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lab-3
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
REPORT
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
PART 2- ANIONS
DATE: 01/26/2012
SUBMITTED TO: MORALES LEILANI
METHOD:
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
EQUIPMENTS
Test-tubes
An eye dropper
Stirrer
A scapula
Hot plate
Water-bath
pH paper
Litmus Paper
REAGENTS
Sodium carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sodium sulphate
Conc. Sulphuric acid
6M Hydrochloride Acid
Barium hydroxide
Silver nitrate
Ammonium hydroxide
6M nitric acid
BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture
6M acetic acid
Potassium nitrate
Methylene chloride
SAFETY:
OBSERVATION:
TEST
OBSERVATION
Carbonates determination
test:
Take a test tube +
3ml of carbonate solution+
2ml of conc. H2SO4+
Shake the test tube.
Carbon dioxide
effervescence
INFERENCE
Carbonate ions
present.
Carbonate ions
confirmed.
Reappearance of white
precipitate
Chloride ions
confirmed.
Sulphate ions
present
White precipitate
obtained.
Chloride ions
present
Reappearance of white
precipitate on adding 6M
HNO3.
DISCUSSION:
Qualitative analysis is the branch of chemistry that deals with identification of the
element present in solution.
It is important to establish the presence or absence of different cations or anions
in a given sample.
Sodium carbonate was treated with H2SO4 which gave effervescence of CO2.
These effervescence can further be confirmed by putting a drop of Ba(OH) 2
solution suspended from an eye dropper above the surface of the solution.
The clear drop turns cloudy due to the presence of carbonates.
For the determination of the chloride or iodide ion, the solution was treated with
AgNO3. Sodium chloride gave white precipitate while sodium iodide gave yellow
precipitate.
Further confirmation test for chloride ion was carried out by adding drops of
NH4OH till part of the solution dissolved. Later on decant the clear supernatant
solution and acidify with drops of 6M nitric acid which leads to reappearance of
white precipitate.
Iodide ion was confirmed by treating the iodine solution with acetic acid until
acidic and then adding 2 drops of 1M KNO2.
Then on adding 15 drops of methylene chloride two layers were found to
separate giving a violet combination in the methylene chloride layer.
Sodium sulphate solution was treated with a mixture of BaCl 2-CaCl2 and heated
to 90C for 10 min. The white precipitate formed was further reacted with 5 drops
of HCl and heated. White precipitate remained indicating the presence of
sulphate ions.
The unknown sample was subjected to 0.1M AgNO 3 when it gave white
precipitate. Then add NH4OH drop wise till part of the solution dissolves. The
supernatant liquid was acidified with drops of 6M nitric acid which resulted in
reappearance of a white precipitate confirming the presence of chloride ion.
Similarly the unknown solution was also tested for the presence of other anions
but it did not give any positive results.
QUESTION-ANSWERS:
1 What is ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not
equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical
charge.
2 What is difference between anion and cation?
CATION A cation is a metallic atom having lost electron(s) thereby having a
'positive' (+) charge. It has a positive charge because it has more protons than
electrons.
EXAMPLE Cu+2, Mg+2
ANION - An Anion is a non-metallic atom having gained electron(s) thereby
having a 'negative' (-) charge. It has negative charge because it has more
electrons than protons.
EXAMPLE CO3-2, SO4-2
4 Write ionic charge for each of the following ions as predicted from the group
numbers in the periodic table
a
b
c
d
e
CONCLUSION:
The qualitative analysis was carried out for the identification of anions in the
compounds.
The unknown sample #12 was found to contain Cl- ions.