments, the increased levels of THg within the
national parks are well correlated to the increased levels of TSS
within these sites.
Figure 18:
Total mercury
(THg, ppt) and aluminium (Al,
ppb) along the Mara River
and its tributaries during the
2005 and 2006 sampling campaigns. THg is indicated by
light grey shading and Al by
dark grey shading in the 2005.
12
9000
THg (ppt)
Al (ppb)
8000
10
7000
8
6000
5000
6
4000
4
3000
2000
2
1000
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Station Number
32
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
6.9
Pesticides
33
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
34
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
35
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
36
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table 6: Summary of pesticide data in the Mara river basin during the May 2005 baseline water
quality campaign. Bold text indicates detectable levels of measured compounds and highlighted
text indicates pesticides that were detectable. All data are reported in units of ppb (g/L).
4
10
11
13
15
16
17
Chlrorinated Benzenes
Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4,5
Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3,4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pentachlorobenzene
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Hexachlorobenzene
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Alpha HCH
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Beta HCH
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Gamma HCH
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Delta HCH
Chlorodane-related
Compounds
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Heptachlor
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Heptachlor Epoxide/OCS
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Alpha Chlordane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Gamma Chlordane
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Methoxychlor
Other Cyclodiene Pesticides
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Aldrin
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Dieldrin
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Endrin
Other Chlorinated Pesticides
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Chlorpyrifos
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mirex
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Endosulfan sulfate
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Endosulfan II
DDTs and Related Compounds
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,4' DDE/ENDOSULFAN I
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4,4' DDE
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,4' DDD
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4,4' DDD
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2,4' DDT
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Station Number
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
37
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
10
11
13
15
16
17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB8/5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB18/17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB29
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Station Number
4,4' DDT
Individual PCBs
PCB28/31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB44
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.10
PCB66/95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB101/90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB87/115
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB153/132
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB105
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB138 /160
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB187
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB180
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB170/190
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB195/208
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB206
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB209
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
PCB52
38
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
8.0
Recommendations
39
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
9.0
Literature Cited
Allan, J.D. 1995. Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
Bronk, D.A., M. Lomas, P.M. Glibert, K.J. Schukert, and M.P.
Sanderson. 2000. Total dissolved nitrogen analysis: comparisons between the persulfate, UV and high temperature
oxidation method. Mar. Chem. 69:163-178.
Bugenyi, W.B. and J.S. Balirwa. 2003. East African Species Introductions and Wetland Management: Sociopolitical Dimensions. Pp. 79-103 in: Conservation, Ecology, and
Management of African Fresh Waters. Crisman, T.L., L.J.
Chapman and C.A. Chapman. (eds.). The University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Chapman, D. (ed.) 1996. Water Quality Assessments A Guide to
Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring Second Edition. E & FN Spon, University Press,
Cambridge
Chapman, L.J. and C.A. Chapman. 2003. Fishes of the African
Rain Forests: Emerging and Potential Threats to a LittleKnown Fauna. Pp. 176-209 in: Conservation, Ecology, and
Management of African Fresh Waters. Crisman, T.L., L.J.
Chapman and C.A. Chapman. (eds.). The University
Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Clesceri, L.S., A.E. Greenberg, A.D. Eaton. (eds.) 1998. Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
20th ed. APHA, AWWA, WEF. United Book Press, INC.,
Baltimore, Maryland.
Crisman, T.L., L.J. Chapman and C.A. Chapman. (eds.) 2003.
Conservation, Ecology, and Management of African Fresh
Waters. The University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
FAO. February, 2001. Fishery Country Profile: The Country of
Kenya, accessed March 7, 2006 at
http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/KEN/profile.htm.
Kenya Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) 2005. Ministry of Planning and National Development. Statistical Abstract.
Kenya. Ministry of Water Development, Water Quality Monitoring
Programme.
February 2004. Water Analysis Report
Sheet. Bomet Water Laboratory. Samples by J.K. Mereput.
Kenya. Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Narok District. July 2004.
Water Quality Along the Mara River.
Kenya. Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Narok and Bomet Districts. December 2004. Results of Water Quality Sampling
and Analysis. Mara River, Kenya.
Kitova, H. September, 2001. Presentation paper on the development and management of hydropower resources in
Tanzania. Accessed March 8, 2006 at URL
40
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
http://www.ich.no/kurs/he2003/Paper-Tanzania-new2.pdf
Nile Basin Initiative Transboundary Environmental Action Project
(NTEAP). March 2005 a. National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Kenya, accessed January 26, 2006 at URL
http://www.nileteap.org/docs/publications/WQ/WQ_Baselin
e_report_Kenya.pdf.
Nile Basin Initiative Transboundary Environmental Action Project
(NTEAP). March 2005 b. National Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report for Tanzania, accessed
January 26, 2006 at URL
http://www.nileteap.org/docs/publications/WQ/WQ_Baselin
e_report_Tanzania.pdf
Nyoge, E. and J.F. Machiwa. 2004. The influence of land-use patterns in the Ruvu river watershed on water quality in the
river system. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 29:11611166.
Redfield, A.C. 1934. On the proportion of organic derivatives in
sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton.
Pp. 26-77 in: James Johnston Memorial Volume. Univ.
Press of Liverpool.
South Africa. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 1996.
South African Water Quality Guidelines (second editions).
Volume 1: Domestic Use, accessed January 21, 2006 at
URL
http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/domestic.pdf.
Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) 2002. Economic
Survey. Accessed January 10, 2006 at URL
http://www.nbs.go.tz/abstract2002/pdf/hotelsandparks.pdf.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). September 2001. National
Website: Mining accessed March 7, 2006 at URL
http://www.tanzania.go.tz/miningf.html.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). September 2001. National
Website: Natural Resources, accessed March 7, 2006 at
URL http://www.tanzania.go.tz/naturalresourcesf.html.
UNEP. 2002. Africa Environment Outlook: Past, present and future perspectives, accessed March 7, 2006 at URL
http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/aeo1/index.htm.
UNPFA. 2003. State of World Population 2003. Making 1 Billion
Count: Investing in Adolescents Health and Rights, accessed March 6, 2006 at URL
http://www.unfpa.org/upload/lib_pub_file/221_filename_sw
p2003_eng.pdf
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). July 2002. List
of Contaminants and their MCLs, accessed January 30,
2006 at URL http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html.
Valderrama, J.C. 1981. The simultaneous analysis of total nitrogen and total phosphorous in natural waters. Mar. Chem.
10:109-122.
41
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
42
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Appendix A
Methodologies Employed in this Baseline Assessment
In situ physical and chemical parameters (temperature [C], electrical conductivity [EC], total dissolved solids [TDS], salinity, dissolved oxygen [DO] and pH) were measured on-site with an YSI
556 handheld multimeter probe. Samples for turbidity, alkalinity,
hardness (total, calcium and magnesium) and total and free chlorine were analyzed at the end of the sampling days activities.
Samples for analysis at Florida International Universitys (FIU) watershed laboratory were collected in 60 ml HDPE bottles. All bottles were acid-cleaned, rinsed twice with distilled water and rinsed
twice with sample water prior to collection. Samples for total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON),
nitrate + nitrite (N+N), ammonium (NH4+) and orthophosphates
(PO4-) were filtered through a 0.45 m Millipore Nylon 47mm
membrane. Samples were preserved with H2SO4 to a pH<2, with
exception for PO4- and total suspended solids (TSS). All were
maintained on ice or in a freezer until transported to FIU, where
they were kept frozen until analysis. Samples for total mercury
(THg) and aluminum (Al) were collected in nitric acid-cleaned 125
ml HDPE bottles. Pesticide samples were collected in I-Chem
certified 500 ml wide-mouth glass jars.
Alkalinity and hardness (total, calcium and magnesium) were
sampled using LaMotte environmental test kits. TDN and TDP
were digested following the persulfate oxidation method for the
simultaneous digestion of total nitrogen and phosphorous (Valderamma, 1981; Bronk, et al., 2000). DOC was analyzed on a
Shimadzu TOC-VCSH employing the high oxidation method. TDN,
TDP, N+N, NH4+, and PO4- were analyzed on a Technicon RFA.
N+N was analyzed by the automated cadmium reduction method;
NH4+ by the automated phenolate methodology; and PO4- by the
automated ascorbic acid method (Clesceri, et al., 1998). THg and
Al- were analyzed at FIUs Southeast Environmental Research
Center (SERC) tracemetal laboratory using an HP-4500 ICP-MS.
Pesticides were analyzed at SERCs pesticide laboratory using
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS. A summary table of methodologies
employed in this baseline study is listed in Appendix A.
43
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Table A1: Methodologies and instrumentation used for water sample analysis as part of the May 2005 sampling of the Mara
River in Kenya and Tanzania. Italized parameters indicated those that were analyzed in the field, normal text was analzyed back
at FIU.
Analysis
Instrument
Specification/Type
Specific Conductivity
(mS/cm)
Conductivity
(mS/cm)
Temperature
Units
o
2510
Laboratory Method
2510
Laboratory Method
TDS
(g/L)
Salinity
(ppt)
2520 B.
Electrical Conductivity
Method
(%)
4500-O G.
(mg/L)
4500-O G.
pH scale
4500-H+
Electrometric Method
Turbidity
(NTU)
Nephelometric turbidity
2130 B.
Nephelometric Method
Total Hardness
(ppm)
2340 C.
Calcium Hardness
(ppm)
2341 C.
Magnesium Hardness
(ppm)
2342 C.
Membrane Electric
Method
Membrane Electric
Method
44
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Analysis
Alkalinity
Units
Instrument
Specification/Type
(ppm)
Titration Method
(g/L)
Microscale
2540 D.
(mg/L)
Shimadzu TOC-VCSH
5310 B.
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
4500-N C.
Persulfate Method
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
4500-P H.
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
4500-NO3 F.
Ammonium (NH4+)
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
4500-NH4 G.
Automated Phenate
Method
Orthophosphate (PO4)
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
4500-P F.
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
(mg/L)
Technicon RFA
(molar)
Technicon RFA
Analysis
Units
Instrument
Specification/Type
(molar)
Technicon RFA
Carbon:Phosphorus Ratio
(C:P)
45
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Nitrogen:Phosporus (N:P)
(molar)
Technicon RFA
(ppt)
(ng/L)
Aluminum (Al)
(ppm)
(mg/L)
Chlorinated Benzenes
(ppb)
(g/L)
Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5
Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
Pentachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
(HCH)
(ppb)
(g/L)
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
Chlorodane-related Compounds
(ppb)
(g/L)
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
(ppb)
(g/L)
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
Analysis
Units
Instrument
Specification/Type
(ppb)
(g/L)
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
3500-Hg/3125 B.
3500-Al/3125 B.
46
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Individual PCBs
(ppb)
(g/L)
(ppb)
(g/L)
2,4' DDE/ENDOSULFAN I
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS 4,4' DDE 2,4' DDD 4,4'
DDD 2,4' DDT 4,4' DDT
HP-6890/HP-5973 GC-MS
47
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Appendix B
Table B1: Complete dataset for GLOWS May 2005 water quality baseline assessment.
Variable
Station
Number
Unit
Temperature
pH
Alkalinity
Conductivity
TDS
Salinity
Turbidity
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
River Mouth
Kirumui Bridge
Kwesawa
Tigite
Mara Mines
Tarime
Tabora
Talek Bridge
Emarti Bridge
Bomet Bridge
Tanwek Downstream
Tanwek Wastewater
Tanzania
Tanwek Dam
Silibwet Bridge
Mulot Bridge
Kapkimolwa Bridge
Station
Name
Matecha Bridge
Enupuiyapui Bridge
Kenya
Somonche
Country
21
ppm
S/cm2
g/L
ppt
NTU
4.75
12
24
0.02
0.01
14.1
7.45
31
55
0.04
0.03
44.5
7.14
24
46
0.04
0.02
120
6.65
100 92
189 209
0.12 0.14
0.09 0.10
170 9.9
6.96
92
235
0.15
0.11
8
6.93
100
232
0.15
0.11
7.1
Total Suspended
Solids
g/L
0.03
0.09 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.96 1.38 2.79 0.34 0.47 0.34 0.63 0.38 0.04
0.04
0.02
Total Hardness
ppm
15
24
28
30
19
16
52
16
20
30
40
64
61
68
32
40
36
56
56
40
44
ppm
14
16
16
14
10
40
12
12
22
24
44
40
40
20
28
20
24
21
21
36
ppm
10
12
14
12
16
20
21
28
12
12
16
32
35
19
Calcium Hardness
Magnesium
Hardness
7.34
40
85
0.06
0.04
115
7.42
52
107
0.08
0.05
112
7.18 7.35
24 20 104 20
45 46
0.03 0.04
0.02 0.02
110.5 67.5 39.5 77.5
7.53
56
146
0.10
0.07
55.4
7.19
56
119
0.08
0.06
900
6.90
60
121 117
0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06
1840 1999
7.16
144
258
0.17
0.12
180
7.46
56
130
0.08
0.06
380
7.62
76
129
0.08
0.06
230
7.62
60
148
0.10
0.07
550
48
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Station
Number
32.6
75
Total Dissolved
Nitrogen
mg/L
Dissolved Organic
Nitrogen
19
20
21
5.7
16.4
14.6
0.60
0.81 1.02 1.24 14.94 1.43 1.02 1.34 1.04 1.06 0.79 0.34 0.35 0.54 1.42 0.37 0.48 0.62 0.44
0.57
0.55
mg/L
0.56
0.23 0.17 0.44 5.58 0.17 0.32 0.12 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.26 0.26 0.38 0.18 0.26 0.15 0.09 0.41
0.54
0.37
Nitrate
Ammonium
mg/L
mg/L
0.02
0.02
0.55 0.83 0.78 6.19 1.21 0.70 1.21 0.68 0.69 0.43 0.08 0.08 0.12 1.21 0.11 0.32 0.50 0.00
0.03 0.02 0.02 3.17 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.18
Total Dissolved
Phosphorous
mg/L
0.02
0.01 0.02 0.01 1.21 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.03
0.04
0.03
Phosphate
mg/L
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.01 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01
0.02
0.02
molar
79.4 101.5 24.9 143.7 199.8 46.4 106.8 9.9 95.0 130.2 15.1 19.8 23.3 16.5 10.8 6.7
67.6
68.0
Dissolved Organic
Carbon
mg/L
18.99 3.13 4.33 4.75 3.17 2.74 3.04 1.92 3.07 7.88 5.04 4.10 3.71 7.55 3.49 7.74 2.64 2.33 11.81 14.52 13.06
Carbon: Nitrogen
Ratios
molar
39.3
molar
Total Mercury
ppt
2.76
2.44
1.69
3.04 2.13 4.53 11.20 4.61 2.04 1.63 2.39 1.86 2.48 1.67
1.09
2.73
Aluminium
Pesticides
ppb
267
866
586
571 667 4094 6691 8194 1981 1955 1618 2799 1836 118
See Table 5
72
60
Dissolved Oxygen
10
71.3 72.3
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.7 18.4 11.1 19.1 10.1 25.0 16.2 18.7 16.4 23.5 22.3 35.3 20.9 29.8 33.5
31.3
41.5
49
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Appendix C
Variable
Unit
dd/mm/yy
Date
pH
Total Nitro(mg/L)
gen
Total Dissolved Nitrogen
(mg/L)
Nitrate
(mg/L)
Ammonium
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Nitrite
Total Phosphorous
Total Particulate
Phosphorous
Total Dissolved Phosphorous
Phosphate
ILA3 Mara
Mara
Mara-Transmara/
Narok Border
ILA3-Nyangores at
Bomet
ILA3-Nyangores at
Bomet
ILA3-Nyangores at
Bomet
ILA3-Nyangores at
Bomet
Bomet Bridge
2/5/05 31/8/01 23/3/02 22/7/03 28/11/03 5/6/04 7/9/04 3/5/05 30/9/02 11/4/01 31/8/01 23/3/02 14/4/01 30/8/01 22/7/03
7.42
7.14
6.58
0.70
0.58
1.24
0.60
0.11
(mg/L)
0.08
0.10
(mg/L)
0.06
0.78
0.02
0.21
0.46
0.66
1.24
0.05
0.00
0.04
0.20
1.12
0.88
0.68
0.00
0.01
0.67
0.67
0.14
0.01
0.92
0.01
0.04
0.82
0.57
0.12
0.02
0.38
0.06
0.11
0.89
0.06
2.13
0.04
1.86
0.29
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.81
1.04
0.67
0.44
0.50
0.02
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Mulot Bridge
Station Name
Table C1: Water quality dataset for Kenya modified from NTEAP (2005a) with comparisons to data collected for the GLOWS March
2006 water quality baseline assessment. Grey shading indicates GLOWS sampling sites similar to those presented by NTEAP.
0.07
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.41
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
50
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
2/5/05
19.89
7.34
21/7/04
17.7
7.5
29/7/04
15.1
7.3
5/8/04
15.2
7.4
40
43
16
20
16/12/04
19.2
6.9
13
40
110
61
180
20
<50
<0.5
0.2
0.75
1.1
0.01
11
0.1
<0.05
85
160
0.07
50
0.02
110
0.05
23
<50
10
<50
12
<50
0.29
0.61
<1
<0.01
16.2
0.07
0.28
0.38
<1
<0.01
8.8
0.1
0.13
0.36
<1
<0.01
7.5
0.07
2/5/05
16.58
7.45
21/7/04
16.9
7.4
29/7/04
14.2
7.3
31
21
13
18
55
0.04
44.5
24
14
0.03
310)
0.15
40
0.02
50
0.04
9
<50
7
<50
7
<50
0.31
1.49
<1
<0.01
5.4
0.07
0.1
0.32
<1
<0.01
6.4
0.07
0.2
0.29
<1
<0.01
5.6
0.09
Kapkimolwa
Bridge
Kapkimolwo
Bridge
g/L
NTU
ppm
ppm
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Kapkimolwo
Bridge
TDS
Turbidity
Total Hardness
Calcium Hardness
Chloride
Bromine
Fluoride
Nitrate
Nitrite
Sulphate
Iron
Copper
Kapkimolwo
Bridge
S/cm
Kapkimolwo
Bridge
Conductivity
Matecha
Bridge
Matecha
Bridge
(Pt/Co)
ppm
16/12/04
19.6
7.1
12
40
Matecha
Bridge
Unit
dd/mm/yy
C
5/8/04
15.1
7.4
Matecha
Bridge
Variable
Date
Temperature
pH
Colour
Alkalinity
Matecha
Bridge
Station Name
Table C2: Water quality dataset from the Kenyan Mara with comparisons to data collected for the GLOWS March 2006 water quality
baseline assessment. Grey shading indicates GLOWS sampling sites, italized data are from the Narok District Water Office (2004)
and bold data are modified from the Narok and Bomet District Water Offices (2004) and from the Bomet District Water Office (2004).
0.06
115
28
16
0.02
110
60
180
22
<50
<0.5
0.27
0.81
1.1
0.01
12
0.1
<0.05
51
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
TDS
Turbidity
Total Hardness
Calcium Hardness
Chloride
Bromine
Fluoride
Nitrate
Nitrite
Sulphate
Iron
Copper
g/L
NTU
ppm
ppm
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
mg/L
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
0.08
112
30
16
0.02
7.4
7.7
36
19
29
16/12/04
19.5
6.9
15
42
160
0.08
70
0.03
130
0.06
19
<50
14
<50
14
<50
0.09
0.7
<1
<0.01
38.2
0.07
0.43
0.4
<1
<0.01
7.3
0.06
0.18
0.43
<1
<0.01
8
0.08
120
0.08
200
21
<50
<0.5
0.28
0.8
1.3
0.02
12.3
0.11
C0.05
21/7/04
17.6
7.3
29/7/04
15.3
7.4
56
39
22
16/12/04
19.5
6.8
15
46
146
330
0.16
280
0.13
21
<50
15
<50
0.2
0.96
<1
<0.01
19.8
0.05
0.15
0.49
<1
<0.01
21.8
0.09
Emarti
Bridge
5/8/04
Emarti
Bridge
107
29/7/04
Emarti
Bridge
S/cm
21/7/04
18.1
7.6
Emarti
Bridge
Conductivity
Mulot
Bridge
52
Mulot
Bridge
(Pt/Co)
ppm
2/5/05
21.16
7.42
Mulot
Bridge
Unit
dd/mm/yy
C
Mulot
Bridge
Variable
Date
Temperature
pH
Colour
Alkalinity
Mulot
Bridge
Station
Name
2/5/05
22.13
7.53
0.10
55.4
30
22
0.00
120
0.08
300
22
<50
<0.5
0.3
0.98
1.5
0.02
12.3
52
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Variable
Unit
dd/mm/yy 6/5/04 15/12/04 16/11/04 6/5/04 15/12/04 16/11/04 15/12/04 16/11/04
Date
C
23.07
22.18
Temperature
20
18.3
20.1
19.2
20.6
19
7.19
6.90
pH
6.5
7.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.5
(Pt/Co)
Colour
18
10
20
10
20
13
ppm
56
60
Alkalinity
48
46
50
42
48
39
mS/cm2
119
117
Conductivity
130
110
130
130
130
120
g/L
0.08
0.08
TDS
0.08
0.05
0.1
0.06
0.1
0.05
NTU
900
1999
Turbidity
340
50
350
120
350
100
mg/L
Dissolved Oxygen
ppm
40
61
Total Hardness
23
20
25
21
25
21
ppm
24
40
Calcium Hardness
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
<50
ppm
16
21
Magnesium Hardness
(mg/L)
Chloride
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
(mg/L)
Bromine
0.32
0.32
0.2
0.2
0.32
0.32
(mg/L)
Fluoride
0.97
0.5
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.94
mg/L
0.00
0.00
Nitrate
1.3
1
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.1
(mg/L)
Nitrite
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.01
(mg/L)
Sulphate
11
12.9
14
12.3
13.9
11
(mg/L)
Iron
0.12
0.15
0.16
0.13
(mg/L)
Copper
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05 <0.05
(mg/L)
Mangenese
(mg/L)
Free CO2
(mg/L)
Oil & Grease
Mara Serena
Mara Serena
New Mara
Bridge
New Mara
Bridge
Station Name
5/2/04
23
8
58
20
71.4
5/2/04
23
8
58
20.1
70.9
5/2/04
23
7.9
60
20
76
5/2/04
24
7.6
64
19.8
117.3
22.8
8.8
13
1.4
2
3.8
22.6
8.9
12.9
1.4
2.1
3.7
23
6.8
13
1.6
2.2
4.2
26.4
6.7
13.1
1.5
2.1
4
<0.01
2.4
Nil
<0.01
2
Nil
<0.01
2.4
Nil
<0.01
2.3
0.1
53
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Appendix D
Mara Mines
Tarime/Serengeti
Bridge
Tarime
Tabora Stream
Tabora
Kogatende Bridge
Borogonja Stream
Confluence of
Borogonja Stream
and Mara River
TZ/KNY-Border
(Mara River)
Station Name
Table D1a: Water quality dataset for the Tanzanian Mara River from the Tanzanian/Kenyan border site to the Mara Mine Gauging
Station. Italized data is from WWF-TPO (2004) and is compared to data collected for the GLOWS March 2006 water quality baseline
assessment as indicated by grey shading.
Variable
Unit
23/11/04 23/11/04 23/11/04 23/11/04
24/11/03
01/03/04
21/05/04 14/02/04 17/01/04 17/01/04 21/01/04 22/01/04 27/01/04
dd/mm/yy
Date
C
22.18 23.4
24.1
27
24.4 25.67 20.6 25.72 25.4 24.93 24.2
32.8
23.8
24.3
25.1
24.4
28.3
Temperature
6.90
7.23
7.34
8
7.5
7.16
7.9
7.46
8.18
7.62
9.13
8.15
7.63
7.98
7.51
7.43
8.52
pH
425
(Pt/Co)
Colour
ppm
60
54
76
50
64
144
82
56
60
60
102
116
42
42
84
110
64
Alkalinity
2
170
186
180
170
258
200
130
377
148
334
504
127.5 131.8
494
427
222
Conductivity mS/cm 117
g/L
0.08 0.08
0.09
0.09
0.08 0.17 0.10 0.08 0.19 0.10 0.17
0.25
0.06
0.07
0.25
213
111
TDS
ppt
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.07
Salinity
NTU 1999
180
380
90
550
Turbidity
Total Susg/L
2.79
0.34
0.47
0.63 0.18
0.05
0.14
0.34
0.11
0.09
0.01
pended Solids
84
112
104
152
124
6
(mg/L)
PV
Total Hardppm
61
26
35
24
39
68
32
32
36
36
74
26
25
56
30
31
ness
Calcium
ppm
40
8
10.8
6.4
12.4
40
7.6
20
20
10
22
6.4
8.8
2.4
3.2
10.8
Hardness
Magnesium
ppm
21
0.15
0.2
0.2
0.2
28
0.32
12
16
0.27
0.46
0.24
0.07
0.63
0.54
0.58
Hardness
17.02 25.52 19.14
12.9
58.23
24.09
19.85 35.45 98.55 39.00 24.79 28.34 17.75
(mg/L)
Chloride
54
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
86.4
87.7
mg/L
0.35
2.9
0.8
0.54
1.1
1.42
0.48
mg/L
(mg/L)
0.00
0.99
0.6
0.29
0.4
0.19
0.55
0.2
0.7
0.05
0.31
0.9
0.02
0.02
0.4
0.25
0.44
0.25
0.2
0.08
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.27
1.41
0.08
0.1
0.09
0.1
0.4
6.81
82.8
Tarime
6.81
Tabora Stream
6.74
Tabora
7.08
Kogatende Bridge
5.83
Borogonja Stream
61.6
Mara Mines
Confluence of
Borogonja Stream
and Mara River
Variable
Dissolved
Oxygen
Total Dissolved Nitrogen
Ammonium
Nitrite
Total Phosphorous
Total Particulate
Phosphorous
Silica
Dissolved
Reactive
Silica
Tarime/Serengeti
Bridge
TZ/KNY-Border
(Mara River)
Station Name
0.25
0.27
0.95
0.46
0.44
0.48
0.57
1.37
0.34
1.07
1.05
0.95
4.47
3.03
0.45
0.32
0.44
0.32
0.29
0.47
0.47
12.60
4.44
5.27
6.04
11.54
11.59
5.87
Unit
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
55
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Variable
Unit
dd/mm/yy
Date
C
Temperature
pH
(Pt/Co)
Colour
ppm
Alkalinity
Conductivity mS/cm2
g/L
TDS
ppt
Salinity
NTU
Turbidity
(T/d)
Sed/Load
T. Coliform (per 100 mL)
F. Coliform (per 100 mL)
(mg/L)
PV
Total Hardppm
ness
Calcium
ppm
Hardness
Magnesium
ppm
Hardness
(mg/L)
Chloride
Dissolved
%
Oxygen
mg/L
Ammonium
(mg/L)
Nitrite
25.03
6.65
100
189
0.12
0.09
170
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Tigite
Stream
Tigite
Station
Name
Table D1b: Water quality dataset for the Tanzanian Mara River from the Tigite Bridge and Kirumi Bridge stations. Italized data is from
WWF-TPO (2004) and is compared to data collected for the GLOWS March 2006 water quality baseline assessment as indicated by
grey shading.
1/3/02
21/7/99 21/7/99 21/7/99 6/8/99 2/9/99 2/9/99 24/11/99 7/12/99 8/11/99 8/12/99 10/9/03 6/10/03 10/12/03
25.54
25.4
28
24.1
25.9
28.7
24.4
23.1
24.1
25.1
6.96
7.67
7.91
7.66
7.22
617
1000
100
NIL
128
200
145
40
45
120
130
92
50
130
104
134
120
110
102
120
118
80
74
80
235
258
575
233
255 262.4 285
240
242.8
145
290
156 182.6 189
506
0.15
0.13
0.29
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.07
0.15
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.25
0.11
8
140
500
20
NIL
80
40
30
15
15
NIL
65
0.00
840
110
9.6
4.8
5
3.8
2.8
24
35
4.03
5.1
54
56
40
24
21
32.00
19.00
12.05
19.14
78.50
16.40
0.02
0.02
39.70
14.18
22.60
20.56
24.20
20.07
7.08
22.60
19.00
9.17
80
43
9.2
10
0.39
17.02
0.04
16.00
14.18
4.70
52.76 234.68
108.71
56
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
35.00
24.00
Kirumi
Bridge
Variable
Unit
Total Phos(mg/L)
phorous
Total Particulate
Phosphorous (mg/L)
(mg/L)
Silica
Dissolved
Reactive
(mg/L)
Silica
(mg/L)
Sulphate
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Kirumi
Bridge
Tigite
Stream
Tigite
Station
Name
15.07
54.46
96.92
17.48
92.79
41.79
12.32
5.76
5.21
2.44
57
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Variable
Unit
dd/mm/yy
Date
C
Temperature
pH
(Pt/Co)
Colour
ppm
Alkalinity
mS/cm2
Conductivity
g/L
TDS
NTU
Turbidity
Total Susg/L
pended Solids
(per 100 mL)
T. Coliform
(per 100 mL)
F. Coliform
(mg/L)
PV
ppm
Total Hardness
Calcium Hardppm
ness
Magnesium
ppm
Hardness
(mg/L)
Chloride
Table D1c: Continued
25.19
6.93
0.02
3.4
2.8
44
36
8
12.05 9.98
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
Mara River
Mouth
River
Mouth
Station
Name
Table D1c: Water quality dataset for the Tanzanian Mara River from the Mara River Mouth site from June 1999 to December 2000.
Italized data is from WWF-TPO (2004) and is compared to data collected for the GLOWS March 2006 water quality baseline assessment as indicated by grey shading.
7/8/99 28/7/00 3/8/00 21/8/00 21/8/00 13/9/00 20/9/00 25/9/00 9/10/00 16/10/00 23/10/00 16/12/00
23.5
23
23.6 24.2
26
25.1
24.9 24.8 25.5
26.7
24.8
26.3
7.3
7.55 6.27
7.6
8.9
7.34
7.16 7.12 7.02
7.1
6.75
6.84
105
120
75
500
300
100
200
140
150
NIL
750
74
78
58
66
58
62
64
72
68
70
120
207
103.5
20
176
80
20
119.9
85
15
213
106
139.5
69.8
250
<1
<1
<1
<1
9.8
48
8000
<1
62
49
39
30
163.1
81.7
120
0.012
280
90
25.16
44
2000
100
24
36
7.6
9.2
11.2
8.4
9.6
10
0.54
0.32
0.51
0.44
0.15
41.83
T. N. T. C 1600
200
800
4.2
7.4
33
30
168.2
84.1
30
161.9
81
NIL
337
168.7
80
20
<1
10.4
29
40
<1
6
32
<1
<1
7.2
28
20
<1
7
36
980
200
10
9.6
11.6
10
9.2
17.2
0.20
0.12
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.32
0.95
25.52
19.14
33.32
33.32
82
58
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Dissolved Oxygen
Nitrite
Total Phosphorous
Phosphate
Silica
14.6
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
mg/L
(mg/L)
3.2
4.3
2.5
2.1
3.7
2.5
0.00
0.02
0.11
0.08
0.36
59
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
Variable
River Mouth
Station Name
Table D1d: Water quality dataset for the Tanzanian Mara River from the Mara River Mouth site from January 2001 to June 2004. Italized data is modified from WWF-TPO (2004) and is compared to data collected for the GLOWS March 2006 water quality baseline
assessment as indicated by grey shading.
Unit
dd/mm/yy
25/1/01 26/1/01 20/4/01 22/5/01 22/5/01 23/5/01 30/6/01 2/7/01 27/7/01 20/8/01 27/11/02 8/1/03 13/01/03 4/3/03 8/7/03 10/9/03 10/12/03 29/5/04 3/6/04 10/6/04
Date
C
25.19
Temperature
22.4
24.8 24.8
25
21
27.3 24.7 24.7 26.7 25.1 24.1
24.1
23.8 23.8
6.93
7.03
6.5
6.75
7.29 6.99
8
7.6
7.6
7.56 6.67 6.98
7.22
6.82 6.59 6.7
pH
(Pt/Co)
ppm
100
Conductivity S/cm2
232
240
240
g/L
0.15
0.12
0.12
NTU
7.1
70
70
g/L
0.02
Colour
Alkalinity
TDS
Turbidity
Total Suspended Solids
T. Coliform
F. Coliform
PV
Total Hardness
Calcium
Hardness
Magnesium
Hardness
330
330
86
86
200
66
200
100
100
NIL
500
53
70
70
60
66
53
68
224
211
173.2
211
162
162
135.4 139.5
292
292
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.15
0.15
40
25
25
NIL
250
40
74
110
110
80
76
80
204
172
182.6
506
182.2
182
183
0.20
0.09
0.09
0.25
0.09
0.09
0.09
15.2
0.00
(per 100
mL)
(per 100
mL)
1400
100
120
(mg/L)
ppm
44
ppm
36
ppm
60
300
34
16
16
48
111
13.6
18.8
0.34
1.56
31.2
10
31.2
10.6
63
25
15
12
16
0.8
5.21
40
40
5.2
80
200
80
14
14
37.5
19
50
50
43
40
39
4.4
6.4
14
14
8.8
11.2
9.2
0.10
0.07
0.36
0.36
0.49
0.29
0.39
60
A Water Quality Baseline Assessment of the Mara River Basin Updated October 2007
(mg/L)
BOD5
(mg/L)
COD
Ammonium
(mg/L)
mg/L
Nitrite
Total Phosphorous
Phosphate
(mg/L)
Silica
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
mg/L
14.18
71.97
114.24
14.6
0.02
0.053
0.01
0.02
0.23
0.34
0.17
0.10
3.14
0.08
0.08
0.02
0.00
12.32
2.44
61