A.

GERUND
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of
the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the
complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
a) Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
b) Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
c) I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
a) He enjoys not working.
b) The best thing for your health is not smoking.
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to
learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the
object of a sentence.
Examples:
a) To learn is important. subject of sentence
b) The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
c) He wants to learn. object of sentence
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
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a) I decided not to go.

b) The most important thing is not to give up.
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of
a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound
more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In
the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more
common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential
for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just
remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or
complement of a sentence.
Examples:
a) Learning is important. normal subject
b) To learn is important. abstract subject - less common
c) The most important thing is learning. normal complement
d) The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or
an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally
interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether
you use a gerund or an infinitive.
Examples:
a) He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.
b) He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by
Gerunds

Examples:
a) She suggested going to a movie.
b) Mary keeps talking about her problems.
6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Examples:
a) She wants to go to a movie.
b) Mary needs to talk about her problems.

B. HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT

DEFINITION
It is a kind of text type that presents arguments or reasons to support the
opinion. It is aimed to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or
should not be the case. The difference of analytical and hortatory exposition is
on the term of its generic structure in the last part that is called as reiteration in
analytical and recommendation in hortatory exposition. The function of both is
quite different. In analytical exposition, reiteration is used to give emphasize on
the writers opinion by restating point of view. While in hortatory exposition,
recommendation is used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to
make a choice by considering the presented arguments. In short the purpose of
hortatory exposition text is to argue a case for against a particular position or
point of view and it purposes a suggestion in the end of the argumentation.
Some examples of hortatory exposition are: Editorial, letter to the editor, and
letter to a politician.
GENERIC STRUCTURE
The generic structure of hortatory exposition is:
1. Thesis: thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by
certain fact and argument. In the end, it can be true or false
2. Arguments: this is the phase which tries to examine and support that the
thesis stated above is true.

3. Recommendation: this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory

text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition
LANGUAGE FEATURES
Common grammatical patterns in hortatory exposition include:
1. Abstract nouns, e.g. culture, etc.
2. Action verbs, e.g. value, etc.
3. Connectives, e.g. first, second, etc.
4. Modal auxiliaries: Should, ought to, had better
Examples of Hortatory Exposition Text
Corruption
Thesis
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between
money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in
the United States. Its just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when
one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.
Argument 1
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the
capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all.
Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing
more often. They even bribe the officials.
Argument 2
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the
corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from
getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.
Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should
be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Where should be after High School?
The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time.
Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to
hear that there are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination.
For those who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating
high school? Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and
thought earlier but for those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.

Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they
think about continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long
the higher study will last? And how high is about the cost. In the same way, when
they think about straightly seeking job, what skill and competence they have got is
a big matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an
alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them.
Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in
the first year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their
new higher school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to
their mind of continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result,
the available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to
seek job and get the appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as
distance learning.
As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which
students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly,
distance learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and studying
surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a
considerable choice for them.
Watching Kids While Browsing Internet
Internet is one of important devices in student world. We can find many internet
cafes anywhere. Actually, many houses have internet connection. As parents, we
must know what our children are browsing in internet, because many programs
have negative impacts to our children.
In our observation, in internet have positive impact, for example : student can find
their task in internet, and we can find update information or news when browsing
internet.
Internet also have negative impact if the parents dont watch their children when
browsing internet.
The children can open many program or website that have negative impact, for
example, they can open pornography site, game online and the other programs that
can make their mark go down in the school. And too much browsing internet can
endanger their eyes.
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Based on fact above, we have some tips to protect our children:

Dont put PC and modem set in your kids bedroom
Make a schedule for browsing internet to our children.
Review the history when your children finished browsing internet.
Use filters program to negative site in your PC.
Contoh lain Hortatory Text Water Makes Beautiful
As we know that so much water in the world. There are many kinds of water that we
can consume every day all time.
Consuming water can be made as therapy of disease, because water that we
consume with enough amounts and the right method can purify of poisons in our
body. The therapy of water can save water availability in the body.
Therapy of water can keep the beauty too. Skins is the out part of the body that has
contact with dirty air, sun light and pollutions. To keep the skin elasticity,water is
needed in the enough amounts. Water can dampen of skin until not easy to dry and
make crimp.
To keep the balancing of size body, water is needed. In fact, water can increase the
metabolism and pressing of eat desire. Consume a lot of watercan filtrate
much calories.
So, lets consume water everyday at least eight glasses to keep our healthy and
beauty. But, the water must be clean and hygiene. Find, buy and consume the
best mineral water!
Use english!
Many of us are dismayed about the quality of our education, which is not
commensurate with the high cost spent on school fees. It is way below our
expectations if we compare our graduates with those who studied overseas,
especially concerning the mastery of English.
It is important to know that most of employments require competence in English, for
office work and correspondence.Government officials, speakers, writers and
observers use a lot of English.
Then the important thing is to use English as a medium in schools so that we can
compete with graduates from abroad. All students have studied English since they
are in junior high school. Even some of them had been introduced with English when
they were in elementary school. However, lots of graduates have less English skills.
Learning English is difficult but it is more difficult to customize us with it

Then it will be beneficial to have TV films in English like in Singapore. It will help to
increase our graduates competence in English.