Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INTRODUCTION
Ultrasonics is the study and application of ultrasound. The sound wave with
the frequency above the audible range (20KHz) of a normal human being is called
ultrasound. A typical ultrasonic device mainly consists of a transducer, receiver. In
addition it may have suitable hardware to process the data (generally
microcontroller), LCD panel or oscilloscope to display.
A typical ultrasonic
Receiver receives this sound wave and the analysis of time lag and nature of
the wave received could give the information on the nature of the medium the waves
passed through.
This transmitter and receiver when properly interfaced with Digital
Oscilloscope of suitable capture range could produce waveform, studying of which
one can understand the nature of the medium.
Now we will look at the each of the components and phenomenon involved in
depth.
Fig. 4. Schematics of ultrasonic waves in a bulk specimen: (a) equilibrium state with no
disturbance, (b) waves relating to shear (transverse) vibrations, (c) waves relating to
longitudinal vibrations.
Wavelength is the distance over which one spatial cycle of the wave
completes and the following expression can be given,
=v/f
(1)
3.
4.
APPLICATIONS
i)
Cleaning
Flow Metering
iii)
Medical Imaging
iv)
Ultrasonic Testing
In pulse-echo testing, a transducer sends out a pulse of energy and the same or
a second transducer listens for reflected energy (an echo).
Reflections occur due to the presence of discontinuities and the surfaces of the
test article.
The amount of reflected sound energy is displayed versus time, which
provides the inspector information about the size and the location of features
that reflect the sound.
This is shown in the fig.6 below
In normal beam testing, the sound beam is introduced into the test article at 90
degree to the surface.
In angle beam testing, the sound beam is introduced into the test article at
some angle other than 90.
In immersion testing, the part and the transducer are place in a water bath.
This arrangement allows better movement of the transducer while maintaining
consistent coupling.
With immersion testing, an echo from the front surface of the part is seen in
the signal but otherwise signal interpretation is the same for the two
techniques.
10
5. CONCULSION
In this chapter a brief overview of fundamentals in ultrasonic sensing is
presented. Some advanced techniques and applications to nondestructive evaluation
and other fields are also introduced. The essentials of ultrasonic sensing are how to
drive an ultrasonic wave into an object and how to capture the ultrasonic wave from
the object. In addition, another essential is how to extract the information we want
from the captured ultrasonic wave. To accomplish these and to create a useful sensing
technique, it is indispensable to make an effective collaboration among researchers in
different fields of engineering and science such as electrical, electronics, information,
mechanical and materials. Actually, progress is being made in ultrasonic sensing
technology, but, it should be noted that classical techniques and methods are still
attractive.
Ultrasonic methods of testing from an indispensible technique in the industry
for quality management, periodic checking of rail tracks to avoid derailing of trains,
in the defence system, in nuclear power stations etc, where along with the presence of
the defects in machinery it is also needed to judge whether such faults will lead to
failure of machinery. Such a judgement requires Qualitative NDT (QNDT) analysis,
in which the above mentioned industries are seriously involved in the development
QNDT techniques as the system reliability and security are their major concerns.
11
6. References
12